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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_evacuations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Population evacuations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_evacuations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighters_and_arms_from_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighters_and_arms_from_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fighters and arms from abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighters_and_arms_from_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Death toll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_of_foreign_forces_in_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_of_foreign_forces_in_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervention_of_foreign_forces_in_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morale_of_the_fighters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morale_of_the_fighters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morale of the fighters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morale_of_the_fighters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_wave_of_Palestinian_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave_of_Palestinian_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First wave of Palestinian refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave_of_Palestinian_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_of_foreign_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_of_foreign_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Policies of foreign powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies_of_foreign_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policies of foreign powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policies_of_foreign_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain_and_the_Jordanian_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_the_Jordanian_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Britain and the Jordanian choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_the_Jordanian_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_turnabout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_turnabout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States turnabout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_turnabout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistical_support_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistical_support_of_the_Eastern_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Logistical support of the Eastern Bloc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistical_support_of_the_Eastern_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_leaders'_refusal_of_direct_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_leaders'_refusal_of_direct_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Arab leaders' refusal of direct involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_leaders'_refusal_of_direct_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Balance of powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganisation_of_Haganah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganisation_of_Haganah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reorganisation of Haganah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganisation_of_Haganah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_roads_and_blockade_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_roads_and_blockade_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>War of the roads and blockade of Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_of_the_roads_and_blockade_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War of the roads and blockade of Jerusalem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_roads_and_blockade_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_situation_of_the_Jewish_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_situation_of_the_Jewish_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Geographic situation of the Jewish zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_situation_of_the_Jewish_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Siege of Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haganah_offensive_(1_April_–_15_May_1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haganah_offensive_(1_April_–_15_May_1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Haganah offensive (1 April – 15 May 1948)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Haganah_offensive_(1_April_–_15_May_1948)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Haganah offensive (1 April – 15 May 1948) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Haganah_offensive_(1_April_–_15_May_1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plan_Dalet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_Dalet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Plan Dalet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_Dalet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Nachshon_(2–20_April)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Nachshon_(2–20_April)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Operation Nachshon (2–20 April)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Nachshon_(2–20_April)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek_(4–15_April)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek_(4–15_April)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Battle of Mishmar HaEmek (4–15 April)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek_(4–15_April)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deir_Yassin_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deir_Yassin_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Deir Yassin massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deir_Yassin_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Hadassah medical convoy massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Ramat_Yohanan_and_the_defection_of_the_Druze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Ramat_Yohanan_and_the_defection_of_the_Druze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Battle of Ramat Yohanan and the defection of the Druze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Ramat_Yohanan_and_the_defection_of_the_Druze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_mixed_localities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_mixed_localities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Siege of mixed localities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_mixed_localities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Yiftah_(20_April_–_24_May)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Yiftah_(20_April_–_24_May)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Operation Yiftah (20 April – 24 May)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Yiftah_(20_April_–_24_May)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_of_Golda_Meir_and_King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_(10_May)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_of_Golda_Meir_and_King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_(10_May)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Meeting of Golda Meir and King Abdullah I of Jordan (10 May)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_of_Golda_Meir_and_King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_(10_May)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kfar_Etzion_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kfar_Etzion_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.10</span> <span>Kfar Etzion massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kfar_Etzion_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem:_Operations_Yevusi_and_Kilshon_("Pitchfork")_(13–18_May)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem:_Operations_Yevusi_and_Kilshon_("Pitchfork")_(13–18_May)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.11</span> <span>Jerusalem: Operations Yevusi and Kilshon ("Pitchfork") (13–18 May)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem:_Operations_Yevusi_and_Kilshon_("Pitchfork")_(13–18_May)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Ben-Ami_(13–22_May)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Ben-Ami_(13–22_May)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.12</span> <span>Operation Ben-Ami (13–22 May)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Ben-Ami_(13–22_May)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_wave_of_the_Palestinian_Arab_exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_wave_of_the_Palestinian_Arab_exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.13</span> <span>Main wave of the Palestinian Arab exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_wave_of_the_Palestinian_Arab_exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations_made_by_the_Arab_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations_made_by_the_Arab_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.14</span> <span>Preparations made by the Arab League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations_made_by_the_Arab_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Results and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Online sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_1947%E2%80%9348" title="حرب التطهير العرقي لفلسطين 1947–48 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب التطهير العرقي لفلسطين 1947–48" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_durante%27l_Mandatu_de_Palestina" title="Guerra civil durante'l Mandatu de Palestina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra civil durante'l Mandatu de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_durant_el_Mandat_Brit%C3%A0nic_de_Palestina" title="Guerra Civil durant el Mandat Britànic de Palestina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil durant el Mandat Britànic de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_durante_el_Mandato_de_Palestina" title="Guerra civil durante el Mandato de Palestina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil durante el Mandato de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlanda_Milito_dum_la_Mandato_Palestino_1947-1949" title="Enlanda Milito dum la Mandato Palestino 1947-1949 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enlanda Milito dum la Mandato Palestino 1947-1949" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra_Zibila_Palestinako_Mandatu_Britainiarrean" title="Gerra Zibila 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the initial civil war phase of the 1948 Palestine war. For the subsequent international phase, see <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. For the entire conflict, see <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestine War">1948 Palestine War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">decolonisation of Asia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg/325px-PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg/488px-PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg/650px-PikiWiki_Israel_20804_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="2120" /></a></span><br />Palestinian fighters in front of a burning <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> armoured supply truck near the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (March 1948)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 November 1947 – 14 May 1948<br />(5 months and 2 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li>Intervention by neighbouring Arab states, beginning the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli War">1948 Arab-Israeli War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haganah_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/16px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/24px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/32px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irgun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/17px-Irgun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/26px-Irgun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/34px-Irgun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Logo_of_the_Lehi_movement.svg/15px-Logo_of_the_Lehi_movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Logo_of_the_Lehi_movement.svg/23px-Logo_of_the_Lehi_movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Logo_of_the_Lehi_movement.svg/30px-Logo_of_the_Lehi_movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="434" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(Israel)" title="Mahal (Israel)">Foreign volunteers</a></li> <li>Allied <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes</li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Army of the Holy War</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Liberation_Army_(bw).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arab_Liberation_Army_%28bw%29.svg/16px-Arab_Liberation_Army_%28bw%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arab_Liberation_Army_%28bw%29.svg/24px-Arab_Liberation_Army_%28bw%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arab_Liberation_Army_%28bw%29.svg/32px-Arab_Liberation_Army_%28bw%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArabLegn.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ArabLegn.gif/17px-ArabLegn.gif" decoding="async" width="17" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ArabLegn.gif/26px-ArabLegn.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ArabLegn.gif/34px-ArabLegn.gif 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="175" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Dori" title="Yaakov Dori">Yaakov Dori</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine"><img alt="Mandatory Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacMillan" title="Gordon MacMillan">Gordon MacMillan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,000 <small>(start)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />35,000 <small>(end)</small></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Arabs: A few thousand<br />British deserters: ~100–200</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> 70,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>9 April</b>:<br />895 killed<sup id="cite_ref-gelber85_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber85-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>9 April</b>:<br />991 killed<sup id="cite_ref-gelber85_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber85-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>9 April</b>:<br />123 killed<br />300 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Palestine</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Jerusalem_riots" title="1947 Jerusalem riots">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Shaykh_massacre" title="Balad al-Shaykh massacre">Balad al-Shaykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiramis_Hotel_bombing" title="Semiramis Hotel bombing">Semiramis Hotel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hashmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Hashmed">Hashmed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nahshon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nahshon">Nahshon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harel" title="Operation Harel">Harel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Yiftach</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Matateh" title="Operation Matateh">Matateh</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Haifa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Yevusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hametz" title="Operation Hametz">Hametz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Latrun_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Latrun (1948)">Latrun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barak" title="Operation Barak">Barak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon" title="Operation Gideon">Gideon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ben-Ami" title="Operation Ben-Ami">Ben-Ami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre" title="Hadassah medical convoy massacre">Hadassah medical convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1948_Palestine_war" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_1948_Palestine_war" title="Template:Campaignbox 1948 Palestine war"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_1948_Palestine_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox 1948 Palestine war (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_1948_Palestine_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox 1948 Palestine war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1948_Palestine_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war"><span class="wrap">1948 Palestine war</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></b><br /> <p><b>Military engagements</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_3_Shevat" title="Battle of 3 Shevat">Shevat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nahshon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nahshon">Nahshon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Battle of Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harel" title="Operation Harel">Harel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Haifa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hametz" title="Operation Hametz">Hametz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Yevusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Yiftach</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Matateh" title="Operation Matateh">Matateh</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Balak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon" title="Operation Gideon">Gideon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barak" title="Operation Barak">Barak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ben-Ami" title="Operation Ben-Ami">Ben-Ami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" title="Operation Kilshon">Kilshon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shfifon" title="Operation Shfifon">Shfifon</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Massacres and civilian attacks</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas_raid" title="Al-Khisas raid">Al-Khisas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Jerusalem_riots" title="1947 Jerusalem riots">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Shaykh_massacre" title="Balad al-Shaykh massacre">Balad al-Shaykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiramis_Hotel_bombing" title="Semiramis Hotel bombing">Semiramis Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'sa' Massacre">Sa'sa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Haifa_train_bombings_1948" title="Cairo–Haifa train bombings 1948">Cairo–Haifa train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre" title="Hadassah medical convoy massacre">Hadassah medical convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun_massacre" title="Ein al-Zeitun massacre">Ein al-Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shusha_massacre" title="Abu Shusha massacre">Abu Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></b><br /> <b>Southern front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Kfar_Darom" title="Battles of Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nirim" title="Battle of Nirim">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yad_Mordechai" title="Battle of Yad Mordechai">Yad Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pleshet" title="Operation Pleshet"><i>Pleshet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Negba" title="Battles of Negba">Negba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nitzanim" title="Battle of Nitzanim">Nitzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_An-Far" title="Operation An-Far"><i>An-Far</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Be%27erot_Yitzhak" title="Battle of Be'erot Yitzhak">Be'erot Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Death_to_the_Invader" title="Operation Death to the Invader"><i>Death to the Invader</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_GYS" title="Operation GYS"><i>GYS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Avak" title="Operation Avak"><i>Avak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav"><i>Yoav</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_wedge" title="Beit Hanoun wedge">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Separation_Corridor" title="Battles of the Separation Corridor">Separation Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1948)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1948)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_naval_campaign_in_Operation_Yoav" title="Israeli naval campaign in Operation Yoav">Naval battles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shmone" title="Operation Shmone"><i>Shmone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lot" title="Operation Lot"><i>Lot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Assaf" title="Operation Assaf"><i>Assaf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horev" title="Operation Horev"><i>Horev</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hisul" title="Operation Hisul">Hisul</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_86" title="Battle of Hill 86">Hill 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bir_%27Asluj" title="Battles of Bir 'Asluj">Bir Thamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%27Auja" title="Battle of 'Auja">'Auja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Sinai_(1948)" title="Battles of the Sinai (1948)">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafah_(1949)" title="Battle of Rafah (1949)">Rafah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uvda" title="Operation Uvda"><i>Uvda</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>Central and Jerusalem front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" title="Operation Kilshon"><i>Kilshon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gesher" title="Battle of Gesher">Gesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_airstrike_on_the_Old_Tel_Aviv_central_bus_station" title="Egyptian airstrike on the Old Tel Aviv central bus station">Old Tel Aviv bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yitzhak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yitzhak (page does not exist)"><i>Yitzhak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of the Old City of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Jerusalem Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_(1948)" title="Battles of Latrun (1948)">Latrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(1948)" title="Battle of Jenin (1948)">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Danny" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Danny"><i>Danny</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kedem" title="Operation Kedem"><i>Kedem</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yoram (page does not exist)"><i>Yoram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ha-Har" title="Operation Ha-Har"><i>Ha-Har</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>Northern front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Kinarot_Valley" title="Battles of the Kinarot Valley">Kinarot Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_al-Malikiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of al-Malikiyya (page does not exist)">al-Malikiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Namel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Namel (page does not exist)"><i>Namel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dekel" title="Operation Dekel"><i>Dekel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shoter" title="Operation Shoter"><i>Shoter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hiram" title="Operation Hiram"><i>Hiram</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>International</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Balak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Velvetta" title="Operation Velvetta">Velvetta</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Massacres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kabri_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kabri incident">Al-Kabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantura_massacre" title="Tantura massacre">Tantura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Lydda and Ramle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_Cairo" title="Israeli bombing of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawayima_massacre" title="Al-Dawayima massacre">Al-Dawayima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safsaf_massacre" title="Safsaf massacre">Safsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilabun_massacre" title="Eilabun massacre">Eilabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_massacre" title="Hula massacre">Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Mawasi_massacre" title="Arab al-Mawasi massacre">Arab al-Mawasi</a></li></ul> <p><b>Biological warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Thy_Bread" title="Operation Cast Thy Bread">Cast Thy Bread</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template:Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><span class="wrap">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Palestine_riots" title="1933 Palestine riots">1933 Palestine riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)">Spillover of WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Saison" title="The Saison">the Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</b> was the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>. It broke out after the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> adopted a resolution on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Partition Plan for Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the civil war, the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab communities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> clashed (the latter supported by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>) while the British, who had the obligation to maintain order,<sup id="cite_ref-Urofsky1982_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urofsky1982-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LevermoreMyers1921_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevermoreMyers1921-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organized their withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis. </p><p>At the end of the civil war phase of the war, from April 1948 to mid-May, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> forces embarked on an offensive (<a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a>) that involved conquering cities and territories in Palestine allocated to a future Jewish state, as well as those allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">corpus separatum of Jerusalem</a> and a future Arab state according to the <a href="/wiki/1947_Partition_plan_for_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Partition plan for Palestine">1947 Partition plan for Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offensive greatly accelerated the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">effected by various violent means</a>, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="List of killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">a number of massacres</a> such as the widely publicized <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-750k_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-750k-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-500_villages_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500_villages-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a> <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_British_Mandate_for_Palestine" title="End of the British Mandate for Palestine">ended on 14 May 1948</a>, and with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel</a>, the surrounding Arab states—<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Republic_(1946%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Republic (1946–63)">Syria</a>—invaded what had just ceased to be Mandatory Palestine,<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2008_p.180_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2008_p.180-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict thus escalated and became the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>Under the control of a British administration since 1920, Palestine found itself the object of a battle between <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> nationalists, groups that opposed both the British mandate and one another. </p><p>The Palestinian opposition culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>, a deadly civil conflict that saw the deaths of nearly 5,000 Palestinian Arabs and 500 Jews, and resulted in much of the Palestinian political leadership, including <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a>, being driven into exile. Britain also reduced Jewish immigration in response to the violence, as legislated by the <a href="/wiki/1939_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 White Paper">1939 White Paper</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a> gained attention and sympathy. In Mandatory Palestine, <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Zionist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="British–Zionist conflict">Zionist groups fought against the British administration</a>. In the two and a half years from 1945 to June 1947, British law enforcement forces lost 103 dead, and sustained 391 wounded from Jewish militants.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palestinian Arab nationalists reorganized themselves, but their organization remained inferior to that of the Zionists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 15 August 1947, the Haganah blew up the house of a Palestinian family near <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> killing welve occupants, including a woman and six children.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After November 1947, the dynamiting of houses formed a key component of most Haganah strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplomacy failed to reconcile the different points of view concerning the future of Palestine. In early November, The Haganah began mobilizing for war, and issued an order that all men in the age range between 17 and 25 register.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 February 1947, the British announced their withdrawal from the region and on 29 November, the General Assembly of the United Nations voted to recommend the adoption and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/1947_UN_Partition_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 UN Partition plan">partition plan</a> with the support of the big global powers, though it was opposed by the Arab States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_civil_war_(30_November_1947_–_1_April_1948)"><span id="Beginning_of_the_civil_war_.2830_November_1947_.E2.80.93_1_April_1948.29"></span>Beginning of the civil war (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png/139px-UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png/209px-UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png/278px-UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1947_UN_Partition_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 UN Partition Plan">1947 UN Partition Plan</a> recommended dividing Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">adoption of Resolution 181(II)</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the manifestations of joy of the Jewish community were counterbalanced by protests by Arabs throughout the country<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after 1 December, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> enacted a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> that lasted three days.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "wind of violence"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took hold of the country, foreboding civil war between the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murders, reprisals, and counter-reprisals resulted in dozens of victims killed on both sides in the process. The impasse persisted as British forces did not intervene to put a stop to the escalating violence.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.101_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first casualties after the adoption of Resolution 181(II) were passengers on a Jewish bus near <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Sirkin" title="Kfar Sirkin">Kfar Sirkin</a> on 30 November, after an eight-man gang from Jaffa <a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">ambushed the bus killing five and wounding others</a>. Half an hour later they ambushed a second bus, southbound from <a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a>, killing two more, and shots were fired at Jewish buses in Jerusalem and Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was stated to be a retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Shubaki_family_assassination" title="Shubaki family assassination">Shubaki family assassination</a>, the killing of five Palestinian Arabs by <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a>, ten days prior to the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_Morris_Clancy-Smith_Benny_2004_p._139_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_Morris_Clancy-Smith_Benny_2004_p._139-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radai_2015_p._237_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radai_2015_p._237-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2009_p._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2009_p.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> (the latter also known as the Stern Gang) followed their strategy of placing bombs in crowded markets and bus-stops.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 December, in Haifa, members of the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> threw two bombs at a crowd of Arab workers who were queueing in front of a refinery, killing 6 and injuring 42. An angry crowd <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">massacred 39 Jewish people</a> in revenge, until British soldiers reestablished calm.<sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reprisals, soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carmeli_brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmeli brigade">Carmeli brigade</a>, attacked the villages of <a href="/wiki/Balad_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Balad ash-Sheikh">Balad ash-Sheikh</a> and Hawassa. In what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Shaykh_massacre" title="Balad al-Shaykh massacre">Balad al-Shaykh massacre</a>, between 60 to 70 villagers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 31, 1947, having recruited a few thousand volunteers, al-Husayni organized the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counter this, the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> authorities tried to supply the city with convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but the operation became more and more impractical as the number of casualties in the relief convoys surged. By March, Al-Husayni's tactic had paid off. Almost all of the Haganah's armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganah members who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation for those who dwelt in the Jewish settlements in the highly isolated <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and North of Galilee was even more critical. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semiramis_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Semiramis_Hotel.jpg/220px-Semiramis_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Semiramis_Hotel.jpg/330px-Semiramis_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Semiramis_Hotel.jpg/440px-Semiramis_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Semiramis_Hotel_bombing" title="Semiramis Hotel bombing">Semiramis Hotel bombing</a>, perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From January onward, operations became increasingly militarized. In all the mixed zones where both communities lived, particularly <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, increasingly violent attacks, <a href="/wiki/1947_Jerusalem_riots" title="1947 Jerusalem riots">riots</a>, reprisals and counter-reprisals followed each other. Isolated shootings evolved into all-out <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a>. Attacks against traffic, for instance, turned into ambushes as one bloody attack led to another. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg/220px-Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg/330px-Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg/440px-Ben_Yehuda_bombing_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Destruction in Jerusalem caused by the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombing">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 February 1948, supporters of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a> organized, with the help of certain British deserters, three attacks against the Jewish community. Using <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a> aimed at the headquarters of the pro-Zionist <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Post">Palestine Post</a></i> newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda St. market</a> and the backyard of the Jewish Agency's offices, they killed 22, 53, and 13 Jewish people respectively, a total of 88 fatalities. Hundreds of others were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retaliation, <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> put a <a href="/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Haifa_train_bombings_1948" title="Cairo–Haifa train bombings 1948">landmine on the railroad track</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a> on which a train from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> was travelling, killing 28 British soldiers and injuring 35.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be copied on 31 March, close to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, which would lead to the death of forty people, injuring 60, who were, for the most part, Arab civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> reorganized the Haganah and made conscription obligatory. Every Jewish man and woman in the country had to receive military training.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_Powers'_policies"><span id="Allied_Powers.27_policies"></span>Allied Powers' policies</h3></div> <p>This situation caused the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to withdraw their support for the partition plan and instead <a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">propose a trusteeship for Palestine</a> in March 1948, thus encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to the plan for partition. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_evacuations">Population evacuations</h3></div> <p>While the Jewish population had received strict orders requiring them to hold their ground everywhere at all costs,<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Arab population was more affected by the general conditions of insecurity to which the country was exposed. Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, or Jewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centres eastwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighters_and_arms_from_abroad">Fighters and arms from abroad</h3></div> <p>As a consequence of funds raised by <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> which were donated by sympathisers in the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s decision to support the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> cause, the Jewish representatives of Palestine were able to sign very important armament contracts in the East. Other Haganah agents recovered stockpiles from the Second World War, which helped improve the army's equipment and logistics. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> had set aside for foreign arms purchases alone 28 million dollars. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a>'s total budget at this time amounted to $2,250,000, equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>'s annual budget in pre-war times.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an intervention of a number of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> regiments inside Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastal towns. They consolidated their presence in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> came from Egypt with several hundred men of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Army of the Holy War</a>. </p><p>German and Bosnian WWII veterans, including a handful of former intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a> officers, were among the volunteers fighting for the Palestinian cause.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterans of WWII <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> militaries were represented in the ranks of the ALA forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a> (who had been awarded an officer's rank in the Wehrmacht during WWII)<sup id="cite_ref-Höpp,_1995_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Höpp,_1995-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Mufti's forces, commanded by Abd al-Qadir (who had fought with the Germans against the British in Iraq) and Salama (who trained in Germany as a commando during WWII and took part in a failed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)">parachute mission</a> into Palestine).<sup id="cite_ref-RubinSchwanitz2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubinSchwanitz2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benny Morris writes that the Yishuv was more successful in attracting and effectively deploying foreign military professionals than their Arab adversaries. He concludes that the ex-Nazis and Bosnian Muslims recruited by the Palestinians, Egyptians, and Syrians "proved of little significance" to the outcome of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h3></div> <p>In December 1947, the Jewish death toll was estimated at over 200, and, according to <a href="/wiki/Alec_Kirkbride" title="Alec Kirkbride">Alec Kirkbride</a>, by 18 January 1948, 333 Jews and 345 Arabs had been killed while 643 Jews and 877 Arabs had been injured.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall death toll between December 1947 and January 1948 (including British personnel) was estimated at 1,000 people, with 2,000 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> estimates that 400 Jews and 1,500 Arabs were killed by January 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappep72_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappep72-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris says that by the end of March 1948, the Yishuv had suffered about a thousand dead.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Yoav Gelber, by the end of March there was a total of 2,000 dead and 4,000 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber85_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber85-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures correspond to an average of more than 100 deaths and 200 casualties per week among a population of 2,000,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intervention_of_foreign_forces_in_Palestine">Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_volunteers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arab_volunteers.jpg/220px-Arab_volunteers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arab_volunteers.jpg/330px-Arab_volunteers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Arab_volunteers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Arab volunteers fighting in Palestine in 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>Violence kept intensifying with the intervention of military units. Although responsible for law and order up until the end of the mandate, the British did not try to take control of the situation, being more involved in the liquidation of the administration and the evacuation of their troops.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the authorities felt that they had lost enough men already in the conflict. </p><p>The British either could not or did not want to impede the intervention of foreign forces into Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a special report by the UN Special Commission on Palestine:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>During the night of 20–21 January, a force of 700 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrians</a> in battle dress, well-equipped, with mechanized transport, entered Palestine 'via <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a>.'</li> <li>On 27 January, 'a band of 300 men from outside Palestine, was established in the area of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and was probably responsible for the intensive heavy weapon and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> attacks the following week against the settlement of Yechiam.'</li> <li>During the night of 29–30 January, a battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>, 950 men in 19 vehicles commanded by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, entered Palestine 'via <a href="/wiki/Jisr_ed-Damiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr ed-Damiye">Adam Bridge</a> and dispersed itself around the villages of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulkarem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkarem">Tulkarem</a>.'</li></ul> <p>This description corresponds to the entry of Arab Liberation Army troops between 10 January and the start of March:<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Second regiment of <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmouk</a>, under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entered <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> via <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> on the night of 11–12 January. The battalion passed through <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and then settled in the village of Sasa. A third of the regiment's fighters were Palestinian Arabs, and a quarter were <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a>.</li> <li>The 1st Yarmouk regiment, commanded by Muhammad Tzafa, entered Palestine on the night of 20–21 January, via the Bridge of Damia from Jordan and dispersed around <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, where it established its HQ, in the Northern Samarian city of <a href="/wiki/Tubas_(city)" title="Tubas (city)">Tubas</a>. The regiment was composed chiefly of Palestinian Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqis</a>.</li> <li>The Hittin regiment, commanded by Madlul Abbas, settled in the west of Samaria with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Tulkarem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkarem">Tulkarem</a>.</li> <li>The Hussein ibn Ali regiment provided reinforcement in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and several other cities.</li> <li>The Qadassia regiment were reserves based in Jab'a.</li></ul> <p>Fawzi al-Qawuqji, Field Commander of the Arab Liberation Army, arrived, according to his own account, on 4 March, with the rest of the logistics and around 100 <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniak</a> volunteers in Jab'a, a small village on the route between <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>. He established a headquarters there and a training centre for Palestinian Arab volunteers. In addition, roughly 100 to 200 British soldiers and police officers, many of whom had developed bitterness towards the Zionist movement and/or pity for the Palestinians over the course of the British counterinsurgency campaign against the Zionists, deserted to help the Palestinians. In contrast, only 17 deserters fought for the Zionists.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cunningham" title="Alan Cunningham">Alan Cunningham</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> in Palestine, thoroughly protested against the incursions and the fact that "no serious effort is being made to stop incursions." The only reaction came from Alec Kirkbride, who complained to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a> about Cunningham's "hostile tone and threats."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British and the information service of Yishuv expected an offensive for 15 February, but it would not take place, seemingly because the Mufti troops were not ready.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March, an Iraqi regiment of the Arab Liberation Army came to reinforce the Palestinian Arab troops of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Salama" title="Hasan Salama">Salameh</a> in the area around <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramleh">Ramleh</a>, while Al-Husayni started a headquarters in Bir Zeit, 10 km to the north of Ramallah.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber56_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber56-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a number of North African troops, principally <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyans</a>, and hundreds of members of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> entered Palestine. In March, an initial regiment arrived in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and certain militants among them reached <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morale_of_the_fighters">Morale of the fighters</h2></div> <p>The Arab combatants' initial victories reinforced morale among them.<sup id="cite_ref-united1948_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-united1948-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> was confident and decided to prevent the set-up of the UN-backed partition plan. In an announcement made to the Secretary-General on 6 February, they declared:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Palestinian Arabs consider any attempt by Jewish people or by whatever power or group of power to establish a Jewish state in an Arab territory to be an act of aggression that will be resisted by force [...]<br /> The prestige of the United Nations would be better served by abandoning this plan and by not imposing such an injustice [...]<br /> The Palestinian Arabs make a grave declaration before the UN, before God and before history that they will never submit to any power that comes to Palestine to impose a partition. The only way to establish a partition is to get rid of them all: men, women, and children.</p></blockquote> <p>At the beginning of February 1948, the morale of the Jewish leaders was not high: "distress and despair arose clearly from the notes taken at the meetings of the Mapai party."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The attacks against the Jewish settlements and main roads worsened the direction of the Jewish people, who underestimated the intensity of the Arab reaction."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation of the 100,000 Jews situated in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was precarious, and supplies to the city, already slim in number, were likely to be stopped. Nonetheless, despite the setbacks suffered, the Jewish forces, in particular <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, remained superior in number and quality to those of the Arab forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_wave_of_Palestinian_refugees">First wave of Palestinian refugees</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_refugees_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Precipitating events</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Background</b></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></b></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil war in Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict#1948–1949:_Arab–Israeli_War" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 expulsion and flight</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_return_to_Israel" title="Palestinian return to Israel">Palestinian return to Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of Palestinian place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Paraguay_plan" title="1969 Paraguay plan">Paraguay plan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Discourse</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Law" title="Nakba Law">Nakba Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable writers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols and memory</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_key" title="Palestinian key">Palestinian key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_March_of_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Great March of Return">Great March of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Return_(Israel)" title="March of Return (Israel)">March of Return (Israel)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ongoing</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">List of depopulated towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimates_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="List of estimates of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Estimates of the number of Palestinians who fled</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakba" title="Template:Nakba"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakba" title="Template talk:Nakba"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nakba" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nakba"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948 Palestinian exodus</a></div> <p>The high morale of the Arab fighters and politicians was not shared by the Palestinian Arab civilian population. The UN Palestine Commission reported 'Panic continues to increase, however, throughout the Arab middle classes, and there is a steady exodus of those who can afford to leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-united1948_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-united1948-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'From December 1947 to January 1948, around 70,000 Arabs fled,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by the end of March, that number had grown to around 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These people were part of the first wave of Palestinian refugees of the conflict. Mostly the middle and upper classes fled, including the majority of the families of local governors and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Palestinian Arabs also fled in large numbers. Most of them did not abandon the hope of returning to Palestine once the hostilities had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_of_foreign_powers">Policies of foreign powers</h2></div> <p>Many decisions were made abroad that had an important influence over the outcome of the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_the_Jordanian_choice">Britain and the Jordanian choice</h3></div> <p>Britain did not want a Palestinian state led by the <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a>, and opted unofficially instead, on 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I of Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting in London between the commander of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glubb_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Glubb Pasha">Glubb Pasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>, the two parties agreed that they would facilitate the entry of the Arab Legion into Palestine on 15 May and that the Arab part of Palestine be occupied by it. However, they held that the Arab Legion not enter the vicinity of Jerusalem or the Jewish state itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This option did not envisage a Palestinian Arab state. Although the ambitions of King Abdullah are known, it is not apparent to what extent the authorities of Yishuv, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> knew of this decision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_turnabout">United States turnabout</h3></div> <p>In mid-March, after the increasing disorder in Palestine and faced with the fear, later judged unfounded, of an Arab petrol embargo,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the US government announced the possible withdrawal of its support for the UN's partition plan and for dispatching an international force to guarantee its implementation. The US suggested that Palestine instead be put under <a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">UN supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> voted on the US proposal to convoke a special assembly to reconsider the Palestinian problem; the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This U-turn by the US caused concern and debate among Yishuv authorities. They thought that after the withdrawal of British troops, the Yishuv could not effectively resist the Arab forces without the support of the US. In this context, Elie Sasson, the director of the Arab section of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, and several other personalities, persuaded David Ben-Gurion and <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meyerson</a> to advance a diplomatic initiative to the Arabs. The job of negotiation was delegated to Joshua Palmon, who was prohibited from limiting the Haganah's liberty of action but was authorized to declare that "the Jewish people were ready with a truce."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistical_support_of_the_Eastern_Bloc">Logistical support of the Eastern Bloc</h3></div> <p>In the context of the embargo imposed upon Palestinian belligerents—Jewish and Arab alike—and the dire lack of arms by the Yishuv in Palestine, Soviet ruler <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s decision to breach the embargo and support the Yishuv with arms exported from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> played a role in the war that was differently appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Syria also bought arms from Czechoslovakia for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>, but the shipment never arrived due to Haganah intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p50_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p50-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible motivations for Stalin's decision include his support of the UN Partition plan, and allowing Czechoslovakia to earn some foreign income after being forced to refuse <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extent of this support and the concrete role that it played is up for debate. Figures advanced by historians tend to vary. Yoav Gelber spoke of 'small deliveries from Czechoslovakia arriving by air [...] from April 1948 onwards'<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas various historians have argued that there was an unbalanced level of support in favor of <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>, given that the Palestinian Arabs did not benefit from an equivalent level of Soviet support.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the embargo that was extended to all Arab states in May 1948 by the UN Security Council caused great problems to them.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_leaders'_refusal_of_direct_involvement"><span id="Arab_leaders.27_refusal_of_direct_involvement"></span>Arab leaders' refusal of direct involvement</h3></div> <p>Arab leaders did what they could to avoid being directly involved<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in support for the Palestinian cause.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> summit of October 1947, in <a href="/wiki/Aley" title="Aley">Aley</a>, the Iraqi general, Ismail Safwat, painted a realist picture of the situation. He underlined the better organization and greater financial support of the Jewish people in comparison to the Palestinians. He recommended the immediate deployment of the Arab armies at the Palestinian borders, the dispatching of weapons and ammunition to the Palestinians, and the contribution of a million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> of financial aid to them. His proposals were rejected, other than the suggestion to send financial support, which was not followed up on. </p><p>Nonetheless, a techno-military committee was established to coordinate assistance to the Palestinians. Based in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, it was directed by Sawfat, who was supported by Lebanese and Syrian officers and representatives of the Higher Arab Committee. A Transjordian delegate was also appointed, but he did not participate in meetings. </p><p>At the December 1947 Cairo summit, under pressure by public opinion, the Arab leaders decided to create a military command that united all the heads of all the major Arab states, headed by Safwat. They still ignored his calls for financial and military aid, preferring to defer any decision until the end of the Mandate,<sup id="cite_ref-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, nevertheless, decide to form the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>, which would go into action in the following weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 20–21 January 1948, around 700 armed Syrians entered Palestine via Transjordan.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1948, Safwat reiterated his demands, but they fell on deaf ears: the Arab governments hoped that the Palestinians, aided by the Arab Liberation Army, could manage on their own until the International community renounced the partition plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balance_of_powers">Balance of powers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smg_sten_MK_IIS_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Smg_sten_MK_IIS_01.jpg/220px-Smg_sten_MK_IIS_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Smg_sten_MK_IIS_01.jpg/330px-Smg_sten_MK_IIS_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Smg_sten_MK_IIS_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> submachine gun</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> was, in theory, financed and equipped by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>. A budget of one million pounds sterling had been promised to them,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the insistence of Ismail Safwat. In reality, though, funding never arrived, and only <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> truly supported the Arab volunteers in concrete terms. Syria bought from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> a quantity of arms for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> but the shipment never arrived due to Hagana force intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p50_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p50-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lapierre & Collins, on the ground, logistics were completely neglected, and their leader, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, envisaged that his troops survive only on the expenses accorded to them by the Palestinian population.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gelber says that the Arab League had arranged the supplies through special contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p52_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p52-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were equipped with different types of light weapons, light and medium-sized mortars, a number of 75 mm and 105 mm guns, and armoured vehicles but their stock of shells was small.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p13_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p13-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation that the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Army of the Holy War</a> and the Palestinian forces were in was worse. They could not rely on any form of foreign support and had to get by on the funds that <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a> could raise. The troops' armament was limited to what the fighters already had. To make things even worse, they had to be content with arms bought on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> or pillaged from British warehouses, and, as a result, did not really have enough arms to wage war.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until March, Haganah suffered also a lack of arms. The Jewish fighters benefitted from a number of clandestine factories that manufactured some light weapons,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ammunition and explosives. The one weapon of which there was no shortage was locally produced explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they had far less than what was necessary to carry out a war: in November, only one out of every three Jewish combatants was armed, rising to two out of three within Palmach.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haganah sent agents to Europe and to the United States, in order to arm and equip this army. To finance all of this, <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> managed, by the end of December, to collect $25 million through a fundraising campaign set about in the United States to capitalize on American sympathisers to the Zionist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the 129 million US dollars raised between October 1947 and March 1949 for the Zionist cause, more than $78 million, over 60%, were used to buy arms and munition.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A leased transport plane was used for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Operation Balak</a> first arms ferry flight from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> on the end of March 1948. At the beginning of April 1948, a shipment of thousands of rifles and hundreds of machine guns arrived at Tel Aviv harbor. With this big shipment, Haganah could supply weapons to a concentrated effort, without taking over the arms of other Jewish territory and risking them being with no weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-morris2008p117_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris2008p117-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haganah went into the offensive, although still lacking heavy weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reorganisation_of_Haganah">Reorganisation of Haganah</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_bataille_Palestine_avril_48.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ordre_de_bataille_Palestine_avril_48.gif/220px-Ordre_de_bataille_Palestine_avril_48.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ordre_de_bataille_Palestine_avril_48.gif/330px-Ordre_de_bataille_Palestine_avril_48.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Ordre_de_bataille_Palestine_avril_48.gif 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Theatre of Operation of each Haganah brigade.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 'having gotten the Jews of Palestine and of elsewhere to do everything that they could, personally and financially, to help <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>,' Ben-Gurion's second greatest achievement was his having successfully transformed Haganah from being a clandestine <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organization into a true army.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben-Gurion appointed <a href="/wiki/Israel_Galili" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Galili">Israel Galili</a> to the position of head of the High Command counsel of Haganah and divided Haganah into 6 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> brigades, numbered 1 to 6, allotting a precise theatre of operation to each one. Yaakov Dori was named Chief of Staff, but it was Yigael Yadin who assumed the responsibility on the ground as chief of Operations. Palmach, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a>, was divided into 3 elite brigades, numbered 10–12, and constituted the mobile force of Haganah.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben-Gurion's attempts to retain personal control over the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> lead later in July to <a href="/wiki/The_Generals%27_Revolt" title="The Generals' Revolt">The Generals' Revolt</a>. </p><p>On 19 November 1947, obligatory <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 March the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"From November 1947, the Haganah, (...) began to change from a territorial militia into a regular army. (...) Few of the units had been well trained by December. (...) By March–April, it fielded still under-equipped battalion and brigades. By April–May, the Haganah was conducting brigade size offensive."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_roads_and_blockade_of_Jerusalem">War of the roads and blockade of Jerusalem</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_situation_of_the_Jewish_zones">Geographic situation of the Jewish zones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_zones_12147.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jewish_zones_12147.PNG/220px-Jewish_zones_12147.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jewish_zones_12147.PNG/330px-Jewish_zones_12147.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Jewish_zones_12147.PNG 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Map of Jewish settlements and roads in Palestine by 1 December 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from on the coastline, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">yishuvim</a>, or settlements, were very dispersed. Communication between the coastal area (the main area of Jewish settlements) and the peripheral settlements was by road. These road were an easy target for attacks, as most of them passed through or near entirely Arab localities. The isolation of the 100,000 Jewish people in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and other Jewish settlements outside the coastal zone, such as kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion" title="Kfar Etzion">Kfar Etzion</a>, halfway on the strategic road between Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, the 27 settlements in the southern region of <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a><sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the settlements to the north of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, were a strategic weakness for the Yishuv. </p><p>The possibility of evacuating these difficult to defend zones was considered, but the policy of <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> was set by David Ben-Gurion. He stated that "what the Jewish people have has to be conserved. No Jewish person should abandon his or her house, farm, <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> or job without authorization. Every outpost, every colony, whether it is isolated or not, must be occupied as though it were <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Jewish settlement was evacuated until the invasion of May 1948. Only a dozen kibbutzim in Galilee, and those in Gush Etzion sent women and children into the safer interior zones.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ben-Gurion gave instructions that the settlements of Negev be reinforced in number of men and goods,<sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the kibbutzim of <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Darom" title="Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yad_Mordechai" title="Yad Mordechai">Yad Mordechai</a> (both close to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>), <a href="/wiki/Revivim" title="Revivim">Revivim</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion" title="Kfar Etzion">Kfar Etzion</a>. Conscious of the danger that weighed upon Negev, the supreme command of <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> assigned a whole <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> battalion there.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Jerusalem">Siege of Jerusalem</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husayni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Husayni.jpg/100px-Husayni.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Husayni.jpg/150px-Husayni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Husayni.jpg/200px-Husayni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a>, prominent military leader during the Palestinian Civil War.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machsom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Machsom.jpg/250px-Machsom.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Machsom.jpg/375px-Machsom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Machsom.jpg/500px-Machsom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An Arab road block, at the main road to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Jerusalem (1948)">Battle for Jerusalem (1948)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1948)">Jerusalem</a> and the great difficulty of accessing the city became even more critical to its Jewish population, who made up one sixth of the total Jewish population in Palestine. The long and difficult route from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, after leaving the Jewish zone at <a href="/wiki/Khulda" title="Khulda">Hulda</a>, went through the foothills of <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a>. The 28-kilometre route between <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Wad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Wad">Bab al-Wad</a> and Jerusalem took no less than three hours,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the route passed near the Arab villages of <a href="/wiki/Saris,_Jerusalem" title="Saris, Jerusalem">Saris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalunya" title="Qalunya">Qaluniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qastal">Al-Qastal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin" title="Deir Yassin">Deir Yassin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> arrived in Jerusalem with the intent to surround and besiege its Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to <a href="/wiki/Surif" title="Surif">Surif</a>, a village to the southwest of Jerusalem, with his supporters—around a hundred fighters who were trained in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> before the war and who served as officers in his army, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Jihad al-Muqadas</a>, or Army of the Holy War. He was joined by a hundred or so young villagers and Arab veterans of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His militia soon had several thousand men,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it moved its training quarters to <a href="/wiki/Bir_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Zeit">Bir Zeit</a>, a town near <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>. </p><p>Abd al-Qadir's zone of influence extended down to the area of <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramleh">Ramleh</a>, and the Judean Hills where <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Salama" title="Hasan Salama">Hasan Salama</a> commanded 1,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salama, like Abd al-Qadir, had been affiliated with Mufti Haj Amin al Husseini for years, and had also been a commander in the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali">Rashid Ali</a> coup of 1941 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirszowicz2016_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirszowicz2016-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salama had re-entered Palestine in 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)">Operation Atlas</a>, parachuting into the Jordan Valley as a member of a special German—Arab commando unit of the Waffen SS.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He coordinated with al-Husayni to execute a plan of disruption and harassment of road traffic in an attempt to isolate and blockade Western (Jewish) Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December, the first organized attack occurred when ten members of a convoy between <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion" title="Kfar Etzion">Kfar Etzion</a> were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 January, Abd al-Qadir himself commanded and took part in an attack against Kfar Etzion, in which 1,000 Palestinian Arab combatants were involved. The attack was a failure, and 200 of al-Husayni's men died. Nonetheless, the attack did not come without losses of Jewish lives: a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Convoy_of_35" title="Convoy of 35">35 Palmach men</a> who sought to reinforce the establishment were ambushed and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 January, a Jewish convoy was attacked near the Arab village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qastal">al-Qastal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack went badly and several villages to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> answered a call for assistance, although others did not, for fear of reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign for control over the roads became increasingly militaristic in nature, and became a focal point of the Arab war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 22 March, supply convoys to Jerusalem stopped, due to a convoy of around thirty vehicles having been destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorge">gorges</a> of Bab-el-Wad.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 March, an important <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion_Convoy" title="Gush Etzion Convoy">supply convoy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion" title="Kfar Etzion">Kfar Etzion</a> was taken in an ambush in south of Jerusalem. They were forced to surrender all of their arms, ammunition and vehicles to al-Husayni's forces. The Jews of Jerusalem requested the assistance of the United Kingdom after 24 hours of combat. According to a British report, the situation in Jerusalem, where a food rationing system was already in application, risked becoming desperate after 15 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation in other areas of the country was as critical as the one of Jerusalem. The settlements of Negev were utterly isolated, due to the impossibility of using the Southern coastal road, which passed through zones densely populated by Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 March, a convoy of supplies (the Yehiam convoy)<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was intended for the isolated <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a> north-west of Galilee was attacked in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a>. In the ensuing battle, 42–47 <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> combatants and around a hundred fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> were killed, and all vehicles involved were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Haganah_offensive_(1_April_–_15_May_1948)"><span id="Haganah_offensive_.281_April_.E2.80.93_15_May_1948.29"></span>Haganah offensive (1 April – 15 May 1948)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convois_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Convois_2.JPG/220px-Convois_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Convois_2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Shielded Jewish convoy during the blockade of Tel Aviv–Jerusalem road</figcaption></figure> <p>The second phase of the war, which began in April, marked a huge change in direction, as Haganah moved to the offensive. </p><p>In this stage, Arab forces were composed of around 10,000 men among which between 3,000 and 5,000 foreign volunteers serving in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> forces were steadily increasing. In March, they aligned around 15,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in May around 30,000 who were better equipped, trained and organized.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The armed Palestinian groups were roundly defeated, Yishuv took control of some of the principal routes that linked the Jewish settlements, and as a consequence, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was able to receive supplies again. Palestinian society collapsed. Many mixed cities were taken by the Haganah as well as <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. A massive exodus was triggered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_Dalet">Plan Dalet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dori_and_Yadin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dori_and_Yadin.JPG/220px-Dori_and_Yadin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dori_and_Yadin.JPG/330px-Dori_and_Yadin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Dori_and_Yadin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Dori" title="Yaakov Dori">Yaakov Dori</a>, Haganah's Chief of Staff, and his right-hand man, <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a>, Chief of Operations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plan Dalet was finalized on 10 March 1948, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a>. 75 pages long, it laid down the rules and the objects that were to be followed by Haganah during the second phase of the war. Its principal objective was to secure Yishuv's uninterrupted territorial connections, particularly in response to the war of the roads carried out by Al-Husayni and in preparation for the Arab states' declared intervention. Plan Dalet caused quite a controversy among historians. Some see it as a plan that was primarily defensive and military in nature and a preparation against invasion,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others think that the plan was offensive in nature and aimed at conquering as much of Palestine as possible,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or enacted with the aim of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansing</a> Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Nachshon_(2–20_April)"><span id="Operation_Nachshon_.282.E2.80.9320_April.29"></span>Operation Nachshon (2–20 April)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Operation Nachshon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachshon.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nachshon.GIF/220px-Nachshon.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nachshon.GIF/330px-Nachshon.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Nachshon.GIF 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Map of Operation Nachshon's theatre of operations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Qastel_on_April_5_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fall_of_Qastel_on_April_5_1948.jpg/220px-Fall_of_Qastel_on_April_5_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Fall_of_Qastel_on_April_5_1948.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> soldier in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qastal">Al-Qastal</a> on 5 April 1948.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kastal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kastal.jpg/220px-Kastal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kastal.jpg/330px-Kastal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kastal.jpg/440px-Kastal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian irregulars of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_War_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy War Army">Holy War Army</a>, approaching <a href="/wiki/Al_Qastal,_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qastal, Palestine">al-Qastal</a> village near Jerusalem to take it back from Palmach.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of March 1948, Husayni's troops prevented supply convoys from reaching Jerusalem. The city was besieged and the Jewish population was forced to adhere to a rationing system. Ben-Gurion decided to launch the operation Nachshon to open up the city and provide supplies to Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Operation Nachshon</a> marked the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> shift to the offensive, even before launching <a href="/wiki/Plan_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan D">plan D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morris2008p116_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris2008p116-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first orders were given on 2 April 1948 with diversion attacks including Qastel.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 5–20 April 1500 men from the Givati and Harel brigades took control of the road to Jerusalem<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowed 3 or 4 convoys to reach the city.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operation was a military success. All the Arab villages that blocked the route were either taken or destroyed, and the Jewish forces were victorious in all their engagements. Nonetheless, not all the objectives of the operation were achieved, since only 1800 tonnes of the 3,000 envisaged were transported to the city, and two months of severe rationing had to be assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> was killed during the night of 7–8 April, in the midst of the battles taking place in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qastal">Al-Qastal</a>. The loss of this charismatic Palestinian leader 'disrupted the Arab strategy and organization in the area of Jerusalem.'<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Ghuri" title="Emil Ghuri">Emil Ghuri</a>, changed tactics: instead of provoking a series of ambushes throughout the route, he had a huge road block erected at Bab al-Wad, and Jerusalem was once again isolated as a consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operation Nachshon exposed the poor military organization of the Palestinian paramilitary groups. Due to lack of logistics, particularly food and ammunition, they were incapable of maintaining engagements that were more than a few hours away from their permanent bases.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with these events, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> asked Alan Cunningham to allow the return of the Mufti, the only person capable of redressing the situation. Despite obtaining permission, the Mufti did not get to Jerusalem. His declining prestige cleared the way for the expansion of the influence of the Arab Liberation Army and of <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Al-Qawuqji" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawzi Al-Qawuqji">Fawzi Al-Qawuqji</a> in the Jerusalem area.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, Yishuv forces began to resort to <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Thy_Bread" title="Operation Cast Thy Bread">top-secret operation called 'Cast Thy Bread'</a>, whose aim was to prevent the return of Palestinians to the villages Yishuv forces had conquered, and, as the practice reached beyond the key Tel-Aviv-Jerusalem lines, make conditions difficult for any Arab armies that might retake territory. This consisted in poisoning village wells. In the final months of the ensuing 1948 Arab-Israeli war, as Israel gained the upper hand, orders were apparently given to extend the use of biological agents against the Arab states themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek_(4–15_April)"><span id="Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek_.284.E2.80.9315_April.29"></span>Battle of Mishmar HaEmek (4–15 April)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG/220px-Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG/330px-Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Women training at <a href="/wiki/Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MishmarHaemek2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MishmarHaemek2.jpg/220px-MishmarHaemek2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MishmarHaemek2.jpg/330px-MishmarHaemek2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MishmarHaemek2.jpg/440px-MishmarHaemek2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Jewish soldiers at the entry of the Mishmar Ha'emek, 1948</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Battle of Mishmar HaEmek">Battle of Mishmar HaEmek</a></div> <p>Mishmar HaEmek is a <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> that was founded by <a href="/wiki/Mapam" title="Mapam">Mapam</a> in 1930, in the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, close to the road between <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a> that passes the <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_(kibbutz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megiddo (kibbutz)">Megiddo kibbutz</a>. It is situated in a place that <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> officers considered to be on one of the most likely axes of penetration for a 'major Arab attack' against the Yishuv.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 April, the Arab Liberation Army launched an attack on the kibbutz with the support of artillery. The attack was fought off by the members of the kibbutz, who were supported by Haganah soldiers. The artillery fire that had almost totally destroyed the kibbutz was stopped by a British column, who arrived on the scene by order of General MacMillan, and, on 7 April, <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Al-Qawuqji" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawzi Al-Qawuqji">Fawzi Al-Qawuqji</a> accepted a 24-hour <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>, but required that the kibbutz be surrendered. The inhabitants of the kibbutz evacuated their children, and, after having consulted Tel Aviv, refused to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 or 9 April, Haganah prepared a counter-offensive. <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Sadeh" title="Yitzhak Sadeh">Yitzhak Sadeh</a> was put in charge of operations, with the order to 'clean out' the region. The battle lasted until 15 April. Sadeh's men besieged all the villages around the kibbutz, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> had to retreat to its bases in Jabba. The majority of the inhabitants of the region fled, but those who did not were either imprisoned or expelled to Jenin. The villages were plundered by some <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutznikim</a> and razed to the ground with explosives with accordance to Plan Dalet.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris</a>, the Arab Liberation Army soldiers were demoralized by reports of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a> and the death of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a>. Throughout battle, they had generally been forced to withdraw and to abandon the people of the villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Dominique Lapierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)" title="Larry Collins (writer)">Larry Collins</a> report that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Palmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Palmon (page does not exist)">Joshua Palmon</a>, head of a unit of 6 men, failed to seize invaluable pieces of artillery, and they depict the events as a débâcle for which <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Al-Qawuqji" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawzi Al-Qawuqji">Fawzi Al-Qawuqji</a> offered extravagant excuses, declaring in particular that the Jewish forces has 120 tanks, six squadrons of fighter and bomber aircraft and that they were supported by a regiment of Russian volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Morris, "according to Ben-Gurion, some 640 Haganah soldiers had faced about twenty-five hundred ALA troops, with superior firepower—and bested them".<sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p136_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p136-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the battle finished, <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> forces continued 'cleaning' operations until 19 April, destroying several villages and forcing those who inhabited them to flee. Some villages were also evacuated under the instruction of Arab authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> engaged in several operations in the region, razing a number of villages and killing some of their inhabitants, as did some detachments from the Golani and Alexandroni brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deir_Yassin_massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin" title="Deir Yassin">Deir Yassin</a> is a village located 5 kilometres west of Jerusalem. On 9 April 1948, independently of operation Nachshon, around 120 <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> men attacked the village and ran into resistance, capturing it after a fierce battle with Palmach help. The Irgun and Lehi lost 4 dead and 35 wounded. Between 100 and 120 inhabitants of the village were killed in the attack, mostly civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-GelberAppendix_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GelberAppendix-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haganah had approved the attack and assisted in it.<sup id="cite_ref-GelberAppendix_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GelberAppendix-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operation led to indignation from the international community, the more so since the press of the time reported that the death toll was 254. Ben-Gurion roundly condemned it,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the principal Jewish authorities: the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, the Great Rabbinate and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a>, who sent a letter of condemnation, apology and condolence to King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I of Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris</a>, "the most important immediate effect of the atrocity and the media campaign that followed it was how one started to report the fear felt in Palestinian towns and villages, and, later, the panicked fleeing from them."<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important repercussion was within the Arab population of neighbouring Arab states, which, once again, increased its pressure on the representatives of these states to intervene and come to the aid of the Palestinian Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre">Hadassah medical convoy massacre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre" title="Hadassah medical convoy massacre">Hadassah medical convoy massacre</a></div> <p>On 13 April, partly in revenge for the Deir Yassin massacre, a <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre" title="Hadassah medical convoy massacre">convoy that was driving towards Jerusalem's Hadassah Hospital</a> on Mount Scopus was attacked by hundreds of Arabs. In the seven-hour battle 79 Jews were killed including doctors and patients.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p50_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p50-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen British soldiers were present, but they stood by, only putting in a perfunctory attempt at intervention in the last moments of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jack_Churchill" title="Jack Churchill">Jack Churchill</a> was present at the scene, and later testified that he had attempted to assist the Hadassah convoy by radioing for support, only for the request to be turned down.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Ramat_Yohanan_and_the_defection_of_the_Druze">Battle of Ramat Yohanan and the defection of the Druze</h3></div> <p>Following the 'fiasco'<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Mishmar HaEmek, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji ordered the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> into action, to carry out diversion operations. Druze soldiers took position in several Arab villages 12 kilometres to the east of Haifa,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whence they occasionally attacked traffic and Jewish settlements, including <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Yohanan" title="Ramat Yohanan">Ramat Yohanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kibbutznikim and the Haganah soldiers that supported them forced back their attacks and razed the villages from which they launched their attacks. Having run out of ammunition, the Druze withdrew to their base in <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a>, with one hundred casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an initial failure, a battalion-sized Carmeli force on the night of 15–16 April overran the two villages. The Druze Battalion, on 16 April assaulted the Carmeli positions nine times but the Carmeli troops fought back. By afternoon, the exhausted Druze troops retreated. A Haganah report praised "the well trained and very brave enemy forces."<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Druze had already made contact on several occasions with Yishuv agents and following their defeat at Ramat Yohanan, the Druze officers offered to defect and to join the ranks of Haganah. This proposition was discussed with <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a>, who refused the proposal but suggested that they could help to carry out sabotage operations behind the backs of the Arabs and to influence their comrades into deserting the army. By the start of May, 212 Wahab soldiers deserted. Taking into account the attitude of his men, Wahab met with Jewish liaison officers on 9 May and agreed to cooperate with Haganah. The two parties avoided clashes, and Wahab created a neutral enclave in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. Wahab's army did not respond to calls for it to help fight Haganah's occupation of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, and avoided being present while Haganah occupied the police fortress of Shefa-'Amr during its evacuation by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position that the Druze took influenced their fate after the war. Given the good relationship between the Druze and Yishuv from 1930 onwards despite their collaboration with the Arab Higher Council and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, Ben-Gurion insisted that the Druze, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> benefit from a different position to that of the other Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_mixed_localities">Siege of mixed localities</h3></div> <p>In the context of Plan Dalet, mixed urban centres, or those on the borders of the Jewish state, were attacked and besieged by Jewish forces. <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> was attacked on 10 April and fell six days later; <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> fell on 23 April, after only one day of combat (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bi%27ur_Hametz" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bi'ur Hametz">Operation Bi'ur Hametz</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> was attacked on 27 April but fell only after the British abandoned it (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hametz" title="Operation Hametz">Operation Hametz</a>). <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon" title="Operation Gideon">Operation Gideon</a>) fell on 11 May and 13 May respectively, within the framework of Operation Yitfah, and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> fell on 17 May, within the framework of Operation Ben-Ami. </p><p>The Arab inhabitants of these towns fled or were expelled en masse. In these 6 cities, only 13,000 of the total of 177,000 Arab inhabitants remained by the end of May. This phenomenon ricocheted also in the suburbs and the majority of the zone's Arab villages. </p><p>Despite the deteriorating situation for the Arabs, a representative of the Arab Higher Committee Representative stated to UN Security Council on April 16 that the Arabs would reject any ceasefire that does not undo the Partition plan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Yiftah_(20_April_–_24_May)"><span id="Operation_Yiftah_.2820_April_.E2.80.93_24_May.29"></span>Operation Yiftah (20 April – 24 May)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Operation Yiftach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yiftah.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yiftah.GIF/220px-Yiftah.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yiftah.GIF/330px-Yiftah.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Yiftah.GIF 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Map of Operation Yiftah's theatre of operations</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Galilee_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee Panhandle">Galilee Panhandle</a>, a zone in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Lake Tiberias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metula" title="Metula">Metula</a>, was the Jewish-controlled area that was the most distant and isolated from the area most densely populated by Jews, the coastal plain. The presence of the Lebanese border to the north, the Syrian border to east and the Arab presence in the rest of Galilee made it a probable target for intervention of the Arab armies.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the framework of the Dalet plan, <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> entrusted <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>, with the responsibility of managing Operation Yiftah, whose objectives were to control all the aforementioned area and consolidate it ahead of the Arab attack that was planned for 15 May.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allon was in charge the 1st and 3rd Palmach <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, which had to face the populace of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and several dozen Arab villages. The situation was made more problematic by the presence of the British, although they began their evacuation of the area. According to his analysis, it was essential that they empty the zone of any Arab presence to completely protect themselves; the exodus would also encumber the roads that the Arab forces would have to penetrate.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 April, Allon launched a campaign that mixed propaganda, attacks, seizing control of strongholds that the British had abandoned, and destroying conquered Arab villages. On 1 May, a counter-offensive was launched by Arab militiamen against Jewish settlements but was ultimately unsuccessful. On 11 May, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> fell, and the operation finished on 24 May after the villages of the valley of Hula were burnt down. Syrian forces' planned offensive in the area failed and, by the end of June, Galilee panhandle from Tiberias to Metula, incorporating Safed, was emptied of all its Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_of_Golda_Meir_and_King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_(10_May)"><span id="Meeting_of_Golda_Meir_and_King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_.2810_May.29"></span>Meeting of Golda Meir and King Abdullah I of Jordan (10 May)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golda_Meir_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Golda_Meir_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Golda Meir in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 May, <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> and Ezra Danin secretly went to <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, to the palace of King Abdullah to discuss the situation with him. The situation that Abdullah found himself in was difficult. On one hand, his personal ambitions, the promises made by the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> in November 1947<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="which promise? (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the British approval of these promises pushed him to consider annexing the Arab part of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> without intervening against the future state of Israel. On the other hand, the pressure exerted by his people in reaction to the massacre of Deir Yassin, combined with their feelings with regard to the Palestinian exodus and his agreements with other members of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> pushed him to be more strongly involved in the war against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also found himself in a position of power, having the benefit of military support from not only the Arab League, but the British. In his diary, Ben-Gurion wrote about Golda Meir's reaction to the meeting: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We met [on 10 May] amicably. He was very worried and looks terrible. He did not deny that there had been talk and understanding between us about a desirable arrangement, namely that he would take the Arab part [of Palestine]. (...) But Abdullah had said that he could now, on 10 May, only offer the Jews "autonomy" within an enlarged Hashemite kingdom. He added that while he was not interested in invading the areas allocated for Jewish statehood, the situation was volatile. But he voiced the hope that Jordan and the Yishuv would conclude a peace agreement once the dust had settled.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historical analyses of the motivations and conclusions of this meeting differ. According to Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins – as well as Israeli <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographers</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the intention behind the Yishuv's negotiation was to obtain a peace treaty and avoid an attack by Arab forces. At that time, the balance of power was not favourable for them, but Meir did not manage to convince the King. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingabdullahbinhussein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Kingabdullahbinhussein.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>King Abdullah of Jordan</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Morris,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdullah 'reconsidered the promises that he made in November to not be opposed to the partition plan,' but left Meir with the impression that he would make peace with the Jewish state once the civil war had finished. </p><p>Avi Shlaim<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoke of a 'tacit' agreement to prevent the division of Palestine with the Palestinians, arguing the idea that there was a collusion between the Hashemite Kingdom and Yishuv. The historian <a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, however, rejected this idea and devoted an entire work to dismounting it.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre Razoux indicated that 'the majority of experts consider it probable'<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="is this an objective sources for this. it is probably a mistake (July 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that Ben-Gurion and King Abdullah had an understanding over dividing Palestine, and that only the pressure from the Arab states on Abdullah constrained him from following up on his promise. According to Razoux, this idea explains the attitude of the British, who, following this plan, would thereby fulfill the promises made by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> to the Yishuv and the Hashemite empire at the same time. He states that the presence of Arab Legion troops, before 15 May, near strategic positions held by the British is in this way easy to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ilan Pappé<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stressed that neither Abdullah's ministers, nor the Arab world itself, seemed to be privy to the discussions held between him and the Yishuv, even if his ambitions on Palestine were widely known. He also stated that Sir <a href="/wiki/Alec_Kirkbride" title="Alec Kirkbride">Alec Kirkbride</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb" title="John Bagot Glubb">Glubb Pasha</a> thought at the time that, at the very least, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Hassan_Azzam" title="Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam">Azzam Pasha</a>, the Secretary of the Arab League, must have known about Abdullah's double game. </p><p>It is certain, on the other hand, that Golda Meir and King Abdullah did not come to an agreement on the status of Jerusalem. On 13 May, the Arab Legion took <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion" title="Kfar Etzion">Kfar Etzion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strategically located halfway along the road between Hebron and Jerusalem. On 17 May, Abdullah ordered <a href="/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb" title="John Bagot Glubb">Glubb Pasha</a>, commander of the Arab Legion, to launch an attack against the Holy City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kfar_Etzion_massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gush_Etzion.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gush_Etzion.GIF/220px-Gush_Etzion.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gush_Etzion.GIF/330px-Gush_Etzion.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gush_Etzion.GIF 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Location of Gush Etzion (highlighted in red)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etzion_Tal_Prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Etzion_Tal_Prisoners.jpg/220px-Etzion_Tal_Prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Etzion_Tal_Prisoners.jpg/330px-Etzion_Tal_Prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Etzion_Tal_Prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Jewish prisoners taken after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kfar Etzion is a group of four settlements established on the strategic route between Hebron and Jerusalem, right in the middle of Arab inhabited territory. It had 400 inhabitants at the end of 1947. After the adoption of Resolution 181(II), it was the object of Arab attacks. Ben-Gurion reinforced it on 7 December, protecting it with a Palmach division, but on 8 January, he authorized the evacuation of the women and children of the settlements. </p><p>After 26 March, the last date on which a <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion_Convoy#27_March_1948" title="Gush Etzion Convoy">supply convoy</a> successfully reached it, despite heavy losses of life, the defenders were completely isolated. </p><p>On 12 May, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> units started to attack the settlements. The motivations advanced include their desire to protect one of their last supply convoys before the embargo took effect, which had to travel down the road by Kfar Etzion. Another theory is that the block of settlements obstructed the deployment of the Legion in the area around Hebron, whose attack was one of Abdullah's principal objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External defences fell quickly, and, on 13 May, the first kibbutz was captured, and those who were taken prisoner were massacred; only four survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 131 defenders, 127, including 21 women, were killed, or massacred after they surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other three establishments surrendered, and the kibbutzim were first plundered, then razed to the ground. In March 1949 320 prisoners from the Etzion settlements were released from the "Jordan POW camp at Mafrak", including 85 women.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events that took place at Kfar Etzion made apparent the limitations of the policy prohibiting evacuation. Although it was effective during civil war, when facing militias, isolated Jewish settlements could not resist the firepower of a regular army, and an evacuation could have made it possible to avoid the captivity or death of those who defended the settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Yoav Gelber, the fall and massacre of Kfar Etzion influenced Ben-Gurion's decision to engage the Arab Legion on its way to Jerusalem, although the Haganah General Staff were divided about whether the Legion should be challenged inside Jerusalem itself as such a move could harm the Jews in the city. Ben-Gurion left the final decision to Shaltiel. The battle for Jerusalem was thus set in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem:_Operations_Yevusi_and_Kilshon_("Pitchfork")_(13–18_May)"><span id="Jerusalem:_Operations_Yevusi_and_Kilshon_.28.22Pitchfork.22.29_.2813.E2.80.9318_May.29"></span>Jerusalem: Operations Yevusi and Kilshon ("Pitchfork") (13–18 May)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Operation Yevusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" title="Operation Kilshon">Operation Kilshon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katamon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Katamon.jpg/220px-Katamon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Katamon.jpg/330px-Katamon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Katamon.jpg/440px-Katamon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Jewish fighters in Katamon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bevingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bevingrad.jpg/220px-Bevingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Bevingrad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Bevingrad, centre of the British security zone in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Operation Yevusi</a> lasted two weeks, from 22 April 1948 to 3 May 1948. Not all objectives were achieved before the British enforced a cease-fire. A <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> force occupied the strategically located San Simon monastery in <a href="/wiki/Katamon" title="Katamon">Katamon</a>. Arab irregulars attacked the monastery and a heavy battle evolved. Both sides had a lot of wounded and killed fighters. The <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> considered a retreat while the wounded fighters would blow themselves up, but then it was realized that the Arab force was exhausted and could not continue the fighting. As a result, the Arab residents left the suburb and the southern besieged Jewish suburbs were released.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> intended to capture the Old City during the final days of the Mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrisglubb-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its attacks on the seam between East and West Jerusalem from 13 to 18 May (known as Operation Kilshon) were planned as the initial phase of this conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrisglubb-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the British held several strategically located security zones named "Bevingrads", at its centre. The city's radio station, telephone exchange and government hospital were located there, along with a number of barracks and the Notre Dame hostel, which dominated the city.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main objectives of Operation Kilshon was to take control of these zones of strategic importance while the British withdrew. On 13 May the Haganah extended its control of the Old City's Jewish Quarter and on 14th (having obtained the precise schedule of the evacuation with British complicity) took control of the Bevingrads, including the central post office and the Russian Church compound at 04:00.<sup id="cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrisglubb-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They surprised the Arab troops, who offered no resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secondary objective of Operation Kilshon was to simultaneously create a continuous frontline between the various isolated Jewish localities. For this aim, Brigadier General David Shaltiel, Haganah's former envoy to Europe, was deployed along with a troop of 400 Haganah soldiers and 600 militia soldiers. Emil Ghuri, the new leader of the Army of the Holy War, also envisaged taking these districts and mobilized 600 soldiers for the mission, but prepared no specific operation. </p><p>The secondary aim was also successful. In the North of the city, Jewish forces seized Arab-populated <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah" title="Sheikh Jarrah">Sheikh Jarrah</a>, made a connection with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus" title="Mount Scopus">Mount Scopus</a>, and took the villages surrounding the American colony.<sup id="cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrisglubb-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, they ensured the connection of the German and Greek colonies with Talpiot and Ramat Rahel, after having taken the Allenby barracks. A Palmach unit even re-established contact with the Jewish district in the Old City via the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Gate" title="Zion Gate">Zion Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The irregular Arabic forces were rendered impotent and yielded to panic, calling the situation hopeless and announcing the imminent fall of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Ben-Ami_(13–22_May)"><span id="Operation_Ben-Ami_.2813.E2.80.9322_May.29"></span>Operation Ben-Ami (13–22 May)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben%27Ami.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Ben%27Ami.GIF" decoding="async" width="236" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Map of Operation Ben-Ami's theatre of operations</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ben-Ami" title="Operation Ben-Ami">Operation Ben-Ami</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:282px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-33px; top:-22px; width:320px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Haganah plane dropping supplies to besieged Yehiam, January 1948"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg/320px-RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg/480px-RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg/320px-RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg/480px-RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:RWD_13_-_Air_dropping_supplies_to_Yehiam,_1948.jpg" title="File:RWD 13 - Air dropping supplies to Yehiam, 1948.jpg"> </a></div>A Haganah plane dropping supplies to besieged <a href="/wiki/Yehiam" title="Yehiam">Yehiam</a>, January 1948</div> </div></div> <p>Within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> intended to make a breakthrough in the west of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, wherein a number of isolated Jewish settlements were situated. This zone, which covers the land from <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a>, was allocated to the Arabs by the Partition plan, but was on the road through which Lebanese forces intended to enter into Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The command of this operation was entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Carmel" title="Moshe Carmel">Moshe Carmel</a>, head of the Carmeli brigade. It consisted of two phases: the first began on the evening of 13 May, when a column of Haganah's armoured vehicles and lorries advanced along the coast with no resistance. The forces of the Arab Liberation Army fled without entering battle, and the first phase of the operation finished when Acre was taken on 18 May. In the second phase, from 19 to 21 May, troops went as far as the Yehi'am kibbutz by the Lebanese border, connecting it and conquering and destroying a number of Arab villages on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.252_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.252-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_wave_of_the_Palestinian_Arab_exodus">Main wave of the Palestinian Arab exodus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948 Palestinian exodus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus">Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_refugees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Palestinian_refugees.jpg/300px-Palestinian_refugees.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Palestinian_refugees.jpg/450px-Palestinian_refugees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Palestinian_refugees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian Arab refugees</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Haganah's move to offensive operations during the second phase of the war was accompanied by a huge exodus that involved 350,000 Arab refugees, adding to the 100,000 displaced during the First wave. The term 'Palestinian exodus' is often used to refer to both these and two subsequent waves. These two waves gained a considerable amount of press interest and were widely relayed in the press of the time, more so than most other Palestine-related events.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causes of and responsibility for this exodus are highly controversial topics among commentators on the conflict and even historians who specialize in this era. Among the various possible causes, Efraim Karsh attributes the exodus mainly to Arab authorities' instructions to escape,<sup id="cite_ref-KarshEssential_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarshEssential-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others argue that a policy of expulsion had been organized by the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> authorities and implemented by Haganah.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others yet reject these two assumptions and see the exodus as the cumulative effect of all the civil war's consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations_made_by_the_Arab_League">Preparations made by the Arab League</h3></div> <p>During the last meeting of the Arab League in February 1948, the Arab leaders expressed their convictions in the capacity of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> to help the Palestinians and to force the international community to give up on the UN-backed partition plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following summit took place in Cairo on 10 April, with the situation having clearly developed with the death of Al-Husayni and the debacle at Mishmar Ha'emek. </p><p>Once again, Ismail Safwat called for the immediate deployment of the Arab state armies at the borders of Palestine, and for the need to go beyond the established policy of participating in little more than small-scale raids towards taking part in large-scale operations. For the first time, the Arab leaders discussed the possibility of intervening in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> declared themselves ready to intervene immediately, but King Abdullah refused to let the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> forces intervene immediately in favour of the Palestinians, a move which irritated the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> of the League, who declared that Abdallah only cedes to the British diktat. </p><p>Nonetheless, Abdullah declared himself ready to send the Legion to assist the Palestinian cause after 15 May. In response, Syria insisted that the Egyptian army also take part, and, in spite of the opposition of Egypt's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/King_Farouk" class="mw-redirect" title="King Farouk">King Farouk</a> responded favourably to the Syrian request, but due to his aim of curbing the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanians'</a> hegemonic goals rather than his desire to help the Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, following the visit of several Palestinian dignitaries in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, and despite the opposition of Syria and the Mufti, Haj Amin al-Husseini, Azzam Pasha accepted Abdullah's proposition and sent Ismail Safwat to <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> to organize a coordination between the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> and Jordan's Arab Legion. It was decided that command over the operations would be reserved for King Abdullah, and that the Iraqis would deploy a brigade in Transjordan to prepare for intervention on 15 May.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 April, the 'intention to occupy Palestine' was officially announced at the Transjordanian parliament and the Jewish people were 'invited to place themselves beneath King Abdullah's jurisdiction.' The intention to spare their lives was also promised. Yishuv perceived this declaration as being one of war and encourages the Western world to pressure the King, through diplomatic means, to prevent his intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 April, Jordanians, Egyptians and Iraqis disputed the command of Abdullah. Abdullah received the honorary title of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>, while the Iraqi general, Aldine Nur Mahmud, was named Chief of Staff. Despite this show of unity, it was agreed that each army would act independent of each other in the theatre of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 May, the Iraqi task force arrived at <a href="/wiki/Mafraq" title="Mafraq">Mafraq</a>. It was composed of a regiment of armoured tanks, a regiment of mechanized infantry, and twenty-four artillery weapons, and included 1500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptians formed two brigades, deploying around 700 men into the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrians could not put together a better force, whereas the Lebanese announced that they could not take part in military operations on 10 May. </p><p>It was only two days before, on 8 May, that the British Foreign Office was certain of the Arab invasion. Whereas British analysts considered that all Arab armies, except the Arab Legion, were not prepared for the engagements to come,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Egyptian officers claimed that their advance would be 'a parade with the least risk,' and that their army 'would be in Tel Aviv after just two weeks.' </p><p>The state of preparation of the army was such that they did not even have maps of Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the final plans of invasion had not even been established yet. British leaders tried in vain to make the Arab leaders reconsider their decision,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ismail Safwat resigned in indifference, but the Arab states seemed resolute. On 15 May 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> announced officially that it would intervene in Palestine to guarantee the security and right to self-determination of the inhabitants of Palestine in an independent state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results_and_aftermath">Results and aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zones_controlled_by_Yishuv_by_the_20may48.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zones_controlled_by_Yishuv_by_the_20may48.GIF/220px-Zones_controlled_by_Yishuv_by_the_20may48.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zones_controlled_by_Yishuv_by_the_20may48.GIF/330px-Zones_controlled_by_Yishuv_by_the_20may48.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Zones_controlled_by_Yishuv_by_the_20may48.GIF 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Zones controlled by Yishuv by 20 May 1948, with comparison to zones held some five months earlier.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, the result of these five and a half months of fighting was a "decisive Jewish victory". On one side, the "Palestinian Arab military power was crushed" and most of the population in the combat zones was fleeing or had been driven out. On the other side, the "Haganah transformed from a militia into an army" and succeeded "in consolidating its hold on a continuous strip of territory embracing the Coastal Plain, the Jezreel Valley, and the Jordan Valley." The Yishuv proved it had the capability to defend itself, persuading the United States and the remainder of the world to support it and the "victory over the Palestinian Arabs gave the Haganah the experience and self-confidence [...] to confront [...] the invading armies of the Arab states."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_1948_p179_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_1948_p179-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg/240px-Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg/360px-Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg/480px-Destruction_in_Manshiya_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Manshiya" title="Manshiya">Manshiya</a> quarter of Jaffa, May 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, during the six weeks between the Haganah offensive on 1 April and the invasion of the Arab armies, the Arabs were defeated in almost every front. The Jewish forces captured four cities (<a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>) and 190 villages; most of their residents fled. The refugees flooded <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hebron">Mount Hebron</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> region, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. With the defeat of the Palestinian forces and the ALA, the Arab League saw no other option than to invade at the end of the British Mandate. The process of deciding to invade and preparing for the attack began two or three weeks before the end of the Mandate, when the level of the defeat was revealed and it was clear the ALA could not prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Haganah was somewhat poorly armed, its offensive of the last weeks went well, because Arab villages did not come to the help of their neighboring Arab villages or towns. Moreover, only a few young Arab men from untouched areas (e.g. Nablus, Hebron) participated in the fighting in Jerusalem, Haifa, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Nusseibeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar Nusseibeh">Anwar Nusseibeh</a>, a supporter of the Mufti, said the Mufti refused to issue arms to anyone except his political supporters and only recruited his supporters for the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_War_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy War Army">Holy War Army</a>. This partially accounts for the absence of an organized Arab force and for the insufficient amount of arms, which plagued the Arab defenders of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion, on behalf of the Jewish leadership, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel">declared the establishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> entered its second phase with the intervention of the Arab state armies and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.G Fraser, 'The Arab Israeli Conflict', (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp.40, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber85-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gelber85_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelber85_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelber85_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber2004">Yoav Gelber (2004)</a> p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888.pdf?OpenElement">Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine A/RES/181(II)(A+B) 29 November 1947</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617232624/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 17 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urofsky1982-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urofsky1982_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_I._Urofsky1982" class="citation book cs1">Melvin I. Urofsky (January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-49QC6R8bnsC&pg=PA282"><i>A voice that spoke for justice: the life and times of Stephen S. Wise</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-538-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-538-6"><bdi>978-0-87395-538-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+voice+that+spoke+for+justice%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Stephen+S.+Wise&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1982-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-538-6&rft.au=Melvin+I.+Urofsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-49QC6R8bnsC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevermoreMyers1921-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LevermoreMyers1921_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Herbert_LevermoreDenys_Peter_Myers1921" class="citation book cs1">Charles Herbert Levermore; Denys Peter Myers (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwOtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA63"><i>Yearbook of the League of Nations</i></a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Charles+Herbert+Levermore&rft.au=Denys+Peter+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwOtAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1988" class="citation journal cs1">Khalidi, Walid (1 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537591">"Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine"</a>. <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 4–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2537591">10.2307/2537591</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537591">2537591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Plan+Dalet%3A+Master+Plan+for+the+Conquest+of+Palestine&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-19&rft.date=1988-10-01&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2537591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2537591&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Walid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2537591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-750k-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-750k_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022">Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022</a>, p. 511, "over 80 per cent"; <a href="#CITEREFPappe2022">Pappe 2022</a>, p. 128, "Three-quarters of a million Palestinians ... almost 90 per cent"; <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, p. 60, "Some 80 percent ... At least 720,000 ..."; <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, pp. 81 ("about 750,000"), 83 ("over 80 percent"), and 350 ("It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces."); <a href="#CITEREFShenhav2019">Shenhav 2019</a>, p. 49, "750,000"; <a href="#CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018">Bashir & Goldberg 2018</a>, p. 7, "some 750,000"; <a href="#CITEREFBishara2017">Bishara 2017</a>, pp. 138 ("expelled close to 750,000") and 148 n. 21 ("number of the refugees displaced ranged between 700,000 and 900,000"; <a href="#CITEREFBäuml2017">Bäuml 2017</a>, p. 105, "approximately 750,000"; <a href="#CITEREFCohen2017">Cohen 2017</a>, p. 87, "approximately 700,000 ... between half a million and a million"; <a href="#CITEREFManna2013">Manna 2013</a>, pp. 93 ("approximately 750,000") and 99 n. 12 ("Recently, both Palestinian and Israeli scholars seem to agree on this estimate of 700,000–750,000 refugees."); <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, pp. 2, "about 90 per cent ... 750,000 refugees"; <a href="#CITEREFWolfe2012">Wolfe 2012</a>, p. 133, "some three quarters of a million"; <a href="#CITEREFDavis2011">Davis 2011</a>, pp. 7 ("more than 750,000") and 237 n. 21 ("Most scholars generally agree with the UN number, which it was somewhere in the vicinity of 750,000"); <a href="#CITEREFLentin2010">Lentin 2010</a>, pp. 6 ("at least 80 per cent") and 7 ("more than 700,000"); <a href="#CITEREFGhanim2009">Ghanim 2009</a>, p. 25, "Around 750,000-900,000"; <a href="#CITEREFKimmerling2008">Kimmerling 2008</a>, p. 280, "700,000 to 900,000"; <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 407, "some seven hundred thousand"; <a href="#CITEREFSa'di2007">Sa'di 2007</a>, pp. 297, "at least 780,000 ... more than 80 percent"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-500_villages-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-500_villages_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022">Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022</a>, p. 511; <a href="#CITEREFManna2022">Manna 2022</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFPappe2022">Pappe 2022</a>, pp. 121 and 128 ("Half of the villages had been destroyed, flattened by Israeli bulldozers ..."); <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, p. 73, "conquest and depopulation ... of scores of Arab cities, towns, and villages"; <a href="#CITEREFShenhav2019">Shenhav 2019</a>, p. 49, "abolition of hundreds of Palestinian towns and villages"; <a href="#CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018">Bashir & Goldberg 2018</a>, p. 1, "destruction of hundreds of villages and urban neighborhoods ... evacuation of villages"; <a href="#CITEREFCohen2017">Cohen 2017</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFPappe2017">Pappe 2017</a>, p. 66, "In a matter of seven months, 531 villages were destroyed and eleven urban neighborhoods emptied." <a href="#CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017">Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2017</a>, p. 400, "Palestinian cities whose inhabitants were almost completely forced out ... hundreds of evacuated and destroyed towns"; <a href="#CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014">Rashed, Short & Docker 2014</a>, p. 10 (quoting <a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Mark Levene</a>) "With at least 5,000 men, women, and children slaughtered in the massacres, 531 villages and 11 major towns destroyed and up to 800,000 folk uprooted, mostly into exile, the point of Pappe's effort can only be affirmed."; <a href="#CITEREFManna2013">Manna 2013</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFKhoury2012">Khoury 2012</a>, p. 259; <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, pp. 3 ("over 500 villages and towns and a whole country and its people disappeared from international maps and dictionaries ... <a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a> ... listed 418 depopulated and destroyed villages. However, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Abu-Sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman Abu-Sitta">Salman Abu-Sitta</a>'s figure of 531 includes 77 destroyed Bedouin villages in the south"), 7 ("coastal cities of Palestine — Jaffa, Haifa and Acre — were largely depopulated"), 74 ("hundreds of villages had been completely depopulated and their houses blown up or bulldozed"), 90-91 ("Of the 418 depopulated villages documented by Khalidi, 293 (70 per cent) were totally destroyed and 90 (22 per cent) were largely destroyed."), 107 ("nearly 500 destroyed and depopulated villages"), and 115 ("towns and villages of southern Palestine, including the cities of Beer Sheba and al-Majdal, were completely depopulated"); <a href="#CITEREFWolfe2012">Wolfe 2012</a>, p. 161 n.1, "According to official Israeli estimates, over 85% of Palestinian villages were ‘abandoned’ in the Nakba, 218 villages being listed as destroyed."; <a href="#CITEREFDavis2011">Davis 2011</a>, pp. 7 ("destruction of more than four hundred villages ... depopulation of Palestinians from cities"), 9 ("418 villages that were emptied"), and 237 n. 20 ("The total number of depopulated villages, hamlets, settlements, and towns is estimated to be between 290 and 472. The most comprehensive study and the clearest on its methods for including and eliminating population settlements is the massive <i><a href="/wiki/All_That_Remains:_The_Palestinian_Villages_Occupied_and_Depopulated_by_Israel_in_1948" title="All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948">All That Remains</a></i> (W. Khalidi 1992), which estimates the number of villages to be 418. According to this study, Israeli topographical maps chart 290 villages, Benny Morris's 1987 study lists 369, and the Palestinian encyclopedia published by Hay’at al-Mawsu‘a al-Filastiniyya gives 391 (among other sources on the subject)."); <a href="#CITEREFGhanim2009">Ghanim 2009</a>, p. 25, "about 531 villages were deliberately destroyed"; <a href="#CITEREFKimmerling2008">Kimmerling 2008</a>, p. 280, "Most of their villages, towns, and neighborhoods were destroyed or repopulated by Jewish residents"; <a href="#CITEREFSa'di2007">Sa'di 2007</a>, pp. 293-297 ("[p. 297] destruction of some 420 Palestinian towns and villages")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2008_p.180-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2008_p.180_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 180 and further</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, pp. 236, 237, 247, 253, 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Laurens, <i>La Question de Palestine</i>, volume 2, Fayard, Paris 2002, pp. 571–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walid Khalidi. "Before their Diaspora." IPS 1984; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88728-143-5">0-88728-143-5</a>. p. 253. Benny Morris, <i>The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949</i>, 2004, p. 343. Morris gives no precise date or number of casualties but describes the house as "suspected of being an Arab terrorist headquarters." He also states that on 20 May 1947 the Palamach blew up a coffee house in Fajja after the murder of two Jews in Petah Tikva.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris 2004 p. 343:9 December 1947, the Givati brigade blew up a house in the village of <a href="/wiki/Karatiyya" title="Karatiyya">Karatiyya</a>; on 11 December a house was blown up in Haifa's Wadi Rishmiya neighbourhood. On 18 December 1947, two houses were destroyed by the Palmach in a raid on <a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas" title="Al-Khisas">Khisas</a> in the Galilee; On 19 December, the house of the mukhtar of <a href="/wiki/Qazaza" title="Qazaza">Qazaza</a> was partially demolished to revenge the murder of a Jew; On 26 December, several houses were blown up in <a href="/wiki/Silwan" title="Silwan">Silwan</a>; on 27 December 3 houses were blown up in <a href="/wiki/Yalo" title="Yalo">Yalu</a>; On 4 January 1948 Etzioni blew up the Christian-owned <a href="/wiki/Semiramis_Hotel_bombing" title="Semiramis Hotel bombing">Semiramis Hotel</a> in Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Katamon" title="Katamon">Katamon</a> quarter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shay Hazkani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAMcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54"><i>Dear Palestine: A Social History of the 1948 War,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, 2021 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-503-62766-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-503-62766-6">978-1-503-62766-6</a> chapter 1.By the eve of the declaration of independence on May 1948, 105,000 men had answered the call of which 25,000 had been drafted into active service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947"</a>. <i>domino.un.org</i>. 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">the original</a> on 24 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=domino.un.org&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F181%28II%29+of+29+November+1947&rft.date=1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F0%2F7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604204421/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,934119,00.html">"Extracts from Time Magazine of that time"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,934119,00.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+Time+Magazine+of+that+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C934119%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This expression is taken from <a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.30_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.101-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.101_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-this-day-civil-war-erupts-in-palestine-1.5337592">"This Day in Jewish History / Civil War Breaks Out in Palestine"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+Jewish+History+%2F+Civil+War+Breaks+Out+in+Palestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-this-day-civil-war-erupts-in-palestine-1.5337592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_Morris_Clancy-Smith_Benny_2004_p._139-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_Morris_Clancy-Smith_Benny_2004_p._139_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisMorrisClancy-SmithBenny2004" class="citation book cs1">Morris, R.F.T.I.B.; Morris, B.; Clancy-Smith, J.A.; Benny, M.; Gershoni, I.; Owen, R.; Tripp, C.; Sayigh, Y.; Tucker, J.E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA139"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>. <q>Traditionally, Zionist historiography has cited these attacks as the first acts of Palestinian violence against the partition resolution. But it is probable that the attacks were not directly linked to the resolution – and were a product either of a desire to rob Jews... or of a retaliatory cycle that had begun with a British raid on a LHI training exercise (after an Arab had informed the British about the exercise), that resulted in several Jewish dead... The LHI retaliated by executing five members of the beduin Shubaki clan near Herzliya...; and the Arabs retaliated by attacking the buses on 30 Nov....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+Studies&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=R.F.T.I.B.&rft.au=Morris%2C+B.&rft.au=Clancy-Smith%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Benny%2C+M.&rft.au=Gershoni%2C+I.&rft.au=Owen%2C+R.&rft.au=Tripp%2C+C.&rft.au=Sayigh%2C+Y.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radai_2015_p._237-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radai_2015_p._237_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadai2015" class="citation book cs1">Radai, Itamar (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6U0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT237"><i>Palestinians in Jerusalem and Jaffa, 1948: A Tale of Two Cities</i></a>. Routledge Studies on the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36805-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36805-2"><bdi>978-1-317-36805-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>In November they again strove to cool tempers, following an attack on a Jewish bus on its way to Holon, in retaliation against the killing of five young men of the Shubaki family by LEHI gunmen (who were in turn taking revenge because one of the members of the family had informed to the British about LEHI activities).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinians+in+Jerusalem+and+Jaffa%2C+1948%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Cities&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+on+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36805-2&rft.aulast=Radai&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6U0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_2009_p.-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2009_p._29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2009" class="citation book cs1">Morris, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1eVPwAACAAJ"><i>1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15112-1"><bdi>978-0-300-15112-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>…the majority view in the HIS – supported by an anonymous Arab flyer posted almost immediately on walls in Jaffa – was that the attackers were driven primarily by a desire to avenge an LHI raid ten days before on a house near Raganana belonging to the Abu Kishk bedouin tribe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab-Israeli+War&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15112-1&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1eVPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Morris, 2004, <i>The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Palestine_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Palestine Post">The Palestine Post</a></i> of 31 December 1947: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpress.org.il/Default/Skins/TAUEn/Client.asp?Skin=TAUEn&enter=true&sPublication=PLS&Publication=PLS&Hs=advanced&AW=1291929116843&AppName=2">Archives of the newspaper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920055312/http://www.jpress.org.il/Default/Skins/TAUEn/Client.asp?Skin=TAUEn&enter=true&sPublication=PLS&Publication=PLS&Hs=advanced&AW=1291929116843&AppName=2">Archived</a> 20 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golani & Manna 2011, "70 village residents – including men, women and children – were murdered in their homes"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockman 1996, "The Jewish attackers killed some sixty men, women, and children and destroyed several houses."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pappé 2006, "Over sixty Palestinians dead"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, chap. 7, pp. 131–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 1 March 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newspapers of the time: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Palestine_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Palestine Post">The Palestine Post</a></i>, 1 April 1948 and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, on the same day, attribute the incident to Lehi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#laurens">Henry Laurens (2005)</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.163_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.67_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens_(scholar)" title="Henry Laurens (scholar)">Henry Laurens</a>, <i>La Question de Palestine,</i> vol. 3 <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a> 2007 p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 51–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Höpp,_1995-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Höpp,_1995_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed., Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220231025/http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf">[1]</a>), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RubinSchwanitz2014-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RubinSchwanitz2014_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_RubinWolfgang_G._Schwanitz2014" class="citation book cs1">Barry Rubin; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHe9AgAAQBAJ"><i>Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14090-3"><bdi>978-0-300-14090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis%2C+Islamists%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14090-3&rft.au=Barry+Rubin&rft.au=Wolfgang+G.+Schwanitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHe9AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber2004">Yoav Gelber (2004)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/FDF734EB76C39D6385256C4C004CDBA7">Special UN report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003080945/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/FDF734EB76C39D6385256C4C004CDBA7">Archived</a> 3 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the United Nations Special Commission (16 February 1948), § II.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappep72-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pappep72_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pappep72">Ilan Pappe (2006)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#rapport_special">United Nations Special Commission (16 February 1948)</a>, § II.9.c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This policy would change; at the end of the mandate, the High Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cunningham" title="Alan Cunningham">Alan Cunningham</a>, opposed the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> troops into the territory and threatened the Arab states with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> intervention if they grouped their forces around the border or crossed it. (<a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 115)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Carl Brown, <i>Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside powers</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2004, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#rapport_special">United Nations Special Commission (16 February 1948)</a>, § II.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shishakli would seize the power in Syria between 29 October 1951 and 25 February 1954 (<a href="#laurens">Henry Laurens (2005)</a>, pp. 115–116)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadenArielli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Caden, C.; Arielli, N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135106/">"British Army and Palestine Police Deserters and the Arab–Israeli War of 1948"</a>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 200–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344518796688">10.1177/0968344518796688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445">0968-3445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=British+Army+and+Palestine+Police+Deserters+and+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+War+of+1948&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=200-222&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344518796688&rft.issn=0968-3445&rft.aulast=Caden&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Arielli%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F135106%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber56-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gelber56_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-united1948-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-united1948_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-united1948_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#rapport_special">United Nations Special Commission (16 February 1948)</a>, § II.7.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#rapport_special">United Nations Special Commission (16 February 1948)</a>, § II.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 113, quoting Milstein, Milhemet, vol. 2, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#laurens">Henry Laurens (2005)</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indaily.net/?p=1299">See the entry at 1 April 1948</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603015145/http://indaily.net/?p=1299">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 71–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probl%C3%A9matique_du_mat%C3%A9riel_lors_de_la_guerre_de_Palestine_de_1948" class="extiw" title="fr:Problématique du matériel lors de la guerre de Palestine de 1948">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber2006p50-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p50_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p50_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p50_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Gelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Yoav Gelber (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC"><i>Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a>. <q>The ALA's diverse supply sources created a bizarre arsenal that caused serious logistic problems and rendered maintenance an impossible task. Munitions were often of low quality, damaging the barrels and failing to function when necessary. In December 1947 Syria bought a quantity of small arms from the Skoda plant in Czechoslovakia for the ALA. Jewish saboteurs blew up the ship that carried the cargo to the Middle East and sank it in the Italian port of Bari. The arms were later salvaged and reshipped in August 1948 to Syria – this time for arming Palestinian combatants – but the Israeli navy intercepted the freight and seized the weapons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948%3A+War%2C+Escape+And+The+Emergence+Of+The+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.au=Yoav+Gelber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of the motivation of Czech aid, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/receo_0035-1415_1974_num_5_1_1180">L'aide militaire tchèque à Israël, 1948</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418025421/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/receo_0035-1415_1974_num_5_1_1180">Archived</a> 18 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the résumé of an article by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Krammer" title="Arnold Krammer">Arnold Krammer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/receo_0035-1415_1974_num_5_1_1180">L'aide militaire tchèque à Israël, 1948</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418025421/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/receo_0035-1415_1974_num_5_1_1180">Archived</a> 18 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term is important. Pappé underlined that they were not ready 'to have their own troops intervene' in the conflict, but that they would rather follow other solutions, such as delegating the task to a voluntary force, like the Arab Liberation Army, that they financed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ilan_Pappé_2000_p.147_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506015232/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/d3bc8aaa0231aae0802564ad003974d2?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,S%2FAgenda,270">"UN Security Council 270th meeting report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/d3bc8aaa0231aae0802564ad003974d2?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,S%2FAgenda,270">the original</a> on 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Security+Council+270th+meeting+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7%2Fd3bc8aaa0231aae0802564ad003974d2%3FOpenDocument%26Highlight%3D0%2CS%252FAgenda%2C270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber2006p52-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p52_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Gelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Yoav Gelber (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC"><i>Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a>. <q>to avoid dependence on the population for supplies, and preclude possible intimidation of locals to donate provisions, the League's military committee had arranged to furnish the troops' rations through special contractors. This semblance of logistics apparently marked significant progress in comparison with the 1936–9 rebellion. Introducing medical services for the combatants and the population made an impression on both the British and the Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948%3A+War%2C+Escape+And+The+Emergence+Of+The+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.au=Yoav+Gelber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benny Morris (2008), p.90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber2006p13-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p13_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Gelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Yoav Gelber (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC"><i>Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a>. <q>The British blockade of the Palestinian coast prevented any substantial increase of these quantities until mid-May. Concurrently, the Arabs succeeded in smuggling into the country small arms that their emissaries had purchased in neighbouring countries. The ALA brought a certain number of support arms and a few artillery pieces and armoured vehicles. Although the gap narrowed, the picture did not materially change, and the Haganah continued to maintain its relative edge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948%3A+War%2C+Escape+And+The+Emergence+Of+The+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.au=Yoav+Gelber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.עמותת-חיל-החימוש.co.il/?section=217#_ftn19">http://www.עמותת-חיל-החימוש.co.il/?section=217#_ftn19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050411002813/http://www/#_ftn19">Archived</a> 11 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">sten</a> sub machine guns, 2" and 3" mortars and ammunition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dov_Yosef" title="Dov Yosef">Joseph, Dov</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/8/mode/2up"><i>The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-10976">60-10976</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266413">266413</a>. <q>For example, all the land mines used against Rommel came from Jewish factories in Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+faithful+city%3A+the+siege+of+Jerusalem%2C+1948&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266413&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-10976&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthefaithfulcity0000unse%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, Chap. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_victims_fr">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris2008p117-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris2008p117_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2008, p.117, "The first shipment—of two hundred rifles, forty MG-34 machine guns, and 160,000 bullets—secretly landed during the night of 31 March–1 April at a makeshift airfield at Beit Daras in a chartered US Skymaster cargo plane.29 A second and far larger shipment, covered with onions and potatoes— of forty-five hundred rifles and two hundred machine guns, along with five million bullets—arrived at Tel Aviv port aboard the Nora on 2 April. (A third shipment—consisting of ten thousand rifles, 1,415 machine guns, and sixteen million rounds— reached the Yishuv by sea on 28 April.) Before this, the Haganah high command had had to "borrow" weapons from local units for a day or two for specific operations, and the units (and settlements) were generally reluctant to part with weapons, quite reasonably arguing that the Arabs might attack while the weapons were on loan. Now, at last, the Haganah command had at hand a stockpile of thousands of weapons that it could freely deploy. The two shipments proved decisive. As Ben-Gurion put it at the time, "After we have received a small amount of the [Czech] equipment . . . the situation is radically different in our favor." Without doubt, of all the shipments that subsequently reached the Yishuv, none was to have greater immediate impact or historical significance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph, pp. 23, 38. Gives the date of the call-up as 5 December.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, pp. 32, 117. Pay £P2 per month. c.f. would buy 2 lbs. of meat in Jerusalem, April 1948. p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.34_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp. 122–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirszowicz2016-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirszowicz2016_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁukasz_Hirszowicz2016" class="citation book cs1">Łukasz Hirszowicz (10 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTV6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT101"><i>The Third Reich and the Arab East</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40939-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40939-9"><bdi>978-1-315-40939-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+and+the+Arab+East&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-315-40939-9&rft.au=%C5%81ukasz+Hirszowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTV6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallmannMartin_Cüppers2010" class="citation book cs1">Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Martin Cüppers (2010). <i>Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine</i>. Krista Smith (translator). Enigma Books. p. 200,201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-93-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-93-3"><bdi>978-1-929631-93-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Palestine%3A+The+Plans+for+the+Extermination+of+the+Jews+in+Palestine&rft.pages=200%2C201&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-93-3&rft.aulast=Mallmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Michael&rft.au=Martin+C%C3%BCppers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.26_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.27_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre_Razoux_2006_p.66_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#razoux">Pierre Razoux (2006)</a>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efraïm_Karsh_2002_p.40_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, in the <i>Birth revisited</i>, 2003, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Palestine 1948</i>, 2006, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a>, <i>The ethnic cleansing of Palestine</i>, 2006, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Tal_(historian)" title="David Tal (historian)">David Tal</a>, <i>War in Palestine 1948</i>, 2004, p. 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, in the <i>Birth revisited</i>, 2003, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Palestine 1948</i>, 2006, p.73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a>, <i>The ethnic cleansing of Palestine</i>, 2006, p. 44 gives the number of 50,000 with 30,000 fighting forces.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127025058/http://mideastweb.org/pland.htm">"Plan D - Master Defense Plan of the Hagana"</a>. <i>www.mideastweb.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/pland.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mideastweb.org&rft.atitle=Plan+D+-+Master+Defense+Plan+of+the+Hagana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Fpland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalid_Khalidi1996" class="citation web cs1">Walid Khalidi (5 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716172337/http://acj.org/w_khalidi.htm">"Islam, the West, and Jerusalem"</a>. American Committee on Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acj.org/w_khalidi.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+the+West%2C+and+Jerusalem&rft.pub=American+Committee+on+Jerusalem&rft.date=1996-06-05&rft.au=Walid+Khalidi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facj.org%2Fw_khalidi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pappé, Ilan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.6">"The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine"</a>. <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 6–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2006.36.1.6">10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F15208">10871/15208</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.6">10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155363162">155363162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1948+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-20&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F15208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.36.1.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.36.1.6&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155363162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.36.1.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris2008p116-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris2008p116_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenny_Morris2008" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ"><i>1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300126969" title="Special:BookSources/9780300126969"><bdi>9780300126969</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"At the time, Ben-Gurion and the HGS believed that they had initiated a one-shot affair, albeit with the implication of a change of tactics and strategy on the Jerusalem front. In fact, they had set in motion a strategic transformation of Haganah policy. Nahshon heralded a shift from the defensive to the offensive and marked the beginning of the implementation of tochnit dalet (Plan D)—without Ben-Gurion or the HGS ever taking an in principle decision to embark on its implementation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+a+history+of+the+first+Arab-Israeli+war&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780300126969&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5jtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoav Gelber 2006, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> (<a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 236) speaks of 3 resupply convoys but Lapierre and Collins (<a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 456) speak of a fourth convoy of 300 lorries that left Kfar Biou on the dawn of 20 April.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.89_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Benjamin Z. Kedar</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">‘Cast thy bread’: Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a> 19 September 2022, pages =1-25 pp.2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.240_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 242–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, <i>The destruction of the Arab villages</i>, pp. 342–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber2006p136-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p136_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenny_Morris2008" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyfirstarab00morr"><i>1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyfirstarab00morr/page/n152">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300145243" title="Special:BookSources/9780300145243"><bdi>9780300145243</bdi></a>. <q>In reality, according to Ben-Gurion, some 640 Haganah soldiers had faced about twenty-five hundred ALA troops, with superior firepower—and bested them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+War&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780300145243&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryfirstarab00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 243–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.244_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GelberAppendix-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GelberAppendix_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GelberAppendix_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoav Gelber, <i>Palestine 1948</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~censor/katz-directory/05-12-14gelber-palestine-1948-appendix-II-what-happened-in-deir-ypssin-english.pdf">Appendix II</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.239_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp. 429–442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Barr Smith, <i>Fighting Jack Churchill Survived: A Wartime Odyssey Beyond Compare</i> World War Two History, Profiles Column, July 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This word is from <a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a> (<a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 93)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafa 'Amr, Khirbet Kasayir et Hawsha</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.93_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 225–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006), pp. 134–135</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003), p. 248</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 248–250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 249–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>War Diary 1948–1949</i>, ed. Elhanan Orren and Gershon Rivlin, Israël Defence Ministry Press, Tel Aviv, 1982, p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp. 525–530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_victims_fr">Benny Morris (1881)</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both theses are developed in <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a>, <i>Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist movement and the Partition of Palestine</i>, Columbia University Press, 1988 and in <a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Israeli-Jordanian dialogue, 1948–1953: cooperation, conspiracy or collusion</i>, Sussex Academic Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#razoux">Pierre Razoux (2006)</a>, p. 523</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pappé">Ilan Pappé (2000)</a>, pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#karsh">Efraïm Karsh (2002)</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.96_177-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012337/http://www.kfar-etzion.co.il/History/tabid/228/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/9/PageID/57/History-of-the-Etzion-Bloc1.aspx">"Official site of the kibbutz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfar-etzion.co.il/History/tabid/228/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/9/PageID/57/History-of-the-Etzion-Bloc1.aspx">the original</a> on 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+site+of+the+kibbutz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfar-etzion.co.il%2FHistory%2Ftabid%2F228%2FarticleType%2FArticleView%2FarticleId%2F9%2FPageID%2F57%2FHistory-of-the-Etzion-Bloc1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>The road to Jerusalem</i>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Dayan, 'The Story of My Life'. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-03076-9">0-688-03076-9</a>. Page 130. Out of a total of 670 prisoners released.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrisglubb-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morrisglubb_182-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morrisglubb">Benny Morris (2002)</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp. 580–582</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp. 575–576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daat.ac.il/daat/english/history/lapidot/27.htm">Israeli site</a> with confirmation from this map <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/images/jer_maps/UNPartition.html">from the Passia organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706082909/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/images/jer_maps/UNPartition.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 134–135 Although the last (the Lebanese) ultimately would not engage in combat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.252-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.252_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 252–254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, in <i>The New York Times</i> archives: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104133335/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nytimes/96593062.html?did=96593062&FMT=ABS&FMTS=AI&date=May+3,+1948&author=&pub=New+York+Times++(1857-Current+file)&desc=DESPAIR+IS+VOICED+BY+ARAB+REFUGEES">: Despair is voiced by Arab refugees</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarshEssential-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KarshEssential_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Karsh, Efraim</a>, <i>The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948</i>. Osprey Publishing, 2002, pp. 87–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a>, <i>The Ethnic cleansing of Palestine</i>, pp. xii–xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004, Conclusions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_p.120_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 122–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp. 126, 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp. 453–454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_1948_p179-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_1948_p179_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>1948</i>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber2004">Yoav Gelber (2004)</a> p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusa_Budeiri" class="citation web cs1">Musa Budeiri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=200">"The Battle for Jerusalem in the Memoirs of Anwar Nusseibeh"</a>. Jerusalem Quarterly File, 11–12, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Jerusalem+in+the+Memoirs+of+Anwar+Nusseibeh&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Quarterly+File%2C+11%E2%80%9312%2C+2001&rft.au=Musa+Budeiri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerusalemquarterly.org%2FViewArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: <i>Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%2BProcess/Guide%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPeace%2BProcess/Declaration%2Bof%2BEstablishment%2Bof%2BState%2Bof%2BIsrael.htm">Archived</a> 21 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Bakan, Abigail B. (July 2022). "Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting". <i>The Political Quarterly</i>. <b>93</b> (3): 508–516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.13166">10.1111/1467-923X.13166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250507449">250507449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Anti-Palestinian+Racism+and+Racial+Gaslighting&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=508-516&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.13166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250507449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abu-Laban&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rft.au=Bakan%2C+Abigail+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="barnavi">Elie Barnavi, <i>Une histoire moderne d'Israël</i>, Champs / Flammarion, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-081246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-081246-9">978-2-08-081246-9</a></span>* <span id="barnavi">Elie Barnavi, <i>Une histoire moderne d'Israël</i>, Champs / Flammarion, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-081246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-081246-9">978-2-08-081246-9</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018" class="citation book cs1">Bashir, Bashir; <a href="/wiki/Amos_Goldberg" title="Amos Goldberg">Goldberg, Amos</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2NbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23">"Introduction: The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Syntax of History, Memory, and Political Thought"</a>. In Bashir, Bashir; Goldberg, Amos (eds.). <i>The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 1–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54448-1"><bdi>978-0-231-54448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Holocaust+and+the+Nakba%3A+A+New+Syntax+of+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Political+Thought&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+the+Nakba%3A+A+New+Grammar+of+Trauma+and+History&rft.pages=1-42&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54448-1&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Bashir&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2NbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäuml2017" class="citation book cs1">Bäuml, Yair (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">"Israel's Military Rule over Its Palestinian Citizens (1948–1968): Shaping the Israeli Segregation System"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nadim_Rouhana" title="Nadim Rouhana">Rouhana, Nadim N.</a>; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). <i>Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 103–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Military+Rule+over+Its+Palestinian+Citizens+%281948%E2%80%931968%29%3A+Shaping+the+Israeli+Segregation+System&rft.btitle=Israel+and+its+Palestinian+Citizens%3A+Ethnic+Privileges+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=103-136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04483-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4uml&rft.aufirst=Yair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipzDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="bickerton">Bickerton, Ian and Hill, Maria (2003). <i>Contested Spaces: The Arab–Israeli Conflict</i>. McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-471217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-471217-7">978-0-07-471217-7</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishara2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Azmi_Bishara" title="Azmi Bishara">Bishara, Azmi</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">"Zionism and Equal Citizenship: Essential and Incidental Citizenship in the Jewish State"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nadim_Rouhana" title="Nadim Rouhana">Rouhana, Nadim N.</a>; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). <i>Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 137–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+Equal+Citizenship%3A+Essential+and+Incidental+Citizenship+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.btitle=Israel+and+its+Palestinian+Citizens%3A+Ethnic+Privileges+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=137-155&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04483-8&rft.aulast=Bishara&rft.aufirst=Azmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipzDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Cohen" title="Hillel Cohen">Cohen, Hillel</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">"The First Israeli Government (1948–1950) and the Arab Citizens: Equality in Discourse, Exclusion in Practice"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nadim_Rouhana" title="Nadim Rouhana">Rouhana, Nadim N.</a>; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). <i>Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 73–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Israeli+Government+%281948%E2%80%931950%29+and+the+Arab+Citizens%3A+Equality+in+Discourse%2C+Exclusion+in+Practice&rft.btitle=Israel+and+its+Palestinian+Citizens%3A+Ethnic+Privileges+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=73-102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04483-8&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipzDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Rochelle (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC"><i>Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7313-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Village+Histories%3A+Geographies+of+the+Displaced&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7313-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rochelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlKjZwMwz0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="gelber2004"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Independence Versus Nakba</i>; Kinneret–Zmora-Bitan–Dvir Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-517-190-6" title="Special:BookSources/965-517-190-6">965-517-190-6</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span></li> <li><span id="gelber"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Palestine 1948</i>, Sussex Academic Press, Brighton, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0">978-1-84519-075-0</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ghanim, Honaida (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9">"Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba"</a>. <i>International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 23–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9">10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4486">0891-4486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144148068">144148068</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319073244/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=Poetics+of+Disaster%3A+Nationalism%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Change+Among+Palestinian+Poets+in+Israel+After+Nakba&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-39&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144148068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-4486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9&rft.aulast=Ghanim&rft.aufirst=Honaida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="gresh_vidal">Alain Gresh and Dominique Vidal, <i>Palestine 47, un partage avorté</i>, Editions Complexe, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-521-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-521-4">978-2-87027-521-4</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Joseph" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dov_Yosef" title="Dov Yosef">Joseph, Dov</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse"><i>The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-10976">60-10976</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266413">266413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+faithful+city%3A+the+siege+of+Jerusalem%2C+1948&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266413&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-10976&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthefaithfulcity0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="karsh">Efraïm Karsh, <i>The Arab–Israeli Conflict – The Palestine War 1948</i>, Osprey Publishing, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-372-9">978-1-84176-372-9</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXlwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-854-9"><bdi>978-1-62779-854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+on+Palestine%3A+A+History+of+Settler+Colonialism+and+Resistance%2C+1917%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-854-9&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXlwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Khoury" title="Elias Khoury">Khoury, Elias</a> (January 2012). "Rethinking the Nakba". <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 250–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F662741">10.1086/662741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162316338">162316338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Nakba&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-266&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F662741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162316338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="kimché">Jon and David Kimche, <i>A clash of destinies, The Arab–Jewish War and the founding of the state of Israel</i>, Praeger, New York, 1960, </span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerling2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Kimmerling, Baruch</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB7lVldlFT4C"><i>Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14329-5"><bdi>978-0-231-14329-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clash+of+Identities%3A+Explorations+in+Israeli+and+Palestinian+Societies&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14329-5&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB7lVldlFT4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="lapierre_collins"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Dominique Lapierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)" title="Larry Collins (writer)">Larry Collins</a>, <i>O Jérusalem</i>, Robert Laffont, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-266-10698-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-266-10698-6">978-2-266-10698-6</a></span></li> <li><span id="laurens"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, <i>Paix et guerre au Moyen-Orient</i>, Armand Colin, Paris, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-200-26977-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-200-26977-3">2-200-26977-3</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronit_Lentin" title="Ronit Lentin">Lentin, Ronit</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2W5DwAAQBAJ"><i>Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-768-1"><bdi>978-1-84779-768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-memory+and+melancholia%3A+Israelis+memorialising+the+Palestinian+Nakba&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-768-1&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2W5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="Levin">Harry Levin. <i>Jerusalem Embattled – A Diary of the City under Siege</i>. Cassels, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33765-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33765-X">0-304-33765-X</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManna2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adel_Manna" title="Adel Manna">Manna, Adel</a> (2013). "The Palestinian Nakba and Its Continuous Repercussions". <i>Israel Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 86–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.18.2.86">10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86">10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143785830">143785830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+Nakba+and+Its+Continuous+Repercussions&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-99&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143785830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.18.2.86%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.18.2.86&rft.aulast=Manna&rft.aufirst=Adel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManna2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adel_Manna" title="Adel Manna">Manna, Adel</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.129/"><i>Nakba and Survival: The Story of Palestinians Who Remained in Haifa and the Galilee, 1948-1956</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fluminos.129">10.1525/luminos.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38936-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38936-6"><bdi>978-0-520-38936-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakba+and+Survival%3A+The+Story+of+Palestinians+Who+Remained+in+Haifa+and+the+Galilee%2C+1948-1956&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.129&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38936-6&rft.aulast=Manna&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fluminosoa.org%2Fsite%2Fbooks%2Fm%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.129%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=px1jDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-973-2"><bdi>978-1-84813-973-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Nakba%3A+Decolonising+History%2C+Narrating+the+Subaltern%2C+Reclaiming+Memory&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-973-2&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx1jDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="morrisglubb"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-989-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-989-9">978-1-86064-989-9</a></span></li> <li><span id="morris_victims_fr"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>Histoire revisitée du conflit arabo-sioniste</i>, Editions complexe, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-938-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-938-0">978-2-87027-938-0</a></span></li> <li><span id="morris_birth"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6">978-0-521-00967-6</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC"><i>1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14524-3"><bdi>978-0-300-14524-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab-Israeli+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14524-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCC7381HrLqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="pappé"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, <i>La guerre de 1948 en Palestine</i>, La fabrique éditions, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-264-04036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-264-04036-7">978-2-264-04036-7</a></span>* <span id="rogan">Eugène Rogan, <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a> et al., <i>La guerre de Palestine 1948: derrière le mythe</i>, Autrement, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7467-0240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7467-0240-0">978-2-7467-0240-0</a></span></li> <li><span id="Pappep72"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a>, <i>The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</i>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-555-4">978-1-85168-555-4</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappe2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappe, Ilan</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1W7nDwAAQBAJ"><i>Ten Myths About Israel</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-020-9"><bdi>978-1-78663-020-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Myths+About+Israel&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78663-020-9&rft.aulast=Pappe&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1W7nDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappe2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Pappe, Ilan</a> (2022) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrttEAAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Modern Palestine</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-24416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-24416-9"><bdi>978-1-108-24416-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Palestine&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-24416-9&rft.aulast=Pappe&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrttEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="rabin"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, <i>Mémoires</i>, Buchet/Chastel, 1980,</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien; Docker, John (May 2014). "Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine". <i>Holy Land Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076">10.3366/hls.2014.0076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holy+Land+Studies&rft.atitle=Nakba+Memoricide%3A+Genocide+Studies+and+the+Zionist%2FIsraeli+Genocide+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Haifa&rft.au=Short%2C+Damien&rft.au=Docker%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span id="razoux">Pierre Razoux, <i>Tsahal, nouvelle histoire de l'armée israélienne</i>, Perrin, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02328-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02328-7">978-2-262-02328-7</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadim_Rouhana" title="Nadim Rouhana">Rouhana, Nadim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Areej_Sabbagh-Khoury" title="Areej Sabbagh-Khoury">Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA393">"Memory and the Return of History in a Settler-Colonial Context: The Case of the Palestinians in Israel"</a>. In Rouhana, Nadim N.; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). <i>Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 393–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memory+and+the+Return+of+History+in+a+Settler-Colonial+Context%3A+The+Case+of+the+Palestinians+in+Israel&rft.btitle=Israel+and+its+Palestinian+Citizens%3A+Ethnic+Privileges+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=393-432&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04483-8&rft.aulast=Rouhana&rft.aufirst=Nadim&rft.au=Sabbagh-Khoury%2C+Areej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipzDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSa'di2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_H._Sa%27di" title="Ahmad H. Sa'di">Sa'di, Ahmad H.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285">"Afterword: Reflections on Representations, History and Moral Accountability"</a>. In Sa'di, Ahmad H.; <a href="/wiki/Lila_Abu-Lughod" title="Lila Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Lila</a> (eds.). <i>Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 285–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13579-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13579-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13579-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterword%3A+Reflections+on+Representations%2C+History+and+Moral+Accountability&rft.btitle=Nakba%3A+Palestine%2C+1948%2C+and+the+Claims+of+Memory&rft.pages=285-314&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13579-5&rft.aulast=Sa%27di&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMbKrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenhav2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehouda_Shenhav" title="Yehouda Shenhav">Shenhav, Yehouda</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pouUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77">"The Palestinian Nakba and the Arab-Jewish Melancholy"</a>. In Shai Ginsburg; Martin Land; Jonathan Boyarin (eds.). <i>Jews and the Ends of Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. pp. 48–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-8201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-8201-2"><bdi>978-0-8232-8201-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+Nakba+and+the+Arab-Jewish+Melancholy&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+Ends+of+Theory&rft.pages=48-64&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-8201-2&rft.aulast=Shenhav&rft.aufirst=Yehouda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpouUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jerome (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ"><i>Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6"><bdi>978-0-19-045908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End%3A+The+US%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+1917-2020&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045908-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Patrick (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2201473X.2012.10648830">"Purchase by Other Means: The Palestine Nakba and Zionism's Conquest of Economics"</a>. <i>Settler Colonial Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 133–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2201473X.2012.10648830">10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.3%2F357334">1959.3/357334</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53367151">53367151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settler+Colonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Purchase+by+Other+Means%3A+The+Palestine+Nakba+and+Zionism%27s+Conquest+of+Economics&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-171&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.3%2F357334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53367151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2012.10648830&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F2201473X.2012.10648830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1947%E2%80%931948+civil+war+in+Mandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Milstein" title="Uri Milstein">Uri Milstein</a>, <i>History of Israel's War of Independence: A Nation Girds for War</i>, vol. 1, University Press of America, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0372-0">978-0-7618-0372-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Milstein" title="Uri Milstein">Uri Milstein</a>, <i>History of Israel's War of Independence: The First Month</i>, vol. 2, University Press of America, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0721-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0721-6">978-0-7618-0721-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Milstein" title="Uri Milstein">Uri Milstein</a>, <i>History of Israel's War of Independence: The First Invasion</i>, vol. 3, University Press of America, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0769-8">978-0-7618-0769-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Milstein" title="Uri Milstein">Uri Milstein</a>, <i>History of Israel's War of Independence: Out of Crisis Came Decision</i>, vol. 4, University Press of America, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1489-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1489-4">978-0-7618-1489-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Tamari" title="Salim Tamari">Salim Tamari</a>, <i>Jérusalem 1948: Les faubourgs arabes et leur destin durant la guerre</i>, Institut des études palestiniennes, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-9001-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-9001-9-3">978-9953-9001-9-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h3></div> <ul><li><span id="slutsky"></span>Plan Daleth from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/pland.htm">mideastweb.org</a></li> <li><span id="rapport_special">United Nations Special Commission, First Special Report to the Security Council: The Problem of Security in Palestine, 16 February 1948, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003080945/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/FDF734EB76C39D6385256C4C004CDBA7">from the United Nations website</a>.</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327093403/http://www.palestineremembered.com/">Palestine remembered</a> Palestinian view.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <ul><li>Elie Chouraqui, <i><a href="/wiki/O_Jerusalem_(film)" title="O Jerusalem (film)">Ô Jérusalem</a></i>, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template talk:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shabak (Shin Bet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Principals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Brigades" title="Jenin Brigades">Jenin Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Den_(militant_group)" title="Lions' Den (militant group)">Lions' Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">PPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabireen_Movement" title="Sabireen Movement">Sabireen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zouari" title="Sons of Zouari">Sons of Zouari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-party groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Individuals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ami Ayalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Dagan" title="Meir Dagan">Meir Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Dichter" title="Avi Dichter">Avi Dichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Diskin" title="Yuval Diskin">Yuval Diskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Halevy" title="Efraim Halevy">Efraim Halevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Halutz" title="Dan Halutz">Dan Halutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Mordechai" title="Yitzhak Mordechai">Yitzhak Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Peri" title="Yaakov Peri">Yaakov Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Lipkin-Shahak" title="Amnon Lipkin-Shahak">Amnon Lipkin-Shahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabtai_Shavit" title="Shabtai Shavit">Shabtai Shavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Yatom" title="Danny Yatom">Danny Yatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Zamir" title="Zvi Zamir">Zvi Zamir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaidan" title="Muhammad Zaidan">Abu Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Arafat" title="Moussa Arafat">Moussa Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash" title="Yahya Ayyash">Yahya Ayyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Barghouti" title="Marwan Barghouti">Marwan Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dahlan" title="Mohammed Dahlan">Mohammed Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadie_Haddad" title="Wadie Haddad">Wadie Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Hawatmeh" title="Nayef Hawatmeh">Nayef Hawatmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_al-Jabali" title="Ghazi al-Jabali">Ghazi Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jibril" title="Ahmed Jibril">Ahmed Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Abu Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Khalaf" title="Salah Khalaf">Salah Khalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Khaled" title="Leila Khaled">Leila Khaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_El-Deen_Sheikh_Khalil" title="Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil">Sheikh Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Mustafa" title="Abu Ali Mustafa">Abu Ali Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibril_Rajoub" title="Jibril Rajoub">Jibril Rajoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Salameh" title="Ali Hassan Salameh">Ali Hassan Salameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Shehade" title="Salah Shehade">Salah Shehade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Shalah" title="Ramadan Shalah">Ramadan Shalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi">Fathi Shaqaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Tamimi" title="Ahlam Tamimi">Ahlam Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Timeline_**_military_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">military operations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1920–1948" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1920–1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">Nebi Musa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li></ul></li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Palestine riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>1936–1939 <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt</a></li> <li>1944–1947 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a></li> <li>1947–1948 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1948–1970" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1948–1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li>1948–present <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Fedayeen insurgency</a> <ul><li>1951–1967 <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">Attacks against Israeli civilians</a></li> <li>1950s–1960s <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">Reprisal operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Qibya_massacre" title="Qibya massacre">Qibya massacre</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis</a> / <a href="/wiki/1956_Rafah_massacre" title="1956 Rafah massacre">Rafah massacres</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li>1967–1970 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> <ul><li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian<br />insurgency</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1968–1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1968–1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> / <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">"Bayonet"</a> (1973 <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_affair" title="Lillehammer affair">Lillehammer affair</a>)</li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid">Entebbe raid</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Coastal_road_massacre" title="Coastal road massacre">Coastal road massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1973–1987" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1973–1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Zion Square bombing</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut" title="Siege of Beirut">Siege of Beirut</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/1983_West_Bank_fainting_epidemic" title="1983 West Bank fainting epidemic">1983 West Bank fainting epidemic</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking"><i>Achille Lauro</i> hijacking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">"Wooden Leg"</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Gliders" title="Night of the Gliders">Night of the Gliders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1987–1991" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1987–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/1989_Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_bus_attack" title="1989 Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus attack">Bus 405 attack</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_killings" title="1990 Temple Mount killings">Temple Mount killings</a></li> <li>1990s <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#1990s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2000–2005" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2000–2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#2000s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_assassinations#2000s" title="List of Israeli assassinations">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/October_2000_protests_in_Israel" title="October 2000 protests in Israel">October events</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Santorini_affair" title="Santorini affair"><i>Santorini</i></a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair"><i>Karine A</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Operation Defensive Shield">"Defensive Shield"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Battle of Jenin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus" title="Battle of Nablus">Battle of Nablus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Determined_Path" title="Operation Determined Path">"Determined Path"</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah" title="2004 Israeli operation in Rafah">"Rainbow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Beit_Hanoun_raid" title="2004 Beit Hanoun raid">Beit Hanoun raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip" title="2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip">"Days of Penitence"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Palestinian dissident<br />campaigns</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">"Bringing Home the Goods"</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> / <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_bulldozer_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack">Jerusalem bulldozer attack</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2009 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 violence</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">Temple Mount crisis</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel<br />conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_beach_explosion" title="2006 Gaza beach explosion">Gaza beach explosion</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">Gaza cross-border raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">"Summer Rains"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">"Autumn Clouds"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_shelling_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun shelling</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border breach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">"Hot Winter"</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Returning Echo"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">"Pillar of Defense"</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">"Protective Edge"</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_III" title="Freedom Flotilla III">Freedom Flotilla III</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">November clashes</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">May clashes</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Black Belt"</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">"Guardian of the Walls"</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Breaking Dawn"</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Shield and Arrow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy/law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy/law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1948–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">depopulated towns and villages</a></li></ul></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1967–present <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">international law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Economic_Relations" title="Protocol on Economic Relations">Paris Protocol</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a></li> <li>1994–present <a href="/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority">US security assistance to the PA</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet established</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road Map</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Agreement on Movement and Access">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Peace_initiative" title="Valley of Peace initiative">Valley of Peace initiative</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Aftonbladet_Israel_controversy" title="2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy"><i>Aftonbladet</i> Israel controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010–11 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Papers" title="Palestine Papers">Palestine Papers</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">Israel and the UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine and the UN</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Resolution 181</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Resolution 242</a></li> <li>ICJ cases <ul><li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Construction_of_a_Wall_in_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Wall construction</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South African allegation of genocide</a></li> <li>2024 <i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></i></li> <li>2023–2024 <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">Israeli occupation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Analysis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Criticism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">Criticism of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_criticism_of_the_occupation_of_Palestine" title="Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine">Israeli criticism of the occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Racism in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_anti-Zionism" title="Timeline of anti-Zionism">Timeline of anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template talk:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1921_Jerusalem_Riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 Jerusalem Riots (page does not exist)">1921 Jerusalem Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Black Hand (Mandatory Palestine)">Black Hand</a> insurgency (1930–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Palestine_riots" title="1933 Palestine riots">1933 Palestine riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">During World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)">Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Saison" title="The Saison">The Saison</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" title="List of high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">British commissioner</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Arab Palestinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Jewish Palestinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Templer_colonies_in_Palestine" title="German Templer colonies in Palestine">German Templar community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine">Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Louis_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Louis Samuel">Herbert Louis Samuel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Arab Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Gotthilf_Wagner" title="Assassination of Gotthilf Wagner">Gotthilf Wagner</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-Jewish_attacks_in_Arab_countries_during_the_1948_Palestine_war_and_its_aftermath" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Jewish_attacks_in_Arab_countries_during_the_1948_Palestine_war_and_its_aftermath" title="Template:Anti-Jewish attacks in Arab countries during the 1948 Palestine war and its aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Jewish_attacks_in_Arab_countries_during_the_1948_Palestine_war_and_its_aftermath" title="Template talk:Anti-Jewish attacks in Arab countries during the 1948 Palestine war and its aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Jewish_attacks_in_Arab_countries_during_the_1948_Palestine_war_and_its_aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Jewish attacks in Arab countries during the 1948 Palestine war and its aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-Jewish_attacks_in_Arab_countries_during_the_1948_Palestine_war_and_its_aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world#Main_exodus_waves" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Anti-Jewish attacks in Arab countries during the 1948 Palestine war and its aftermath</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo riots (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden riots (Aden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama riots (Bahrain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Oujda and Jerada riots (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania riots (Libya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack (Syria)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nakba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakbaend" title="Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakbaend" title="Template talk:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nakba" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1947–1948 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Palestine refugee camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">Resolution 194</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Key incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_battle_of_Hatikvah_Neighborhood" title="The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood">The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_and_Evolution_of_the_Palestine_Problem" title="The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem">The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Related categories/lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus">Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Related templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinians" title="Template:Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template:Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">The Holocaust and the Nakba</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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