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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military and political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seizing_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seizing_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seizing power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seizing_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_rule_over_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_rule_over_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal rule over Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_rule_over_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="أديب الشيشكلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أديب الشيشكلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adib Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fdib_%C5%9Ei%C5%9F%C9%99kli" title="Ədib Şişəkli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədib Şişəkli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adib Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_asch-Schischakli" title="Adib asch-Schischakli – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adib asch-Schischakli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adib Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ادیب شیشکلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادیب شیشکلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Chichakli" title="Adib Chichakli – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adib Chichakli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adib Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adib Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_al-Shishakli" title="Adib al-Shishakli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adib al-Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99" title="אדיב שישכלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדיב שישכלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%91_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ადიბ შიშაქლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადიბ შიშაქლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%91_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ადიბ შიშაქლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადიბ შიშაქლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89" title="اديب الشيشكلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اديب الشيشكلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA" title="アディブ・シシャクリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アディブ・シシャクリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_asz-Sziszakli" title="Adib asz-Sziszakli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adib asz-Sziszakli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adib Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Адиб аш-Шишакли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адиб аш-Шишакли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_al-Shishakli" title="Adib al-Shishakli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adib al-Shishakli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Адиб Шишаклӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адиб Шишаклӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edib_%C3%87i%C3%A7ekli" title="Edib Çiçekli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edib Çiçekli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ادیب الشیشکلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادیب الشیشکلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%9C%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%88%8D%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C" title="阿迪卜·施舍克里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿迪卜·施舍克里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q59471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syrian military leader and politician (1909–1964)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Adib+Shishakli%22">"Adib Shishakli"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Adib+Shishakli%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Adib+Shishakli%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Adib+Shishakli%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Adib+Shishakli%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Adib+Shishakli%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Adib Shishakli</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">أديب الشيشكلي</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adib_al-Shishakli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Adib_al-Shishakli.jpg/220px-Adib_al-Shishakli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Adib_al-Shishakli.jpg/330px-Adib_al-Shishakli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Adib_al-Shishakli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria" title="List of heads of state of Syria">De facto leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1949 – 25 February 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a><br /><i>Himself</i> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Fawzi Selu</a><br /><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">Nazim al-Qudsi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">Nazim al-Qudsi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Hakim" title="Hassan al-Hakim">Hassan al-Hakim</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Khatib" title="Zaki al-Khatib">Zaki al-Khatib</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Maarouf_al-Dawalibi" title="Maarouf al-Dawalibi">Maarouf al-Dawalibi</a><br /><i>Vacant</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Fawzi Selu</a><br /><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office wasn't established</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">Maamun al-Kuzbari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Hinnawi" title="Sami al-Hinnawi">Sami al-Hinnawi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">Maamun al-Kuzbari</a> (As acting <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Syria">President of Syria</a> (military rule)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 December 1951–3 December 1951 (acting)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 July 1953 – 25 February 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">Maamun al-Kuzbari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Fawzi Selu</a> (military rule)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">Maamun al-Kuzbari</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">Prime Minister of Syria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 July 1953 – 1 March 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself<br /><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">Maamun al-Kuzbari</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Fawzi Selu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabri_al-Assali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabri al-Assali">Sabri al-Assali</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1909<br /><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1964 (aged 55)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ceres,_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Ceres, Goiás">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military dictatorship">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Buried in hometown <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Fatina al-Fanari</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Ali Hasan Shishakli (Father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">Salah Shishakli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homs_Military_Academy" title="Homs Military Academy">Damascus Military Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arab-Israeli War">First Arab-Israeli War</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shishakli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Shishakli.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Shishakli in military uniform</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Adib al-Shishakli</b> (1909 – 27 September 1964, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أديب الشيشكلي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAdīb aš-Šīšaklī</i></span>) was a Syrian military officer who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a> briefly in 1951 and later from 1953 to 1954. He was <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">overthrown</a> and later assassinated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adib Shishakli was born in the <a href="/wiki/Hama_Sanjak" title="Hama Sanjak">Hama Sanjak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a> family. His mother was of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> origin while his father was <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family name, Shishakli, is a common surname derived from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A7i%C3%A7ek" class="extiw" title="wikt:çiçek">çiçek</a>", which means flower; çiçekli (Shishakli) therefore means someone or some place with flowers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_political_career">Military and political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military and political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shishakli was commissioned during the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate of Syria</a> as an officer in the colonial military in 1930. He studied at the Military Academy of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (which later was relocated to Homs) and became an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (SSNP), founded by <a href="/wiki/Antun_Saadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Antun Saadeh">Antun Saadeh</a>, promoting the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a>. His brother Salah was also a prominent member of the SSNP. Following Syria's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_independence_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian independence day">independence from France</a>, Shishakli fought in a volunteer <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> army, known as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli War">1948 Arab-Israeli War</a>. His exploits on the front lines earned him a following among Syria’s officer corps. </p><p>The Arab defeat in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War was a motivating factor for the military coup led by <a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a>, which took place in 1949. Only months after al-Za'im's takeover, which shattered Syria's weak parliamentary system, Za'im was overthrown by a group of officers connected to the SSNP, including Shishakli and Zaim's old comrade, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Hinnawi" title="Sami al-Hinnawi">Sami al-Hinnawi</a>, who led the new military junta. </p><p>Za'im had previously delivered the SSNP leader <a href="/wiki/Antun_Saadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Antun Saadeh">Antun Saadeh</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> authorities, who had him tried and executed for wanting to destroy the modern state of Lebanon. Reportedly, after Za'im was killed, Shishakli ripped off Za'im's bloodstained shirt and took it to Saadeh's widow, who was still in Syria, telling her, "We have avenged his murder!".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shishakli worked with Sami al-Hinnawi, the new <i>de facto</i> ruler of Syria who refused to assume power on his own and who, instead, restored Syria's parliamentary system. Hinnawi became chief-of-staff of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Army</a>. A veteran <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashem_al-Atassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashem al-Atassi">Hashem al-Atassi</a>, who had been president in the 1930s, became prime minister, and later president of Syria. Atassi wanted to create a union with <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, something which Shishakli greatly opposed, claiming that Hinnawi was the driving force behind pro-Hashemite sentiment in Syria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seizing_power">Seizing power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seizing power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1949, Shishakli launched another coup, the third of that year, arresting Hinnawi to break Hashemite influence in Syria, but keeping Atassi at his post. He then ordered the assassination of Colonel Mohammad Nasser, the Air Force Commander, because he threatened Shishakli's popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Syrian Army</a>. All of this greatly weakened the pro-union elements in Syria but they continued to work for union with Hashemite Iraq through the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a>. </p><p>Shishakli set the condition that any government had to include his right-hand-man, <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Fawzi Selu</a>, as Minister for Defence, to curb Hashemite influence in the Syrian government. When Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Maarouf_al-Dawalibi" title="Maarouf al-Dawalibi">Maarouf al-Dawalibi</a>, a pro-Iraq politician from Aleppo, refused this demand, Shishakli responded on 28 November 1951 by arresting Dawalibi and his entire cabinet. He also had arrested all pro-Iraq politicians in Syria, including the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rushdi_al-Kikhya" title="Rushdi al-Kikhya">Rushdi al-Kikhya</a>. In protest, Atassi resigned from office and moved into the opposition. Pleased to get rid of this stubborn nationalist, who rejected military intervention in political affairs, Shishakli made his comrade Selu the Chief-of-Staff of the Army, the Prime Minister, the Minister for Defence, and the Head of State. But in effect, Selu was nothing but a figurehead. The real power lay in the hands of Adib al-Shishakli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_rule_over_Syria">Personal rule over Syria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal rule over Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shishakli then dissolved all political parties in a return to military rule. He banned a number of newspapers and outlawed all <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> that were not pro-Shishakli.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those to suffer persecution under his rule were the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a> of Damascus, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a> of Aleppo, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Communist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Baath Party">Baath Party</a>, and the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. He banished the Baath leaders <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Bitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah al-Bitar">Salah al-Bitar</a> to Lebanon, where they then actively worked against his regime. </p><p>He was a skilled public speaker and relied greatly on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> to transmit his speeches to the Syrian population. He became the initial Arab leader following independence to foster a cult of personality around himself, with his portraits adorning every shopfront. Moreover, he established a ministry dedicated to information and propaganda within his government. To ensure his control, he strategically deployed spies and security agents across the nation to vigilantly observe and suppress any signs of opposition against his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1952, he established an official government party, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a>, but it was <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotted</a> by powerful representatives of civilian political society, such as <a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a>. The party was progressive and accepted women within its ranks. It called for a limited degree of <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">socialism</a>. Some said that he viewed himself as "an Arab <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1953 Shishakli staged an <a href="/wiki/1953_Syrian_presidential_election" title="1953 Syrian presidential election">election</a> to make himself <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a>, but he was by now facing mounting dissent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As leader of Syria, Shishakli sought good relations with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries, but maintained Syria's uncompromising stance towards <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian relations with the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> were poor during his presidency, but he also mistrusted the rapid spread of <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a>. Many believe that <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a>'s Free Officer Revolution of 1952 in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> had been modeled after Shishakli's own coups of 1949 and 1951. Shishakli's developed strong relations with King <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Ibn Saud</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, his son, King <a href="/wiki/Saud_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a>, and King <a href="/wiki/Talal_of_Jordan" title="Talal of Jordan">Talal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. </p><p>Shishakli greatly liked King Talal who said that he had no ambitions in Syria, unlike his father King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Despite his pro-Western outlook and family background, Shishakli recognized the desires of Syria's <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> majority and accordingly adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>. He clashed frequently with the independent-minded <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> minority on the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a> mountain range, accusing them of wanting to topple his regime using funds from Jordan. In 1954, he resorted to shelling Druze strongholds to put down resistance to his rule. </p><p>His relations with both Britain and the United States were mixed. Britain courted Shishakli during the early period of his rule in the hope that Syria would join plans for a British-led Middle East Defence Organization. The United States offered Shishakli considerable sums of money to settle Palestinian refugees in Syria and turn them into Syrians. Shishakli, although tempted by these offers of Western arms and money, did not take them. The Palestinian situation had soured the Syrian view of the West. Syria wanted revenge rather than to accept defeat and repair Syria's damaged relations with the West and make peace with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall_and_death">Downfall and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Downfall and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></div> <p>Shishakli also had arrested a lot of active officers in the Syrian Army, including the young <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Malki" title="Adnan al-Malki">Adnan al-Malki</a>, a prominent Baathist. The largest anti-Shishakli conference had been held in Atassi's home in <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>. Leading the anti-Shishakli movement were Atassi and the veteran Druze leader <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a>. Shishakli had responded by arresting Atassi's son Adnan and Atrash's son <a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur</a> (both of whom were ranking politicians in Syria).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growing discontent eventually led to another <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">coup on 23 February 1954</a> which overthrew Shishakli. The coup was led by Hashem al-Atassi and military officers from his family and veteran Druze leader <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> as well as Druze officers, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> members. </p><p>When the insurgency reached its peak, Shishakli backed down, refusing to drag Syria into <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fled to Lebanon, but when the Druze leader <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal Jumblat">Kamal Jumblat</a> threatened to have him killed, he fled to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">union</a> between Syria and Egypt in 1958, Shishakli toyed with the idea of returning to Syria to launch a coup d'état, using funds provided by Iraq. The coup was foiled by Syrian intelligence and Shishakli was sentenced to death <i>in absentia</i>. </p><p>On 27 September 1964, Shishakli was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Ceres, Goiás">Ceres, Brazil</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Ghazaleh" title="Nawaf Ghazaleh">Nawaf Ghazaleh</a>, a Syrian <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> who sought revenge for his parents who had died leaving him an orphan during the bombardment of Jabal Druze.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of his grandsons, Adib Ihsan Shishakly, is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Opposition">Syrian Opposition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMardelli2010" class="citation book cs1">Mardelli, Bassil A. (16 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INl8jGsewjUC&q=adib+shishakli+mother+kurd&pg=PA28"><i>Middle East Perspectives: Personal Recollections</i></a>. New York Bloomington: iUniverse. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4502-1118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4502-1118-5"><bdi>978-1-4502-1118-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Perspectives%3A+Personal+Recollections&rft.place=New+York+Bloomington&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4502-1118-5&rft.aulast=Mardelli&rft.aufirst=Bassil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINl8jGsewjUC%26q%3Dadib%2Bshishakli%2Bmother%2Bkurd%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Uomqmsd2A4"><i>Who was Syria's Adib al Shishakli? | Al Jazeera World Documentary</i></a>, 22 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+was+Syria%27s+Adib+al+Shishakli%3F+%7C+Al+Jazeera+World+Documentary&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8Uomqmsd2A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.edu/ideas/martin-authoritarian-beginnings">"The Beginnings of Authoritarian Culture in the Arab World - Ideas | Institute for Advanced Study"</a>. <i>www.ias.edu</i>. 2017-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ias.edu&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Authoritarian+Culture+in+the+Arab+World+-+Ideas+%7C+Institute+for+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.edu%2Fideas%2Fmartin-authoritarian-beginnings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2018" class="citation web cs1">Solomon, Christopher (2018-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christopher-solomon.medium.com/remember-syrias-adib-shishakli-c0358610ad78">"Remember Syria's Adib Shishakli"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Remember+Syria%27s+Adib+Shishakli&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristopher-solomon.medium.com%2Fremember-syrias-adib-shishakli-c0358610ad78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/southwest-asia-and-north-africa/druze-syria-beyond.html">"Druze in Syria and Beyond"</a>. <i>Languages Of The World</i>. 2014-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Languages+Of+The+World&rft.atitle=Druze+in+Syria+and+Beyond&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Fsouthwest-asia-and-north-africa%2Fdruze-syria-beyond.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2021" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Noah (2021-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/democracy-destroyed-stories-of-american-sponsored-coups-syria/">"Democracy Destroyed: Stories of American Sponsored Coups - Syria"</a>. <i>Arab America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Democracy+Destroyed%3A+Stories+of+American+Sponsored+Coups+-+Syria&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fdemocracy-destroyed-stories-of-american-sponsored-coups-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/US%20Policy%20toward%20Palestine%20Refugees%20new.doc">US Policy towards Palestine Refugees</a> Joshua Landis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/views/news/middle-east/2014/11/26/On-Syria-s-turbulent-history-of-coups">"On Syria's turbulent history of coups"</a>. <i>Al Arabiya English</i>. 2014-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=On+Syria%27s+turbulent+history+of+coups&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fviews%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F11%2F26%2FOn-Syria-s-turbulent-history-of-coups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol2015" class="citation book cs1">Carol, Steven (25 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIy5CgAAQBAJ&q=nawaf+ghazaleh&pg=PT606"><i>Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491766583" title="Special:BookSources/9781491766583"><bdi>9781491766583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Volatile+and+Dangerous+Middle+East%3A+A+Comprehensive+Analysis&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.isbn=9781491766583&rft.aulast=Carol&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIy5CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnawaf%2Bghazaleh%26pg%3DPT606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdib+Shishakli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Joshua_Landis_Druze_and_Shishakli.htm">Joshua Landis, Shishakli and the Druze: Integration and Intransigence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Moubayed" title="Sami Moubayed">Sami Moubayed</a>, <i>Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900-2000</i> (Cune Press, 2005).</li> <li>Christopher Solomon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/24236-2/">Remember Syria's Adib Shishakli</a>, September 27, 2016, Syria Comment</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Syria">President of Syria</a> </b><br />1953–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Syria_(list)477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Presidents of Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate</a><br />(1922–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="French mandate"><img alt="French mandate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>French mandate</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Bey_Barakat" title="Subhi Bey Barakat">Barakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre-Alype" title="François Pierre-Alype">Pierre-Alype</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nami" title="Ahmad Nami">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a>*</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a><br />(1930–1950)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Syrian Republic"><img alt="First Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Solomiac" title="Léon Solomiac">Solomiac</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bey_al-Abid" title="Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid">al-Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahij_al-Khatib" title="Bahij al-Khatib">al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">al-Azm</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi" title="Jamil al-Ulshi">al-Ulshi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Bey_al-Ayyubi" title="Ata Bey al-Ayyubi">al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">al-Za'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Hinnawi" title="Sami al-Hinnawi">al-Hinnawi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a><br />(1950–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Syrian Republic"><img alt="Second Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Second Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shishakli</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Selu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shishakli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">al-Kuzbari</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">al-Quwatli</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a><br />(1958–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Arab Republic"><img alt="United Arab Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>United Arab Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a><br />(1961–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Syrian Republic"><img alt="Second Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Second Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">al-Kuzbari</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_al-Nuss" title="Izzat al-Nuss">al-Nuss</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">al-Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a><br />(1963–2024)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ba'athist Syria"><img alt="Ba'athist Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ba'athist Syria</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27ay_al-Atassi" title="Lu'ay al-Atassi">L. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">N. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">al-Khatib</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">H. al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Khaddam</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">B. al-Assad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Transitional government</a><br />(2024–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transitional period"><img alt="Transitional period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Transitional period</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>post vacant, 2024–25</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">al-Sharaa</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">* acting</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Syria_(list)527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="Template:Prime ministers of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Syria_(list)527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime ministers of Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a><br />(1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_(1920-03-08_to_1920-07-24).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria"><img alt="Arab Kingdom of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Arab Kingdom of Syria</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Rikabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Rikabi">al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Al-Droubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aladdin Al-Droubi">Al-Droubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi" title="Jamil al-Ulshi">al-Ulshi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate</a><br />(1920–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="French mandate"><img alt="French mandate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>French mandate</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">H. al-Azm</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Bey_Barakat" title="Subhi Bey Barakat">Barakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nami" title="Ahmad Nami">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a><br />(1930–1950)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Syrian Republic"><img alt="First Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Solomiac" title="Léon Solomiac">Solomiac</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">H. al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Bey_al-Ayyubi" title="Ata Bey al-Ayyubi">A. al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Mardam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutfi_al-Haffar" title="Lutfi al-Haffar">al-Haffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuhi_al-Bukhari" title="Nasuhi al-Bukhari">al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahij_al-Khatib" title="Bahij al-Khatib">B. al-Khatib</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Hakim" title="Hassan al-Hakim">al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Barazi" title="Husni al-Barazi">H. al-Barazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi" title="Jamil al-Ulshi">al-Ulshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Bey_al-Ayyubi" title="Ata Bey al-Ayyubi">A. al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fares_al-Khoury" title="Fares al-Khoury">al-Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Mardam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">al-Za'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_al-Barazi" title="Muhsin al-Barazi">M. al-Barazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">al-Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a><br />(1950–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Syrian Republic"><img alt="Second Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Second Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Hakim" title="Hassan al-Hakim">al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Khatib" title="Zaki al-Khatib">Z. al-Khatib</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarouf_al-Dawalibi" title="Maarouf al-Dawalibi">al-Dawalibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Selu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shishakli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabri_al-Asali" title="Sabri al-Asali">al-Asali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Ghazzi" title="Said al-Ghazzi">al-Ghazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fares_al-Khoury" title="Fares al-Khoury">al-Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabri_al-Asali" title="Sabri al-Asali">al-Asali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Ghazzi" title="Said al-Ghazzi">al-Ghazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabri_al-Asali" title="Sabri al-Asali">al-Asali</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a><br />(1958–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Arab Republic"><img alt="United Arab Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>United Arab Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Kahala" title="Nur al-Din Kahala">Kahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hamid_al-Sarraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Hamid al-Sarraj">Sarraj</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a><br />(1961–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Syrian Republic"><img alt="Second Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Second Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">al-Kuzbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_al-Nuss" title="Izzat al-Nuss">al-Nuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarouf_al-Dawalibi" title="Maarouf al-Dawalibi">al-Dawalibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_al-Azma" title="Bashir al-Azma">al-Azma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a><br />(1963–2024)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ba'athist Syria"><img alt="Ba'athist Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ba'athist Syria</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">K. al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">al-Jundi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">N. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Ayyubi" title="Mahmoud al-Ayyubi">M. al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Al-Zoubi" title="Mahmoud Al-Zoubi">Al-Zoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Ghalawanji</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_al-Jalali" title="Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali">al-Jalali</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Transitional government</a><br />(2024–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transitional period"><img alt="Transitional period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Transitional period</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_al-Jalali" title="Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali">al-Jalali</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir" title="Mohammed al-Bashir">al-Bashir</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">* acting</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59471#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1095" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59471#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1095" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59471#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008034783X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40184105">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60385546">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1732969/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBYrgpjrpxDwtX4Vf3WWC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119247690">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80106697">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276162505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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