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id="toc-Inspiration_from_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration_from_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Inspiration from abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration_from_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Timeline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Timeline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_general_strike_and_armed_insurrection,_April–October_1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_general_strike_and_armed_insurrection,_April–October_1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Arab general strike and armed insurrection, April–October 1936 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_general_strike_and_armed_insurrection,_April–October_1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peel_commission;_break_in_hostilities_(October_1936_–_September_1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peel_commission;_break_in_hostilities_(October_1936_–_September_1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Peel commission; break in hostilities (October 1936 – September 1937) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peel_commission;_break_in_hostilities_(October_1936_–_September_1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resumed_revolt_(September_1937_–_August_1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resumed_revolt_(September_1937_–_August_1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Resumed revolt (September 1937 – August 1939) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resumed_revolt_(September_1937_–_August_1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_and_casualties_in_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_and_casualties_in_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Attacks and casualties in numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_and_casualties_in_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irgun_anti-British_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irgun_anti-British_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Irgun anti-British attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irgun_anti-British_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Response </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Response subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Mandate_Government_and_the_British_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Mandate_Government_and_the_British_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Role of the Mandate Government and the British Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Mandate_Government_and_the_British_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tegart_forts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tegart_forts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tegart forts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tegart_forts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Role of the Royal Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Royal_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Royal_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Royal_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Role of the Royal Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Royal_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_importance_of_Haifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_importance_of_Haifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Strategic importance of Haifa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_importance_of_Haifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_British_intelligence_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_British_intelligence_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Role of the British intelligence services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_British_intelligence_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Jewish_co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Jewish_co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 British and Jewish co-operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Jewish_co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forces_of_the_Jewish_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces_of_the_Jewish_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Forces of the Jewish settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces_of_the_Jewish_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haganah_intelligence_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haganah_intelligence_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Haganah intelligence services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haganah_intelligence_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Revisionist_Zionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Revisionist_Zionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Role of the Revisionist Zionists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Revisionist_Zionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_"peace_bands"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_"peace_bands""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Role of the "peace bands" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_"peace_bands"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_rebel_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_rebel_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Role of rebel leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_rebel_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galilee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galilee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9.1 Galilee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galilee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabal_Nablus_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabal_Nablus_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9.2 Jabal Nablus area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabal_Nablus_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9.3 Jerusalem area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9.4 Arab volunteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Outcome </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outcome subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Jewish_Yishuv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Jewish_Yishuv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Impact on the Jewish Yishuv </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Jewish_Yishuv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Palestinian_Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Palestinian_Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Impact on the Palestinian Arabs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Palestinian_Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Impact on the British Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabischer_Aufstand_1936-1939" title="Arabischer Aufstand 1936-1939 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabischer Aufstand 1936-1939" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_1936-1939" title="الثورة العربية في فلسطين 1936-1939 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة العربية في فلسطين 1936-1939" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_%C3%A1rabe_de_Palestina_de_1936-1939" title="Revuelta árabe de Palestina de 1936-1939 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revuelta árabe de Palestina de 1936-1939" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Revolta_%C3%A0rab_de_1936-1939_al_mandat_de_Palestina" title="Gran Revolta àrab de 1936-1939 al mandat de Palestina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Revolta àrab de 1936-1939 al mandat de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_v_Palestin%C4%9B_1936%E2%80%931939" title="Arabské povstání v Palestině 1936–1939 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabské povstání v Palestině 1936–1939" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabischer_Aufstand_in_Pal%C3%A4stina_1936%E2%80%931939" title="Arabischer Aufstand in Palästina 1936–1939 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabischer Aufstand in Palästina 1936–1939" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_%C3%A1rabe_de_Palestina_de_1936-1939" title="Revuelta árabe de Palestina de 1936-1939 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revuelta árabe de Palestina de 1936-1939" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_Ribelo_(1936_-_1939)" title="Araba Ribelo (1936 - 1939) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba Ribelo (1936 - 1939)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939ko_arabiar_matxinada_Palestinan" title="1936–1939ko arabiar matxinada Palestinan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1936–1939ko arabiar matxinada Palestinan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_r%C3%A9volte_arabe_de_1936-1939_en_Palestine_mandataire" title="Grande révolte arabe de 1936-1939 en Palestine mandataire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande révolte arabe de 1936-1939 en Palestine mandataire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0_(1936%EB%85%84~1939%EB%85%84)" title="팔레스타인 아랍 봉기 (1936년~1939년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔레스타인 아랍 봉기 (1936년~1939년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobuna_Arapa_1936._%E2%80%93_1939." title="Pobuna Arapa 1936. – 1939. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pobuna Arapa 1936. – 1939." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Arab_di_Palestina_1936%E2%80%931939" title="Pemberontakan Arab di Palestina 1936–1939 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Arab di Palestina 1936–1939" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_rivolta_araba" title="Grande rivolta araba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande rivolta araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המרד הערבי הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרד הערבי הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch-Palestijnse_opstand" title="Arabisch-Palestijnse opstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch-Palestijnse opstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="パレスチナ独立戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パレスチナ独立戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_oppr%C3%B8ret_1936%E2%80%931939" title="Det store opprøret 1936–1939 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det store opprøret 1936–1939" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A9%E0%AD%AC-%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A9%E0%AD%AF_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B9" title="୧୯୩୬-୧୯୩୯ ପାଲେଷ୍ଟାଇନ ଆରବ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୯୩୬-୧୯୩୯ ପାଲେଷ୍ଟାଇନ ଆରବ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabskie_powstanie_w_Palestynie_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Arabskie powstanie w Palestynie (1936–1939) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabskie powstanie w Palestynie (1936–1939)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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Arab-Israeli conflict. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">decolonisation of Asia</a>, and the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Palestinian_rebels_1938.jpg/222px-Palestinian_rebels_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Palestinian_rebels_1938.jpg/296px-Palestinian_rebels_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="656" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg/126px-Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg/189px-Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg/252px-Ghaffis_in_Nesher_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3490" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Miar3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Miar3.png/158px-Miar3.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Miar3.png/237px-Miar3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Miar3.png/316px-Miar3.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="654" /></a></div></div></div></div></div>From top to bottom, left to right: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>British military parade in Jerusalem</li> <li>Palestinian Arab insurgents during the revolt</li> <li>British supported <a href="/wiki/Notrim" title="Notrim">Notrim</a> guarding a Jewish settlement in <a href="/wiki/Nesher" title="Nesher">Nesher</a></li> <li>The Palestinian village of <a href="/wiki/Mi%27ar" title="Mi'ar">Mi'ar</a> being destroyed by British forces</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 April 1936 – 26 August 1939 (3 years, 4 months and 1 week)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Revolt suppressed <ul><li>Issuance of the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police" title="Jewish Settlement Police">Jewish Settlement Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police" title="Jewish Supernumerary Police">Jewish Supernumerary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="National Defense Party (Mandatory Palestine)">NDF</a> (from 1937) <ul><li>Arab "peace bands"</li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Haganah_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/17px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/26px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/34px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="278" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosh_(Haganah_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosh (Haganah unit)">Fosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peulot_Meyuhadot" title="Peulot Meyuhadot">Peulot Meyuhadot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Irgun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/15px-Irgun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/23px-Irgun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/30px-Irgun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="475" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> (1936–October 1937) <ul><li>Local rebel factions (fasa'il)</li> <li>Volunteers from Arab world</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_National_Jihad_in_Palestine" title="Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine">Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine</a> (October 1937 – 1939) <ul><li>Bureau of the Arab Revolt in Palestine (late 1938 – 1939)</li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Defense_of_Palestine" title="Society for the Defense of Palestine">Society for the Defense of Palestine</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine"><img alt="Mandatory Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grenfell_Wauchope" title="Arthur Grenfell Wauchope">Arthur Grenfell Wauchope</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> (1932–1938) <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine"><img alt="Mandatory Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Harold_MacMichael" title="Harold MacMichael">Harold MacMichael</a>, High Commissioner (1938–1944) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a> Lt.-General <a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">John Dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">GOC</a> (1936–1937) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a> Lt.-General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>, GOC (1937–1938) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a> Lt.-General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haining" title="Robert Haining">Robert Haining</a>, GOC (1938–1939) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a> Major-General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Bernard Montgomery</a>; Commander, <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">8th Infantry Div.</a> (1938–1939) <a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Roderic_Hill" title="Roderic Hill">Roderic Hill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">AOC</a>, Palestine and Transjordan (1936–1938) <a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a> Air Commodore <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur Harris</a>; AOC, Palestine and Transjordan (1938–1939) <a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pound" title="Dudley Pound">Dudley Pound</a>; Commander-in-Chief, British <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> (1936–1939) Political leadership: <a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Raghib al-Nashashibi</a> (from 1937) <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Yitz%27hak_Ben-Tzvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitz'hak Ben-Tzvi">Yitz'hak Ben-Tzvi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Haganah_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/17px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/26px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/34px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="278" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Golomb" title="Eliyahu Golomb">Eliyahu Golomb</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Irgun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/15px-Irgun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/23px-Irgun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Irgun.svg/30px-Irgun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="475" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Political leadership: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/24px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/36px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/48px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Mohammed Amin al-Husayni</a> (exiled) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/24px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/36px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/48px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Raghib al-Nashashibi</a> (defected) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/24px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/36px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/48px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a> (exiled) Local rebel commanders: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/24px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/36px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/48px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Hajj_Muhammad" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad">Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad</a> (General Commander) <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/24px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/36px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palestinian_flag_1938.svg/48px-Palestinian_flag_1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arif_Abd_al-Raziq" title="Arif Abd al-Raziq">Arif Abd al-Raziq</a> Regional Commander (exiled) <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Kabir" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir">Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir</a> (Regional Commander) <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_Durra" title="Yusuf Abu Durra">Yusuf Abu Durra</a> (Regional Commander) <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhri_%27Abd_al-Hadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi (page does not exist)">Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi</a> (defected) <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Asbah" title="Abdallah al-Asbah">Abdallah al-Asbah</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Battat" title="Issa Battat">Issa Battat</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Saleh_al-Hamad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Saleh al-Hamad (page does not exist)">Mohammed Saleh al-Hamad</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hamdan" title="Yusuf Hamdan">Yusuf Hamdan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mohamad_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Mohamad Hasan">Ahmad Mohamad Hasan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> (exiled) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasif_Kamal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasif Kamal (page does not exist)">Wasif Kamal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Khallik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Khallik (page does not exist)">Abdul Khallik</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamid_Suleiman_Mardawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamid Suleiman Mardawi (page does not exist)">Hamid Suleiman Mardawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Nassar" title="Ibrahim Nassar">Ibrahim Nassar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Osta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Osta (page does not exist)">Mustafa Osta</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Mahmoud_Rana%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'an (page does not exist)">Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'an</a> <a href="/wiki/Farhan_al-Sa%27di" title="Farhan al-Sa'di">Farhan al-Sa'di</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Salama" title="Hasan Salama">Hasan Salama</a> Arab volunteer commanders: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a> (expelled) <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'id al-'As">Sa'id al-'As</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Ashmar" title="Muhammad al-Ashmar">Muhammad al-Ashmar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 25,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a>–50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2006128-2">[2]</a> British soldiers 20,000 Jewish policemen, supernumeraries and settlement guards<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003220-3">[3]</a> 15,000 Haganah fighters<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal2003103-4">[4]</a> 2,883 Palestine Police Force officers(1936)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillman199822-5">[5]</a> 2,000 Irgun militants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowyer_Bell199644-6">[6]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,000–3,000 (1936–37) 2,500–7,500 (plus an additional 6,000–15,000 part-timers) (1938)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999145-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> British Security Forces: 262 killed c. 550 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenberg199374–76-8">[8]</a> Jews: c. 500 killed<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 2 executed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Arabs: c. 5,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> c. 15,000 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> 108 executed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenberg199374–76-8">[8]</a> 12,622 detained<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenberg199374–76-8">[8]</a> 5 exiled<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenberg199374–76-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Campaignbox 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template talk:Campaignbox 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1936–1939_Arab_revolt_inMandatory_Palestine1136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Tulkarm_shooting" title="1936 Tulkarm shooting">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anabta" title="Battle of Anabta">Anabta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaa" title="Battle of Balaa">Balaa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jaba (page does not exist)">Jaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beit_Imrin" title="Battle of Beit Imrin">Beit Imrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_al-Khader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of al-Khader (page does not exist)">al-Khader</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kafr_Sur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kafr Sur (page does not exist)">Kafr Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1938)" title="Battle of Beersheba 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template:Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine1311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Palestine_riots" title="1933 Palestine riots">1933 Palestine riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)">Spillover of WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Saison" title="The Saison">the Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> A <a href="/wiki/Popular_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular uprising">popular uprising</a> by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arabs">Palestinian Arabs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> against the British administration, later known as the Great Revolt,<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20191-11">[10]</a> the Great Palestinian Revolt,<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabahā20149-13">[11]</a> or the Palestinian Revolution,<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> lasted from 1936 until 1939. The movement sought independence from British <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial rule</a> and the end of British support for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, including Jewish immigration and land sales to Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20172-15">[12]</a> The uprising occurred during a peak in the influx of European Jewish immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013333-16">[13]</a> and with the growing plight of the rural <a href="/wiki/Fellahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellahin">fellahin</a> rendered landless, who as they moved to metropolitan centres to escape their abject poverty found themselves socially marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200093–113-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a> in 1920, Jews and Arabs had been involved in a cycle of attacks and counter-attacks, and the immediate spark for the uprising was the <a href="/wiki/1936_Tulkarm_shooting" title="1936 Tulkarm shooting">murder of two Jews</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Qassamite band</a>, and the retaliatory killing by Jewish gunmen of two Arab labourers, incidents which triggered a flare-up of violence across Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20191–3-20">[16]</a> A month into the disturbances, <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mufti_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti of Jerusalem">Mufti of Jerusalem</a>, declared 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and called for a <a href="/wiki/Arab_general_strike_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab general strike (Mandatory Palestine)">general strike</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>, described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration</a> and fear of the British identification with <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999136-21">[17]</a> The general strike lasted from April to October 1936. The revolt is often analysed in terms of two distinct phases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly201528-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200825,_27,_37,_45-23">[19]</a> The first phase began as spontaneous popular resistance, which was seized on by the urban and elitist Arab Higher Committee, giving the movement an organized shape that was focused mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest, in order to secure a political result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurens2002306-24">[20]</a> By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">civil administration</a> using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">political concessions</a>, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a313-25">[21]</a> and the threat of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200827-26">[22]</a> The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a peasant-led resistance movement provoked by British repression in 1936<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20175-27">[23]</a> in which increasingly British forces were targeted as the army itself increasingly targeted the villages it thought supportive of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200825,_33-28">[24]</a> During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a> using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the whole population and undermine popular support for the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200839-29">[25]</a> A more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Nashashibi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashashibi clan">Nashashibi clan</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="National Defense Party (Mandatory Palestine)">NDP party</a> quickly withdrew from the rebel <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a>, led by the radical <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">faction</a> of Amin al-Husseini, and instead sided with the British – dispatching "Fasail al-Salam" (the "Peace Bands") in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab "Fasail" units (literally "bands"). According to official British figures covering the whole revolt, the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat, 108 were <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenberg199374–76-8">[8]</a> and 961 died because of what they described as "gang and terrorist activities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019377-30">[26]</a> In an analysis of the British statistics, <a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a> estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead:<a href="#cite_note-32">[e]</a> 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead due to intracommunal terrorism, and 14,760 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019377-30">[26]</a> By one estimate, ten percent of the adult male <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arab">Palestinian Arab</a> population between 20 and 60 was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200121,_35-33">[28]</a> Estimates of the number of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a> killed are up to several hundred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> The Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine was unsuccessful, and its consequences affected the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999159-35">[30]</a> It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, al-Husseini. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_background">Economic background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Palestinian_Products" title="Association for Palestinian Products">Association for Palestinian Products</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg/220px-Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg/330px-Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg/440px-Wauchope_1936_and_Allenby_1917_Cartoon_in_Falastin_June_1936.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>June 1936 cartoon in the Arabic-language <a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a> newspaper contrasting the actions of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grenfell_Wauchope" title="Arthur Grenfell Wauchope">Wauchope</a> in 1936 against those of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Allenby</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> World War I left Palestine, especially the countryside, deeply impoverished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200094-36">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and then the Mandate authorities levied high taxes on farming and agricultural produce and during the 1920s and 1930s this together with a fall in prices, cheap imports, natural disasters and paltry harvests all contributed to the increasing indebtedness of the fellahin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200095–96-37">[32]</a> The rents paid by tenant fellah increased sharply, owing to increased population density, and growing transfer of land from Arabs to the Jewish settlement agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>, increased the number of fellahin evicted while also removing the land as a future source of livelihood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200096–99-38">[33]</a> By 1931 the 106,400 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunums</a> of low-lying Category A farming land in Arab possession supported a farming population of 590,000 whereas the 102,000 dunums of such land in Jewish possession supported a farming population of only 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000102-39">[34]</a> The late 1920s witnessed poor harvests, and the consequent <a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">immiseration</a> grew even harsher with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the collapse of commodity prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013333-16">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Commission" title="Shaw Commission">Shaw Commission</a> in 1930 had identified the existence of a class of 'embittered landless people' as a contributory factor to the preceding <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 disturbances</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000103-40">[35]</a> and the problem of these 'landless' Arabs grew particularly grave after 1931, causing <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grenfell_Wauchope" title="Arthur Grenfell Wauchope">High Commissioner Wauchope</a> to warn that this 'social peril ... would serve as a focus of discontent and might even result in serious disorders.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000103-40">[35]</a> Economic factors played a major role in the outbreak of the Arab revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200093–113-17">[14]</a> Palestine's <a href="/wiki/Fellahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellahin">fellahin</a>, the country's peasant farmers, made up over two-thirds of the indigenous Arab population and from the 1920s onwards they were pushed off the land in increasingly large numbers into urban environments where they often encountered only poverty and social marginalisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200093–113-17">[14]</a> Many were crowded into <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">shanty towns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> where some found succour and encouragement in the teachings of the charismatic preacher <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a> who worked among the poor in Haifa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200093–113-17">[14]</a> The revolt was thus a popular uprising that produced its own leaders and developed into a national revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200093–113-17">[14]</a> Although the Mandatory government introduced measures to limit the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews, these were easily circumvented by willing buyers and sellers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000103-40">[35]</a> The failure of the authorities to invest in economic growth and healthcare for the general Palestinian public and the Zionist policy of ensuring that their investments were directed only to facilitate expansion exclusively of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> further compounded matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000105-41">[36]</a> The government did, however, set the minimum wage for Arab workers below that for Jewish workers, which meant that those making capital investments in the Yishuv's economic infrastructure, such as Haifa's electricity plant, the Shemen oil and soap factory, the Grands Moulins flour mills and the Nesher cement factory, could take advantage of cheap Arab labour pouring in from the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak200093–113-17">[14]</a> After 1935 the slump in the construction boom and further concentration by the Yishuv on an exclusivist Hebrew labour programme removed most of the sources of employment for rural migrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000106-42">[37]</a> By 1935 only 12,000 Arabs (5% of the workforce) worked in the Jewish sector, half of these in agriculture, whereas 32,000 worked for the Mandate authorities and 211,000 were either self-employed or worked for Arab employers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008273-43">[38]</a> The ongoing disruption of agrarian life in Palestine, which had been continuing since Ottoman times, thus created a large population of landless peasant farmers who subsequently became mobile wage workers who were increasingly marginalised and impoverished; these became willing participants in nationalist rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak2000109-44">[39]</a> At the same time, Jewish immigration peaked in 1935, just months before Palestinian Arabs began their full-scale, nationwide revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008262–263-45">[40]</a> Over the four years between 1933 and 1936 more than 164,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine, and between 1931 and 1936 the Jewish population more than doubled from 175,000 to 370,000 people, increasing the Jewish population share from 17% to 27%, and bringing about a significant deterioration in relations between Palestinian Arabs and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008239–240-46">[41]</a> In 1936 alone, some 60,000 Jews immigrated that year – the Jewish population having grown under British auspices from 57,000 to 320,000 in 1935<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013333-16">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_socio-cultural_background">Political and socio-cultural background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarab_Abd_al-Hadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tarab_Abd_al-Hadi.jpg/170px-Tarab_Abd_al-Hadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tarab_Abd_al-Hadi.jpg/255px-Tarab_Abd_al-Hadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tarab_Abd_al-Hadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Feminist activist <a href="/wiki/Tarab_Abdul_Hadi" title="Tarab Abdul Hadi">Tarab Abdul Hadi</a>, organiser of the Palestinian Arab Women's Association.</figcaption></figure> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and British colonial administration crystallised <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a> and the desire to defend indigenous traditions and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008239-47">[42]</a> Palestinian society was largely <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_families" title="Palestinian families">clan-based (hamula)</a>, with an urban land-holding elite lacking a centralised leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008239-47">[42]</a> Traditional feasts such as <a href="/wiki/Nebi_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebi Musa">Nebi Musa</a> began to acquire a political and nationalist dimension and new national memorial days were introduced or gained new significance; among them <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Day" title="Balfour Day">Balfour Day</a> (2 November), the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> (4 July), and beginning in 1930, 16 May was celebrated as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestine Day (page does not exist)">Palestine Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008256–259-48">[43]</a> The expansion of education, the development of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and of transportation, communications, and especially of broadcasting and other media, all facilitated notable changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008265–266-49">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> itself, at the same time, was steadily building the structures for its own state-building with public organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> and the covert creation and consolidation of a paramilitary arm with the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2020106-50">[45]</a> In 1930 Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a> organised and established the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hand (Palestine)">Black Hand</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> and anti-British militia. He recruited and arranged military training for impoverished but pious peasants but also for ex-criminals he had persuaded to take Islam seriously and they engaged in a campaign of vandalizing tree plantations and British-constructed rail lines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999360-51">[46]</a> destroying phone lines and disrupting transportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013345–346-52">[47]</a> Three minor <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujāhīdūn</a> and jihadist groups had also been formed that advocated armed struggle; these were the Green Hand (al-Kaff al-Khaḍrā) -active in the area of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>-<a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> from 1929 until 1930 when they were dispersed;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013341-53">[48]</a> the Organization for Holy Struggle (al-Jihād al-Muqaddas), led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> and operative in the areas of Jerusalem (1931–1934);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013341-53">[48]</a> and the Rebel Youth (al-Shabāb al-Thā'ir), active in the <a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qalqilyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalqilyah">Qalqilyah</a> area from 1935, and composed mainly of local boy scouts.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013341-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008256–259-48">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Husayni1929_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Al-Husayni1929_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Al-Husayni1929_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Al-Husayni1929_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Al-Husayni1929_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Al-Husayni1929_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Al-Husayni1929_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Amin al-Husayni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mufti_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti of Jerusalem">Mufti of Jerusalem</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></figcaption></figure> The pressures of the 1930s wrought several changes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008239-47">[42]</a> giving rise to new political organizations and a broader activism that spurred a far wider cross-section of the population in rural areas, strongly nationalist, to join actively in the Palestinian cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008254-54">[49]</a> Among new political parties formed in this period were the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party (Palestine)">Independence Party</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013339-55">[50]</a> which called for an <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian Congress Party</a>-style boycott of the British,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125-56">[51]</a> the pro-<a href="/wiki/Nashashibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashashibi">Nashashibi</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Party_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Party (Palestine)">National Defence Party</a>, the pro-<a href="/wiki/Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayni">Husayni</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arab Party">Palestinian Arab Party</a> the pro-<a href="/wiki/Khalidi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalidi family">Khalidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (Palestine)">Arab-Palestinian Reform Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bloc (Palestine)">National Bloc</a>, based mainly around <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008256–259-48">[43]</a> Youth organisations emerged like <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Muslim_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Muslim Association">Young Men's Muslim Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Congress_Party" title="Youth Congress Party">Youth Congress Party</a>, the former anti-Zionist, the latter pan-Arab. The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Scout_Association" title="Palestinian Scout Association">Palestinian Boy Scout Movement</a>, founded early in 1936, became active in the general strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008254-54">[49]</a> Women's organisations, which had been active in social matters, became politically involved from the end of the 1920s, with an Arab Women's Congress held in Jerusalem in 1929 attracting 200 participants, and an Arab Women's Association (later Arab Women's Union) being established at the same time, both organised by feminist <a href="/wiki/Tarab_Abdul_Hadi" title="Tarab Abdul Hadi">Tarab Abdul Hadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008254-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleischmann200016–32-57">[52]</a> Myriads of rural women would play an important role in response to faz'a alarm calls for inter-village help by rallying in defence of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2016b490-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspiration_from_abroad">Inspiration from abroad</h2></div> General strikes had been used in neighbouring Arab countries to place political pressures on Western colonial powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008264-59">[54]</a> In Iraq a general strike in July 1931, accompanied by organised demonstrations in the streets, led to independence for the former British mandate territory under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nuri_as-Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri as-Said">Nuri as-Said</a>, and full membership of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in October 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripp200271–75-60">[55]</a>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian national movement</a> had used a general strike from 20 January to 6 March in 1936 which, despite harsh reprisals, brought about negotiations in Paris that led to a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence_(1936)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936)">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2004113-61">[56]</a> This showed that determined economic and political pressure could challenge a fragile imperial administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2007295-62">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_12857_Events_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of Jews from <a href="/wiki/Givat_Ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Givat Ada">Givat Ada</a> that were killed in 1936.</figcaption></figure> On 16 October 1935 a large <a href="/wiki/Cement_Incident" title="Cement Incident">arms shipment camouflaged in cement bins</a>, comprising 25 <a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun" title="Lewis gun">Lewis guns</a> and their bipods, 800 rifles and 400,000 rounds of ammunition<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999127-63">[58]</a> destined for the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, was discovered during unloading at the port of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. The news sparked Arab fears of a Jewish military takeover of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2006237-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008263-65">[60]</a> A little over two weeks later, on 2 November 1935, al-Qassam gave a speech in the port of Haifa denouncing the Balfour declaration on its 18th anniversary. In a proclamation to that effect, together with <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Husayni" title="Jamal al-Husayni">Jamal al-Husayni</a>, he alluded to the Haganah weapons smuggling operation. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013344-66">[61]</a> Questioned at the time by a confidant about his preparations, he stated that he had 15 men, each furnished with a rifle and one cartridge. Soon after, perhaps fearing a pending preemptive arrest, he disappeared with his group into the hills, not to start a revolution, premature at that point, but to impress upon people that he was a man ready to do what he said should be done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2020107,_109-67">[62]</a> Some weeks later, a Jewish policeman was shot dead in a citrus grove while investigating the theft of grapefruit, after he happened to come close to the Qassamites' encampment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2020xiii,115-68">[63]</a> Following the incident, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine police">Palestine police</a> launched a massive manhunt and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave just north of <a href="/wiki/Ya%27bad" title="Ya'bad">Ya'bad</a>. In the ensuing battle, on 20 November, al-Qassam was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2020116-69">[64]</a> The death of al-Qassam generated widespread outrage among Palestinian Arabs, galvanizing public sentiments with an impact similar to the effect on the Yishuv of news of the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a> in 1920 at the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hai" title="Tel Hai">Tel Hai</a> settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2020117-70">[65]</a> Huge crowds gathered for the occasion of his obsequies in Haifa and later burial in <a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Balad al-Shaykh">Balad al-Shaykh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013316-317-71">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus,_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus%2C_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg/220px-Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus%2C_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus%2C_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg/330px-Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus%2C_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus%2C_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg/440px-Remains_of_a_burnt_Jewish_passenger_bus%2C_Result_of_terrorist_acts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Result of terrorist acts and government measures. Remains of a burnt Jewish passenger bus at Balad Esh-Sheikh outside Haifa. Picture taken between 1934 and 1938.</figcaption></figure> The actual uprising was triggered some five months later, on 15 April 1936, by the <a href="/wiki/1936_Anabta_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Anabta shooting">Anabta shooting</a> where remnants of a Qassamite band stopped a convoy on the road from <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a>, robbed its passengers and, stating that they were acting to revenge al-Qassam's death, shot 3 Jewish passengers, two fatally, after ascertaining their identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20191-11">[10]</a> One of the three, Israel Chazan, was from <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Salonican community</a>'s request that permission be granted to allow them to conduct a solemn funeral for Chasan was turned down by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">district commissioner</a>, who had allowed al-Qassam a ceremonial burial some months earlier. The refusal sparked a demonstration by 30,000 Jews in Tel Aviv who overcame the police and maltreated Arab labourers and damaged property in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurens2002306-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On200423-72">[67]</a> The following day, two Arab workers sleeping in a hut in a banana plantation beside the highway between <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarkona" title="Yarkona">Yarkona</a> were assassinated in retaliation by members of the <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Tehomi" title="Avraham Tehomi">Haganah-Bet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurens2002306-24">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-75">[f]</a> Jews and Palestinians attacked each other in and around Tel Aviv. Palestinians in Jaffa <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">rampaged through a Jewish residential area</a>, resulting in several Jewish deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20193-76">[70]</a> After four days, by 19 April, the deteriorating situation erupted into a set of countrywide disturbances. An Arab general strike and revolt ensued that lasted until October 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_general_strike_and_armed_insurrection,_April–October_1936">Arab general strike and armed insurrection, April–October 1936</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_general_strike_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab general strike (Mandatory Palestine)">Arab general strike (Mandatory Palestine)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1936_Syrian_general_strike" title="1936 Syrian general strike">1936 Syrian general strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/1936_Anabta_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Anabta shooting">1936 Anabta shooting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalil_Sakakini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Khalil_Sakakini.jpg/170px-Khalil_Sakakini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Khalil_Sakakini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Sakakini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalil al-Sakakini">Khalil al-Sakakini</a> called the revolt a "life-and-death struggle."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999129-77">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> The strike began on 19 April in Nablus, where an Arab National Committee was formed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003208-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-peel96-79">[73]</a> and by the end of the month National Committees had been formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages.<a href="#cite_note-peel96-79">[73]</a> On the same day, the High Commissioner Wauchope issued Emergency Regulations that laid the legal basis for suppressing the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20193-76">[70]</a> On 21 April the leaders of the five main parties accepted the decision at Nablus and called for a general strike of all Arabs engaged in labour, transport and shopkeeping for the following day.<a href="#cite_note-peel96-79">[73]</a> While the strike was initially organised by workers and local committees, under pressure from below, political leaders became involved to help with co-ordination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008272-80">[74]</a> This led to the formation on 25 April 1936 of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> (AHC).<a href="#cite_note-peel96-79">[73]</a> The Committee resolved "to continue the general strike until the British Government changes its present policy in a fundamental manner"; the demands were threefold: (1) the prohibition of Jewish immigration; (2) the prohibition of the transfer of Arab land to Jews; (3) the establishment of a National Government responsible to a representative council.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> About one month after the general strike started, the leadership group declared a general non-payment of taxes in explicit opposition to Jewish immigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayyālī1978193-82">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/220px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/330px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/440px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Male and female Arab fighters during the revolt, 1936</figcaption></figure> In the countryside, armed insurrection started sporadically, becoming more organized over time.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> One particular target of the rebels was the <a href="/wiki/Mosul%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline">Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline</a> of the Iraq Petroleum Company constructed only a few years earlier to Haifa from a point on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tiberias" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tiberias">Lake Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownsend1988-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> This was repeatedly bombed at various points along its length. Other attacks were on railways (including trains) and on civilian targets such as Jewish settlements, secluded Jewish neighbourhoods in the mixed cities, and Jews, both individually and in groups.<a href="#cite_note-peel100-86">[80]</a> During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed, Jewish civilians were attacked and murdered, and some Jewish communities, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, fled to safer areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199880-87">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaffa_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jaffa_1936.jpg/220px-Jaffa_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jaffa_1936.jpg/330px-Jaffa_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jaffa_1936.jpg/440px-Jaffa_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6229" data-file-height="4560" /></a><figcaption>British policemen disperse an Arab mob during the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">Jaffa riots</a> in April 1936 ("<a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a>", 13. Juni 1936)</figcaption></figure> The measures taken against the strike were harsh from the outset and grew harsher as the revolt deepened. Unable to contain the protests with the two battalions already stationed in the country, Britain inundated Palestine with soldiers from regiments all over the empire, including its Egyptian garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20193-76">[70]</a> The drastic measures taken included house searches without warrants, night raids, preventive detention, caning, flogging, deportation, confiscation of property, and torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008274-88">[82]</a> As early as May 1936 the British formed armed Jewish units equipped with armoured vehicles to serve as auxiliary police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008291-89">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Arab_strike_1936._Car_with_brooms_to_sweep_away_tacks_thrown_by_strikers_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Arab strike 1936. Car with brooms to sweep away tacks thrown by strikers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_hostages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Train_hostages.jpg/220px-Train_hostages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Train_hostages.jpg/330px-Train_hostages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Train_hostages.jpg/440px-Train_hostages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers on an armoured train car with two Palestinian Arab hostages used as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Palestine_disturbances_1936._Site_of_a_house_in_Lydda_blown_up_by_military_order._Owners_searching_for_family_relics_LOC_matpc.18126_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian Arabs search the rubble of a house demolished by the British military in <a href="/wiki/Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda">Lydda</a>, 1936.</figcaption></figure> The British government in Palestine was convinced that the strike had the full support of the Palestinian Arabs and they could see "no weakening in the will and spirit of the Arab people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayyālī1978196-90">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Vice-Marshall">Air Vice-Marshall</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Peirse" title="Richard Peirse">Richard Peirse</a>, commander of British forces in Palestine and Transjordan from 1933 to 1936, reported that because the rebel armed bands were supported by villagers, <blockquote> It was quickly evident that the only way to regain the initiative from the rebels was by initiating measures against the villagers from which the rebels and saboteurs came ... I therefore initiated, in co-operation with the Inspector-General of Police R. G. B. Spicer, village searches. Ostensibly, these searches were undertaken to find arms and wanted persons, actually the measures adopted by the Police on the lines of similar Turkish methods, were punitive and effective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayyālī1978196-90">[84]</a></blockquote> In reality the measures created a sense of solidarity between the villagers and the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayyālī1978196-90">[84]</a> The pro-Government Mayor of Nablus complained to the High Commissioner that, "During the last searches effected in villages properties were destroyed, jewels stolen, and the Holy <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> torn, and this has increased the excitement of the <a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">fellahin</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayyālī1978196-90">[84]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Shertok" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Shertok">Moshe Shertok</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> even suggested that all villages in the area of an incident should be punished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999423-91">[85]</a> On 2 June, an attempt by rebels to derail a train bringing the 2nd Battalion <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_and_Hertfordshire_Regiment" title="Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment">Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment</a> from Egypt led to the railways being put under guard, placing a great strain on the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003213-92">[86]</a> On 4 June, in response to this situation, the government rounded up a large number of Palestinian leaders and sent them to a detention camp at <a href="/wiki/Auja_al-Hafir" title="Auja al-Hafir">Auja al-Hafir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003213-92">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nur_Shams" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nur Shams">Battle of Nur Shams</a> on 21 June marked an escalation with the largest engagement of British troops against Arab militants so far in this Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-HeaviestFighting-93">[87]</a> During July, Arab volunteers from Syria and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawukji" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawzi al-Qawukji">Fawzi al-Qawukji</a>, helped the rebels to divide their formations into four fronts, each led by a District Commander who had armed platoons of 150–200 fighters, each commanded by a platoon leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayyālī1978197-94">[88]</a> A Statement of Policy issued by the Colonial Office in London on 7 September declared the situation a "direct challenge to the authority of the British Government in Palestine" and announced the appointment of Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">John Dill</a> as supreme military commander.<a href="#cite_note-peel100-86">[80]</a> By the end of September 20,000 British troops in Palestine were deployed to "round up Arab bands".<a href="#cite_note-peel100-86">[80]</a> In June 1936 the British involved their clients in Transjordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Egypt in an attempt to pacify the Palestinian Arabs and on 9 October the rulers made an appeal for the strike to be ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008279-95">[89]</a> A more pressing concern may have been the approaching citrus harvest and the attractive, soaring prices on the international markets caused by the disruption to the Spanish citrus harvest due to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008278-96">[90]</a> On 22 August 1936, Anglo-Jewish Arabist scholar <a href="/wiki/Levi_Billig" title="Levi Billig">Levi Billig</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> was murdered in his home outside Jerusalem by an Arab assassin, one of three Jews killed by Arabs on 22 August, and one of 73 Jews killed since the beginning of the Arab armed insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-Black-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-JTAkilled-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peel_commission;_break_in_hostilities_(October_1936_–_September_1937)">Peel commission; break in hostilities (October 1936 – September 1937)</h3></div> The strike was called off on 11 October 1936<a href="#cite_note-peel100-86">[80]</a> and the violence abated for about a year while the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> deliberated. The Royal Commission was announced on 18 May 1936 and its members were appointed on 29 July, but the Commission did not arrive in Palestine until 11 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003210,_218-99">[93]</a> In the early 1920s the first High Commissioner of Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a>, had failed to create a unified political structure embracing both Palestinian Arabs and Palestinian Jews in constitutional government with joint political institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a> This failure facilitated internal institutional partition in which the Jewish Agency exercised a degree of autonomous control over the Jewish settlement and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a> performed a comparable role for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a> Thus, well before Lord Peel arrived in Palestine on 11 November 1936, the groundwork for territorial partition as proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> in its report on 7 July 1937 had already been done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_297_Kibutz_Gan-Shmuel_sk1-_38_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_1936-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Fields on fire at the <a href="/wiki/Gan_Shmuel" title="Gan Shmuel">Gan-Shmuel</a> Kibbutz. Picture taken between 1936 and 1939.</figcaption></figure> The commission, which concluded that 1,000 Arab rebels had been killed during the six month strike, later described the disturbances as "an open rebellion of the Palestinian Arabs, assisted by fellow-Arabs from other countries, against Mandatory rule" and noted two unprecedented features of the revolt: the support of all senior Arab officials in the political and technical departments in the Palestine administration (including all of the Arab judges) and the "interest and sympathy of the neighbouring Arab peoples", which had resulted in support for the rebellion in the form of volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg/220px-Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg/330px-Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg/440px-Lord_Peel_arrives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">Lord Peel</a> arrives in Mandatory Palestine on 11 November 1936. Privately, Peel believed that most Jews would remain in the Diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999401-102">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Peel's main recommendation was for partition of Palestine into a small Jewish state (based on current Jewish land ownership population and incorporating the country's most productive agricultural land), a residual Mandatory area, and a larger Arab state linked to <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a> A second and more radical proposal was for <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">transfer of 225,000 Palestinian Arabs</a> from the proposed Jewish state to a future Arab state and Transjordan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a> It is likely that Zionist leaders played a role in persuading Peel to accept the notion of transfer, which had been a strand of Zionist ideology from its inception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999138–144-103">[97]</a> The Arab Higher Committee rejected the recommendations immediately, as did the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionists</a>. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">religious Zionists</a>, some of the <a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General Zionists</a>, and sections of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labour Zionist</a> movement also opposed the recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a> Ben-Gurion was delighted by the Peel Commission's support for transfer, which he viewed as the foundation of "national consolidation in a free homeland."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999138–144-103">[97]</a> Subsequently, the two main Jewish leaders, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben Gurion</a> had convinced the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">Zionist Congress</a> to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2006391-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[g]</a> and to negotiate a modified Peel proposal with the British.<a href="#cite_note-108">[h]</a> The British government initially accepted the Peel report in principle. However, with war clouds looming over Europe, they realized that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain.<a href="#cite_note-110">[i]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Commission" title="Woodhead Commission">Woodhead Commission</a> considered three different plans, one of which was based on the Peel plan. Reporting in 1938, the Commission rejected the Peel plan primarily on the grounds that it could not be implemented without a massive forced transfer of Arabs (an option that the British government had already ruled out).<a href="#cite_note-WCR-111">[102]</a> With dissent from some of its members, the Commission instead recommended a plan that would leave the Galilee under British mandate, but emphasised serious problems with it that included a lack of financial self-sufficiency of the proposed Arab State.<a href="#cite_note-WCR-111">[102]</a> The British Government accompanied the publication of the Woodhead Report by a statement of policy rejecting partition as impracticable due to "political, administrative and financial difficulties".<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resumed_revolt_(September_1937_–_August_1939)">Resumed revolt (September 1937 – August 1939)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">1938 Tiberias massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_%28cropped%29.png/220px-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_%28cropped%29.png/330px-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_%28cropped%29.png/440px-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_1938_-_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-PHL-1088118_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>British tanks pass through the streets of Haifa, 1938.</figcaption></figure> With the failure of the Peel Commission's proposals the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937 marked by the assassination on 26 September of Acting District Commissioner of the Galilee <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Yelland_Andrews" title="Lewis Yelland Andrews">Lewis Andrews</a> by Quassemite gunmen in Nazareth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009125-113">[104]</a> Andrews was widely hated by Palestinians for supporting Jewish settlement in the Galilee, and he openly advised Jews to create their own defense force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20194-114">[105]</a> On 30 September, regulations were issued allowing the Government to detain political deportees in any part of the British Empire, and authorising the High Commissioner to outlaw associations whose objectives he regarded as contrary to public policy. <a href="/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj Amin al-Husseini">Haj Amin al-Husseini</a> was removed from the leadership of the Supreme Moslem Council and the General Waqf Committee, the local National Committees and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> were disbanded; five Arab leaders were arrested and deported to the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>; and in fear of arrest Jamal el-Husseini fled to Syria and Haj Amin el-Husseini to Lebanon;<a href="#cite_note-avalon-115">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003222-116">[107]</a> all frontiers with Palestine were closed, telephone connections to neighbouring countries were withdrawn, press censorship was introduced and a special <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> was opened near Acre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003222-116">[107]</a> In November 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> formally rejected the policy of <a href="/wiki/Havlagah" title="Havlagah">Havlagah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sunday,_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sunday, 1937">embarked on a series of indiscriminate attacks</a> against Arab civilians as a form of what the group called "active defense" against Arab attacks on Jewish civilians. The British authorities set up military courts, which were established for the trial of offenses connected with the carrying and discharge of firearms, sabotage and intimidation. Despite this, however, the Arab campaign of murder and sabotage continued and Arab gangs in the hills took on the appearance of organised guerrilla fighters.<a href="#cite_note-avalon-115">[106]</a> Violence continued throughout 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> In July 1938, when the Palestine Government seemed to have largely lost control of the situation, the garrison was strengthened from Egypt, and in September it was further reinforced from England. The police were placed under the operational control of the army commander, and military officials superseded the civil authorities in the enforcement of order. In October the Old City of Jerusalem, which had become a rebel stronghold, was reoccupied by the troops. By the end of the year a semblance of order had been restored in the towns, but terrorism continued in rural areas until the outbreak of the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-avalon-115">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_and_casualties_in_numbers">Attacks and casualties in numbers</h4></div> In the final fifteen months of the revolt alone there were 936 murders and 351 attempted murders; 2,125 incidents of sniping; 472 bombs thrown and detonated; 364 cases of armed robbery; 1,453 cases of sabotage against government and commercial property; 323 people abducted; 72 cases of intimidation; 236 Jews killed by Arabs and 435 Arabs killed by Jews; 1,200 rebels killed by the police and military and 535 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003239-117">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irgun_anti-British_attacks">Irgun anti-British attacks</h4></div> Despite cooperation of the Yishuv with the British to quell the revolt, some incidents towards the end of the conflict indicated a coming change in relations. On 12 June 1939, A British explosives expert was killed trying to defuse an Irgun bomb near a <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> post office. On 26 August, two British police officers, Inspector Ronald Barker and Inspector <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cairns" title="Ralph Cairns">Ralph Cairns</a>, commander of the Jewish Department of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">C.I.D.</a>, were killed by an Irgun mine in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Yehuda1993-118">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Mandate_Government_and_the_British_Army">Role of the Mandate Government and the British Army</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-Bassa_massacre" title="Al-Bassa massacre">Al-Bassa massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Search_for_arms_en_masse_outside_Damascus_Gate,_Sept._9,_%2738._Citizens_covered_with_machine-gun_while_being_searched._Large_group_in_foreground_being_under_temporary_arrest_LOC_matpc.18698_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Search_for_arms_en_masse_outside_Damascus_Gate%2C_Sept._9%2C_%2738._Citizens_covered_with_machine-gun_while_being_searched._Large_group_in_foreground_being_under_temporary_arrest_LOC_matpc.18698_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Search_for_arms_en_masse_outside_Damascus_Gate%2C_Sept._9%2C_%2738._Citizens_covered_with_machine-gun_while_being_searched._Large_group_in_foreground_being_under_temporary_arrest_LOC_matpc.18698_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Search_for_arms_en_masse_outside_Damascus_Gate%2C_Sept._9%2C_%2738._Citizens_covered_with_machine-gun_while_being_searched._Large_group_in_foreground_being_under_temporary_arrest_LOC_matpc.18698_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3987" data-file-height="2291" /></a><figcaption>Palestinians detained by British authorities, 1938.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City%2C_1936.jpg/220px-Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City%2C_1936.jpg/330px-Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City%2C_1936.jpg/440px-Jews_evacuate_the_Old_City%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Jews evacuate the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> after Arab riots in 1936.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg/220px-Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg/330px-Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg/440px-Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a> "cleansing" Jerusalem of Arabs participating in the revolt, 1938</figcaption></figure> Military law allowed swift prison sentences to be passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999417-120">[111]</a> Thousands of Arabs were held in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">administrative detention</a>, without trial, and without proper <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, in overcrowded prison camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999417-120">[111]</a> The British had already formalised the principle of collective punishment in Palestine in the 1924–1925 Collective Responsibility and Punishment Ordinances and updated these ordinances in 1936 with the Collective Fines Ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> These collective fines (amounting to £1,000,000 over the revolt<a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a>) eventually became a heavy burden for poor Palestinian villagers, especially when the army also confiscated livestock, destroyed properties, imposed long curfews and established police posts, demolished houses and detained some or all of the Arab men in distant detention camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Full <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> was not introduced but in a series of <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Orders in Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_(Emergency)_Regulations" title="Defence (Emergency) Regulations">Emergency Regulations</a>, 1936–37 'statutory' martial law, a stage between semi-military rule under civil powers and full martial law under military powers, and one in which the army and not the civil High Commissioner was pre-eminent was put in place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> Following the Arab capture of the Old City of Jerusalem in October 1938, the army effectively took over Jerusalem and then all of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> The main form of collective punishment employed by the British forces was destruction of property. Sometimes entire villages were reduced to rubble, as happened to <a href="/wiki/Mi%27ar" title="Mi'ar">Mi'ar</a> in October 1938; more often several prominent houses were blown up and others were trashed inside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999423-91">[85]</a> The biggest single act of destruction occurred in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> on 16 June 1936, when large <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> charges were used to cut long pathways through the old city, destroying 220–240 buildings and rendering up to 6,000 Arabs homeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Scathing criticism for this action from Palestine <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonnell" title="Michael McDonnell">Michael McDonnell</a> was not well received by the administration and the judge was soon removed from the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999399-123">[114]</a> Villages were also frequently punished by fines and confiscation of livestock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> The British even used sea mines from the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Malaya" title="HMS Malaya">HMS Malaya</a> to destroy houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> In addition to actions against property, a large amount of brutality by the British forces occurred, including beatings, torture and extrajudicial killings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> A surprisingly large number of prisoners were "shot while trying to escape".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Several incidents involved serious atrocities, such as massacres at <a href="/wiki/Al-Bassa" title="Al-Bassa">al-Bassa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Desmond Woods, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles" title="Royal Ulster Rifles">Royal Ulster Rifles</a>, described the <a href="/wiki/Al-Bassa_massacre" title="Al-Bassa massacre">massacre at al-Bassa</a>: <blockquote> Now I will never forget this incident ... We were at al-Malikiyya, the other frontier base and word came through about 6 o'clock in the morning that one of our patrols had been blown up and Millie Law [the dead officer] had been killed. Now Gerald Whitfeld [Lieutenant-Colonel G.H.P. Whitfeld, the battalion commander] had told these mukhtars that if any of this sort of thing happened he would take punitive measures against the nearest village to the scene of the mine. Well the nearest village to the scene of the mine was a place called al-Bassa and our Company C were ordered to take part in punitive measures. And I will never forget arriving at al-Bassa and seeing the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce armoured cars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</a> peppering Bassa with machine gun fire and this went on for about 20 minutes and then we went in and I remembered we had lighted braziers and we set the houses on fire and we burnt the village to the ground ... Monty had him [the battalion commander] up and he asked him all about it and Gerald Whitfeld explained to him. He said "Sir, I have warned the <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar" title="Mukhtar">mukhtars</a> in these villages that if this happened to any of my officers or men, I would take punitive measures against them and I did this and I would've lost control of the frontier if I hadn't." <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Monty</a> said "All right but just go a wee bit easier in the future."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> </blockquote> As well as destroying the village the RUR and men from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> collected around fifty men from al-Bassa and blew some of them up with explosion under a bus. Harry Arrigonie, a policeman who was present said that about twenty men were put onto a bus; those who tried to escape were shot and then the driver of the bus was forced to drive over a powerful land mine buried by the soldiers which completely destroyed the bus, scattering the mutilated bodies of the prisoners everywhere. The other villagers were then forced to bury the bodies in a pit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Despite these measures Lieutenant-General Haining, the General Officer Commanding, reported secretly to the Cabinet on 1 December 1938 that "practically every village in the country harbours and supports the rebels and will assist in concealing their identity from the Government Forces."<a href="#cite_note-haining-124">[115]</a> Haining reported the method for searching villages: <blockquote> A cordon round the area to be searched is first established either by troops or aircraft and the inhabitants are warned that anybody trying to break through the cordon is likely to be shot. As literally hundreds of villages have been searched, in some cases more than once, during the past six months this procedure is well-known and it can be safely assumed that cordon-breakers have good reasons for wishing to avoid the troops. A number of such cordon-breakers have been shot during searches and it is probable that such cases form the basis of the propaganda that Arab prisoners are shot in cold blood and reported as "killed while trying to escape". After the cordon is established the troops enter the village and all male inhabitants are collected for identification and interrogation.<a href="#cite_note-haining-124">[115]</a> </blockquote> The report was issued in response to growing concern at the severity of the military measures amongst the general public in Great Britain, among members of the British Government, and among governments in countries neighbouring Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-haining-124">[115]</a> In addition to actions against villages the British Army also conducted punitive actions in the cities. In <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> in August 1938 almost 5,000 men were held in a cage for two days and interrogated one after another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999424-125">[116]</a> During their detention the city was searched and then each of the detainees was marked with a rubber stamp on his release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999424-125">[116]</a> At one point a night curfew was imposed on most of the cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999424-125">[116]</a> It was common British army practice to use local Arabs as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a> by forcing them to ride with military convoys to prevent mine attacks and sniping incidents: soldiers would tie the hostages to the bonnets of lorries, or put them on small flatbeds on the front of trains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> The army told the hostages that any of them who tried to run away would be shot. On the lorries, some soldiers would brake hard at the end of a journey and then casually drive over the hostage, killing or maiming him, as Arthur Lane, a <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Regiment" title="Manchester Regiment">Manchester Regiment</a> private recalled: <blockquote>  ... when you'd finished your duty you would come away nothing had happened no bombs or anything and the driver would switch his wheel back and to make the truck waver and the poor wog on the front would roll off into the deck. Well if he was lucky he'd get away with a broken leg but if he was unlucky the truck behind coming up behind would hit him. But nobody bothered to pick up the bits they were left. You know we were there we were the masters we were the bosses and whatever we did was right ... Well you know you don't want him any more. He's fulfilled his job. And that's when Bill Usher [the commanding officer] said that it had to stop because before long they'd be running out of bloody rebels to sit on the bonnet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> </blockquote> British troops also left Arab wounded on the battlefield to die and maltreated Arab fighters taken in battle, so much so that the rebels tried to remove their wounded or dead from the field of battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Sometimes, soldiers would occupy villages, expel all of the inhabitants and remain for months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999425-126">[117]</a> The Army even burned the bodies of "terrorists" to prevent their funerals becoming the focus of protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999425-126">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tegart_forts">Tegart forts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latrun-Police-Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Latrun-Police-Building.jpg/220px-Latrun-Police-Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Latrun-Police-Building.jpg/330px-Latrun-Police-Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Latrun-Police-Building.jpg/440px-Latrun-Police-Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>A surviving police <a href="/wiki/Tegart_fort" title="Tegart fort">Tegart fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> devised by Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a>, who also introduced border fences and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Investigation_Centres" title="Arab Investigation Centres">Arab Investigation Centres</a>. </figcaption></figure> Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a> was a senior police officer brought into Palestine from the colonial force of <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> on 21 October 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003235–236-127">[118]</a> Tegart and his deputy <a href="/wiki/David_Petrie" title="David Petrie">David Petrie</a> (later head of <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>) advised a greater emphasis on foreign intelligence gathering and closure of Palestine's borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008254-128">[119]</a> Like many of those enrolled in the Palestinian gendarmerie, Tegart had served in Great Britain's repression of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, and the security proposals he introduced exceeded measures adopted down to this time elsewhere in the British Empire. 70 fortresses were erected throughout the country at strategic choke points and near Palestinian villages which, if assessed as "bad", were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman201573-130">[121]</a> Accordingly, from 1938 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Mackereth" title="Gilbert Mackereth">Gilbert Mackereth</a>, the British Consul in Damascus, corresponded with Syrian and Transjordan authorities regarding border control and security to counteract arms smuggling and "terrorist" infiltration and produced a report for Tegart on the activities of the Palestine Defence Committee in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> Tegart recommended the construction of a frontier road with a barbed wire fence, which became known as Tegart's wall, along the borders with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to help prevent the flow of insurgents, goods and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003235–236-127">[118]</a> Tegart encouraged close co-operation with the Jewish Agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999428-132">[123]</a> It was built by the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> construction company <a href="/wiki/Solel_Boneh" title="Solel Boneh">Solel Boneh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999428-132">[123]</a> The total cost was £2 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999428-132">[123]</a> The Army forced the fellahin to work on the roads without pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999150-133">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg/220px-Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg/330px-Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg/440px-Almog_IL15_Pillboxgoren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Pillbox built along the route of <a href="/wiki/Tegart%27s_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegart's wall">Tegart's wall</a>, still standing today near <a href="/wiki/Goren" title="Goren">Goren</a> industrial zone, northern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> Tegart introduced <a href="/wiki/Arab_Investigation_Centres" title="Arab Investigation Centres">Arab Investigation Centres</a> where prisoners were subjected to beatings, <a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">foot whipping</a>, electric shocks, <a href="/wiki/Denailing" title="Denailing">denailing</a> and what is now known as "<a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> Tegart also imported <a href="/wiki/Doberman_Pinscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Doberman Pinscher">Doberman Pinschers</a> from South Africa and set up a special centre in Jerusalem to train interrogators in torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999416-134">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Royal_Air_Force">Role of the Royal Air Force</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> into its then most refined form during the Arab Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi199074–76-135">[126]</a> Air patrols had been found effective in keeping convoys and trains free from attack, but this did not help to expose insurgents to battle conditions likely to cause their defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi199074–76-135">[126]</a> From the middle of June 1936 wireless vehicles accompanied all convoys and patrols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi199074–76-135">[126]</a> During rebel attacks these vehicles could issue emergency "XX calls" (XX with a coded location), which were given priority over all other radio traffic, to summon aerial reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi199074–76-135">[126]</a> Bombers, which were usually airborne within five minutes, could then either attack insurgents directly or "fix" their position for infantry troops. Forty-seven such XX calls were issued during the revolt, causing heavy losses to the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi199074–76-135">[126]</a> In the June 1936 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nur_Shams" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nur Shams">Battle of Nur Shams</a> British planes attacked Arab irregulars with machine gun fire. This use of air power was so successful that the British were able to reduce the regular garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi199074–76-135">[126]</a> In 1936 an Air Staff Officer in <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a> based in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur Harris</a>, known as an advocate of "air policing",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotter200851-136">[127]</a> commented on the revolt saying that "one 250 lb. or 500 lb. bomb in each village that speaks out of turn" would satisfactorily solve the problem.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> In 1937 Harris was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> and in 1938 he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Trans-Jordan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">Air Officer Commanding</a> the RAF contingent in the region until September 1939. "Limited" bombing attacks on Arab villages were carried out by the RAF,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi1990158-138">[129]</a> although at times this involved razing whole villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200511-139">[130]</a> Harris described the system by which recalcitrant villages were kept under control by <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">aerial bombardment</a> as "Air-Pin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199830-140">[131]</a> Aircraft of the RAF were also used to drop propaganda leaflets over Palestinian towns and villages telling the fellahin that they were the main sufferers of the rebellion and threatening an increase in taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999150-133">[124]</a> Low flying RAF squadrons were able to produce detailed intelligence on the location of <a href="/wiki/Roadblock_(barrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadblock (barrier)">road blocks</a>, sabotaged bridges, railways and pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008246-141">[132]</a> RAF aerial photographs were also used to build up a detailed map of Arab population distribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008246-141">[132]</a> Although the British Army was responsible for setting up the Arab counter-insurgent forces (known as the peace bands) and supplying them with arms and money these were operated by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a>, commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Domville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Domville (page does not exist)">Patrick Domville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackMorris199116-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarouvi199933-143">[134]</a> At the beginning of the revolt RAF assets in the region comprised a bomber flight at RAF Ramleh, an <a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">RAF armoured car flight</a> at Ramleh, fourteen bomber squadrons at RAF Amman, and a RAF armoured car company at <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillman199822-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Royal_Navy">Role of the Royal Navy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Malaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HMS_Malaya.jpg/220px-HMS_Malaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HMS_Malaya.jpg/330px-HMS_Malaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HMS_Malaya.jpg/440px-HMS_Malaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> used naval mines from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Malaya" title="HMS Malaya">HMS Malaya</a> to destroy Palestinian houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the Revolt crew from the Haifa Naval Force's two <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> were used to carry out tasks ashore, manning two <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> and naval lorries equipped with <a href="/wiki/QF_2_pounder_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 2 pounder naval gun">QF 2 pounder naval guns</a> and searchlights used to disperse Arab snipers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> From the end of June two <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> were used to patrol the coast of Palestine in a bid to prevent <a href="/wiki/Gun_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun running">gun running</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> These searched as many as 150 vessels per week and were an effective preventive measure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> At the request of the Army additional naval platoons landed in July to help protect Haifa and Jewish settlements in the surrounding countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> The Navy also relieved the Army of duties in Haifa by using nine naval platoons to form the Haifa Town Force and in August three naval platoons were landed to support the police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Following publication of the Peel Commission's report in July 1937 <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS Repulse</a> sailed to Haifa where landing parties were put ashore to maintain calm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Various other naval vessels continued with this role until the end of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Following the Irgun's detonation of a large bomb in a market in Haifa on 6 July 1938 the High Commissioner signalled the Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a>, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pound" title="Dudley Pound">Dudley Pound</a>, requesting the assistance of naval vessels capable of providing landing parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Pound dispatched HMS Repulse and diverted <a href="/wiki/HMS_Emerald_(D66)" title="HMS Emerald (D66)">HMS Emerald</a> to Haifa, which arrived the same day and landed five platoons, one to each police district.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> HMS Repulse relieved HMS Emerald the following day and after another bomb was detonated on 10 July five platoons from the ship, made up of sailors and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>, dispersed mobs and patrolled the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> On 11 July provision of three platoons from Repulse released men of the <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment">West Kent Regiment</a> for a punitive mission against Arabs who had attacked a Jewish colony near Haifa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> By 17 July the Repulse established a Company Headquarters where seamen and Royal Marines manned a 3.7-inch howitzer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Sailors, Royal Marines, and men of the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">Suffolk Regiment</a>, who had embarked on the Repulse, accompanied foot patrols of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> The Repulse, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hood" title="HMS Hood">HMS Hood</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS Warspite</a> provided howitzer crews which were sent ashore to combat gun running near the border with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Detained Arabs were used to build <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">emplacements</a> and the howitzers were moved quickly between these positions by day and night to confuse bandits as to the likely direction of fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> Periodically, the guns were used to fire warning rounds close to the vicinity of villages believed to have rebel sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20027–10-144">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategic_importance_of_Haifa">Strategic importance of Haifa</h4></div> Britain had completed the modern deep-sea port in Haifa in 1933 and finished laying a pipeline from the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield">oilfields</a> to Haifa in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008293-145">[136]</a> shortly before the outbreak of the revolt. A refinery for processing oil from the pipeline was completed by <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Refineries_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Refineries Ltd">Consolidated Refineries Ltd</a>, a company jointly owned by <a href="/wiki/British_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="British Petroleum">British Petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, in December 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrierBamberg1994165-146">[137]</a> These facilities enhanced the strategic importance of Palestine and of Haifa in particular in Britain's control of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008293-145">[136]</a> The threat to British control of the region posed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Italian invasion of Abyssinia</a> in October 1935 and the deteriorating situation in Europe toward the end of the 1930s probably made British policy makers more willing to make concessions to Arab governments on the Palestine issue following the furore over the recommendations of the Peel Commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008293-145">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_British_intelligence_services">Role of the British intelligence services</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuven_Shiloah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reuven_Shiloah.jpg/220px-Reuven_Shiloah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reuven_Shiloah.jpg/330px-Reuven_Shiloah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reuven_Shiloah.jpg/440px-Reuven_Shiloah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Shiloah" title="Reuven Shiloah">Reuven Zaslany</a> (Shiloah), later first director of <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>, worked closely with British intelligence during the Arab Revolt. </figcaption></figure> The Arab Revolt was the last major test of Britain's security services in the Middle East before World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> The development and deployment of intelligence-led counterinsurgency strategies was integral to the restoration of British <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">imperial</a> control in Palestine as the revolt had demonstrated to the British authorities how a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">popular rebellion</a> could undermine intelligence gathering operations and thereby impair their ability to predict and respond to inter-communal disorder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> The rebellion had brought together urban nationalism and peasant economic grievances arising from rural poverty and landlessness, which was blamed on British misrule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> Accordingly, the Palestinian revolt targeted the political and economic apparatus of the British <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonial state</a>, including the communications network, pipelines, police stations, army outposts and British personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> It was this aspect of the revolt, rather than attacks on Jews or violence between rivals for leadership of the national movement, that most concerned the high commissioner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> The mandate authorities were further disturbed by the unity of purpose displayed during the six-month <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_general_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian general strike">general strike</a> and by the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> nationalism as evidenced by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party (Palestine)">Istiqlal Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> In response to these challenges the British army command ("I" Branch) and battalion headquarters across Palestine issued a daily intelligence bulletin every afternoon detailing political developments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> Special Service Officers (SSOs) assigned to intelligence gathering reported directly to their local command headquarters and their cars were equipped with wireless transmitters so that high grade intelligence could be reported directly to "I" Branch immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> These sources of intelligence gradually became more important than those of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">C.I.D.</a> in Palestine, which had been dependent on Arab informers, and which were no longer reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008244–246-147">[138]</a> In September 1937, the Jewish Agency appointed <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Shiloah" title="Reuven Shiloah">Reuven Zaslany</a> liaison officer for intelligence and security affairs between the Political Department of the Jewish Agency and the intelligence arms of the Royal Air Force and the C.I.D.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarouvi199932–34-148">[139]</a> Zaslany sifted through intelligence collected by Jewish-controlled field operatives and forwarded it to the British military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarouvi199932–34-148">[139]</a> He was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of British intelligence and the army, the police and C.I.D. and he also travelled to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to liaise with the Arab opposition's peace bands and with the <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">British Consul</a> in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarouvi199932–34-148">[139]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kisch" title="Frederick Kisch">Frederick Kisch</a>, a British army officer and Zionist leader, was appointed chief liaison officer between the British army and the Jewish Agency Executive with Zaslany as his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarouvi199932–34-148">[139]</a> Zaslany also worked as interpreter for Patrick Domville, head of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a> in Palestine (who was described by Haganah leader Dov Hos as the "best Zionist informer on the English"), until the latter was posted to Iraq in 1938, and through him became acquainted with many of the British intelligence officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriling2005279-149">[140]</a> In 1937 the Jewish Agency's intelligence groups were responsible for bugging the Peel Commission hearings in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelman2008154-150">[141]</a> Eventually, the Arab Revolt convinced the Agency that a central intelligence service was required and this led to the formation of a counter-intelligence agency known as the <a href="/wiki/Ran_(Haganah_unit)" title="Ran (Haganah unit)">Ran</a> (headed by <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Arazi" title="Yehuda Arazi">Yehuda Arazi</a>, who also helped to smuggle rifles, machine guns and ammunition from Poland to Palestine) and thereafter in 1940 to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Shai_(Haganah_unit)" title="Shai (Haganah unit)">SHAI</a>, the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriling200528-151">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaffin197980-152">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Jewish_co-operation">British and Jewish co-operation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Notrim" title="Notrim">Notrim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_6918_Wingates_Special_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Men of Captain <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a>, possibly in <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Tavor" title="Kfar Tavor">Kfar Tavor</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> for "defence"), a Jewish paramilitary organisation, actively supported British efforts to suppress the uprising, which reached 10,000 Arab fighters at their peak during the summer and fall of 1938. Although the British administration did not officially recognise the Haganah, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police" title="Jewish Settlement Police">Jewish Settlement Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police" title="Jewish Supernumerary Police">Jewish Supernumerary Police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a>. The Special Night Squads engaged in activities described by colonial administrator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackintosh_Foot,_Baron_Caradon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon">Sir Hugh Foot</a>, as 'extreme and cruel' involving torture, whipping, abuse and execution of Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> The British authorities maintained, financed and armed the Jewish police from this point onward until the end of the Mandate,<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> and by the end of September 1939 around 20,000 Jewish policeman, supernumeraries and settlement guards had been authorised to carry arms by the government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003220-3">[3]</a> which also distributed weapons to outlying Jewish settlements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999132-154">[145]</a>and allowed the Haganah to acquire arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2000255-155">[146]</a> Independently of the British, <a href="/wiki/Ta%27as" title="Ta'as">Ta'as</a>, the Haganah's clandestine munitions industry, developed an 81-mm mortar and manufactured mines and grenades, 17,500 of the latter being produced for use during the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacharov200423-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelman2008156-157">[148]</a> In June 1937, the British imposed the death penalty for unauthorised possession of weapons, ammunition, and explosives, but since many Jews had permission to carry weapons and store ammunition for defence this order was directed primarily against Palestinian Arabs and most of the 108 executed in <a href="/wiki/Acre_Prison" title="Acre Prison">Acre Prison</a> were hanged for illegal possession of arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008292-158">[149]</a> In principle all of the joint units functioned as part of the British administration, but in practice they were under the command of the Jewish Agency and "intended to form the backbone of a Jewish military force set up under British sponsorship in preparation for the inevitable clash with the Arabs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999427-159">[150]</a> The Agency and the Mandate authorities shared the costs of the new units equally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999428-132">[123]</a> The administration also provided security services to Jewish commercial concerns at cost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999428-132">[123]</a> Jewish and British officials worked together to co-ordinate manhunts and collective actions against villages and also discussed the imposition of penalties and sentences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999427-159">[150]</a> Overall, the Jewish Agency was successful in making "the point that the Zionist movement and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> were standing shoulder to shoulder against a common enemy, in a war in which they had common goals."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999426-160">[151]</a> The rebellion also inspired the Jewish Agency to expand the intelligence-gathering of its Political Department and especially of its Arab Division, with the focus changing from political to military intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999149-161">[152]</a> The Arab Division set up a network of Jewish controllers and Arab agents around the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999149-161">[152]</a> Some of the intelligence gathered was shared with the British administration, the exchange of information sometimes being conducted by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharett" title="Moshe Sharett">Moshe Shertok</a>, then head of the Jewish Agency, directly with the high commissioner himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999427-159">[150]</a> Shertok also advised the administration on political affairs, on one occasion convincing the high commissioner not to arrest Professor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Klausner" title="Joseph Klausner">Joseph Klausner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalist</a> activist who had played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Wailing_Wall_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Wailing Wall Committee">riots of 1929</a>, because of the likely negative consequences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999427-159">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forces_of_the_Jewish_settlement">Forces of the Jewish settlement</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote style="background:white; border:0 solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding:1em;"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Table 1: Security forces and infrastructure created during the Arab revolt </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Joint British-Yishuv</th> <th>Independent Yishuv</th> <th>Other Yishuv defence infrastructure   </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police" title="Jewish Supernumerary Police">Jewish Supernumerary Police</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_units_(Haganah_unit)" title="Mobile units (Haganah unit)">Mobile units</a> (mobile arm of the Haganah)  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%27as" title="Ta'as">Ta'as</a> † (weapons manufacture)  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police" title="Jewish Settlement Police">Jewish Settlement Police</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosh_(Haganah_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosh (Haganah unit)">Fosh</a> (field companies)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rekhesh" title="Rekhesh">Rekhesh</a> † (arms procurement)  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Guards" title="Mobile Guards">Mobile Guards</a> (mobile arm of the Settlement Police)  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hish_(Haganah_corps)" title="Hish (Haganah corps)">Hish</a> (field corps)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ran_(Haganah_unit)" title="Ran (Haganah unit)">Ran</a> (counter intelligence)  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peulot_Meyuhadot" title="Peulot Meyuhadot">Special Operations Squads</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Community_ransom" title="Community ransom">Community ransom</a> (defence tax)  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tegart_fort" title="Tegart fort">Tegart forts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tegart%27s_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegart's wall">Tegart's wall</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guard_Corps_(Haganah)" title="Guard Corps (Haganah)">Guards</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower and stockade">Tower and stockade</a> settlement </td></tr></tbody></table> </blockquote> † Ta'as and Rekhesh were developed and expanded during the Arab Revolt but already existed before 1936 and the Haganah had been in operation from the earliest days of the Mandate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haganah_intelligence_services">Haganah intelligence services</h4></div> There was no single body within the Jewish settlement capable of co-ordinating intelligence gathering before 1939.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-162">[153]</a> Until then there were four separate organisations without any regular or formal liaison.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-162">[153]</a> These were an underground militia, forerunner of the first official information service, Sherut Yediot (<a href="/wiki/Shai_(Haganah_unit)" title="Shai (Haganah unit)">Shai</a>); the Arab Platoon of the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>, which was staffed by Jews who were Arab-speaking and Arab-looking; Rekhesh, the arms procurement service, which had its own intelligence gathering capabilities, and likewise the <a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a>, the illegal immigration service.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-162">[153]</a> In mid-1939 the effort to co-ordinate the activities of these groups was led by <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Avigur" title="Shaul Avigur">Shaul Avigur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharett" title="Moshe Sharett">Moshe Shertok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-162">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Revisionist_Zionists">Role of the Revisionist Zionists</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irgun_attacks" title="List of Irgun attacks">List of Irgun attacks</a></div> In 1931, a <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a> underground splinter group broke off from Haganah, calling itself the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> organisation (or Etzel).<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> The organisation took its orders from Revisionist leader <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> who was at odds with the dominant <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Labour Zionist</a> movement led by David Ben-Gurion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008242-164">[155]</a> The rift between the two Zionist movements further deteriorated in 1933 when two Revisionists were blamed for the murder of <a href="/wiki/Haim_Arlosoroff" title="Haim Arlosoroff">Haim Arlosoroff</a>, who had negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a> between the Jewish Agency and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008242-164">[155]</a> The agreement brought 52,000 German Jews to Palestine between 1933 and 1939, and generated $30,000,000 for the then almost bankrupt Jewish Agency, but in addition to the difficulties with the Revisionists, who advocated a boycott of Germany, it caused the Yishuv to be isolated from the rest of world Jewry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajohr2002122-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev199122,_29-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia200899-167">[158]</a> Ultimately, however, the events of the Arab Revolt blurred the differences between the gradualist approach of Ben-Gurion and the Maximalist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Wall_(essay)" title="Iron Wall (essay)">Iron Wall</a> approach of Jabotinsky and turned militarist patriotism into a bipartisan philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200514-168">[159]</a> Indeed, Ben-Gurion's own <a href="/wiki/Peulot_Meyuhadot" title="Peulot Meyuhadot">Special Operations Squads</a> conducted a punitive operation in the Arab village of <a href="/wiki/Lubya" title="Lubya">Lubya</a> firing weapons into a room through a window killing two men and one woman and injuring three people, including two children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999386–387-169">[160]</a> From October 1937 the Irgun instituted a wave of bombings against Arab crowds and buses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999147-170">[161]</a> For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999147-170">[161]</a> These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999147-170">[161]</a> The first attack was on 11 November 1937, killing two Arabs at the bus depot near <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Street</a> in Jerusalem and then on 14 November, a day later commemorated as the "Day of the Breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Havlagah" title="Havlagah">Havlagah</a> (restraint)," Arabs were killed in simultaneous attacks around Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999147-170">[161]</a> More deadly attacks followed: on 6 July 1938 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999147-170">[161]</a> The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999147-170">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_"peace_bands"">Role of the "peace bands"</h3></div> The "peace bands" (fasa'il al-salam) or "<a href="/wiki/Nashashibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashashibi">Nashashibi</a> units" were made up of disaffected Arab peasants recruited by the British administration and the Nashashibis in late 1938 to battle against Arab rebels during the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008291-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettlemanSchaar2003181-171">[162]</a> Despite their peasant origins the bands were representative mainly of the interests of landlords and rural notables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettlemanSchaar2003181-171">[162]</a> Some peace bands also sprang up in the Nablus area, on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> (a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> who largely opposed the rebellion after 1937), and around <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> without connection to the Nashashibi-<a href="/wiki/Al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayni">Husayni</a> power struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999153-172">[163]</a> From December 1937 the main opposition figures among the Arabs approached the Jewish Agency for funding and assistance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999153–154-173">[164]</a> motivated by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership.<a href="#cite_note-175">[j]</a> In October 1937, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a>, the leader of the Arab Higher Committee, had fled from Palestine to escape British retribution, <a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Raghib al-Nashashibi</a> had written to Moshe Shertok stating his full willingness to co-operate with the Jewish Agency and to agree with whatever policy it proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009125-113">[104]</a> From early in 1938 the Nashashibis received funding specifically to conduct anti-rebel operations, with Raghib al-Nashashibi himself receiving £5,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999154-176">[166]</a> The British also supplied funding to the peace bands and sometimes directed their operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999154-176">[166]</a> Fakhri Nashashibi was particularly successful in recruiting peace bands in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hebron">Hebron hills</a>, on one occasion in December 1938 gathering 3,000 villagers for a rally in <a href="/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a>, also attended by the British military commander of the Jerusalem District General <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999154-176">[166]</a> Just two months earlier, on 15 October 1938, rebels had seized the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> and barricaded the gates.<a href="#cite_note-horne237-177">[167]</a> O'Connor had planned the operation by which men of the <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers" title="Royal Northumberland Fusiliers">Royal Northumberland Fusiliers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch" title="Black Watch">Black Watch</a> recaptured the Old City, killing 19 rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999154-176">[166]</a> Towards the end of the revolt in May 1939 the authorities dissolved the peace bands and confiscated their arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999154-176">[166]</a> However, because members of the bands had become tainted in the eyes of the Palestinian Arabs, and some were under sentence of death, they had little choice but to continue the battle against the national movement's leadership, which they did with the continuing help of the Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009198-178">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_rebel_leaders">Role of rebel leaders</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd_al-Rahim_Hajj_Muhammad_portrait,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Abd_al-Rahim_Hajj_Muhammad_portrait%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Abd_al-Rahim_Hajj_Muhammad_portrait%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Abd_al-Rahim_Hajj_Muhammad_portrait%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Hajj_Muhammad" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad">Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad</a> was designated the "General Commander of the Revolt" by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_National_Jihad_in_Palestine" title="Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine">Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farhan_Sa%27di_arrested_by_British.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Farhan_Sa%27di_arrested_by_British.jpg/220px-Farhan_Sa%27di_arrested_by_British.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Farhan_Sa%27di_arrested_by_British.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Farhan_al-Sa%27di" title="Farhan al-Sa'di">Farhan al-Sa'di</a> following his arrest by <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Police">British Mandatory police</a>, 1937. He was later executed. Al-Sa'di was a key actor in setting off the revolt with his April 1936 attack on a bus, which left two Jewish passengers dead.</figcaption></figure> At least 282 rebel leaders took part in the Arab Revolt, including four Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009167-179">[169]</a> Rebel forces consisted of loosely organized bands known as fasa'il <a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> (sing: fasil).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003125-181">[171]</a> The leader of a fasil was known as a qa'id al-fasil (pl. quwwa'id al-fasa'il), which means "band commander".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003139-182">[172]</a> The Jewish press often referred to them as "brigands", while the British authorities and media called them "bandits", "terrorists", "rebels" or "insurgents", but never "nationalists".<a href="#cite_note-horne228-183">[173]</a> Ursabat (meaning "gangs") was another Arabic term used for the rebels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglim20059-184">[174]</a> and it spawned the British soldiers' nickname for all rebels, which was Oozlebart.<a href="#cite_note-horne228-183">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglim20059-184">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> According to historian Simon Anglim, the rebel groups were divided into general categories: mujahadeen and fedayeen. The former were guerrillas who engaged in armed confrontations, while the latter committed acts of sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglim20059-184">[174]</a> According to later accounts of some surviving rebel leaders from the Galilee, the mujahideen maintained little coordination with the nominal hierarchy of the revolt. Most ambushes were the result of a local initiative undertaken by a qa'id or a group of quwwa'id from the same area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003125-181">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galilee">Galilee</h4></div> Abdul Khallik was an effective peasant leader appointed by <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a> who caused great damage and loss of life in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazareth_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazareth District (page does not exist)">Nazareth District</a> and was thus a significant adversary of the Mandate and Jewish settlement authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_238-186">[176]</a> He was trapped by British troops in a major engagement on 2 October 1938 and was killed whilst trying to lead his men to safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_238-186">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Kabir" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir">Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir</a> was the main Qassamite rebel leader in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> and was the only active rebel leader on the ground who was a member of the Damascus-based Central Committee of National Jihad.<a href="#cite_note-KedourieQassamite-188">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Asbah" title="Abdallah al-Asbah">Abdallah al-Asbah</a> was a prominent commander active in the <a href="/wiki/Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad">Safad</a> region of northeastern Galilee. He was killed by British forces who besieged him and his comrades near the border with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in early 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Ghandour-189">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jabal_Nablus_area">Jabal Nablus area</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Hajj_Muhammad" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad">Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a> area was a deeply religious, intellectual man and as a fervent anti-Zionist, he was deeply committed to the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224–226,_239-190">[180]</a> He was regarded second to Qawukji in terms of leadership ability and maintained his independence from the exiled rebel leadership in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224–226,_239-190">[180]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg200388-191">[181]</a> He personally led his fasa'il and carried out nighttime attacks against British targets in the revolt's early stage in 1936. When the revolt was renewed in April 1937, he established a more organised command hierarchy consisting of four main brigades who operated in the north-central highlands (Tulkarm-Nablus-Jenin area). He competed for the position of General Commander of the Revolt with Aref Abdul Razzik, and the two served the post in rotation from September 1938 to February 1939, when al-Hajj Muhammad was confirmed as the sole General Commander. Al-Hajj Muhammad refused to carry out political assassinations at the behest of political factions, including al-Husayni, once stating "I don't work for Husayniya ('Husanyni-ism'), but for wataniya ('nationalism')."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg200387-192">[182]</a> He is still known by Palestinians as a hero and martyr and is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> "for a national movement that was popular, honourable, religious, and lofty in its aims and actions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg200330-193">[183]</a> He was shot dead in a firefight with British forces outside the village of <a href="/wiki/Sanur,_Jenin" title="Sanur, Jenin">Sanur</a> on 27 March 1939, after Farid Irsheid's peace band informed the authorities of his location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224–226,_239-190">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_Durra" title="Yusuf Abu Durra">Yusuf Abu Durra</a>, a Qassamite leader in the <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a> area, was born in <a href="/wiki/Silat_al-Harithiya" title="Silat al-Harithiya">Silat al-Harithiya</a> and before becoming a rebel worked as a Gazoz vendor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_226,_228,_239–240-194">[184]</a> He was said to be a narrow-minded man who thrived on extortion and cruelty and thus became greatly feared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_226,_228,_239–240-194">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hamdan" title="Yusuf Hamdan">Yusuf Hamdan</a> was Durra's more respected lieutenant and later a leader of his own unit; he was killed by an army patrol in 1939 and buried in <a href="/wiki/Al-Lajjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Lajjun">al-Lajjun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_226,_228,_239–240-194">[184]</a> Durra himself was apprehended by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> on 25 July 1939 and subsequently hanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_226,_228,_239–240-194">[184]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhri_Abdul_Hadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakhri Abdul Hadi (page does not exist)">Fakhri Abdul Hadi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Jenin" title="Arraba, Jenin">Arrabah</a> worked closely with Fawzi al-Qawukji in 1936, but later defected to the British authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_238-186">[176]</a> He bargained for a pardon by offering to collaborate with the British on countering rebel propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003224,_238-186">[176]</a> Once on the payroll of the British consul in Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Mackereth" title="Gilbert Mackereth">Gilbert Mackereth</a>, he carried out many attacks against the rebels in 1938–1939 as leader of his own "peace band".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003121-195">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryMacKerethRabinovich1985172-196">[186]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Aref had a little mare Its coat as white as snow And where that mare and Aref went We're jiggered if we know. – British Army verse.</blockquote> Aref Abdul Razzik of <a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a> was responsible for the area south of Tulkarm and was known for evading capture whilst being pursued by the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003225,_228–230-197">[187]</a> He signed his bulletins as 'The Ghost of Sheikh Qassam'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003225,_228–230-197">[187]</a> Razzik assumed a place in British army folklore and the troops sang a song about him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003225,_228–230-197">[187]</a> Razzik was capable and daring and gained a reputation as one of the army's problem heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003225,_228–230-197">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem_area">Jerusalem area</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Battat" title="Issa Battat">Issa Battat</a> was a peasant leader in the southern hills below Jerusalem who caused enormous damage to security patrols in his area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003225,_235,_238-198">[188]</a> He was killed by a patrol of armed police in a battle near Hebron in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003225,_235,_238-198">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_volunteers">Arab volunteers</h4></div> In the first phase of the revolt, around 300 volunteers, mostly veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a> and/or rebels from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a> (1925–27), deployed in northern Palestine. Their overall commander was Fawzi al-Qawuqji and his deputies were <a href="/wiki/Said_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Said al-As">Said al-As</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Ashmar" title="Muhammad al-Ashmar">Muhammad al-Ashmar</a>. Qawuqji also led the volunteer force's Iraqi and Transjordanian battalions, and al-Ashmar was commander of the Syrian battalion, which largely consisted of volunteers from Damascus's <a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">al-Midan Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>. The Druze ex-Ottoman officer, <a href="/wiki/Hamad_Sa%27ab" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamad Sa'ab">Hamad Sa'ab</a>, commanded the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> battalion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> In the contest of wills between the British Empire and Palestinian aspirants for statehood, the respective efforts to secure the financial means to sustain the hostilities also played out as a battle for funding.<a href="#cite_note-200">[k]</a> The Mandatory Authority's repression of the revolt was bankrolled directly from London and through the revenue stream supplied to the administration by land and property taxes, stamp duties, excises on manufactured goods and customs duties on imports and exports. Draconian <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> fines on the peasantry –many heavily burdened already by debt and unable to pay them – were such that revenue extracted from punitive fines exceeded, and more than compensated for, the revenue lost during the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201983–87-201">[190]</a> The majority of funds raised to finance the uprising came from Arab/Muslim sources. In the broader Arab/Muslim world a measure of financial aid, never vast, filtered in from Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Muslim India for some time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019106-202">[191]</a> In Palestine, the peasantry, often debt-ridden, could offer little towards subsidising the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201983-203">[192]</a> A variety of measures were adopted. Women donated jewelry and ran fund-raising committees, a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> tax was placed on citrus groves, the industry being the backbone of Palestine's export trade; Palestinians on the government payroll contributed sums anywhere up to half of their salaries; levies were imposed on wealthier Arabs (many of whom went abroad to avoid paying them, or because they could not meet demands to provide financial aid to strikers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019107,_110-204">[193]</a> The AHC's functions in this capacity were truncated when it was abolished by the British authorities in October 1937. Displaced in Damascus, its leaders were cut off from contact with field units and donations gradually dried up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201980-205">[194]</a> al-Husayni, by then in exile, proved unable to raise money, and in Syria militant contacts were informed by July 1938 that they would have to make do on their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019107-206">[195]</a> By 1938 the drop in revenues caused militant gangs to resort to extortion and robbery, often draining villages of ready cash reserves set aside to pay government fines, which then had to be met by the sale of crops and livestock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019109-207">[196]</a> Some contributions were obtained from American sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019107-206">[195]</a> A great deal of speculation later arose around the purported role of Germany and Italy in backing the revolt financially, based on early claims by Jewish operatives that both countries were fomenting the uprising by funneling cash and weapons to the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-210">[l]</a> German plans to ship arms to the rebels were never implemented due to distrust of the Saudi middlemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia1980364-211">[199]</a> Italian attempts to furnish arms by the same venue were thwarted by British intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019106-202">[191]</a> The British never found arms or munitions of German or Italian provenance. RAF intelligence dismissed these claims as either referring to 'comparatively small' sums or as purveyed to bring discredit on the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019103,_106-212">[200]</a> al-Husayni and his associates received limited<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201987-213">[201]</a> funding from <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> during the revolt as the Italians were in dispute with the United Kingdom over <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a> and wished not only to disrupt the British rear<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999133-214">[202]</a> but also to extend Italian influence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArielli2008187–204-215">[203]</a> The rebels utilized the Italian funding to smuggle weapons into Palestine via Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia201486-216">[204]</a> Total Italian funding amounted to approximately £150.000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiore201089-217">[205]</a> It stopped in late 1938<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019106-202">[191]</a> and played no decisive role since the uprising peaked after that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiore2010109–110-218">[206]</a> In the first years after 1933 Germany was approached by a variety of Arab nationalist groups from Palestine and abroad asking for aid, but Germany categorically refused. Maintaining good relations with the British was still considered to be of the uppermost priority, hence it limited itself to expressing its sympathy and moral support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia201474–78-219">[207]</a> Soon after the outbreak of the revolt, in December 1936, Germany was approached by the rebel commander Fawzi al-Qawuqji and in January 1937 by representatives of the Arab Higher Committee, both requesting arms and money, but again in vain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia201481–82-220">[208]</a> In July al-Husayni himself approached <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Doehle" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Doehle">Heinrich Doehle</a>, new general counsel of Jerusalem, to request support for the "battle against the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf200929–30-221">[209]</a> Doehle found that Germany's hesitation in supporting the rebels had caused pro-German sentiment among Palestinian Arabs to waver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf200928–29,_30-222">[210]</a> Some limited<a href="#cite_note-224">[m]</a> German funding for the revolt can be dated to around the summer of 1938<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia1980364-211">[199]</a> and was perhaps related to a goal of distracting the British from the on-going <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">occupation of Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia2014108–109-225">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> gave money to al-Husayni<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia1980364-211">[199]</a> and other sums were funneled via <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia2014109-226">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3></div> Despite the intervention of up to 50,000 British troops and 15,000 Haganah men, the uprising continued for over three years. By the time it concluded in September 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, over 300 Jews, and 262 Britons had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_Jewish_Yishuv">Impact on the Jewish Yishuv</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tower_and_stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower and stockade">Tower and stockade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhitePaper1939riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/WhitePaper1939riot.jpg/220px-WhitePaper1939riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/WhitePaper1939riot.jpg/330px-WhitePaper1939riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/WhitePaper1939riot.jpg/440px-WhitePaper1939riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Jewish protest demonstration against the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">Palestine White Paper</a>, 18 May 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg/220px-WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg/330px-WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg/440px-WhitePaper1939Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3551" data-file-height="5036" /></a><figcaption>Jewish protest demonstrations against the 1939 Palestine White Paper. One of the big posters displayed the previous day.</figcaption></figure> In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> Over 50,000 new Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> In 1936 Jews made up about one-third of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008295-227">[214]</a> The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Development of the economy and infrastructure accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> For example, whereas the Jewish city of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> relied on the nearby Arab seaport of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish-run seaport for Tel Aviv,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> inspiring the delighted Ben-Gurion to note in his diary "we ought to reward the Arabs for giving us the impetus for this great creation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999388-228">[215]</a> Metal works were established to produce armoured sheeting for vehicles and a rudimentary arms industry was founded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> The settlement's <a href="/wiki/Egged_(company)" title="Egged (company)">transportation capabilities</a> were enhanced and Jewish unemployment was relieved owing to the employment of police officers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999160-34">[29]</a> and replacement of striking Arab labourers, employees, craftsman and farmers by Jewish workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008295-227">[214]</a> Most of the important industries in Palestine were owned by Jews and in trade and the banking sector they were much better placed than the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008295-227">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg/220px-Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg/330px-Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg/440px-Havlagah_bus_during_1936-1939_Arab_revolt-British_Mandate_of_Palestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect passengers against rocks and grenades thrown by Arab insurgents. Part of the Jewish strategy of <a href="/wiki/Havlagah" title="Havlagah">havlagah</a> ("restraint")</figcaption></figure> As a result of collaboration with the British colonial authorities and security forces many thousands of young men had their first experience of military training, which <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharett" title="Moshe Sharett">Moshe Shertok</a> and Haganah leader <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Golomb" title="Eliyahu Golomb">Eliyahu Golomb</a> cited as one of the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>'s policy of <a href="/wiki/Havlagah" title="Havlagah">havlagah</a> (restraint).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira1999250-229">[216]</a> Although the Jewish settlement in Palestine was dismayed by the publication of the 1939 White Paper restricting Jewish immigration, David Ben-Gurion remained undeterred, believing that the policy would not be implemented, and in fact Neville Chamberlain had told him that the policy would last at the very most only for the duration of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999449-230">[217]</a> In the event the White Paper quotas were exhausted only in December 1944, over five and a half years later, and in the same period the United Kingdom absorbed 50,000 Jewish refugees and the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada and South Africa) took many thousands more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999439,_459-231">[218]</a> During the War over 30,000 Jews joined the British forces and even the Irgun ceased operations against the British until 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999450–451-232">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_Palestinian_Arabs">Impact on the Palestinian Arabs</h3></div> The revolt weakened the military strength of Palestinian Arabs in advance of their ultimate confrontation with the Jewish settlement in the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a> and was, according to <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, thus counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999121-233">[220]</a> During the uprising, British authorities attempted to confiscate all weapons from the Arab population. This, and the destruction of the main Arab political leadership in the revolt, greatly hindered their military efforts in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999159-35">[30]</a> where imbalances between the Jewish and Arab economic performance, social cohesion, political organisation and military capability became apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008295-227">[214]</a> The Mufti, Hajj Amin al-Husseini and his supporters directed a Jihad against any person who did not obey the Mufti. Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a heretic and his life was forfeit.<a href="#cite_note-235">[n]</a> After the Peel report publication, the murders of Arabs leaders who opposed the Mufti were accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009122-236">[222]</a> Pressed by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership, the opposition had a security cooperation with the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009146-174">[165]</a> The flight of wealthy Arabs, which occurred during the revolt, was also replicated in 1947–49.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008291-89">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonConference1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LondonConference1939.jpg/220px-LondonConference1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LondonConference1939.jpg/330px-LondonConference1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LondonConference1939.jpg/440px-LondonConference1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="London Conference (1939)">London Conference</a>, St. James' Palace, February 1939. Palestinian delegates (foreground), left to right: Fu'ad Saba, Yaqub Al-Ghussein, <a href="/wiki/Musa_Alami" title="Musa Alami">Musa Alami</a>, Amin Tamimi, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal Al-Husseini">Jamal Al-Husseini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awni_Abdul_Hadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Awni Abdul Hadi">Awni Abdul Hadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Antonious" class="mw-redirect" title="George Antonious">George Antonious</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Roch_(Palestinian_leader)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Roch (Palestinian leader) (page does not exist)">Alfred Roch</a>. Facing are the British, with <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> presiding. To his right is <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, and to his left, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a>.</figcaption></figure> Thousands of Palestinian houses were destroyed, and massive financial costs were incurred because of the general strike and the devastation of fields, crops and orchards. The economic boycott further damaged the fragile Palestinian Arab economy through loss of sales and goods and increased unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999159–160-237">[223]</a> The revolt did not achieve its goals, although it is "credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashif200824-238">[224]</a> It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a> in which Britain retreated from the partition arrangements proposed by the Peel Commission in favour of the creation of a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">binational state</a> within ten years, although The League of Nations commission held that the White Paper was in conflict with the terms of the Mandate as put forth in the past.<a href="#cite_note-avalon-115">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[o]</a> The <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a> was regarded by many as incompatible with the commitment to a Jewish National Home in Palestine, as proclaimed in the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>. Al-Husseini rejected the new policy, although it seems that the ordinary Palestinian Arab accepted the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>. His biographer, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mattar" title="Philip Mattar">Philip Mattar</a> wrote that in that case, the Mufti preferred his personal interests and the ideology rather than the practical considerations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999159-35">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_British_Empire">Impact on the British Empire</h3></div> As the inevitable war with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> approached, British policy makers concluded that although they could rely on the support of the Jewish population in Palestine, who had no alternative but to support Britain, the support of Arab governments and populations in an area of great strategic importance for the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was not assured.<a href="#cite_note-segev437-240">[225]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> concluded "if we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs."<a href="#cite_note-segev437-240">[225]</a> In February 1939 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a> called together a conference of Arab and Zionist leaders on the future of Palestine at <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Palace">St. James's Palace</a> in London but the discussions ended without agreement on 27 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2008293-145">[136]</a>The government's new policy as published in White Paper of 17 May had been determined already and despite Jewish protests and Irgun attacks the British remained resolute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999437-241">[226]</a> There was a growing feeling among British officials that there was nothing left for them to do in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999437-241">[226]</a> Perhaps the ultimate achievement of the Arab Revolt was to make the British sick of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999443-242">[227]</a> Major-General Bernard "Monty" Montgomery concluded, "the Jew murders the Arab and the Arab murders the Jew. This is what is going on in Palestine now. And it will go on for the next 50 years in all probability."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999442-243">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> The 1936–39 Arab Revolt has been and still is marginalized in both Western and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> historiography on Palestine, and even progressive Western scholars have little to say about the <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonial</a> struggle of the Palestinian Arab rebels against the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003xxii,_13–15-244">[229]</a> According to Swedenburg's analysis, for instance, the Zionist version of Israeli history acknowledges only one authentic national movement: the struggle for Jewish <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a> in May 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003xxii,_13–15-244">[229]</a> Swedenburg writes that the Zionist narrative has no room for an anticolonial and anti-British Palestinian national revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003?-245">[230]</a> Zionists often describe the revolt as a series of "events" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> מאורעות תרצ"ו-תרצ"ט) "riots", or "happenings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003?-245">[230]</a> The appropriate description was debated by Jewish Agency officials, who were keen not to give a negative impression of Palestine to prospective immigrants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999433-246">[231]</a> In private, however, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> was unequivocal: the Arabs, he said, were "fighting dispossession ... The fear is not of losing land, but of losing the homeland of the Arab people, which others want to turn into the homeland of the Jewish people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999136-21">[17]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Alan_Allport" title="Alan Allport">Alan Allport</a>, in his 2020 survey of the British Empire on the eve of the Second World War concludes that murderous incidents like al-Bassa: <blockquote>were outrageous precisely because they were unusual. On the whole, the British Army and the various colonial gendarmeries that worked alongside it in the 1920s and 1930s behaved fairly well—certainly with a good deal more self-restraint than security forces of other imperial states. There is nothing in the British record in Palestine to compare with the devastating violence of the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> in Spanish Morocco for instance or the <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian pacification of Libya</a>, both of which involve killing on a vastly greater scale. Many British soldiers behaved impeccably in Palestine during the Arab revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllport202051-247">[232]</a></blockquote> He concludes that it was the "Palestine surge"—that is, London's use of sheer weight of numbers to overwhelm and crush the Arab rebels—was a success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllport202066-248">[233]</a> Matthew Hughes, a leading authority on the Revolt, notes that it is a standard move in British historiography to contrast the relative mildness of British counter-insurgency achievements with those of other Western colonial powers. A contrast is frequently drawn between the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">German suppression of the Herero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Belgium's genocide in the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">France's violence in Algeria</a> to the winning-the-hearts-and-minds approach Britain is said to have adopted in Kenya in containing the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau revolt</a>. One British military commander asserted that 'If the Germans were in occupation in Haifa we'd not have any bloody troubles from the Arabs.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a314-249">[234]</a> Nonetheless, while moderating forces did mitigate the violence, atrocities were committed, torture used, brutality commonplace. Collective punishment, the razing of villages, the smashing of personal property in homes, and the destruction of foodstocks was widespread. Britain's pacification succeeded and 'left Palestine in ruins.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a313–354-250">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201915-251">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">1938 Tiberias massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Commission" title="Woodhead Commission">Woodhead Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conflicts in the Middle East">List of conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الثورة الكبرى, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Thawra al-Kubrā </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ثورة فلسطين الكبرى, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Thawrat Filasṭīn al-Kubrā </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الثورة الفلسطينية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Thawra al-Filasṭīniyya </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 'While the majority of Palestinian fallāḥīn were dependent on bonds of "<a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonialism</a> and elite parochialism" with notable families, these bonds weakened with urbanization as a'yān (the Palestinian notable class) abetted, or were incapable of stopping, land sales and dispossessions.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanagan2013338-18">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Hughes thinks this a conservative underestimate and calculates that a final figures might run from 5,748 to 7,272)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019381-31">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Laurens states that the identification is 'certain', citing <a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Porath" title="Yehoshua Porath">Yehoshua Porath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorath2015162-73">[68]</a> Hughes states that this was denied by the Jewish press at the time:'The only basis for the suggestion that the assailants were Jews was apparently the fact that they were dressed in khaki shorts and jackets. It is submitted that this form of dress is not uncommon amongst the Arab workingmen of this particular neighbourhood.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20192-74">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "while the Zionist movement, after much agonising, accepted the principle of partition and the proposals as a basis for negotiation"; p. 49 "In the end, after bitter debate, the Congress equivocally approved – by a vote of 299 to 160 – the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200411,_48–49-105">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "to negotiate a modified (Peel) proposal with the British." <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiderSarnaZweig2012100-107">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> "The British government initially accepted the report in principle...With war clouds looming over Europe, they began to have second thoughts about the practicality of partition, fearing that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2012339-109">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> "it was the first manifestation of the Nashashibi group's armed defense against those who had violated the honor of their family and the honor of ... But when the general strike ended, he once again began coordinating his moves with the Zionists. The opposition's principal motivation for security cooperation was the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009146-174">[165]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> 'The contest of wills between the British Empire and the Palestinians was also an organizational battle for funds and equipment in which London would bankroll the Palestine Government and pay for the troops needed for pacification.'(<a href="#CITEREFHughes2019">Hughes 2019</a>, p. 82) </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Joseph Laniado, a Jewish Syrian parliamentarian told his Jewish contacts that Germany and Italy had channeled 'large amounts of money' to foment rebellion in Palestine'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2019105–106-208">[197]</a> In June 1939, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Piekenbrock" title="Hans Piekenbrock">Hans Piekenbrock</a>, an intelligence colonel in the Abwehr's Abteilung 1, boasted to his chief and friend <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Admiral Canaris</a> that 'It was only as a result of the money we gave (al-Husayni) that it was possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf200932-209">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> The volume of Germany's funding was intentionally limited, as its goal was neither the collapse of the British Mandate nor the establishment of an independent Arab state (which would have been counterproductive to Germany's policy of expelling the Jews to Palestine), but to cause additional nuisance to the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia1980364-211">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicosia201480–81-223">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> "the silencing of the opposition and humiliation of its leaders continued in the months that followed. In July 1938 an armed squad appeared at the home of a family of Nashashibi supporters in the village of Beit Rima, ...Before they left, the gang offered an explanation for their behavior: The jihad, they said, was directed against any person who did not obey the mufti. In the passion of the moment, they revealed the militants' fundamental tenet: Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a heretic and his life was forfeit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009128-234">[221]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> "Capping it all, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the Council of the League of Nations rejected the White Paper as inconsistent with the terms of the Mandate."(<a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>, p. 159) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a_1-21">v</a> <a 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Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Arabs%2C+1936-1939+%28RLE+Israel+and+Palestine%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44269-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsT6sCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522levi%2Bbillig%2522%2Barabic%26pg%3DPT447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTAkilled-98"><a href="#cite_ref-JTAkilled_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/3-jews-including-hebrew-u-teacher-slain-by-arabs">"3 Jews, Including Hebrew U. Teacher, Slain by Arabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. 23 August 1936. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=3+Jews%2C+Including+Hebrew+U.+Teacher%2C+Slain+by+Arabs&rft.date=1936-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2F3-jews-including-hebrew-u-teacher-slain-by-arabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003210,_218-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2003210,_218_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2003">Horne 2003</a>, pp. 210, 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2004106–114_100-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasserstein2004">Wasserstein 2004</a>, pp. 106–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 99, 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999401-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999401_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev1999">Segev 1999</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999138–144-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999138–144_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999138–144_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>, pp. 138–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2006391-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis2006391_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis2006">Louis 2006</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200411,_48–49-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200411,_48–49_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>, pp. 11, 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiderSarnaZweig2012100-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaiderSarnaZweig2012100_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaiderSarnaZweig2012">Raider, Sarna & Zweig 2012</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2012339-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstein2012339_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasserstein2012">Wasserstein 2012</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WoodheadCommission">"Woodhead Commission report"</a>. 1938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodhead+Commission+report&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWoodheadCommission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Statement by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty November 1938. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061306/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4941922311B4E3C585256D17004BD2E2">"Policy statement/ Advice against partition – UK Secretary of State for the Colonies – UK documentation CMD. 5893/Non-UN document (11 November 1938)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4941922311B4E3C585256D17004BD2E2">the original</a> on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policy+statement%2F+Advice+against+partition+%E2%80%93+UK+Secretary+of+State+for+the+Colonies+%E2%80%93+UK+documentation+CMD.+5893%2FNon-UN+document+%2811+November+1938%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F4941922311B4E3C585256D17004BD2E2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009125-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2009125_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2009125_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2009">Cohen 2009</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20194-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20194_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2019">Hughes 2019</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-avalon-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avalon_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avalon_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avalon_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avalon_115-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angap04.asp">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Appendix IV</a> Palestine: Historical Background </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003222-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2003222_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2003222_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2003">Horne 2003</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2003239-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2003239_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2003">Horne 2003</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Yehuda1993-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Yehuda1993_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Yehuda1993">Ben-Yehuda 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolan2003" class="citation book cs1">Golan, Zev (2003). Free Jerusalem. Devora Publications. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930143-54-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930143-54-8"><bdi>978-1-930143-54-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Jerusalem&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Devora+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-930143-54-8&rft.aulast=Golan&rft.aufirst=Zev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999417-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999417_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999417_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev1999">Segev 1999</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=776442&SearchInit=4&SearchType=6&CATREF=CAB+128/6">Cabinet Papers, 30 July 1946, CAB 128/6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> See also WO 32/9618 Emergency Regulations 1936. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009128-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2009128_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2009">Cohen 2009</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2009122-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2009122_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2009">Cohen 2009</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999159–160-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999159–160_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashif200824-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashif200824_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashif2008">Nashif 2008</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-segev437-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segev437_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segev437_240-1">b</a> Segev, 2000, pp. 436–441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999437-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999437_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999437_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev1999">Segev 1999</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999443-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999443_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev1999">Segev 1999</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999442-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999442_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev1999">Segev 1999</a>, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003xxii,_13–15-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003xxii,_13–15_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003xxii,_13–15_244-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedenburg2003">Swedenburg 2003</a>, pp. xxii, 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003?-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003?_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenburg2003?_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedenburg2003">Swedenburg 2003</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev1999433-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev1999433_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev1999">Segev 1999</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllport202051-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllport202051_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllport2020">Allport 2020</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllport202066-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllport202066_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllport2020">Allport 2020</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a314-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a314_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2009a">Hughes 2009a</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a313–354-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2009a313–354_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2009a">Hughes 2009a</a>, pp. 313–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201915-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201915_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2019">Hughes 2019</a>, pp. 15. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllport2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Allport" title="Alan Allport">Allport, Alan</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jGzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Britain+at+Bay:+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Second+World+War,+1938%E2%80%931941%2Boutrageous+precisely+because+they+were+unusual&pg=PT78">Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941</a>. <a href="/wiki/Profile_Books" title="Profile Books">Profile Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-781-25781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-781-25781-4"><bdi>978-1-781-25781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+at+Bay%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+1938%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-781-25781-4&rft.aulast=Allport&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jGzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBritain%2Bat%2BBay%3A%2BThe%2BEpic%2BStory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSecond%2BWorld%2BWar%2C%2B1938%25E2%2580%25931941%252Boutrageous%2Bprecisely%2Bbecause%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bunusual%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelman2008" class="citation book cs1">Adelman, Jonathan R (2008). The Rise of Israel: A History of a Revolutionary State. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77510-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Israel%3A+A+History+of+a+Revolutionary+State&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77510-6&rft.aulast=Adelman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglim2005" class="citation book cs1">Anglim, Simon (2005). Orde Wingate, the Iron Wall and Counter-Terrorism in Palestine 1937–39. Strategic and Combat Studies Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874-34639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874-34639-5"><bdi>978-1-874-34639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orde+Wingate%2C+the+Iron+Wall+and+Counter-Terrorism+in+Palestine+1937%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Strategic+and+Combat+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-874-34639-5&rft.aulast=Anglim&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArielli2008" class="citation journal cs1">Arielli, Nir (August 2008). "Italian Involvement in the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939". <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Middle_Eastern_Studies" title="British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies">British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</a>. 35 (2): 187–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530190802180597">10.1080/13530190802180597</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455584">20455584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145144088">145144088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Italian+Involvement+in+the+Arab+Revolt+in+Palestine%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2008-08&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145144088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20455584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530190802180597&rft.aulast=Arielli&rft.aufirst=Nir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajohr2002" class="citation book cs1">Bajohr, Frank (2002). "Aryanisation" in Hamburg: The Economic Exclusion of Jews and the Confiscation of their Property in Nazi Germany. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-485-2"><bdi>978-1-57181-485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Aryanisation%22+in+Hamburg%3A+The+Economic+Exclusion+of+Jews+and+the+Confiscation+of+their+Property+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-485-2&rft.aulast=Bajohr&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Bar-On" title="Mordechai Bar-On">Bar-On, Mordechai</a> (2004). A Never-ending Conflict: A Guide to Israeli Military History. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98158-7"><bdi>978-0-275-98158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Never-ending+Conflict%3A+A+Guide+to+Israeli+Military+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98158-7&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami" title="Shlomo Ben-Ami">Ben-Ami, Shlomo</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Scars_of_War,_Wounds_of_Peace:_The_Israeli-Arab_Tragedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy">Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy</a>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84883-7"><bdi>978-0-297-84883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scars+of+War%2C+Wounds+of+Peace%3A+The+Israeli-Arab+Tragedy&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84883-7&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackMorris1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)" title="Ian Black (journalist)">Black, Ian</a>; Morris, Benny (1991). Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. Grove Weidenfeld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3286-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-3286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Secret+Wars%3A+A+History+of+Israel%27s+Intelligence+Services&rft.pub=Grove+Weidenfeld&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3286-4&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Morris%2C+Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2006). A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Britain%3A+From+1775+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99039-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowyer_Bell1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bowyer Bell, John</a> (1996). Terror Out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-870-5"><bdi>978-1-56000-870-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+Out+of+Zion%3A+The+Fight+for+Israeli+Independence&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-870-5&rft.aulast=Bowyer+Bell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2000" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L. (2000). A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Cohen" title="Hillel Cohen">Cohen, Hillel</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMIk4adlKr0C&pg=PA122">Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25989-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25989-8"><bdi>978-0-520-25989-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+Shadows%3A+Palestinian+Collaboration+with+Zionism%2C+1917%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25989-8&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMIk4adlKr0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2004" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David Dean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTCNAEACAAJ">Historical dictionary of Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-810-84934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-810-84934-1"><bdi>978-0-810-84934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Syria&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-810-84934-1&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyTCNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrierBamberg1994" class="citation book cs1">Ferrier, Ronald W.; Bamberg, J. H. (1994). The History of the British Petroleum Company: 1928–1954. The Anglo-Iranian Years. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25950-7"><bdi>978-0-521-25950-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Petroleum+Company%3A+1928%E2%80%931954.+The+Anglo-Iranian+Years&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25950-7&rft.aulast=Ferrier&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rft.au=Bamberg%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiore2010" class="citation book cs1">Fiore, Massimiliano (2010). Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922–1940. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-754-66964-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-754-66964-7"><bdi>978-0-754-66964-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Italian+Relations+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1922%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-754-66964-7&rft.aulast=Fiore&rft.aufirst=Massimiliano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischmann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fleischmann, Ellen L. (Spring 2000). "The Emergence of the Palestinian Women's Movement, 1929–39". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 29 (3): 16–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2676453">10.2307/2676453</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2676453">2676453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Palestinian+Women%27s+Movement%2C+1929%E2%80%9339&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2676453&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2676453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fleischmann&rft.aufirst=Ellen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriling2005" class="citation book cs1">Friling, Tuvia (2005). Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17550-4"><bdi>978-0-299-17550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrows+in+the+Dark%3A+David+Ben-Gurion%2C+the+Yishuv+leadership%2C+and+Rescue+Attempts+During+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-299-17550-4&rft.aulast=Friling&rft.aufirst=Tuvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryMacKerethRabinovich1985" class="citation book cs1">Fry, Michael G.; MacKereth, Gilbert; Rabinovich, Itamar (1985). Despatches from Damascus: Gilbert MacKereth and British Policy in the Levant, 1933–1939. Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Shiloah Institute, Tel Aviv University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-224-004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-224-004-0"><bdi>978-965-224-004-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Despatches+from+Damascus%3A+Gilbert+MacKereth+and+British+Policy+in+the+Levant%2C+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Dayan+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+and+African+Studies%2C+Shiloah+Institute%2C+Tel+Aviv+University&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-965-224-004-0&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft.au=MacKereth%2C+Gilbert&rft.au=Rabinovich%2C+Itamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettlemanSchaar2003" class="citation book cs1">Gettleman, Marvin E.; Schaar, Stuart (2003). The Middle East and Islamic World Reader. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3936-8"><bdi>978-0-8021-3936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+Islamic+World+Reader&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft.au=Schaar%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1998). Israel: A History. Black Swan Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-99545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-99545-0"><bdi>978-0-552-99545-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Black+Swan+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-552-99545-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarouvi1999" class="citation book cs1">Harouvi, Eldad (1999). "Reuven Zaslany (Shiloah) and the Covert Cooperation with British Intelligence During the Second World War". In Carmel, Hési (ed.). Intelligence for Peace: The Role of Intelligence in Times of Peace. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4950-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-4950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reuven+Zaslany+%28Shiloah%29+and+the+Covert+Cooperation+with+British+Intelligence+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Intelligence+for+Peace%3A+The+Role+of+Intelligence+in+Times+of+Peace&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4950-4&rft.aulast=Harouvi&rft.aufirst=Eldad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sir Arthur (1998). Bomber Offensive. Greenhill Books. pp. 30–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-314-6"><bdi>978-1-85367-314-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Offensive&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-314-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sir+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2009" class="citation book cs1">Herf, Jeffrey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQNSTvHv-sC&pg=PA32">Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World</a>. Yale University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15583-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Propaganda+for+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15583-9&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYzQNSTvHv-sC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Bruce (2015). Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anonymous+Soldiers%3A+The+Struggle+for+Israel%2C+1917%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2003" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Edward (2003). A Job Well Done: A History of the Palestine Police Force, 1920–1948. Book Guild. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85776-758-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85776-758-2"><bdi>978-1-85776-758-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Job+Well+Done%3A+A+History+of+the+Palestine+Police+Force%2C+1920%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Book+Guild&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85776-758-2&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> (First published 1982 by the Palestine Police)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009a" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163210/http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf">"The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39"</a> (PDF). English Historical Review. CXXIV (507): 314–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep002">10.1093/ehr/cep002</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Banality+of+Brutality%3A+British+Armed+Forces+and+the+Repression+of+the+Arab+Revolt+in+Palestine%2C+1936%E2%80%9339&rft.volume=CXXIV&rft.issue=507&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep002&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2438%2F7251%2F4%2FThe%2520banality%2520of%2520brutality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016b" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2016b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009415572401">"Palestinian Collaboration with the British: The Peace Bands and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–9"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>. 51 (2): 291–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009415572401">10.1177/0022009415572401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159743031">159743031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Collaboration+with+the+British%3A+The+Peace+Bands+and+the+Arab+Revolt+in+Palestine%2C+1936%E2%80%939&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009415572401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159743031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0022009415572401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2019" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sqCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10320-7"><bdi>978-1-107-10320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Pacification+of+Palestine%3A+The+British+Army%2C+the+Colonial+State%2C+and+the+Arab+Revolt%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10320-7&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3sqCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabahā2014" class="citation book cs1">Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTCNAEACAAJ">The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-882-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-882-2"><bdi>978-1-58826-882-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+People%3A+Seeking+Sovereignty+and+State&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-882-2&rft.aulast=Kabah%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyTCNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayyālī1978" class="citation book cs1">Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). Palestine: A Modern History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-635-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-635-5"><bdi>978-0-85664-635-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-85664-635-5&rft.aulast=Kayy%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Wahh%C4%81b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Matthew Kraig (Winter 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28">"The Revolt of 1936: A Revision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 44 (2): 28–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2015.44.2.28">10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28">10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Revolt+of+1936%3A+A+Revision&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2015.44.2.28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2015.44.2.28%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Kraig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2015.44.2.28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2017" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Matthew (2017). The Crime of Nationalism: Britain, Palestine, and Nation-Building on the Fringe of Empire. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29149-2"><bdi>978-0-520-29149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crime+of+Nationalism%3A+Britain%2C+Palestine%2C+and+Nation-Building+on+the+Fringe+of+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29149-2&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ismi.emory.edu/home/documents/Readings/Khalidi,%20Rashid%201948.pdf">"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rogan" title="Eugene Rogan">Rogan, Eugene</a>; <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Shlaim, Avi</a> (eds.). The War for Palestine. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 12–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3"><bdi>978-0-521-79476-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestinians+and+1948%3A+the+underlying+causes+of+failure&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79476-3&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fismi.emory.edu%2Fhome%2Fdocuments%2FReadings%2FKhalidi%2C%2520Rashid%25201948.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Kimmerling, Baruch</a>; Migdal, Joseph S. (2003). The Palestinian People: A History. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01129-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01129-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+People%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01129-8&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft.au=Migdal%2C+Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrämer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA274">A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15007-9&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWrW_CKODdQC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffin1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Laffin" title="John Laffin">Laffin, John</a> (1979). The Israeli Mind. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-30399-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-30399-1"><bdi>978-0-304-30399-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Mind&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-304-30399-1&rft.aulast=Laffin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3439-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-3439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Preparations+of+the+Arab+Community+in+Palestine%3A+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3439-5&rft.aulast=Levenberg&rft.aufirst=Haim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurens2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens_(scholar)" title="Henry Laurens (scholar)">Laurens, Henry</a> (2002). 1922–1947 Une mission sacrée de civilisation [1922–1947 A sacred mission of civilization]. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-61251-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-61251-5"><bdi>978-2-213-61251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1922%E2%80%931947+Une+mission+sacr%C3%A9e+de+civilisation&rft.series=La+Question+de+Palestine&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-213-61251-5&rft.aulast=Laurens&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC">Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-347-6&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=William+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2006" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. 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Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab nationalists and popular politics in mandate Palestine. <a href="/wiki/I_B_Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I B Tauris">I B Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-11173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-11173-1"><bdi>978-1-845-11173-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+an+Empire%2C+Constructing+a+Nation%3A+Arab+nationalists+and+popular+politics+in+mandate+Palestine&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-845-11173-1&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman1998" class="citation book cs1">Millman, Brock (1998). The Ill-made Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1934–1940. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1603-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-1603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ill-made+Alliance%3A+Anglo-Turkish+Relations%2C+1934%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1603-8&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Brock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="John Murray Publishers">John Murray Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-56222-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-56222-8"><bdi>978-0-719-56222-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=John+Murray+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-719-56222-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA11">The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashif2008" class="citation book cs1">Nashif, Esmail (2008). Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and Community. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44498-9"><bdi>978-0-415-44498-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Political+Prisoners%3A+Identity+and+Community&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44498-9&rft.aulast=Nashif&rft.aufirst=Esmail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicosia1980" class="citation journal cs1">Nicosia, Francis R. (1980). "Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939. Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 12 (3): 351–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800026350">10.1017/S0020743800026350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161300717">161300717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Arab+Nationalism+and+National+Socialist+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%931939.+Ideological+and+Strategic+Incompatibility&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800026350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161300717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicosia2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicosia, Francis R. (2008). Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88392-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88392-4"><bdi>978-0-521-88392-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+Anti-Semitism+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88392-4&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicosia2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicosia, Francis R. (2014). Nazi Germany and the Arab World. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2008" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Jacob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086530801889350">"Repression and Rebellion: Britain's Response to the Arab Revolt in Palestine of 1936–39"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Imperial_and_Commonwealth_History" title="The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History">The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</a>. 36 (1): 25–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530801889350">10.1080/03086530801889350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159800348">159800348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Repression+and+Rebellion%3A+Britain%27s+Response+to+the+Arab+Revolt+in+Palestine+of+1936%E2%80%9339&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086530801889350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159800348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03086530801889350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmissi1990" class="citation book cs1">Omissi, David E. (1990). Air Power and Colonial Control: the Royal Air Force, 1919–1939. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2960-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2960-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-2960-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+and+Colonial+Control%3A+the+Royal+Air+Force%2C+1919%E2%80%931939.&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2960-8&rft.aulast=Omissi&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorath2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Porath" title="Yehoshua Porath">Porath, Yehoshua</a> (2015) [1977]. The Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion, 1929–1939. Vol. 2. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-90639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-90639-6"><bdi>978-1-138-90639-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+Arab+National+Movement%3A+From+Riots+to+Rebellion%2C+1929%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-90639-6&rft.aulast=Porath&rft.aufirst=Yehoshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Patai, Raphael</a> (1971). Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel. Herzl Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Zionism+and+Israel&rft.pub=Herzl+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F">Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479</a>, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1937, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F">the original</a> on 27 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Royal+Commission+Report+Presented+by+the+Secretary+of+State+for+the+Colonies+to+Parliament+by+Command+of+His+Majesty%2C+July+1937%2C+Cmd.+5479&rft.place=London&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1937&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"> 404 pages + maps.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaiderSarnaZweig2012" class="citation book cs1">Raider, Mark A.; Sarna, Jonathan D.; Zweig, Ronald W. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280437-2"><bdi>978-0-19-280437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima%3A+The+World%27s+Bomb&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280437-2&rft.aulast=Rotter&rft.aufirst=Andrew+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacharov2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eliahu_Sacharoff" title="Eliahu Sacharoff">Sacharov, Eliahu</a> (2004). Out of the Limelight: Events, Operations, Missions, and Personalities in Israeli History. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-298-8"><bdi>978-965-229-298-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Limelight%3A+Events%2C+Operations%2C+Missions%2C+and+Personalities+in+Israeli+History&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-965-229-298-8&rft.aulast=Sacharov&rft.aufirst=Eliahu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Segev, Tom</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/360">One Palestine, Complete</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4848-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-4848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+Complete&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4848-3&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonepalestinecomp00sege%2Fpage%2F360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanagan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sanagan, Mark (2013). "Teacher, Preacher, soldier, Martyr: Rethinking 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam". <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt_des_Islams" title="Die Welt des Islams">Die Welt des Islams</a>. 53 (3–4): 315–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685152-5334P0002">10.1163/15685152-5334P0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24268904">24268904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Teacher%2C+Preacher%2C+soldier%2C+Martyr%3A+Rethinking+%27Izz+al-Din+al-Qassam&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685152-5334P0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24268904%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sanagan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanagan2020" class="citation book cs1">Sanagan, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkrUDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sanagan%2BLightning+through+the+clouds%2BYishuv%2Bnation-state&pg=PA106">Lightning Through the Clouds: ʿIzz al-Din al-Qassam and the Making of the Modern Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-477-32056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-477-32056-3"><bdi>978-1-477-32056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning+Through+the+Clouds%3A+%CA%BFIzz+al-Din+al-Qassam+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-477-32056-3&rft.aulast=Sanagan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkrUDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSanagan%252BLightning%2Bthrough%2Bthe%2Bclouds%252BYishuv%252Bnation-state%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev1991" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Tom (1991). The Seventh Million. Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6660-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6660-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6660-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+Million&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6660-9&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Shapira, Anita</a> (1999). Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3776-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3776-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3776-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Power%3A+The+Zionist+Resort+to+Force%2C+1881%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3776-0&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2002" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Ninian (2002). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8254-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8254-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-8254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Palestine+Patrol&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8254-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwedenburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Swedenburg, Ted (2003). Memories of Revolt. The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press" title="University of Arkansas Press">University of Arkansas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-763-2"><bdi>978-1-55728-763-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Revolt.+The+1936%E2%80%931939+Rebellion+and+the+Palestinian+National+Past&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55728-763-2&rft.aulast=Swedenburg&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Martin (2008). Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25117-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25117-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Intelligence%3A+Security+Services+and+Colonial+Disorder+After+1914&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25117-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Martin (2007). The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-07755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-07755-5"><bdi>978-0-719-07755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Empire+Between+the+Wars%3A+Imperialism%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-719-07755-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1988" class="citation journal cs1">Townsend, C. (1988). "The defence of Palestine: insurrection and public security, 1936–1939". The English Historical Review. 103: 917–949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCIII.CCCCIX.917">10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCIX.917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+defence+of+Palestine%3A+insurrection+and+public+security%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E917-%3C%2Fspan%3E949&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FCIII.CCCCIX.917&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp2002" class="citation book cs1">Tripp, Charles (2002). A History of Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6"><bdi>978-0-521-52900-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52900-6&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wasserstein" title="Bernard Wasserstein">Wasserstein, Bernard</a> (2004). Israel and Palestine. <a href="/wiki/Profile_Books" title="Profile Books">Profile Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-861-97558-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-861-97558-4"><bdi>978-1-861-97558-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+Palestine&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-861-97558-4&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wasserstein" title="Bernard Wasserstein">Wasserstein, Bernard</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJSQZJKHX_8C">On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-416-59427-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-416-59427-7"><bdi>978-1-416-59427-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Eve%3A+The+Jews+of+Europe+Before+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-416-59427-7&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJSQZJKHX_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/EB5B88C94ABA2AE585256D0B00555536">Palestine: Statement of Policy Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, May 1939, Cmd 6019</a> (White Paper of 1939), London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1939</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+Statement+of+Policy+Presented+by+the+Secretary+of+State+for+the+Colonies+to+Parliament+by+Command+of+His+Majesty%2C+May+1939%2C+Cmd+6019&rft.place=London&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FEB5B88C94ABA2AE585256D0B00555536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazbak2000" class="citation journal cs1">Yazbak, Mahmoud (July 2000). "From Poverty to Revolt: Economic Factors in the Outbreak of the 1936 Rebellion in Palestine". <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a>. 36 (3): 93–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200008701319">10.1080/00263200008701319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284093">4284093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143687219">143687219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Poverty+to+Revolt%3A+Economic+Factors+in+the+Outbreak+of+the+1936+Rebellion+in+Palestine&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143687219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200008701319&rft.aulast=Yazbak&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Yehuda1993" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Yehuda, Hahman (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunypress.edu/p-1949-political-assassinations-by-jew.aspx">Political Assassinations by Jews</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 155–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1166-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-1166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Assassinations+by+Jews&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1166-7&rft.aulast=Ben-Yehuda&rft.aufirst=Hahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fp-1949-political-assassinations-by-jew.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonius1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Antonius" title="George Antonius">Antonius, George</a> (1938). The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement (1945 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Awakening.+The+Story+of+the+Arab+National+Movement&rft.edition=1945&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Antonius&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Cohen" title="Hillel Cohen">Cohen, Hillel</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW25CgAAQBAJ&dq=Cohel+Year+Zero+2015+ius+soli&pg=PA8">Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1929</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press" title="Brandeis University Press">Brandeis University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-611-68811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-611-68811-5"><bdi>978-1-611-68811-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+Zero+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+1929&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-611-68811-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdW25CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DCohel%2BYear%2BZero%2B2015%2Bius%2Bsoli%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoren2004" class="citation journal cs1">Goren, Tamir (2004). "The Judaization of Haifa at the Time of the Arab Revolt". Middle Eastern Studies. 40 (4 July): 135–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200410001700356">10.1080/00263200410001700356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144109522">144109522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Judaization+of+Haifa+at+the+Time+of+the+Arab+Revolt&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4+July&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200410001700356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144109522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goren&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (September 2009). "The practice and theory of British counterinsurgency: the histories of the atrocities at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul, 1938–1939". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 20 (3&4): 528–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592310903027090">10.1080/09592310903027090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144764155">144764155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=The+practice+and+theory+of+British+counterinsurgency%3A+the+histories+of+the+atrocities+at+the+Palestinian+villages+of+al-Bassa+and+Halhul%2C+1938%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3%264&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E528-%3C%2Fspan%3E550&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592310903027090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144764155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/9798/2/Fulltext.pdf">"A British 'Foreign Legion'? The British Police in Mandate Palestine"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a>. 49 (5): 696–711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2013.811656">10.1080/00263206.2013.811656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144152921">144152921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=A+British+%27Foreign+Legion%27%3F+The+British+Police+in+Mandate+Palestine&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E696-%3C%2Fspan%3E711&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.811656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144152921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbura.brunel.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2438%2F9798%2F2%2FFulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2015.1083220">"Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39"</a>. Imperial and Commonwealth History. 43 (4): 590–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2015.1083220">10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159806598">159806598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Terror+in+Galilee%3A+British-Jewish+Collaboration+and+the+Special+Night+Squads+in+Palestine+during+the+Arab+Revolt%2C+1938%E2%80%9339&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2015.1083220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159806598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03086534.2015.1083220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/17614/5/FullText.pdf">"Women, Violence, and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Military_History" title="The Journal of Military History">The Journal of Military History</a>. 83: 487–507.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Women%2C+Violence%2C+and+the+Arab+Revolt+in+Palestine%2C+1936%E2%80%9339&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=2016-04&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbura.brunel.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2438%2F17614%2F5%2FFullText.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Loch K. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537588-6"><bdi>978-0-19-537588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+National+Security+Intelligence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537588-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Loch+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Eric (2005). The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20380-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20380-1"><bdi>978-0-299-20380-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Radical+Right%3A+Revisionist+Zionism+and+Its+Ideological+Legacy&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-299-20380-1&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oren_Kessler" title="Oren Kessler">Kessler, Oren</a> (2023). Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-538-14880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-538-14880-8"><bdi>978-1-538-14880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1936%3A+The+Great+Revolt+and+the+Roots+of+the+Middle+East+Conflict&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-538-14880-8&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Oren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2007). The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-68532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-68532-5"><bdi>978-1-851-68532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Cage%3A+The+Story+of+the+Palestinian+Struggle+for+Statehood&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-851-68532-5&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Khalidi, Walid</a> (1987). From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies" title="Institute for Palestine Studies">Institute for Palestine Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-155-6"><bdi>978-0-88728-155-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Haven+to+Conquest%3A+Readings+in+Zionism+and+the+Palestine+Problem+Until+1948&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-155-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Walid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerling1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Kimmerling, Baruch</a> (1989). The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-849-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+State+and+Society%3A+Boundaries+and+Frontiers&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-849-2&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorewood2004" class="citation book cs1">Morewood, Stephen (2004). The British Defence of Egypt, 1935–1940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4943-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4943-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-4943-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Defence+of+Egypt%2C+1935%E2%80%931940%3A+Conflict+and+Crisis+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4943-6&rft.aulast=Morewood&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwedenburg2004" class="citation book cs1">Swedenburg, Ted (2004). "The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt (1936–1939)". In <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hourani" title="Albert Hourani">Hourani, Albert</a> (ed.). The Modern Middle East. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 467–503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-963-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-963-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Palestinian+Peasantry+in+the+Great+Revolt+%281936%E2%80%931939%29&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-963-9&rft.aulast=Swedenburg&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1936%E2%80%931939+Arab+revolt+in+Palestine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Arab_Revolt.htm">The Arab Revolt in Palestine</a> – A Zionist point of view</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/charles-townshed/first-intifada-rebellion-palestine-1936-39">The First Intifada: Rebellion in Palestine 1936–1939</a> – A view from British historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend_(historian)" title="Charles Townshend (historian)">Charles Townshend</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine348" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1921_Jerusalem_Riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 Jerusalem Riots (page does not exist)">1921 Jerusalem Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Black Hand (Mandatory Palestine)">Black Hand</a> insurgency (1930–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Palestine_riots" title="1933 Palestine riots">1933 Palestine riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">During World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_(Mandatory_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)">Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Saison" title="The Saison">The Saison</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" title="List of high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">British commissioner</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Arab Palestinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Jewish Palestinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Templer_colonies_in_Palestine" title="German Templer colonies in Palestine">German Templar community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine">Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Louis_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Louis Samuel">Herbert Louis Samuel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Arab Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Gotthilf_Wagner" title="Assassination of Gotthilf Wagner">Gotthilf Wagner</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Saudi_Arabian_coup_attempt" title="1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt">1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism328" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Islamic_nationalism" title="Arab-Islamic nationalism">Arab-Islamic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Flag" title="Arab Liberation Flag">Arab Liberation Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics">Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Flag of the United Arab Republic">Flag of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-595dcdd986-hp5bq","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.717","walltime":"3.076","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30072,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":434836,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":48368,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":463075,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2510.158 1 -total"," 38.99% 978.824 374 Template:Sfn"," 15.59% 391.378 72 Template:Cite_book"," 14.22% 356.833 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 8.38% 210.307 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.54% 164.152 15 Template:Efn"," 4.47% 112.222 3 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