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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Uyghurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Uyghurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conflict with Uyghurs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Uyghurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 People's Republic of China </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People's Republic of China subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Chinese_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Chinese_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Anti-Chinese sentiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Chinese_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 In Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Japanese_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Japanese_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Anti-Japanese sentiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Japanese_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Muslim_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Muslim_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Anti-Muslim sentiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Muslim_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Persecution of Uyghurs in China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_Tibetans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_Tibetans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Discrimination against Tibetans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_Tibetans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibetan-Muslim_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan-Muslim_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Tibetan-Muslim violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan-Muslim_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Discrimination against Mongols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_Africans_and_people_of_African_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_Africans_and_people_of_African_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Discrimination against Africans and people of African descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_Africans_and_people_of_African_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_South_and_Southeast_Asians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_South_and_Southeast_Asians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Discrimination against South and Southeast Asians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_South_and_Southeast_Asians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Discrimination against Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_and_biases_in_favor_of_European_and_European-descended_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_and_biases_in_favor_of_European_and_European-descended_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Discrimination against and biases in favor of European and European-descended people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_and_biases_in_favor_of_European_and_European-descended_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 Discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.2 Biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 International responses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_slurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_slurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethnic slurs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_slurs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic slurs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_slurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphic_pejoratives_about_race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_pejoratives_about_race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Graphic pejoratives about race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_pejoratives_about_race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_ethnic_slurs_in_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_ethnic_slurs_in_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 List of ethnic slurs in Chinese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_ethnic_slurs_in_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Racism in China (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 种族主义; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 種族主義; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: zhòngzú zhǔyì) arises from <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a>, and other factors. <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> has been documented in numerous situations. Ethnic tensions have led to numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots#China" title="List of ethnic riots">incidents</a> in the country such as the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a>, the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">state persecution of Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2010_Tibetan_language_protest" title="2010 Tibetan language protest">2010 Tibetan language protest</a> (a protest against the <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">sinicization of Tibet</a>), the <a href="/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests" title="2020 Inner Mongolia protests">2020 Inner Mongolia protests</a> (a protest against the sinicization of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>), discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a> in particular and discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> in general. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_background">Demographic background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographic background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional racism in China">Institutional racism in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">List of ethnic groups in China</a></div> China is a largely homogeneous society; over 90% of its population is <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Ethnic taxonomies were an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> governance since the 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-2">[2]</a>: 59  Claims about "race" being based in science and physiological differences were introduced to China by Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-2">[2]</a>: 59  The idea of East Asian people belonging to a single "yellow race" was invented by European scientists in the 1700s and later introduced to China.<a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-2">[2]</a>: 59  Chinese intellectuals initially embraced European concepts of race due to admiration of Western science.<a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-2">[2]</a>: 59  These intellectuals also accepted a view categorizing Chinese as "yellow," in part due to favorable connotations of "<a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>" in Chinese culture.<a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-2">[2]</a>: 59  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Uyghurs">Conflict with Uyghurs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict with Uyghurs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></div> In the early 20th century, Uyghurs would reportedly not enter <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> mosques, and Hui and Han households were built together in a town; Uyghurs would live farther away.<a href="#cite_note-Safran_1998_35-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2008_75-4">[4]</a> Uyghurs have been known to view Hui Muslims from other provinces of China as hostile and threatening.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Mixed Han and Uyghur children are known as erzhuanzi (二转子); there are Uyghurs who call them piryotki,<a href="#cite_note-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2007_223-8">[8]</a> and shun them.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibe</a> minority tend to also hold negative stereotypes of Uyghurs and identify with the Han.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2004-10">[10]</a> A book by Guo Rongxing from <a href="/wiki/Chandos_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandos Publishing">Chandos Publishing</a> about the unrest in Xinjiang stated that the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a> occurred after 250 forced <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> were imposed upon local Uyghur women by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-baren-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> and individual Han Chinese citizens have been accused of discrimination against and ethnic hatred towards the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> minority.<a href="#cite_note-neednotapply-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This was a reported cause of the <a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a>, which occurred largely along racial lines. Several Western media sources called them "<a href="/wiki/Race_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riots">race riots</a>".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> in 2009, there was an unofficial Chinese policy of denying passports to Uyghurs until they reached retirement age, especially if they intended to leave the country for the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-neednotapply-12">[12]</a> A 2009 paper from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> reported that China's policy of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_China" title="Affirmative action in China">affirmative action</a> had actually worsened the rift between the Han and Uyghurs, but also noted that both ethnic groups could still be friendly with each other, citing a survey where 70% of Uyghur respondents had Han friends while 82% of Han had Uyghur friends.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The CCP has actively pursued the policy of <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicizing</a> religion. This policy seeks to mold all religions to align with the officially atheist CCP doctrines and the prevailing customs of the majority Han-Chinese society.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It was observed in 2013 that at least in the workplace, Uyghur-Han relations seemed relatively friendly.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a>, some commentators on Weibo, including Muslim-Chinese celebrity <a href="/wiki/Madina_Memet" title="Madina Memet">Medina Memet</a>, urged others not to equate Uyghurs with terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> According to academic David Tobin, since 2012, "Chinese education about Uyghurs tends to frame Uyghur identities as racialised, culturally external existential threats to be defeated by state violence or teaching them to be Chinese."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia-Caucasus_Institute" title="Central Asia-Caucasus Institute">Central Asia-Caucasus Institute</a>'s founder <a href="/wiki/S._Frederick_Starr" title="S. Frederick Starr">S. Fredrick Starr</a>, tensions between <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and Uyghurs arose because the Qing and Republican Chinese authorities both used Hui troops and officials to dominate the Uyghurs and suppress Uyghur revolts.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The massacre of Uyghurs by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a>'s Hui troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kashgar_(1934)" title="Battle of Kashgar (1934)">Battle of Kashgar</a> caused unease as more Hui moved into the region from other parts of China.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Per Starr, the Uyghur population grew by 1.7 percent in Xinjiang between 1940 and 1982, and the Hui population increased by 4.4 percent, with the population-growth disparity serving to increase interethnic tensions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Republic_of_China">People's Republic of China</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China#Ethnic_minorities" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China § Ethnic minorities</a></div> Racist incidents continue to occur in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and they have become a contentious topic because Chinese state sources either deny or downplay its existence. Scholars have noted that the Chinese state's <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">propaganda</a> largely portrays <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> as a Western phenomenon, which has contributed to a lack of acknowledgment of the existence of racism in Chinese society.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dikötter1997-28">[28]</a> In August 2018, the UN <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination">Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">PRC law</a> does not properly define "racial discrimination" and it also lacks an anti-racial discrimination law which should be in line with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(human_rights_standards)" title="Paris Principles (human rights standards)">Paris Principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Since the mid-1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) has utilized <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> as an instrument of its <a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">racial nationalist</a> discourse.<a href="#cite_note-Sautman2001-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In November 2012, in contradiction of the Chinese Communist Party's rhetoric about equality among China's <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">56 recognized ethnic groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> released his model of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a>, which has been criticized as <a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han-centric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> In May 2012, the Chinese government launched A 100-day crackdown on illegal foreigners in Beijing, due to Beijing residents wary of foreign nationals due to recent crimes.<a href="#cite_note-steinfeld-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> (CCTV) host Yang Rui said, controversially, that "foreign trash" should be cleaned out of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-steinfeld-32">[32]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_International_Association" title="Gallup International Association">Gallup International</a> poll had roughly 30% of Chinese respondents and 53% of Hong Kong respondents agreeing that some races were superior to others.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Chinese_sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-Chinese sentiment">edit</a>]</div> Among some Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> and critics of the Chinese government have used of <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> slurs (such as <a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">shina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">locust</a>),<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> or displaying hatred towards the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Hong_Kong">In Hong Kong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> Although <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">sovereignty was returned to China</a> in 1997, only a small minority of its inhabitants consider themselves to be exclusively Chinese. According to a 2014 survey from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>, 42.3% of respondents identified themselves as "Hong Kong citizens", versus only 17.8% who identified themselves as "Chinese citizens", and 39.3% gave themselves a mixed identity (a Hong Kong Chinese or a Hong Konger who was living in China).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> By 2019, almost no <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong youth">Hong Kong youth</a> identified as Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The number of mainland Chinese who visit the region has surged since the handover (it reached 28 million in 2011) and many locals believe that it is the cause of their housing and job difficulties. In addition to resentment which is caused by political oppression, negative perceptions have grown through the circulation of online posts which contain descriptions of mainlander misbehaviour,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> as well as discriminatory discourse in major Hong Kong newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2013, polls from the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong University">University of Hong Kong</a> suggested that 32 to 35.6 per cent of locals had "negative" feelings for mainland Chinese people.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, a 2019 survey of Hong Kong residents has suggested that there are also some who attribute positive stereotypes to visitors from the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2012, a group of Hong Kong residents published a newspaper advertisement which depicted mainland visitors and immigrants as <a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">locusts</a>, an ethnic slur targeting mainland Chinese people.<a href="#cite_note-Juliana_Liu-47">[47]</a> Strong anti-mainland xenophobia has also been documented amidst the 2019 protests,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> with reported instances of protesters attacking Mandarin-speakers and mainland-linked businesses.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Anti-parallel_trading_protests" title="Anti-parallel trading protests">protest</a> against mainlanders and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_trading_in_Hong_Kong" title="Parallel trading in Hong Kong">parallel traders</a>, local demonstrators chanted the pejorative term <a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Cheena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In October 2015, an <a href="/wiki/HKGolden" title="HKGolden">HKGolden</a> netizen <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">remade</a> the South Korean song "<a href="/wiki/Gangnam_Style" title="Gangnam Style">Gangnam Style</a>", with lyrics calling mainland Chinese "locusts" and "Cheena people", titled "Disgusting Cheena Style" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 核突支那Style).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Inside Hong Kong university campuses, mainland Chinese students are often referred to as "Cheena dogs" and "yellow thugs" by local students.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Hong Kong journalist Audrey Li noted the xenophobic undertone of the widespread right-wing nativism movement, in which the immigrant population and tourists are used as scapegoats for social inequality and institutional failure.<a href="#cite_note-Kuo_20190618-54">[54]</a> In a 2015 study, mainland students in Hong Kong who initially had a more positive view of the city than of their own mainland hometowns reported that their attempts at connecting with the locals were difficult due to experiences of hostility.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In Hong Kong, some people consider <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> and discrimination toward mainland Chinese morally justified<a href="#cite_note-wong-56">[56]</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">superiority complex</a> influenced by Hong Kong's economic and cultural prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and nostalgia toward British rule.<a href="#cite_note-Kuo_20190618-54">[54]</a> Some protesters choose to express their frustrations on ordinary mainlanders instead of the Chinese government. With rising <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Hong Kong and China, xenophobia between Hong Kongers and mainlanders is reinforced and reciprocated.<a href="#cite_note-hung-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Japanese_sentiment">Anti-Japanese sentiment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anti-Japanese sentiment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">Anti-Japanese sentiment in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">China–Japan relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Anti-Japanese sentiment</a> primarily stems from Japanese war crimes which were committed during the Second Sino-Japanese War. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">History-textbook revisionism</a> in Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">denial</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">whitewashing</a>) of events such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a> has continued to inflame anti-Japanese feeling in China. Anti-Japanese sentiment has been encouraged through the CCP's <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Education_Campaign" title="Patriotic Education Campaign">Patriotic Education Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> report, anti-Japanese demonstrations received tacit approval from Chinese authorities, however, the Chinese ambassador to Japan <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> said that the Chinese government does not condone such protests.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Muslim_sentiment">Anti-Muslim sentiment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-Muslim sentiment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party#Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party § Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China#Islam" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China § Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims#Xinjiang" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims § Xinjiang</a></div> Recent studies contend that in contemporary China, some Han Chinese have attempted to legitimize and fuel anti-Muslim beliefs and biases by exploiting historical conflicts between the Han Chinese and Muslims, like the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Northwest Hui Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Scholars and researchers have also argued that Western Islamophobia and the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a>" have contributed to the mainstreaming of anti-Muslim sentiments and practices in China.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Recent studies have shown that Chinese news media coverage of Muslims and Islam is generally negative, in which portrayals of Muslims as dangerous and prone to terrorism, or as recipients of disproportionate aid from the government was common.<a href="#cite_note-:10-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-66">[66]</a> Studies have also revealed that Chinese cyberspace contains much anti-Muslim rhetoric and that non-Muslim Chinese hold negative views towards Muslims and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-:10-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Discrimination against Muslims and sinicization of mosques have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Middle Eastern youth in China who were interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a> in 2018 generally did not encounter discrimination. However, a Yemeni national said that he received unfavorable reactions from some Chinese when he stated that he was a Muslim, something which he managed to overcome with time, especially after he made Chinese friends.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persecution of Uyghurs in China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang#People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–present)" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang § People's Republic of China (1949–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></div> Since 2014, the Chinese Communist Party under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Jinping Administration</a> has pursued a policy which has led to the imprisonment of more than one million <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-Xi_Jinping-74">[74]</a> (the majority of them are <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>) in secretive <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">detention camps</a> without any <a href="/wiki/Legal_process" title="Legal process">legal process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indy-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw._UN:U-76">[76]</a> Critics of the policy have described it as the sinicization of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and they have also called it an <a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">ethnocide</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-indy-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and many activists, <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organizations, government officials, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> have called it a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Globe-genocide-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quartz-genocide-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-fore_Mene-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-blac_Blac-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-icij_Brit-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ourc_Comm-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj._U.S._says-89">[89]</a> The Chinese government did not acknowledge the existence of these <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a> until 2018 and when it finally acknowledged their existence, it called them "vocational education and training centers" rather than internment camps.<a href="#cite_note-:21-90">[90]</a> In 2019, the name of these camps was officially changed to "vocational training centers". From 2018 to 2019, despite the Chinese government's claim that most of the detainees had been released, the camps tripled in size.<a href="#cite_note-:21-90">[90]</a> The Chinese Ambassador to the United States at the time, <a href="/wiki/Cui_Tiankai" title="Cui Tiankai">Cui Tiankai</a>, stated that accusations of genocide which have been made by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> are "inaccurate."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> There are widespread reports of <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortion</a>, contraception, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">sterilization</a> both inside and outside the re-education camps. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> reports that a 37-year-old pregnant woman from the Xinjiang region said that she attempted to give up her Chinese citizenship to live in Kazakhstan but was told by the Chinese government that she needed to come back to China to complete the process. She alleges that officials seized the passports of her and her two children before coercing her into receiving an abortion to prevent her brother from being detained in an internment camp.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Zumrat Dwut, a Uyghur woman, claimed that she was <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">forcibly sterilized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">tubal ligation</a> during her time in a camp before her husband was able to get her out through requests to Pakistani diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-fax-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Xinjiang regional government denies that she was forcibly sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-fax-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reports that there is a "widespread and systematic" practice of forcing Uyghur women to take birth control medication in the Xinjiang region,<a href="#cite_note-apne_Chin-95">[95]</a> and many women have stated that they have been forced to receive <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">contraceptive implants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> reported that officials forced Uyghur women to take unknown drugs and to drink some kind of white liquid that caused them to lose consciousness and sometimes causes them to cease menstruation altogether.<a href="#cite_note-:02-98">[98]</a> Tahir Hamut, a Uyghur Muslim, worked in a <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camp</a> during <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> when he was a child, and he later worked in a <a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">re-education camp</a> as an adult, performing such tasks as picking cotton, shoveling gravel, and making bricks. "Everyone is forced to do all types of hard labor or face punishment," he said. "Anyone unable to complete their duties will be beaten."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Beginning in 2018, over one million Chinese government workers began forcibly living in the homes of Uyghur families to monitor and assess resistance to assimilation, and to watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-:8-100">[100]</a> In March 2020, the Chinese government was found to be using the Uyghur minority for forced labor, inside <a href="/wiki/Sweat_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat shops">sweat shops</a>. According to a report published then by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI)</a>, no fewer than around 80,000 Uyghurs were forcibly removed from the region of Xinjiang and used for forced labor in at least twenty-seven corporate factories.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to the Business and Human Rights resource center, corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch" title="Abercrombie & Fitch">Abercrombie & Fitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fila_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fila (company)">Fila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gap_Inc." title="Gap Inc.">Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inditex" title="Inditex">Inditex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_North_Face" title="The North Face">North Face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puma_(brand)" title="Puma (brand)">Puma</a>, <a href="/wiki/PVH_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="PVH (company)">PVH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uniqlo" title="Uniqlo">UNIQLO</a> have each sourced from these factories prior to the publication of the ASPI report.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_Tibetans">Discrimination against Tibetans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discrimination against Tibetans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Anti-Tibetan sentiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">History of Tibet (1950–present)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a></div> Anti-Tibetan racism has been practiced by ethnic Han Chinese on some occasions. Ever since its inception, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole legal ruling political party</a> of the PRC (including Tibet), has been distributing historical documents which portray Tibetan culture as barbaric in order to justify Chinese control of the territory of Tibet, and is widely endorsed by Han Chinese nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> As such, many members of Chinese society have a negative view of Tibet which can be interpreted as racism.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The CCP's view is that <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Tibet was historically a feudal society</a> which practiced serfdom/slavery and that this only changed due to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>: 8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibetan-Muslim_violence">Tibetan-Muslim violence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tibetan-Muslim violence">edit</a>]</div> Most <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Muslims in Tibet</a> are Hui. Although hostility between Tibetans and Muslims stems from the Muslim warlord <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>'s rule of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ngolok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngolok rebellions (1917–49)">Ngolok rebellions (1917–49)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a>), in 1949, the Communists ended the violence between Tibetans and Muslims. However, acts of Tibetan-Muslim violence have recently occurred. Riots between Muslims and Tibetans broke out over bones in soups and the price of balloons; Tibetans accused Muslims of being <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals who cooked humans</a>, attacking Muslim restaurants. Fires which were set by Tibetans burned the apartments and shops of Muslims, and Muslims stopped wearing their traditional headwear and they also began to pray in secret.<a href="#cite_note-Demick-107">[107]</a> Chinese-speaking Hui also have problems with the Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kache">Kache</a> Muslim minority).<a href="#cite_note-Mayaram_2009_75-108">[108]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> was burned down by Tibetans, and Hui Muslims were assaulted by rioters in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Tibetan exiles and foreign scholars overlook sectarian violence between Tibetan Buddhists and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Most Tibetans viewed the wars which were waged against <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> positively, and anti-Muslim attitudes resulted in boycotts of Muslim-owned businesses.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Some Tibetan Buddhists believe that Muslims cremate their imams and use the ashes to convert Tibetans to Islam by making Tibetans inhale the ashes, although they frequently oppose proposed Muslim cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Since the Chinese government supports the Hui Muslims, Tibetans attack the Hui to indicate anti-government sentiment and due to the background of hostility since Ma Bufang's rule; they resent perceived Hui economic domination.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1936, after <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> expelled 20,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang and forced them to move to Qinghai, Hui troops who were led by Ma Bufang reduced the number of Kazakhs who lived in Xinjiang to 135.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Over 7,000 Kazakhs fled northern Xinjiang to the Tibetan Qinghai plateau region (via Gansu), causing unrest. Ma Bufang relegated the Kazakhs to pastureland in Qinghai, but the Hui, Tibetans and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_Mongols">Discrimination against Mongols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Discrimination against Mongols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism#China" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Anti-Mongolianism § China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests" title="2020 Inner Mongolia protests">2020 Inner Mongolia protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia</a></div> The CCP has been accused of sinicizing <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> by gradually replacing <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian languages</a> with Mandarin Chinese. Critics have accused the Chinese government of committing cultural genocide because it is <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">dismantling people's minority languages</a> and eradicating their minority identities. The <a href="/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests" title="2020 Inner Mongolia protests">2020 Inner Mongolia protests</a> were caused by a <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> reform which was imposed on ethnic schools by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s Inner Mongolian Department of Education. The two-part reform replaced Mongolian with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in three particular subjects and it also replaced three regional textbooks which were printed in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>, with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationally-unified_textbook_series_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationally-unified textbook series in China (page does not exist)">nationally-unified textbook series</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E7%BC%96%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90" class="extiw" title="zh:中华人民共和国教育部中小学统编教材">zh</a>] edited by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education</a>, written in Standard Mandarin.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-state_media_response_0831-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mongolian_officials_response_0904-118">[118]</a> On a broader scale, the opposition to the curriculum change reflects the decline of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_language_education_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional language education in China (page does not exist)">regional language education in China</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="zh:中国地方语言教学">zh</a>].<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 20 September 2020, up to 5,000 ethnic Mongolians were arrested in Inner Mongolia for protesting against the enactment of policies that outlawed their <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralist</a> lifestyle. The director of the Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center (SMHRIC), Enghebatu Togochog, called the CCP's policy a "cultural genocide". Two-thirds of the 6 million ethnic Mongolians who live in Inner Mongolia practice a nomadic lifestyle that they have practiced for millennia.<a href="#cite_note-mongol-nomadic-lifestyle-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and his origins have been increasingly <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">censored</a> by the authorities within China alongside attempts to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">censor them outside of the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-122">[122]</a> In October 2020, the Chinese government asked the Nantes History Museum in France not to use the words "Genghis Khan" and "<a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>" in the exhibition project which it dedicated to the life of Genghis Khan and the history of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. The Nantes History Museum conducted the exhibition project in partnership with the Inner Mongolia Museum in Hohhot, China. The Nantes History Museum halted the exhibition project. In response, the director of the Nantes museum, Bertrand Guillet, stated: "Tendentious elements of rewriting aimed at completely eliminating <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">culture</a> in favor of a new national narrative".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_Africans_and_people_of_African_descent">Discrimination against Africans and people of African descent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Discrimination against Africans and people of African descent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Mainland_China" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic § Mainland China</a></div> According to historian Yinghong Cheng, "a relationship between two racially superior/inferior human groups is either implied or demonstrated" in Chinese narratives and discourses toward Africans.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Reports of racial discrimination against Africans in China have been published by foreign media outlets since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Publicized incidents of discrimination against Africans have included the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_anti-African_protests" title="Nanjing anti-African protests">Nanjing anti-African protests</a> in 1988 and a 1989 student-led protest in Beijing in response to an African dating a Chinese person.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Police action against <a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Africans in Guangzhou</a> has also been reported as discriminatory.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a> In 2009, accusations which were made by Chinese media in which it stated that the number of African undocumented immigrants who were residing in China could be as high as 200,000 people sparked racist attacks against Africans and mixed African-Chinese people on the internet.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2017, a museum exhibit in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> was condemned for comparing Africans to wild animals and was pulled soon after amid outrage.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/CCTV_New_Year%27s_Gala" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV New Year's Gala">CCTV New Year's Gala</a> sparked controversies because it included <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> performances in which Africans were portrayed as submissive recipients of the support which they received from China.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During the CCTV New Year's Gala in 2021, Chinese actors again put on blackface; the Chinese Foreign minister denied that the performance was racist.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> According to BBC News, in 2020, many people in China have expressed solidarity with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> have reportedly sparked conversations about race that would have not otherwise occurred in the country,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> including treatment of China's own ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In August 2023, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that racist content against Black people is widespread on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">internet in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> According to academic Kun Huang, each time a mixed-race Chinese-African person has gone viral on social media, a nationalist backlash has ensued.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> The number of reported acts of racism against Africans and against black foreigners of African descent<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> both increased in China during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Black foreigners not from Africa have also faced racism and discrimination in China.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In response to criticism over COVID-19 related racism and discrimination against Africans in China, Chinese authorities set up a hotline for foreign nationals and laid out measures discouraging businesses and rental houses in Guangzhou from refusing people based on race or nationality.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Foreign Ministry spokesman <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lijian" title="Zhao Lijian">Zhao Lijian</a> claimed that the country has "zero tolerance" for discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> stated that this claim ignored the decades' long history of racism and discrimination against Africans in China which predated the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Shanghai_lockdown" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Shanghai lockdown">2022 Shanghai lockdown</a>, viral locally produced videos of Africans shouting scripted, positive wishes to the Chinese audience have been criticized as stereotypical and even dehumanizing.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> Since 2008, it has been reported that many Africans have experienced racism in Hong Kong, such as being subjected to humiliating police searches on the streets, being avoided on public transports, and being barred from bars and clubs.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_South_and_Southeast_Asians">Discrimination against South and Southeast Asians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discrimination against South and Southeast Asians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_domestic_helpers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong">Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong</a></div> There have been reports of widespread discrimination in Hong Kong against South Asian minorities regarding housing, employment, public services, and checks by the police.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> A 2001 survey found that 82% of ethnic minority respondents said they had suffered discrimination from shops, markets, and restaurants in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> A 2020 survey found that more than 90% of ethnic minority respondents experienced some form of housing discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Foreign domestic workers, mostly South Asians, have been at risk of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>, subpar accommodation, and verbal, physical, or sexual abuse by employers.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> A 2016 survey from <a href="/wiki/Justice_Centre_Hong_Kong" title="Justice Centre Hong Kong">Justice Centre Hong Kong</a> suggested that 17% of migrant domestic workers were engaged in forced labor, while 94.6% showed signs of exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Filipina women in Hong Kong are often reportedly stereotyped as promiscuous, disrespectful, and lacking self-control.<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[165]</a> Reports of racist abuse from Hong Kong fans towards their Filipino counterparts at a 2013 football game came to light, after an increased negative image of the Philippines from the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Manila_hostage_crisis" title="Manila hostage crisis">Manila hostage crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In 2014, an insurance ad, as well as a school textbook, drew some controversy for alleged racial stereotyping of Filipina maids.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Some Pakistanis in 2013 reported of banks barring them from opening accounts because they came from a 'terrorist country', as well as locals next to them covering their mouths thinking they smell, finding their beard ugly, or stereotyping them as claiming welfare benefits fraudulently.<a href="#cite_note-:2-168">[168]</a> A 2014 survey of Pakistani and Nepalese construction workers in Hong Kong found that discrimination and harassment from local colleagues led to perceived mental stress, physical ill health, and reduced productivity.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> South Asian minorities in Hong Kong faced increased xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic, with media narratives blaming them as more likely to spread the virus.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 2023, a video shared by a <a href="/wiki/Douyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Douyin">Douyin</a> account of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> of actors in <a href="/wiki/Brownface" title="Brownface">brownface</a> singing an Indian song received widespread criticism.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The video was deleted soon after.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_Jews">Discrimination against Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discrimination against Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Antisemitism in China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Antisemitism in China</a> is a mostly 21st century phenomenon and is complicated by the fact that there is little ground for antisemitism in China in historical sources.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Public consciousness of Jews in China has a variety of historical influences.<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-177">[177]</a>: 98  Academic Eric Reinders of <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> states that these include "<a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestant missionaries</a>, Jews as a <a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">model</a> for <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese immigrants</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">anti-Jewish</a> articles circulated in China in the 1930s, the presence of European <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Jewish refugees</a> in Shanghai, and the politics around Israel as a proxy of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">US imperialism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-177">[177]</a>: 98  Reinders writes that Chinese stereotypes of Jews are based in positive generalizations more than negative ones.<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-177">[177]</a>: 98–99  Jews are praised for valuing education like Chinese, although this is often also framed competitively.<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-177">[177]</a>: 99  Some mass market books associate Jews with wealth-building.<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-177">[177]</a>: 98–99  In the 2020s, antisemitic conspiracy theories in China began to spread and intensify.<a href="#cite_note-:12-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-180">[180]</a> Some Chinese people believe in <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic tropes</a> that <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">Jews secretly rule the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2014-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_and_biases_in_favor_of_European_and_European-descended_people">Discrimination against and biases in favor of European and European-descended people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Discrimination against and biases in favor of European and European-descended people">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a> form one of China's <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in China">56 officially recognized ethnic groups</a>. Many Chinese citizens of Russian descent were subject to discrimination due to their perceived differences from the majority Han Chinese population and accusations of being "Soviet spies" during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In the late 2010s, Dong Desheng, a Chinese citizen of Russian descent who was born in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> province, become a "social media sensation" in China after posting videos of himself and his daily life under the screen name "Uncle Petrov".<a href="#cite_note-CNN-183">[183]</a> Some Chinese internet users were "confused" by Desheng's appearance, asking him if he wore "colored contact lenses" as they could not believe that a Chinese citizen could have naturally blue eyes. As he gained more popularity online, Desheng raised discussions about what it means to be "Chinese", as the term is largely synonymous with people of Han Chinese ethnicity and stereotypical appearance.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-183">[183]</a> In a 2022 interview, Desheng discussed how Russians and many other minorities in China have attempted to assimilate into the majority Han Chinese culture; forgoing their ancestral culture in fear of being discriminated against.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biases">Biases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a> alleged that a hiring preference for white English teachers over members of other groups is common in China.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Media_Diversified" title="Media Diversified">Media Diversified</a> article by a former English teacher in Ningbo alleged that the English teaching industry was responsible for "painting the image of ‘good English’ as a domain reserved for <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>" and it also highlighted the need for a more diverse staff in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_responses">International responses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International responses">edit</a>]</div> In terms of international responses to China's policies towards Tibetans, Uyghurs and Mongols in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, Xinjiang, and the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region">Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region</a> respectively, many people outside Mongolia know about the Chinese government's human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and the Tibetans, but few of them know about the plight of the Mongols. An international petition which is titled "Save Education in Inner Mongolia" has currently received less than 21,000 signatures.<a href="#cite_note-:5-188">[188]</a> Former U.S. President Trump signed the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Policy_Act" title="Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act">Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act</a> of 2020 into law, and the Tibetan Policy and Support Act of 2019 has passed the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-:5-188">[188]</a> The Southern Mongolian Congress, an Inner Mongolian activist group based out of Japan, has since written an open letter asking the U.S. Congress to do the same for the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-:5-188">[188]</a> Much of the world has condemned the Chinese government's detention of Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In January 2021, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> declared that China is committing <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and genocide against the Uyghurs, making the U.S. the first country to apply those terms to the Chinese government's human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-:6-190">[190]</a> While he was campaigning, the current U.S. President Joe Biden used the term genocide in reference to the Chinese government's human rights abuses, and his secretary of state, namely Antony Blinken, affirmed Pompeo's declaration.<a href="#cite_note-:6-190">[190]</a> Japan did not join the U.S. and several other nations in March 2021 in imposing sanctions on China over its repression of its mostly Muslim Uyghur majority.<a href="#cite_note-:7-191">[191]</a> However, in April 2021, during a 90-minute phone conversation with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Toshimitsu_Motegi" title="Toshimitsu Motegi">Toshimitsu Motegi</a> called on his Chinese counterpart to take action to improve human-rights conditions for Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-:7-191">[191]</a> This message from Tokyo came shortly before Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a> traveled to the U.S. for a summit with President Biden on 16 April.<a href="#cite_note-:7-191">[191]</a> South Korea has remained quiet about Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_slurs">Ethnic slurs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethnic slurs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Western sentiment in China">Anti-Western sentiment in China</a></div> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Frank Dikötter</a>, <blockquote>A common historical response to serious threats directed towards a symbolic universe is "nihilation", or the conceptual liquidation of everything inconsistent with official doctrine. Foreigners were labelled "barbarians" or "devils", to be conceptually eliminated. The official rhetoric reduced the Westerner to a devil, a ghost, an evil and unreal goblin hovering on the border of humanity. Many texts of the first half of the nineteenth century referred to the English as "foreign devils" (yangguizi), "devil slaves" (guinu), "barbarian devils" (fangui), "island barbarians" (daoyi), "blue-eyed barbarian slaves" (biyan yinu), or "red-haired barbarians" (hongmaofan).<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_pejoratives_about_race_and_ethnicity">Graphic pejoratives about race and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Graphic pejoratives about race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graphic_pejoratives_in_written_Chinese" title="Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese">Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese orthography">Chinese orthography</a> provides opportunities to write ethnic insults <a href="/wiki/Logograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograph">logographically</a>; this is known as "graphic pejoratives". This originated in the fact that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used to <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transcribe</a> the names of non-Chinese peoples were graphically pejorative <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_slurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic slurs">ethnic slurs</a>, where the insult was not the Chinese word but the character used to write it. The sinologist <a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Endymion Wilkinson</a> says,<blockquote>At the same time as finding characters to fit the sounds of a foreign word or name it is also possible to choose ones with a particular meaning, in the case of non-Han peoples and foreigners, usually a pejorative meaning. It was the practice, for example, to choose characters with an animal or reptile signific for southern non-Han peoples, and many northern peoples were given characters for their names with the dog or leather hides signific. In origin this practice may have derived from the animal totems or tribal emblems typical of these peoples. This is not to deny that in later Chinese history such graphic pejoratives fitted neatly with Han convictions of the superiority of their own culture as compared to the uncultivated, hence animal-like, savages and barbarians.<a href="#cite_note-WilkinsonWilkinson2000-194">[194]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_ethnic_slurs_in_Chinese">List of ethnic slurs in Chinese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: List of ethnic slurs in Chinese">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>鬼子 (guǐzi) – "<a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a>", devils, refers to foreigners <ul><li>日本鬼子 (rìběn guǐzi ) – literally "Japanese devil", used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, can be translated as <a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a>. In 2010 Japanese internet users on <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2channel</a> created the fictional <a href="/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism" title="Moe anthropomorphism">moe</a> character <a href="/wiki/Hinomoto_Oniko" title="Hinomoto Oniko">Hinomoto Oniko</a> (日本鬼子) which refers to the ethnic term, with Hinomoto Oniko being the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kun%27yomi" title="Kun'yomi">kun'yomi</a> reading of the <a href="/wiki/Han_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Han characters">Han characters</a> "日本鬼子".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>二鬼子 (èr guǐzi ) – literally "second devil", used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> soldiers who were a part of the Japanese army during the Sino-Japanese war in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-people20111216-196">[196]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiao Riben</a> (小日本 Small Japanese/Small Japan)</li> <li>鬼佬 – <a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">Gweilo</a>, literally "ghostly man" (directed at Europeans)</li> <li>黑鬼 (hei guǐ)/(hak gwei) – "Black devil" (directed at Africans).<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>阿三 (A Sae) or 紅頭阿三 (Ghondeu Asae) - Originally a <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a> term used against Indians, it is also used in Mandarin.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>chán-tóu (; turban heads) – used during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">Republican period</a> against Uyghurs<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_307-199">[199]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Garnaut-200">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li>Erzhuanzi (二轉子) – ethnically mixed<a href="#cite_note-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2007_223-8">[8]</a> The term was said by European explorers in the 19th century to refer to a people descended from Chinese, Taghliks, and Mongols living in the area from Ku-ch'eng-tze to Barköl in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoli_bangzi" title="Gaoli bangzi">Gaoli bangzi</a> (高麗棒子 Korean Stick) - Used against Koreans, both North Koreans and South Koreans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_Henan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination of Henan people">Discrimination of Henan people</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">"China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638815" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638815"><bdi>9781503638815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781503638815&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safran_1998_35-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Safran_1998_35_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafran1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safran" title="William Safran">Safran, William</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-IayBqAt3wC&pg=PA35">Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4921-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4921-X"><bdi>0-7146-4921-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625032817/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-IayBqAt3wC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+ethnoregional+identities+in+China&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7146-4921-X&rft.aulast=Safran&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-IayBqAt3wC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2008_75-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2008_75_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2008" class="citation book cs1">Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&q=uyghur+tungan">Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur</a>. <a href="/wiki/BRILL_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="BRILL Publishers">BRILL Publishers</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16675-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16675-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021422/https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&q=uyghur+tungan">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+matters+in+Xinjiang%2C+1880-1949%3A+towards+a+historical+anthropology+of+the+Uyghur&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=BRILL+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16675-2&rft.au=Ildik%C3%B3+Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcF4lMj8skvoC%26q%3Duyghur%2Btungan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangbin_Chen2008" class="citation book cs1">Yangbin Chen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=roiuY7bnb80C&q=uyghur+hui&pg=PA130">Muslim Uyghur students in a Chinese boarding school: social recapitalization as a response to ethnic integration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2112-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-2112-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021416/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Muslim_Uyghur_Students_in_a_Chinese_Boar/roiuY7bnb80C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=uyghur+hui&pg=PA130&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Uyghur+students+in+a+Chinese+boarding+school%3A+social+recapitalization+as+a+response+to+ethnic+integration&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2112-2&rft.au=Yangbin+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DroiuY7bnb80C%26q%3Duyghur%2Bhui%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Westerlund,_Ingvar_Svanberg_1999_204_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterlundSvanberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DH9wZky30EC&q=piryotki">Islam outside the Arab world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22691-8"><bdi>0-312-22691-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021435/https://books.google.com/books?id=1DH9wZky30EC&q=piryotki">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+outside+the+Arab+world&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-312-22691-8&rft.aulast=Westerlund&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Svanberg%2C+Ingvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DH9wZky30EC%26q%3Dpiryotki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudelsonRudelson1997" class="citation book cs1">Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA63">Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road</a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231107862" title="Special:BookSources/0231107862"><bdi>0231107862</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109085040/https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oasis+Identities%3A+Uyghur+Nationalism+Along+China%27s+Silk+Road&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0231107862&rft.aulast=Rudelson&rft.aufirst=Justin+Jon&rft.au=Rudelson%2C+Justin+Ben-Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMT2D_0_eBPQC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2007_223-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2007_223_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildikó_Bellér-Hann_2007_223_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2007" class="citation book cs1">Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&q=erzhuanzi+uyghur&pg=PA223">Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-7041-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021504/https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&q=erzhuanzi+uyghur&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+the+Uyghurs+between+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4&rft.au=Ildik%C3%B3+Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNKCU3BdeBbEC%26q%3Derzhuanzi%2Buyghur%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Ben-Adam_RudelsonJustin_Jon_Rudelson1997" class="citation book cs1">Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson; Justin Jon Rudelson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&q=uyghur+han+children+of+mixed+han+uyghur+erzhuanzi&pg=PA86">Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10786-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10786-2"><bdi>0-231-10786-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021418/https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&q=uyghur+han+children+of+mixed+han+uyghur+erzhuanzi&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oasis+identities%3A+Uyghur+nationalism+along+China%27s+Silk+Road&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-231-10786-2&rft.au=Justin+Ben-Adam+Rudelson&rft.au=Justin+Jon+Rudelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMT2D_0_eBPQC%26q%3Duyghur%2Bhan%2Bchildren%2Bof%2Bmixed%2Bhan%2Buyghur%2Berzhuanzi%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2004-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2004_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Harris2004" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Harris (23 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlxJdK6wGUC&q=laghman+noodles&pg=PA45">Singing the Village: Music, Memory and Ritual Among the Sibe of Xinjiang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726297-9"><bdi>978-0-19-726297-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021449/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlxJdK6wGUC&q=laghman+noodles&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+the+Village%3A+Music%2C+Memory+and+Ritual+Among+the+Sibe+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=45-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2FBritish+Academy&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726297-9&rft.au=Rachel+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQlxJdK6wGUC%26q%3Dlaghman%2Bnoodles%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baren-11"><a href="#cite_ref-baren_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2015" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Rongxing (15 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUOnBQAAQBAJ&q=baren%2520township%2520riot&pg=PA44">China's Spatial (Dis)integration: Political Economy of the Interethnic Unrest in Xinjiang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chandos_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandos Publishing">Chandos Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081004036" title="Special:BookSources/9780081004036"><bdi>9780081004036</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075728/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUOnBQAAQBAJ&q=baren%2520township%2520riot&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Spatial+%28Dis%29integration%3A+Political+Economy+of+the+Interethnic+Unrest+in+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Chandos+Publishing&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft.isbn=9780081004036&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Rongxing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUOnBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbaren%252520township%252520riot%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-neednotapply-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neednotapply_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neednotapply_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamesfallows.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/07/no_uighurs_need_apply.php">"No Uighurs Need Apply"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. 10 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713064700/http://jamesfallows.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/07/no_uighurs_need_apply.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=No+Uighurs+Need+Apply&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamesfallows.theatlantic.com%2Farchives%2F2009%2F07%2Fno_uighurs_need_apply.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/07/20097761931298561.html">"Uighurs blame 'ethnic hatred'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 7 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711012403/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/07/20097761931298561.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uighurs+blame+%27ethnic+hatred%27&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Ffocus%2F2009%2F07%2F20097761931298561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/china/21639555-uighurs-and-tibetans-feel-left-out-chinas-economic-boom-ethnic-discrimination-not">"Ethnic Minorities, Don't Make Yourself at Home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 15 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725151927/http://www.economist.com/news/china/21639555-uighurs-and-tibetans-feel-left-out-chinas-economic-boom-ethnic-discrimination-not">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Minorities%2C+Don%27t+Make+Yourself+at+Home&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2F21639555-uighurs-and-tibetans-feel-left-out-chinas-economic-boom-ethnic-discrimination-not&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711155905/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908981,00.html">"Race Riots Continue in China's Far West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 7 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908981,00.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Race+Riots+Continue+in+China%27s+Far+West&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fphotogallery%2F0%2C29307%2C1908981%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/08/ED3H18KD53.DTL">"Deadly race riots put spotlight on China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The San Francisco Chronicle">The San Francisco Chronicle</a>. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Deadly+race+riots+put+spotlight+on+China&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F07%2F08%2FED3H18KD53.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0706/1224250105483.html">"Three killed in race riots in western China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 6 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016123558/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0706/1224250105483.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Three+killed+in+race+riots+in+western+China&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fworld%2F2009%2F0706%2F1224250105483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.nus.edu.sg/eai/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/Vol1No3_ShanweiChenGang.pdf">The Urumqi Riots and China's Ethnic Policy in Xinjiang</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>. 2009. pp. 20, 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212030844/https://research.nus.edu.sg/eai/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/Vol1No3_ShanweiChenGang.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urumqi+Riots+and+China%27s+Ethnic+Policy+in+Xinjiang&rft.pages=20%2C+21&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.nus.edu.sg%2Feai%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2017%2F11%2FVol1No3_ShanweiChenGang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackinnon2023" class="citation web cs1">Mackinnon, Amy (20 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/20/uyghur-genocide-nury-turkel-interview-commissioner-religious-freedom-china-beijing/">"The Witness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610041909/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/20/uyghur-genocide-nury-turkel-interview-commissioner-religious-freedom-china-beijing/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Witness&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft.aulast=Mackinnon&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F03%2F20%2Fuyghur-genocide-nury-turkel-interview-commissioner-religious-freedom-china-beijing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley2013" class="citation book cs1">Finley, Joanne N. Smith (9 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164">The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang</a>. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/BRILL_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="BRILL Publishers">BRILL Publishers</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25678-1"><bdi>978-90-04-25678-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021433/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBBAQAAQBAJ&q=uyghur+han+amicable">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Symbolic+Resistance%3A+Uyghur+Identities+and+Uyghur-Han+Relations+in+Contemporary+Xinjiang&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=BRILL+Publishers&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25678-1&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Joanne+N.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQBBAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2014" class="citation web cs1">Tang, Kevin (3 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/chinese-react-to-kunming-station-attacks-with-anger">"China's Netizens React To Kunming Station Attacks With Anger, Grief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212073009/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/chinese-react-to-kunming-station-attacks-with-anger">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+Netizens+React+To+Kunming+Station+Attacks+With+Anger%2C+Grief&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fkevintang%2Fchinese-react-to-kunming-station-attacks-with-anger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, David (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050068.2023.2298130">"Visualising insecurity: the globalisation of China's racist 'counter-terror' education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Education" title="Comparative Education">Comparative Education</a>. 60: 195–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050068.2023.2298130">10.1080/03050068.2023.2298130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0068">0305-0068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education&rft.atitle=Visualising+insecurity%3A+the+globalisation+of+China%27s+racist+%27counter-terror%27+education&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=195-215&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050068.2023.2298130&rft.issn=0305-0068&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03050068.2023.2298130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr2004">Starr (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfWq65DlGxkC&pg=PA311">311</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Frederick_Starr2004" class="citation book cs1">S. Frederick Starr (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&q=THis+dramatic+increase+in+the+hui+population+led+inevitably+to+significant+tensions+between+the+hui+and&pg=PA113">Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1318-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1318-2"><bdi>0-7656-1318-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021439/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&q=THis+dramatic+increase+in+the+hui+population+led+inevitably+to+significant+tensions+between+the+hui+and&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+borderland&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7656-1318-2&rft.au=S.+Frederick+Starr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXj4a3gss8wC%26q%3DTHis%2Bdramatic%2Bincrease%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bhui%2Bpopulation%2Bled%2Binevitably%2Bto%2Bsignificant%2Btensions%2Bbetween%2Bthe%2Bhui%2Band%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Andrew (2012). Ai, Ruixi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyO-AwAAQBAJ">Nationalism and Anti-Africanism in China</a>. Lulu.com. pp. 29–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-105-76890-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-105-76890-3"><bdi>978-1-105-76890-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935463519">935463519</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014003/https://books.google.com/books?id=HyO-AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. 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Retrieved 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China+portrays+racism+as+a+Western+problem&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2Fchina-portrays-racism-as-a-western-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dikötter1997-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Dikötter1997_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikötter1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Dikötter, Frank</a> (1 January 1997). 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Retrieved 9 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Committee+on+the+Elimination+of+Racial+Discrimination+reviews+the+report+of+China&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D23452%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sautman2001-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Sautman2001_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSautman2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Sautman, Barry</a> (2001). 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Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+government+confirms+huge+birth+rate+drop+but+denies+forced+sterilization+of+women&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.au=Ivan+Watson%2C+Rebecca+Wright+and+Ben+Westcott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F21%2Fasia%2Fxinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/first-she-survived-a-uighur-internment-camp-then-she-made-it-out-of-china/2019/11/17/a7a7639e-c003-4965-94a0-1944b5c40722_video.html">"First she survived a Uighur internment camp. Then she made it out of China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205074508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/first-she-survived-a-uighur-internment-camp-then-she-made-it-out-of-china/2019/11/17/a7a7639e-c003-4965-94a0-1944b5c40722_video.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=First+she+survived+a+Uighur+internment+camp.+Then+she+made+it+out+of+China.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fvideo%2Fworld%2Ffirst-she-survived-a-uighur-internment-camp-then-she-made-it-out-of-china%2F2019%2F11%2F17%2Fa7a7639e-c003-4965-94a0-1944b5c40722_video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apne_Chin-95"><a href="#cite_ref-apne_Chin_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c">"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 28 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=China+cuts+Uighur+births+with+IUDs%2C+abortion%2C+sterilization&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-96"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713">"China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 29 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222610/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+%27using+birth+control%27+to+suppress+Uighurs&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-53220713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-uighur-muslim-women-abortions-sexual-abuse-genocide-a9144721.html">"China accused of genocide over forced abortions of Uighur Muslim women as escapees reveal widespread sexual torture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 6 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208075342/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-uighur-muslim-women-abortions-sexual-abuse-genocide-a9144721.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=China+accused+of+genocide+over+forced+abortions+of+Uighur+Muslim+women+as+escapees+reveal+widespread+sexual+torture&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-uighur-muslim-women-abortions-sexual-abuse-genocide-a9144721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-98"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnosKim2019" class="citation web cs1">Enos, Olivia; Kim, Yujin (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/chinas-forced-sterilization-uighur-women-cultural-genocide">"China's Forced Sterilization of Uighur Women Is Cultural Genocide"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230646/https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/chinas-forced-sterilization-uighur-women-cultural-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Forced+Sterilization+of+Uighur+Women+Is+Cultural+Genocide&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Enos&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft.au=Kim%2C+Yujin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fasia%2Fcommentary%2Fchinas-forced-sterilization-uighur-women-cultural-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar_Farooq" class="citation news cs1">Umar Farooq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-profiting-off-of-forced-labor-in-xinjiang-report/1562782">"China profiting off of forced labor in Xinjiang: report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Xinjiang%27s+Uyghurs+didn%27t+choose+to+be+Muslim%2C+new+Chinese+report+says&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F22%2Fasia%2Fchina-xinjiang-uyghur-muslim-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuCaveLeiboidMunro2020" class="citation web cs1">Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong; Cave, Danielle; Leiboid, James; Munro, Kelsey; Ruser, Nathan (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale">"Uyghurs for Sale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Uyghurs+for+Sale&rft.date=2020-02&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Vicky+Xiuzhong&rft.au=Cave%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Leiboid%2C+James&rft.au=Munro%2C+Kelsey&rft.au=Ruser%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspi.org.au%2Freport%2Fuyghurs-sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/china-83-major-brands-implicated-in-report-on-forced-labour-of-ethnic-minorities-from-xinjiang-assigned-to-factories-across-provinces-includes-company-responses/">"China: 83 major brands implicated in report on forced labour of ethnic minorities from Xinjiang assigned to factories across provinces; Includes company responses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125173604/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/china-83-major-brands-implicated-in-report-on-forced-labour-of-ethnic-minorities-from-xinjiang-assigned-to-factories-across-provinces-includes-company-responses/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+83+major+brands+implicated+in+report+on+forced+labour+of+ethnic+minorities+from+Xinjiang+assigned+to+factories+across+provinces%3B+Includes+company+responses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-humanrights.org%2Fen%2Flatest-news%2Fchina-83-major-brands-implicated-in-report-on-forced-labour-of-ethnic-minorities-from-xinjiang-assigned-to-factories-across-provinces-includes-company-responses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttle2015" class="citation news cs1">Tuttle, Gray (20 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/chinas-race-problem">"China's Race Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. Vol. 94, no. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118192001/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/chinas-race-problem">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%27s+Race+Problem&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Tuttle&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fchina%2Fchinas-race-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Law, Ian (14 January 2016). "Racial Sinicisation: Han Power and Racial and Ethnic Domination in China". Red Racisms: Racism in Communist and Post-Communist Contexts. 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Retrieved 29 September 2012. <q>A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science%2C+Volume+277&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2t5VAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D20000%2Bexpelled%2Brepeated%2Bmassacres%2Bma%2Bpu-fang%2B135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLin2011">Lin (2011)</a>, p. 112, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA112">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1-116"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQin2020" class="citation news cs1">Qin, Amy (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/world/asia/china-protest-mongolian-language-schools.html">"Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216033718/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/world/asia/china-protest-mongolian-language-schools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. 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Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Investigation+into+US+professor+sparks+debate+over+Chinese+word&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-54107329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53208274">"'How George Floyd's death changed my Chinese students'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202172757/https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53208274">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27How+George+Floyd%27s+death+changed+my+Chinese+students%27&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fstories-53208274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/china-coronavirus-racism-against-black-people/a-54171052">"Has the killing of George Floyd sparked a 'racial awakening' in China?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127212149/https://www.dw.com/en/china-coronavirus-racism-against-black-people/a-54171052">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Has+the+killing+of+George+Floyd+sparked+a+%27racial+awakening%27+in+China%3F&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchina-coronavirus-racism-against-black-people%2Fa-54171052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2023" class="citation news cs1">Yang, William (16 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-social-media-platforms-fail-to-control-racism-against-black-people-report/7227458.html">"Chinese Social Media Platforms Fail to Control Racism Against Black People: Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817022753/https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-social-media-platforms-fail-to-control-racism-against-black-people-report/7227458.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. <q>HRW analyzed hundreds of videos and posts on popular Chinese social media platforms, including Bilibili, Douyin, Kuaishou, Weibo and Xiaohongshu, since late 2021. It found that content portraying Black people based on offensive racial stereotypes has become rampant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Chinese+Social+Media+Platforms+Fail+to+Control+Racism+Against+Black+People%3A+Report&rft.date=2023-08-16&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fchinese-social-media-platforms-fail-to-control-racism-against-black-people-report%2F7227458.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/16/china-combat-anti-black-racism-social-media">"China: Combat Anti-Black Racism on Social Media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 16 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820170536/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/16/china-combat-anti-black-racism-social-media">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023. <q>Another common type of racist content reviewed denigrates interracial relationships. Black people married to Chinese people are accused of "contaminating" and threatening the Chinese race. Perceived relationships between Black men and Chinese women are particularly vilified.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=China%3A+Combat+Anti-Black+Racism+on+Social+Media&rft.date=2023-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2023%2F08%2F16%2Fchina-combat-anti-black-racism-social-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Zhiqiu Benson (28 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369118X.2023.2193252">"Patriarchal racism: the convergence of anti-blackness and gender tension on Chinese social media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Information,_Communication_%26_Society" title="Information, Communication & Society">Information, Communication & Society</a>. 27 (2): 223–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369118X.2023.2193252">10.1080/1369118X.2023.2193252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-118X">1369-118X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information%2C+Communication+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+racism%3A+the+convergence+of+anti-blackness+and+gender+tension+on+Chinese+social+media&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-239&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369118X.2023.2193252&rft.issn=1369-118X&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Zhiqiu+Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F1369118X.2023.2193252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation web cs1">Huang, Kun (29 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://positionspolitics.org/kun-huang-anti-blackness-in-chinese-racial-nationalism-sex-gender-reproduction-and-metaphors-of-pathology/">""Anti-Blackness" in Chinese Racial-Nationalism: Sex/Gender, Reproduction, and Metaphors of Pathology"</a>. Praxis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230819182731/https://positionspolitics.org/kun-huang-anti-blackness-in-chinese-racial-nationalism-sex-gender-reproduction-and-metaphors-of-pathology/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2023. 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Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International&rft.atitle=Racism+against+African+Americans+in+China+escalates+amid+coronavirus&rft.aulast=Kanthor&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2020-06-12%2Fracism-against-african-americans-china-escalates-amid-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShikandaOkinda2020" class="citation news cs1">Shikanda, Hellen; Okinda, Brian (10 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenyans-in-China-hit-by-wave-of-racial-attacks/1056-5519796-p8r40t/index.html">"Outcry as Kenyans in China hit by wave of racial attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Nation" title="Daily Nation">Daily Nation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410153327/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenyans-in-China-hit-by-wave-of-racial-attacks/1056-5519796-p8r40t/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2020. 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Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27They+deny+us+everything%27%3A+Africans+under+attack+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp0896msv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/12/coronavirus-africans-in-china-subjected-to-forced-evictions-arbitrary-quarantines-and-mass-testing/">"Coronavirus: Africans in China subjected to forced evictions, arbitrary quarantines and mass testing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 12 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200413070942/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/12/coronavirus-africans-in-china-subjected-to-forced-evictions-arbitrary-quarantines-and-mass-testing/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Coronavirus%3A+Africans+in+China+subjected+to+forced+evictions%2C+arbitrary+quarantines+and+mass+testing&rft.date=2020-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2020%2F04%2F12%2Fcoronavirus-africans-in-china-subjected-to-forced-evictions-arbitrary-quarantines-and-mass-testing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/05/china-covid-19-discrimination-against-africans">"China: Covid-19 Discrimination Against Africans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 8 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110224031/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/05/china-covid-19-discrimination-against-africans">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=China%3A+Covid-19+Discrimination+Against+Africans&rft.date=2020-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2F05%2Fchina-covid-19-discrimination-against-africans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/african-americans-china-coronavirus.html">"'We Need Help': Coronavirus Fuels Racism Against Black Americans in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 2 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109194010/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/african-americans-china-coronavirus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27We+Need+Help%27%3A+Coronavirus+Fuels+Racism+Against+Black+Americans+in+China&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fafrican-americans-china-coronavirus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-racism-africans-china/">"Racist incidents against Africans in China amid coronavirus crackdown spark outcry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104172650/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-racism-africans-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020. 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Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Thinker+Who+Claims+That+the+Jews+Are+His+Country%27s+Number-One+Enemy&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fpicks%2Fpolitics-current-affairs%2F2023%2F03%2Fthe-chinese-thinker-who-claims-that-the-jews-are-his-countrys-number-one-enemy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-180"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaime2023" class="citation news cs1">Haime, Jordyn (18 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinamediaproject.org/2023/07/18/jewish-conspiracy-theories-find-an-audience-in-china/">"Jewish Conspiracy Theories are Finding an Audience in China"</a>. China Media Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718081641/https://chinamediaproject.org/2023/07/18/jewish-conspiracy-theories-find-an-audience-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Media+Project&rft.atitle=Jewish+Conspiracy+Theories+are+Finding+an+Audience+in+China&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft.aulast=Haime&rft.aufirst=Jordyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinamediaproject.org%2F2023%2F07%2F18%2Fjewish-conspiracy-theories-find-an-audience-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ2014-181"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2014_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2014" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Bob (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-22161">"Is China Anti-Semitic? One Jew's Reflections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109170744/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-22161">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+China+Anti-Semitic%3F+One+Jew%27s+Reflections&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-CJB-22161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_YijuanFan_Yiying2022" class="citation web cs1">Li Yijuan; Fan Yiying (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072148/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010180">"Blood Brothers: The Scarred History of China's Ethnic Russians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Tone" title="Sixth Tone">Sixth Tone</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010180/blood-brothers-the-scarred-history-of-chinas-ethnic-russians">the original</a> on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022. <q>The family also hid their Russian roots for more practical reasons. Ethnic Russians, with their distinct facial features, were often targets of discrimination and political campaigns</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixth+Tone&rft.atitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+The+Scarred+History+of+China%27s+Ethnic+Russians&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.au=Li+Yijuan&rft.au=Fan+Yiying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1010180%2Fblood-brothers-the-scarred-history-of-chinas-ethnic-russians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234708/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/22/asia/china-uncle-petrov-live-streaming-intl-hnk/index.html">"'Uncle Petrov' is the ethnic Russian streaming star making China question what it means to be Chinese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 23 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/22/asia/china-uncle-petrov-live-streaming-intl-hnk/index.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2024. <q>But more than creating a social media star, Petrov's videos have stirred debate online about what it means to be "Chinese" in a society where ethnic homogeneity and social conformity are the norm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27Uncle+Petrov%27+is+the+ethnic+Russian+streaming+star+making+China+question+what+it+means+to+be+Chinese&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F06%2F22%2Fasia%2Fchina-uncle-petrov-live-streaming-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_YijuanFan_Yiying2022" class="citation web cs1">Li Yijuan; Fan Yiying (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010180/blood-brothers-the-scarred-history-of-chinas-ethnic-russians">"Blood Brothers: The Scarred History of China's Ethnic Russians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Tone" title="Sixth Tone">Sixth Tone</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2022. <q>This is common among Bianjiang's Russian community. It's the legacy of a traumatic history, one that highlights the complexity of modern China's racial and political dynamics ... "Everyone wants to be normal ... You marry a Han person, and your children basically won't look Russian".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixth+Tone&rft.atitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+The+Scarred+History+of+China%27s+Ethnic+Russians&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.au=Li+Yijuan&rft.au=Fan+Yiying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1010180%2Fblood-brothers-the-scarred-history-of-chinas-ethnic-russians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-29-fi-teach29-story.html">"Where English teachers have to look the part"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 29 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111131221/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-29-fi-teach29-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Where+English+teachers+have+to+look+the+part&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-oct-29-fi-teach29-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/znwxa9/lazy-and-white-go-teach-in-china">"White People with No Skill Sets Wanted in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a>. 7 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111181947/http://www.vice.com/en/article/znwxa9/lazy-and-white-go-teach-in-china">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=White+People+with+No+Skill+Sets+Wanted+in+China&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fznwxa9%2Flazy-and-white-go-teach-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadiversified.org/2014/07/16/teaching-english-in-china-while-black/">"Teaching English in China While Black"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Media_Diversified" title="Media Diversified">Media Diversified</a>. 16 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031165034/https://mediadiversified.org/2014/07/16/teaching-english-in-china-while-black/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Diversified&rft.atitle=Teaching+English+in+China+While+Black&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediadiversified.org%2F2014%2F07%2F16%2Fteaching-english-in-china-while-black%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_188-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraceffo2020" class="citation news cs1">Graceffo, Antonio (4 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/chinas-crackdown-on-mongolian-culture/">"China's Crackdown on Mongolian Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904055557/https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/chinas-crackdown-on-mongolian-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=China%27s+Crackdown+on+Mongolian+Culture&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft.aulast=Graceffo&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F09%2Fchinas-crackdown-on-mongolian-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13795454">"Nearly 40 nations criticize China's human rights policies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517143309/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13795454">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Nearly+40+nations+criticize+China%27s+human+rights+policies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2F13795454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/us/us-xinjiang-china-genocide-intl/index.html">"US accuses China of 'genocide' of Uyghurs and minority groups in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 19 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516013825/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/us/us-xinjiang-china-genocide-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=US+accuses+China+of+%27genocide%27+of+Uyghurs+and+minority+groups+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F01%2F19%2Fus%2Fus-xinjiang-china-genocide-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_191-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale2021" class="citation news cs1">Gale, Alastair (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/japan-calls-on-china-to-improve-conditions-for-uyghurs-hong-kong-11617629893">"Japan Calls on China to Improve Conditions for Uyghurs, Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516023639/https://www.wsj.com/articles/japan-calls-on-china-to-improve-conditions-for-uyghurs-hong-kong-11617629893">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Japan+Calls+on+China+to+Improve+Conditions+for+Uyghurs%2C+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjapan-calls-on-china-to-improve-conditions-for-uyghurs-hong-kong-11617629893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaksu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Caksu, Ali (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fislastudj.5.2.0175">"Islamophobia, Chinese Style: Total Internment of Uyghur Muslims by the People's Republic of China"</a>. Journal of Islamophobia Studies. 5 (2): 176–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fislastudj.5.2.0175">10.13169/islastudj.5.2.0175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235033160">235033160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamophobia+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamophobia%2C+Chinese+Style%3A+Total+Internment+of+Uyghur+Muslims+by+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=176-98&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fislastudj.5.2.0175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235033160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caksu&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Fislastudj.5.2.0175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikötter2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Dikötter, Frank</a> (1 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discourseofracei0000diko">The Discourse of Race in Modern China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023113-2"><bdi>978-0-19-023113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Race+in+Modern+China&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023113-2&rft.aulast=Dik%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscourseofracei0000diko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilkinsonWilkinson2000-194"><a href="#cite_ref-WilkinsonWilkinson2000_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC">Chinese History: A Manual</a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213144/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103022506/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/nov/1/today-int5.htm">"萌系日本鬼子反攻中國"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Times" title="Liberty Times">Liberty Times</a>. 1 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/nov/1/today-int5.htm">the original</a> on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty+Times&rft.atitle=%E8%90%8C%E7%B3%BB%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%AC%BC%E5%AD%90+%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertytimes.com.tw%2F2010%2Fnew%2Fnov%2F1%2Ftoday-int5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-people20111216-196"><a href="#cite_ref-people20111216_196-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/16632423.html">第一滴血──從日方史料還原平型關之戰日軍損失 (6)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203102443/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/16632423.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a>, 16 December 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummingsWolf2011" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Patrick J.; Wolf, Hans-Georg (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5AQTRptrk0C&q=hak+gwei">A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8083-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8083-30-5"><bdi>978-988-8083-30-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021421/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5AQTRptrk0C&q=hak+gwei">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hong+Kong+English%3A+Words+from+the+Fragrant+Harbor&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=978-988-8083-30-5&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Hans-Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5AQTRptrk0C%26q%3Dhak%2Bgwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edubridge.com/erxiantang/l2/asan.htm">"上海滩的"红头阿三""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124095745/http://edubridge.com/erxiantang/l2/asan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%BB%A9%E7%9A%84%22%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%B4%E9%98%BF%E4%B8%89%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edubridge.com%2Ferxiantang%2Fl2%2Fasan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_307-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_307_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesForbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew D. W.; Forbes, L. L. C. (9 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=slurs">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949</a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508020109/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=slurs">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911-1949&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.+W.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+L.+L.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dslurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnaut-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Garnaut_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut" class="citation web cs1">Garnaut, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">"From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"</a> (PDF). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3AGovernor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.pub=Pacific+and+Asian+History%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoerich_MuseumGeorge_Roerich2003" class="citation book cs1">Roerich Museum; George Roerich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBO3pmzzhWkC&q=erh-hun-tze+a+mongols+chinese+inhabit&pg=PA526">Journal of Urusvati Himalayan Research Institute, Volumes 1-3</a>. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. p. 526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7936-011-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7936-011-3"><bdi>81-7936-011-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508021425/https://books.google.com/books?id=yBO3pmzzhWkC&q=erh-hun-tze+a+mongols+chinese+inhabit&pg=PA526">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Urusvati+Himalayan+Research+Institute%2C+Volumes+1-3&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=Vedams+eBooks+%28P%29+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7936-011-3&rft.au=Roerich+Museum&rft.au=George+Roerich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBO3pmzzhWkC%26q%3Derh-hun-tze%2Ba%2Bmongols%2Bchinese%2Binhabit%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Racism in China <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Racism+in+China">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Racism+in+China&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Andrew Martin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103143112/http://www.crisisstates.com/download/wp/wp68.pdf">"Close encounters of an Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present"</a> (PDF). CSRC Working Paper Series (Working Paper no.68). Crisis States Research Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisstates.com/download/wp/wp68.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSRC+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Close+encounters+of+an+Inner-Asian+kind%3A+Tibetan%E2%80%93Muslim+coexistence+and+conflict+in+Tibet%2C+past+and+present&rft.issue=Working+Paper+no.68&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisstates.com%2Fdownload%2Fwp%2Fwp68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2011" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-5988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Nationalist+China%27s+Frontier%3A+Intrigues+and+Ethnopolitics%2C+1928%E2%80%9349&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Hsaio-ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietupski1999" class="citation book cs1">Nietupski, Paul Kocot (1999). Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-090-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-090-5"><bdi>1-55939-090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labrang%3A+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+monastery+at+the+crossroads+of+four+civilizations&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55939-090-5&rft.aulast=Nietupski&rft.aufirst=Paul+Kocot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2004" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1318-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1318-2"><bdi>0-7656-1318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+borderland&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7656-1318-2&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfafman,_Tessa_M.Christopher_J._CarpenterYong_Tang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pfafman, Tessa M.; Christopher J. Carpenter; Yong Tang (1 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/8/4/540/3979293?redirectedFrom=PDF">"The Politics of Racism: Constructions of African Immigrants in China on ChinaSMACK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Communication,_Culture_and_Critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication, Culture and Critique">Communication, Culture and Critique</a>. 8 (4): 540–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcccr.12098">10.1111/cccr.12098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication%2C+Culture+and+Critique&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Racism%3A+Constructions+of+African+Immigrants+in+China+on+ChinaSMACK&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-556&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcccr.12098&rft.au=Pfafman%2C+Tessa+M.&rft.au=Christopher+J.+Carpenter&rft.au=Yong+Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fccc%2Farticle-abstract%2F8%2F4%2F540%2F3979293%3FredirectedFrom%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"> - Published 9 May 2015</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrico2017" class="citation book cs1">Carrico, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greathanracenati0000carr">The Great Han: Race, Nationalism, and Tradition in China Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520295490.001.0001">10.1525/california/9780520295490.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29549-0"><bdi>978-0-520-29549-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1rzx5xp">10.1525/j.ctt1rzx5xp</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Han%3A+Race%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Tradition+in+China+Today&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1rzx5xp%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520295490.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29549-0&rft.aulast=Carrico&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreathanracenati0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikötter2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Dikötter, Frank</a> (2015). The Discourse of Race in Modern China. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190231132" title="Special:BookSources/9780190231132"><bdi>9780190231132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Race+in+Modern+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190231132&rft.aulast=Dik%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2019" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Yinghong (2019). Discourses of Race and Rising China. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-05357-4">10.1007/978-3-030-05357-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05357-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05357-4"><bdi>978-3-030-05357-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Race+and+Rising+China&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-05357-4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-05357-4&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Yinghong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+China" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Racism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Philippines" title="Racism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&oldid=1258046391#Discrimination_against_Africans_and_people_of_African_descent">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_China&oldid=1258046391#Discrimination_against_Africans_and_people_of_African_descent</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_culture" title="Category:Chinese 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15.57% 478.496 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 11.42% 350.957 9 Template:Excerpt"," 9.34% 286.989 44 Template:Cite_web"," 7.22% 221.764 1 Template:China_topics"," 7.16% 220.138 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.13% 219.142 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.957","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20694309,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Against_Black_People\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Europeans\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Indians\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Japanese\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Koreans\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Manchus\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Mongolians\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Uyghurs\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_Vietnamese\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_indigenous_peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Against_mixed_races\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAinslie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlecci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen-Ebrahimian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsen_Velinov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsiedu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauvallet2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrekke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrophy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaksu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarbert2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrico2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambersDavies\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChiu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrabtreeWong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummingsWolf2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikötter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikötter2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEnosKim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinnegan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbesForbes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGale2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnaut\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldmanWu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraceffo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaime2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampshire2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldstock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHung2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_Watson,_Rebecca_Wright_and_Ben_Westcott2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessie_Yeung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJing_Wu,_Nelson_Moura2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_Ben-Adam_RudelsonJustin_Jon_Rudelson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanthor\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKelvin_Chan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaikwan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLau2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi_YijuanFan_Yiying2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuqiuYang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuqiuYang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuqiuYang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackinnon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaizland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayaram2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedzini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiao2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNietupski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfafman,_Tessa_M.Christopher_J._CarpenterYong_Tang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPompeo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Harris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinders2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoche2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoerich_MuseumGeorge_Roerich2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudelsonRudelson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutherford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Frederick_Starr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafran1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSautman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSautman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShikandaOkinda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinfeld2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroup2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheaker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTungKingTse2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuttle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmar_Farooq\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcottXiong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesterlundSvanberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuCaveLeiboidMunro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangbin_Chen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYellinek2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFjim.smith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Racism_by_Tibetans_on_other_ethnicities\"] = 1,\n [\"Tibetan-Muslim_sectarian_violence\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 4,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"China topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 5,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 11,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","21.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","420","19.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","10.2"],["recursiveClone 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