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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history_and_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Textual history and authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_history_and_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Classic Chinese Novels</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vier_klassieke_romans" title="Vier klassieke romans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vier klassieke romans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="الروايات الكلاسيكية العظيمة الأربع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الروايات الكلاسيكية العظيمة الأربع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9-t%C4%81i_b%C3%AAng-t%C3%B9" title="Sù-tāi bêng-tù – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sù-tāi bêng-tù" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Чатыры класічныя раманы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чатыры класічныя раманы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_quatre_novel%C2%B7les_cl%C3%A0ssiques_xineses" title="Les quatre novel·les clàssiques xineses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Les quatre novel·les clàssiques xineses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cty%C5%99i_klasick%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_rom%C3%A1ny" title="Čtyři klasické čínské romány – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čtyři klasické čínské romány" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_fire_klassiske_romaner" title="De fire klassiske romaner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De fire klassiske romaner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vier_klassische_Romane" title="Vier klassische Romane – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vier klassische Romane" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ниле Инеёвкст – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ниле Инеёвкст" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuatro_grandes_novelas_cl%C3%A1sicas" title="Cuatro grandes novelas clásicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuatro grandes novelas clásicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvar_famaj_klasikaj_romanoj" title="Kvar famaj klasikaj romanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvar famaj klasikaj romanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رمان‌های بزرگ کلاسیک چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمان‌های بزرگ کلاسیک چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatre_livres_extraordinaires" title="Quatre livres extraordinaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatre livres extraordinaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BD_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA" title="Չորս դասական վեպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չորս դասական վեպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="चीन के शास्त्रीय उपन्यास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन के शास्त्रीय उपन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empat_Karya_Sastra_Termasyhur" title="Empat Karya Sastra Termasyhur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Empat Karya Sastra Termasyhur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattro_grandi_romanzi_classici" title="Quattro grandi romanzi classici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quattro grandi romanzi classici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארבעת הרומנים הקלאסיים הסיניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארבעת הרומנים הקלאסיים הסיניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar_roman%C3%AAn_klas%C3%AEk_%C3%AAn_mezin_%C3%AAn_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Çar romanên klasîk ên mezin ên Çînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çar romanên klasîk ên mezin ên Çînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattuor_magnae_mythistoriae_classicae" title="Quattuor magnae mythistoriae classicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quattuor magnae mythistoriae classicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ier_klassesch_Romaner" title="Véier klassesch Romaner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Véier klassesch Romaner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasszikus_k%C3%ADnai_reg%C3%A9nyirodalom" title="Klasszikus kínai regényirodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klasszikus kínai regényirodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Четири класични романи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Четири класични романи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनी साहित्यातील सर्वोत्तम चार अभिजात कादंबऱ्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी साहित्यातील सर्वोत्तम चार अभिजात कादंबऱ्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empat_Novel_Klasik_Agung" title="Empat Novel Klasik Agung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empat Novel Klasik Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алдарт Дөрвөн Зохиол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алдарт Дөрвөн Зохиол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vier_klassieke_romans" title="Vier klassieke romans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vier klassieke romans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E8%91%97" title="四大名著 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="四大名著" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_fire_store_klassiske_romaner" title="De fire store klassiske romaner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De fire store klassiske romaner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਚਾਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਨਾਵਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਨਾਵਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cztery_klasyczne_powie%C5%9Bci_chi%C5%84skie" title="Cztery klasyczne powieści chińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cztery klasyczne powieści chińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatro_Grandes_Romances_Cl%C3%A1ssicos" title="Quatro Grandes Romances Clássicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quatro Grandes Romances Clássicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Четыре классических романа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четыре классических романа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books and Five Classics</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Four Classic Novels in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg/250px-%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg/375px-%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg/500px-%E4%B8%89%E6%89%93%E7%99%BD%E9%AA%A8%E7%B2%BE194946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="1719" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Wukong">Sun Wukong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Shao_opera" title="Shao opera">Shao opera</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg/250px-%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg/375px-%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg/500px-%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6195031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Daiyu" title="Lin Daiyu">Lin Daiyu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jia_Baoyu" title="Jia Baoyu">Jia Baoyu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Yue_opera" title="Yue opera">Yue opera</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:35874-Chengdu_(48710205678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/35874-Chengdu_%2848710205678%29.jpg/250px-35874-Chengdu_%2848710205678%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/35874-Chengdu_%2848710205678%29.jpg/375px-35874-Chengdu_%2848710205678%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/35874-Chengdu_%2848710205678%29.jpg/500px-35874-Chengdu_%2848710205678%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1612" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fei" title="Zhang Fei">Zhang Fei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bei" title="Liu Bei">Liu Bei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_opera" title="Sichuan opera">Sichuan opera</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:They_are_good_young_people,_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._(16322725829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/They_are_good_young_people%2C_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._%2816322725829%29.jpg/250px-They_are_good_young_people%2C_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._%2816322725829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/They_are_good_young_people%2C_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._%2816322725829%29.jpg/375px-They_are_good_young_people%2C_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._%2816322725829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/They_are_good_young_people%2C_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._%2816322725829%29.jpg/500px-They_are_good_young_people%2C_to_building_the_pyramid_of_our_stage_cultures._%2816322725829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="2646" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(Water_Margin)" title="Ma Lin (Water Margin)">Ma Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Chong" title="Lin Chong">Lin Chong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Sanniang" title="Hu Sanniang">Hu Sanniang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qin_Ming" title="Qin Ming">Qin Ming</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Classic Chinese Novels</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">古典小說</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">古典小说</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gǔdiǎn xiǎoshuō</span></i>) are the best-known works of <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a> across pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature#Classical_Chinese_prose" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>. The group usually includes the following works: <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> novels <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei" title="Jin Ping Mei">The Plum in the Golden Vase</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> novels <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scholars_(novel)" title="The Scholars (novel)">The Scholars</a></i>. </p><p>These works are among the world's longest and oldest novels.<sup id="cite_ref-talk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represented a new complexity in structure and sophistication in language that helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> as a respected form among later popular audiences and erudite critics. The Chinese historian and literary theorist <a href="/wiki/C._T._Hsia" title="C. T. Hsia">C. T. Hsia</a> wrote in 1968 that these six works "remain the most beloved novels among the Chinese."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsia19681–2,_6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsia19681–2,_6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chinese novels inspired sequels, rebuttals, and reinventions with new settings, sometimes in different genres. Far more than in the European tradition, every level of society was familiar with the plots, characters, key incidents, and quotations. Those who could not read these novels for themselves knew them through tea-house story-tellers, <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Chinese opera</a>, card games, and <a href="/wiki/Nianhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Nianhua">new year pictures</a>. In modern times they live on through popular literature, graphic novels, cartoons and films, television drama, video games, and theme parks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2018252–253_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2018252–253-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_subgroupings">Nomenclature and subgroupings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and subgroupings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary critic and sinologist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Plaks" title="Andrew H. Plaks">Andrew H. Plaks</a> writes that the term "<a href="/wiki/Classic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic novel">classic novels</a>" in reference to these six titles is a "neologism of twentieth-century scholarship" that seems to have come into common use under the influence of C. T. Hsia's <i>The Classic Chinese Novel</i>. He adds that he is not sure at what point in the Qing or early twentieth century this became a "fixed critical category", but the grouping appears in a wide range of critical writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Ropp notes that "an almost universal consensus affirms six works as truly great".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp1990317_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp1990317-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hsia views them as "historically the most important landmarks" of the novels of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsia196831_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsia196831-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been a number of groupings. <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i>, <i>Journey to the West</i>, <i>Water Margin</i> and <i>The Plum in the Golden Vase</i> were grouped by publishers in the early Qing and promoted as <b>Four Masterworks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">四大奇書</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sìdàqíshú</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'four great masterpieces').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874–5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874–5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its explicit descriptions of sex, <i>The Plum in the Golden Vase</i> was banned for most of its existence. Despite this, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a>, like many if not most scholars and writers, place it among the top Chinese novels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Communist takeover in China, the official <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Literature_Publishing_House" title="People's Literature Publishing House">People's Literature Publishing House</a> successively republished the collated editions of <i>Water Margin</i>, <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i>, <i>Dream of the Red Chamber</i> and <i>Journey to the West</i> between 1952 and 1954 (It would not republish <i>The Plum in the Golden Vase</i> until 1957 and in 1985<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Since the early 1980s, they have been known in mainland China as the <b>Four Great Classical Novels</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_history_and_authorship">Textual history and authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textual history and authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>None of the six were published in the author's lifetime. <i>Three Kingdoms</i> and <i>Water Margin</i> appeared in many variants and forms long before being edited in their classic form in the late Ming. There is considerable debate on their authorship. Since the novel, unlike poetry or painting, had little prestige, authorship was of little interest in any case. While tradition attributes <i>Water Margin</i> to <a href="/wiki/Shi_Nai%27an" title="Shi Nai'an">Shi Nai'an</a>, there is little or no reliable information on him or even confidence that he existed. The novel, or portions of it, may have been written by <a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a>, perhaps Shi's student, who was the reputed author of <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>, or by Shi Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">施惠</span></span>) or Guo Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">郭勛</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987chapter_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987chapter_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Journey to the West</i> is the first to show strong signs of a single author who composed all or most of the text, which became more common in later novels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late Ming and early Qing, new commercial publishing houses found it profitable to issue novels that claimed specific authors and authentic texts. They commissioned scholars to edit texts and supply commentaries to interpret them. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zonggang" title="Mao Zonggang">Mao Zonggang</a>, for instance, and his father Mao Lun, edited <i>Three Kingdoms</i> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shengtan" title="Jin Shengtan">Jin Shengtan</a> edited <i>Water Margin</i>, supplying an introduction to which he signed Shi Nai'an's name. In each case the editor made cuts, additions, and basic alterations to the text, misrepresenting them as restoring the original. They also supplied commentaries with literary and political points that modern scholars sometimes find strained. Their editions, however, became standard for centuries, and most modern translations are based on them. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhupo" title="Zhang Zhupo">Zhang Zhupo</a> likewise edited <i>The Plum in the Golden Vase</i>. Zhang worked on an abridged and rewritten text of 1695; the 1610 text, however, was a more coherent and presumably closer to the author's intent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chronological order of their earliest forms, they are: </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Attributed to</th> <th>Century</th> <th>Earliest extant<br /> printed edition</th> <th>Editor <br />standard recension</th> <th>Recension year</th> <th>Dynasty of Setting</th> <th>Years of Setting</th> <th>Unabridged English Translations </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>The <a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Sānguó Yǎnyì</i></span></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a></span></td> <td>14th century</td> <td>1494 (preface)<br />1522</td> <td>Mao Lun and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zonggang" title="Mao Zonggang">Mao Zonggang</a></td> <td>1660</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></td> <td>168–280</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Brewitt-Taylor" title="Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor">Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor</a><br />Moss Roberts </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The <a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shuǐhǔ Zhuàn</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi_Nai%27an" title="Shi Nai'an">Shi Nai'an</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a></td> <td>14th century</td> <td>1589</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shengtan" title="Jin Shengtan">Jin Shengtan</a> (71-chapters version)</td> <td>1643</td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></td> <td>1120s</td> <td>71-chapter version: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a><br />J. H. Jackson and Fang Lo-Tien <br />100-chapter version: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Shapiro" title="Sidney Shapiro">Sidney Shapiro</a><br />120-chapter version: Alex and John Dent-Young (help from <a href="/wiki/John_Minford" title="John Minford">John Minford</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xī Yóu Jì</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a></td> <td>16th century</td> <td>1592</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></td> <td>629–646</td> <td>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Yu" title="Anthony C. Yu">Anthony C. Yu</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/William_John_Francis_Jenner" title="William John Francis Jenner">William Jenner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei" title="Jin Ping Mei">Jin Ping Mei</a> (The Plum in the Golden Vase)</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jīn Píng Méi</i></span></td> <td>The Scoffing Scholar of <a href="/wiki/Lanling" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanling">Lanling</a></td> <td>16th century</td> <td>1610</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhupo" title="Zhang Zhupo">Zhang Zhupo</a></td> <td>1695</td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></td> <td>1111-27</td> <td>1610 version: <a href="/wiki/David_Tod_Roy" title="David Tod Roy">David Tod Roy</a><br />1695 version: Clement Egerton and <a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hónglóu Mèng</i></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cao_Xueqin" title="Cao Xueqin">Cao Xueqin</a></td> <td>18th century</td> <td>1791–92</td> <td>Cheng Weiyuan and <a href="/wiki/Gao_E" title="Gao E">Gao E</a></td> <td>1792</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></td> <td>Early to mid-18th century</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xianyi" title="Yang Xianyi">Yang Xianyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Yang" title="Gladys Yang">Gladys Yang</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Hawkes_(sinologist)" title="David Hawkes (sinologist)">David Hawkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Minford" title="John Minford">John Minford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scholars_(novel)" title="The Scholars (novel)">The Scholars</a></i></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Rúlín Wàishǐ</i></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jingzi" title="Wu Jingzi">Wu Jingzi</a></td> <td>18th century</td> <td>1750</td> <td></td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></td> <td>Early 16th century</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xianyi" title="Yang Xianyi">Yang Xianyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Yang" title="Gladys Yang">Gladys Yang</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From early times, Chinese writers preferred history as the genre for telling stories about people, while poetry was preferred for personal expression of emotion. <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Confucian literati</a>, who dominated cultural life, looked down on other forms as <i>xiao shuo</i> (lit. “little talk” or “minor writings”), the term that in later times came to be used for fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201252_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201252-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early examples of narrative classics include <i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Account_of_the_Tales_of_the_World" title="A New Account of the Tales of the World">A New Account of the Tales of the World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soushen_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Soushen Ji">Soushen Ji</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wenyuan_Yinghua" title="Wenyuan Yinghua">Wenyuan Yinghua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Morsels_from_Youyang" title="Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang">Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Guangji" title="Taiping Guangji">Taiping Guangji</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yijian_Zhi" title="Yijian Zhi">Yijian Zhi</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> as an extended prose narrative that realistically creates a believable world evolved in China and in Europe from the 14th to 18th centuries, though a little earlier in China. Chinese audiences were more interested in history and were more historically minded. They appreciated relative optimism, moral humanism, and relative emphasis on collective behavior and the welfare of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp1990310-311_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp1990310-311-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of a money economy and urbanization under the Song dynasty led to a professionalization of entertainment which was further encouraged by the spread of printing, the rise of literacy, and education. In both China and Western Europe, the novel gradually became more autobiographical and serious in exploration of social, moral, and philosophical problems. Chinese fiction of the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> was varied, self-conscious, and experimental. In China, however, there was no counterpart to the 19th-century European explosion of novels. The novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties represented a pinnacle of classic Chinese fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp1990311_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp1990311-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until World War II, the dominant sinological scholarship considered all fiction popular and therefore directly reflective of the creative imagination of the masses. C. T. Hsia, however, established the role of the scholar-literati in the creation of vernacular fiction, though not denying the popular subject matter of some texts. Scholars then examined traditional fiction for sophisticated techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel1994408_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel1994408-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American literary critic and sinologist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Plaks" title="Andrew H. Plaks">Andrew H. Plaks</a> argues that <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i>, <i>Water Margin</i>, <i>Journey to the West</i> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei" title="Jin Ping Mei">Jin Ping Mei</a></i> (not considered one of the four classic novels but discussed by him as one of the four masterworks of the Ming dynasty) collectively constituted a technical breakthrough reflecting new cultural values and intellectual concerns. Their educated editors, authors, and commentators used the <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> conventions developed from <a href="/wiki/Huaben" title="Huaben">earlier storytellers</a>, such as the episodic structure, interspersed songs and folk sayings, or speaking directly to the reader, but they fashioned self-consciously ironic narratives whose seeming familiarity camouflaged a Neo-Confucian moral critique of late Ming decadence. Plaks explores the textual history of the novels (all published after their author's deaths, usually anonymously) and how the ironic and satirical devices of these novels paved the way for the great novels of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987497-89_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987497-89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plaks further shows these Ming novels share formal characteristics. They almost all contain more than 100 chapters; are divided into ten-chapter narrative blocks, each broken into two- to three-chapter episodes; are arranged in symmetrical halves; and arrange their events in patterns that follow seasons and geography. They manipulated the conventions of popular storytelling in an ironic way in order to go against the surface meanings of the story. <i>Three Kingdoms</i>, he argues, presents a contrast between the ideal—that is, dynastic order—and the reality of political collapse and near-anarchy; <i>Water Margin</i> likewise presents heroic stories from the popular tradition in a way that exposes the heroism as brutal and selfish; <i>Journey to the West</i> is an outwardly serious spiritual quest undercut by comic and sometimes bawdy tone. <i>Jin Ping Mei</i> is the clearest and most sophisticated example: the action is sometimes grossly sexual, but in the end emphasizes conventional morality.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These novels influenced the development of vernacular fiction in later <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literary history</a>. Traditionally, fiction and drama were not held in high regard in the Chinese and East Asian literary culture,<sup id="cite_ref-lit_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were generally not seen as true "literature" by the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-officials" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-officials">literati</a> who dominated intellectual life.<sup id="cite_ref-talk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers in these forms did not have the same level of prestige as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">poets</a> or scholars of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>. The late Ming and early Qing dynasty versions of these novels, however, included commentaries that were printed between the lines, so that the reader saw them as part of the text. These commentaries interpreted the text in often strained ways, but established critical and aesthetic criteria, modeled on those of poetry and painting, that gave fiction a new legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201288_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201288-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These novels were written in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">vernacular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">classical</a> Chinese,<sup id="cite_ref-talk_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some were more completely vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i> is known for its mix of classical prose with folklore and popular narratives,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i>Dream of the Red Chamber</i> is known for the use of poetry within its mostly vernacular style. These novels popularized and legitimatized the role of vernacular literature in literary circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsia19684_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsia19684-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late imperial periods, with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">widespread</a> of commercial printing, Chinese novels also became heavily circulated across East and Southeast Asia;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bridge_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridge-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was reported in 1604, several hundreds of titles of Chinese books came through to the port city of Nagasaki alone,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-discovery_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, estimated over a thousand Chinese titles were imported every year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their prominence prove to be crucial in the development of literature in these places.<sup id="cite_ref-D'haen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'haen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bridge_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridge-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Supplement to the Journey to the West</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762851,00.html">"Big "Little Talk" (Review of Lin Yutang, <i>Moment in Peking</i>)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. November 20, 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Big+%22Little+Talk%22+%28Review+of+Lin+Yutang%2C+Moment+in+Peking%29&rft.date=1939-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C762851%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsia19681–2,_6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsia19681–2,_6_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsia1968">Hsia (1968)</a>, p. 1–2, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2018252–253-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2018252–253_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2018">Li (2018)</a>, p. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1987">Plaks (1987)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp1990317-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp1990317_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRopp1990">Ropp (1990)</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsia196831-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsia196831_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsia1968">Hsia (1968)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874–5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks19874–5_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1987">Plaks (1987)</a>, p. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu Xun, <i>A Brief History of Chinese Fiction</i> (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1959), pp. 232–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenhui.whb.cn/zhuzhan/dushu/20190114/236003.html">"1949年后《金瓶梅》的几次出版情况：不为图利猎奇只为传承文化"</a>. <i>wenhui.whb.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wenhui.whb.cn&rft.atitle=1949%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%8E%E3%80%8A%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%A2%85%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E6%AC%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%88%A9%E7%8C%8E%E5%A5%87+%E5%8F%AA%E4%B8%BA%E4%BC%A0%E6%89%BF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenhui.whb.cn%2Fzhuzhan%2Fdushu%2F20190114%2F236003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2018/0625/c404063-30082923.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"四大名著"这个称号，是书荒时代的产物--文史--中国作家网"</a>. <i>www.chinawriter.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinawriter.com.cn&rft.atitle=%22%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E8%91%97%22%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E4%B9%A6%E8%8D%92%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9--%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2--%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinawriter.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2018%2F0625%2Fc404063-30082923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20231106A08DNJ00">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"四大名著"的说法从什么时候开始出现？_腾讯新闻"</a>. <i>new.qq.com</i>. 6 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=new.qq.com&rft.atitle=%22%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E8%91%97%22%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%B4%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%8E%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E5%87%BA%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%9F_%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.qq.com%2Frain%2Fa%2F20231106A08DNJ00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987chapter_1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987chapter_1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1987">Plaks (1987)</a>, chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2006" class="citation cs2">Roy, David Tod (2006), "Introduction", <i>The Plum in the Golden Vase, or, Chin P'ing Mei Vol I The Gathering</i>, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, pp. xvii–xlvii, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691069328" title="Special:BookSources/0691069328"><bdi>0691069328</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Plum+in+the+Golden+Vase%2C+or%2C+Chin+P%27ing+Mei+Vol+I+The+Gathering&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=xvii-xlvii&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0691069328&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=David+Tod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span>: xx-xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201252-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201252_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2012">Knight (2012)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp1990310-311-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp1990310-311_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRopp1990">Ropp (1990)</a>, p. 310-311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp1990311-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp1990311_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRopp1990">Ropp (1990)</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel1994408-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel1994408_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel1994">Hegel (1994)</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987497-89-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1987497-89_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1987">Plaks (1987)</a>, p. 497-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1987">Plaks (1987)</a>, Ch 6 summarizes this argument.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lit-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lit_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Bender, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/eall131/EAHReadings/module08/module08content.html">Literature in East Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330081504/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/eall131/EAHReadings/module08/module08content.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight201288-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight201288_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2012">Knight (2012)</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Elizabeth_McLaren1998" class="citation book cs1">Anne Elizabeth McLaren (1998). <i>Chinese popular culture and Ming chantefables</i>. Brill. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10998-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10998-6"><bdi>90-04-10998-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+popular+culture+and+Ming+chantefables&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-10998-6&rft.au=Anne+Elizabeth+McLaren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale,_Corinne_H.2004" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Corinne H. (2004). <i>Chinese aesthetics and literature: a reader</i>. SUNY Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6021-5"><bdi>0-7914-6021-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+aesthetics+and+literature%3A+a+reader&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7914-6021-5&rft.au=Dale%2C+Corinne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsia19684-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsia19684_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsia1968">Hsia (1968)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon,_Claudine2013" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Claudine, ed. (2013). "Part III: Mainland Southeast Asia; Part IV: Insular Southeast Asia". <i>Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th-20th Centuries)</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 163–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814414326" title="Special:BookSources/9789814414326"><bdi>9789814414326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+III%3A+Mainland+Southeast+Asia%3B+Part+IV%3A+Insular+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Literary+Migrations%3A+Traditional+Chinese+Fiction+in+Asia+%2817th-20th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=163-271&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789814414326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bridge-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bridge_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bridge_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSun_ChangOwen2010">Sun Chang & Owen (2010)</a>, p. 269: "...suffice it to say that the circulation of the vernacular Chinese novel had a profound impact on other East Asian countries...In fact, when Japanese writers and scholars later encountered European novels, they often resorted to vernacular Chinese novels and fiction commentaries (...) for interpretative models and strategies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrokaw,_CynthiaKornicki,_Peter2016" class="citation book cs1">Brokaw, Cynthia; Kornicki, Peter, eds. (2016). <i>The History of the Book in East Asia</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 497. <q>...also suggests strongly that by the middle of the seventeenth century Nagasaki was commonly seen as the main port of entry for Chinese books. At the end of a list of 'Books Razan had already read' by 1604 - an impressive list of over 440 titles...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Book+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discovery-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-discovery_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/02/22/books/book-reviews/japanese-discovery-chinese-fiction-literary-classics-outsize-impact-japan#.XsL-oWhKi70">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Japanese Discovery of Chinese Fiction': A literary classic's outsize impact on Japan"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <q>...fiction that entered Japan from the 17th century was written in the vernacular, a tongue that only a tiny minority of Japanese interpreters in the port city of Nagasaki understood...Understanding this type of fiction required a serious commitment, and a variety of reference guides and dictionaries were published in Japan to facilitate its reading.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Japanese+Discovery+of+Chinese+Fiction%27%3A+A+literary+classic%27s+outsize+impact+on+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2020%2F02%2F22%2Fbooks%2Fbook-reviews%2Fjapanese-discovery-chinese-fiction-literary-classics-outsize-impact-japan%23.XsL-oWhKi70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein,_Peter_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Katzenstein, Peter J., ed. (2009). <i>Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415777117" title="Special:BookSources/9780415777117"><bdi>9780415777117</bdi></a>. <q>...with up to ninety Chinese ships visiting Japan each year during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and Japan imported over 1,000 Chinese books each year...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations+in+World+Politics%3A+Plural+and+Pluralist+Perspectives&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780415777117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'haen-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'haen_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheo_D'haenDavid_DamroschDjelal_Kadir2011" class="citation book cs1">Theo D'haen; David Damrosch; Djelal Kadir, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769432607"><i>The Routledge Companion to World Literature</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 464–475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415570220" title="Special:BookSources/9780415570220"><bdi>9780415570220</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900201453">900201453</a>. <q>During the Edo period (1603-1868), when early modern Japanese fiction was developed, its greatest influence came from Chinese vernacular fiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+World+Literature&rft.pages=464-475&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900201453&rft.isbn=9780415570220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F769432607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502123054/https://www.britannica.com/art/Southeast-Asian-arts/First-golden-age-King-Narai-1657-88">"Southeast Asian arts - First golden age: King Narai (1657-88)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Southeast-Asian-arts/First-golden-age-King-Narai-1657-88">the original</a> on 2 May 2016. <q>... a royal official composed a Thai translation ... of the Chinese classic <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i>. The author, Pra Klang, was admittedly a royal official; nevertheless, the work was meant for the people rather than the court. It was followed by a spate of imitations and finally resulted in the development of the historical novel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asian+arts+-+First+golden+age%3A+King+Narai+%281657-88%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FSoutheast-Asian-arts%2FFirst-golden-age-King-Narai-1657-88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Chang, Shelley Hsueh-lun (1990). <i>History and Legend: Ideas and Images in the Ming Historical Novels</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/047210117X" title="Special:BookSources/047210117X"><bdi>047210117X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Legend%3A+Ideas+and+Images+in+the+Ming+Historical+Novels&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=047210117X&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Shelley+Hsueh-lun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> 279p. Explores the Ming world of fiction and ideas of historical change; the hero; social, political, cosmic order and morality; and reactions to the growth of imperial despotism.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hanan, Patrick (1964). "The Development of Fiction and Drama". In Raymond, Dawson (ed.). <i>The Legacy of China</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 115–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Fiction+and+Drama&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+China&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=115-143&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hanan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> Internet Archive free online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118885">HERE</a>. A cogent summary, though superseded on some points.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegel1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hegel" title="Robert E. Hegel">Hegel, Robert E.</a> (1994). "Traditional Chinese Fiction—the State of the Field". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 394–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2059840">10.2307/2059840</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059840">2059840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163011311">163011311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Traditional+Chinese+Fiction%E2%80%94the+State+of+the+Field&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=394-426&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163011311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2059840&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingillustrat00hege"><i>Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China</i></a></span>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804730024" title="Special:BookSources/0804730024"><bdi>0804730024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Illustrated+Fiction+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0804730024&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingillustrat00hege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hegel#Scholarly_career_and_reception" title="Robert E. Hegel">This study</a> argues that the decline in quality of printed editions of fiction from late Ming to mid-Qing shows split into popular and literati novels.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsia1968" class="citation book cs1">Hsia, Chih-tsing (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia"><i>The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Chinese+Novel%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hsia&rft.aufirst=Chih-tsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicchineseno00hsia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> rpr. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980; 413p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253202582" title="Special:BookSources/0253202582">0253202582</a>); rpr. Shatin: Chinese University Press, 2015 ISBN 978-962-996-763-7) . <a href="/wiki/InternetArchive" class="mw-redirect" title="InternetArchive">InternetArchive</a> free online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia/page/3/mode/2up">HERE</a>. A key introduction for Western general readers to six novels considered in China to be classics: <i>Three Kingdoms</i> (Sanguozhi yanyi); <i>Water Margin</i> (Shuihu zhuan); <i>Journey to the West</i> (Xiyou ji); <i>Golden Lotus</i>, or <i>Plum in the Golden Vase</i> (Jinpingmei); <i>The Scholars</i> (Rulin waishi); and <i>Story of the Stone</i> (Hongloumeng or Shitou ji)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2012" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Sabina (2012). <i>Chinese Literature: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195392067" title="Special:BookSources/9780195392067"><bdi>9780195392067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Literature%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195392067&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Sabina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation cs2">Li, Wai-yee (2018), "Why Do Classic Chinese Novels Matter?", in Szonyi, Michael; Rudolph, Jennifer (eds.), <i>The China questions: critical insights into a rising power</i>, Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, pp. 252–260, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97940-6"><bdi>978-0-674-97940-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Classic+Chinese+Novels+Matter%3F&rft.btitle=The+China+questions%3A+critical+insights+into+a+rising+power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%3B+London&rft.pages=252-260&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97940-6&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wai-yee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Chinese_Fiction" title="A Brief History of Chinese Fiction">A Brief History of Chinese Fiction</a></i>. (Foreign Languages Press, tr. 1959 Translated by Gladys Yang and Yang Xianyi. Various Reprints). China's leading early 20th-century writer surveyed traditional fiction in this pioneering survey, based on a series of 1923 lectures, in order to serve as a basis for modern writers. Internet Archive free online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118885">HERE</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaks1987" class="citation book cs1">Plaks, Andrew H. (1987). <i>The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel: Ssu Ta Ch'i-Shu</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691067082" title="Special:BookSources/0691067082"><bdi>0691067082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Masterworks+of+the+Ming+Novel%3A+Ssu+Ta+Ch%27i-Shu&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0691067082&rft.aulast=Plaks&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> Free Internet Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourmasterworkso0000plak">HERE</a>. A seminal exploration of "literati novels". <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i>, <i>Water Margin</i> (or, <i>Men of the Marshes</i>), <i>Journey to the West</i>, and <i>Golden Lotus</i> (or <i>Plum in a Golden Vase</i>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rolston, David L. & Shuen-fu Lin (1990). <i>How to Read the Chinese Novel</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691067538" title="Special:BookSources/0691067538"><bdi>0691067538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+the+Chinese+Novel&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0691067538&rft.au=Rolston%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Shuen-fu+Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> 534 p. Chinese critics of the 17th and 18th centuries wrote commentaries – called <i>dufa</i> ("how to read") – which were interspersed in the text so that the text and the commentary formed one experience for the reader. Scholars in this volume translate and introduce such commentaries for the six now classic novels.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRopp1990" class="citation book cs1">Ropp, Paul S. (1990). "The Distinctive Art of Chinese Fiction". In Paul S, Ropp (ed.). <i>The Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 308–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06441-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06441-0"><bdi>0-520-06441-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Distinctive+Art+of+Chinese+Fiction&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+China%3A+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=308-334&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06441-0&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> Introductory article summarizing scholarship in the field.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun_ChangOwen2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sun Chang, Kang-i; Owen, Stephen, eds. (2010). <i>The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature</i>. Vol. II From 1374. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Chinese+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wu, Yenna (1999). "Six Classic Chinese Novels". In Schellinger, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPdRAwAAQBAJ&q=Six+Classic+novels+China+canonic"><i>Encyclopedia of the Novel</i></a>. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1226–1231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579580157" title="Special:BookSources/1579580157"><bdi>1579580157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Six+Classic+Chinese+Novels&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Novel&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=1226-1231&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1579580157&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPdRAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSix%2BClassic%2Bnovels%2BChina%2Bcanonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>Three Kingdoms</i> (<i>Sanguozhi yanyi</i>); <i>Water Margin</i> (<i>Shuihu zhuan</i>); <i>Journey to the West</i> (<i>Xiyou ji</i>); <i>Golden Lotus</i>, or <i>Plum in the Golden Vase</i> (<i>Jinpingmei</i>); <i>The Scholars</i> (<i>Rulin waishi</i>); and <i>Story of the Stone</i> (<i>Hongloumeng' or </i>Shitou ji<i>).</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0015.xml"><i>Ming-Qing Fiction</i></a>. Oxford Online Bibliographies (Chinese Studies). Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming-Qing+Fiction&rft.series=Oxford+Online+Bibliographies+%28Chinese+Studies%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199920082%2Fobo-9780199920082-0015.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> Annotated bibliography of books and articles in Western languages and Chinese (subscription required).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1988" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Margaret (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIesAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>The Chinese Classic Novels (Routledge Revivals): An Annotated Bibliography of Chiefly English-Language Studies</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136836589" title="Special:BookSources/9781136836589"><bdi>9781136836589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Classic+Novels+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Chiefly+English-Language+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781136836589&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIesAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2001" class="citation book cs1">Li, Wai-Yee (2001). "Full-Length Vernacular Fiction". In <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_History_of_Chinese_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia History of Chinese Literature">Columbia History of Chinese Literature</a></i>. New York: Columbia Univ Press. pp. 620–658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Full-Length+Vernacular+Fiction&rft.btitle=Columbia+History+of+Chinese+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=620-658&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wai-Yee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaks1978" class="citation journal cs1">Plaks, Andrew H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/be0364d5978d0088d79ce2b282e15bca.pdf">"Full-Length Hsiao-Shuo and the Western Novel: A Generic Reappraisal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Asia Academic Bulletin</i>. <b>1</b>: 163–176<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Asia+Academic+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Full-Length+Hsiao-Shuo+and+the+Western+Novel%3A+A+Generic+Reappraisal&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=163-176&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Plaks&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhkjo.lib.hku.hk%2Farchive%2Ffiles%2Fbe0364d5978d0088d79ce2b282e15bca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRopp2009" class="citation cs2">Ropp, Paul (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/BERKSHIRE_MingDynastySample.pdf">"Ming and Qing Novels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Berkshire Encyclopedia of China</i>, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 1479–1482</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ming+and+Qing+Novels&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Encyclopedia+of+China&rft.place=Great+Barrington%2C+MA&rft.pages=1479-1482&rft.pub=Berkshire&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkshirepublishing.com%2Fassets_news%2Fchina%2FBERKSHIRE_MingDynastySample.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Chinese_Novels&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, David K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/novels.html">"A Brief Guide to the Most Influential Chinese Novels of the Yuán 元, Míng 明, and Qīng 清 Dynasties (XIIIth to XIXth Centuries)"</a>. <i>David K. Jordan China Resources</i>. University of California San Diego<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+K.+Jordan+China+Resources&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+the+Most+Influential+Chinese+Novels+of+the+Yu%C3%A1n+%E5%85%83%2C+M%C3%ADng+%E6%98%8E%2C+and+Q%C4%ABng+%E6%B8%85+Dynasties+%28XIIIth+to+XIXth+Centuries%29&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.ucsd.edu%2F~dkjordan%2Fchin%2Fnovels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Chinese+Novels" class="Z3988"></span> Extensive listing of novels, brief descriptions, and translations (if any).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Template:Classic Chinese Novels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Template talk:Classic Chinese Novels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classic Chinese Novels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classic_Chinese_Novels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Chinese Novels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four Classic Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i> (mid-14th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (late 14th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> (c. 1592)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i> (mid-18th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei" title="Jin Ping Mei">The Plum in the Golden Vase</a></i> (c. 1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scholars_(novel)" title="The Scholars (novel)">The Scholars</a></i> (1750)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luo_Guanzhong&#039;s_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Template:Romance of the Three Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Romance of the Three Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance of the Three Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Luo_Guanzhong&#039;s_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Based on the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Han Dynasty">end of the Han Dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kingdoms period">Three Kingdoms period</a> of China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictitious_stories_in_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Fictitious subplots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_the_Peach_Garden" title="Oath of the Peach Garden">Oath of the Peach Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Visits" title="The Three Visits">The Three Visits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Category:People of the Three Kingdoms">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bei" title="Liu Bei">Liu Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fei" title="Zhang Fei">Zhang Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan">Sun Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yu" title="Zhou Yu">Zhou Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="List of fictional people of the Three Kingdoms">Fictional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaochan" title="Diaochan">Diaochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Suo" title="Guan Suo">Guan Suo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Li_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Lady Li (Three Kingdoms)">Lady Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Cang" title="Zhou Cang">Zhou Cang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations_and_other_derivative_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="List of media adaptations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Adaptations</a> and other derivative works</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeokbyeokga" title="Jeokbyeokga">Jeokbyeokga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_(Peking_opera)" title="Red Cliff (Peking opera)"><i>Red Cliff</i> (Peking opera)</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Sangokushi</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>Sangokushi</i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangokushi_II:_Amakakeru_Otoko-tachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangokushi II: Amakakeru Otoko-tachi (page does not exist)">Sangokushi II: Amakakeru Otoko-tachi</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangokushi:_Dai_Ichi_Bu_-_Eiyuu-tachi_no_Yoake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangokushi: Dai Ichi Bu - Eiyuu-tachi no Yoake (page does not exist)">Sangokushi: Dai Ichi Bu - Eiyuu-tachi no Yoake</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangokushi:_Dai_Ni_Bu_-_Choukou_Moyu!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangokushi: Dai Ni Bu - Choukou Moyu! (page does not exist)">Sangokushi: Dai Ni Bu - Choukou Moyu!</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangokushi:_Dai_San_Bu_-_Harukanaru_Taichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangokushi: Dai San Bu - Harukanaru Taichi (page does not exist)">Sangokushi: Dai San Bu - Harukanaru Taichi</a></i> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dingjun_Mountain_(film)" title="Dingjun Mountain (film)">Dingjun Mountain</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witty_Sorcerer" title="The Witty Sorcerer">The Witty Sorcerer</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diao_Chan_(film)" title="Diao Chan (film)">Diao Chan</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diau_Charn_(film)" title="Diau Charn (film)">Diau Charn</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiao_Chan_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiao Chan (film) (page does not exist)">Tiao Chan</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms:_Resurrection_of_the_Dragon" title="Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon">Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_(film)" title="Red Cliff (film)">Red Cliff</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Bladesman" title="The Lost Bladesman">The Lost Bladesman</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassins_(film)" title="The Assassins (film)">The Assassins</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_of_Three_Kingdoms:_The_Yellow_Turban_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy of Three Kingdoms: The Yellow Turban Uprising (page does not exist)">Fantasy of Three Kingdoms: The Yellow Turban Uprising</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_of_Three_Kingdoms_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy of Three Kingdoms 2 (page does not exist)">Fantasy of Three Kingdoms 2</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(2018_film)" title="Shadow (2018 film)">Shadow</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_Zhao_Yun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legend of Zhao Yun (page does not exist)">Legend of Zhao Yun</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i>Knights of Valour</i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors_(film)" title="Dynasty Warriors (film)">Dynasty Warriors</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokoyama_Mitsuteru_Sangokushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi">Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginga_Sengoku_Gun%27y%C5%ABden_Rai" title="Ginga Sengoku Gun'yūden Rai">Ginga Sengoku Gun'yūden Rai</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABka_Ichiban!" title="Chūka Ichiban!">Chūka Ichiban!</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Tousen" title="Ikki Tousen">Ikki Tousen</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gintama" title="Gintama">Gintama</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtetsu_Sangokushi" title="Kōtetsu Sangokushi">Kōtetsu Sangokushi</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yawaraka_Sangokushi_Tsukisase!!_Ryofuko-chan" title="Yawaraka Sangokushi Tsukisase!! Ryofuko-chan">Yawaraka Sangokushi Tsukisase!! Ryofuko-chan</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dten_K%C5%8Dro" title="Sōten Kōro">Sōten Kōro</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(2009_animation)" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms (2009 animation)">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SD_Gundam_Sangokuden_Brave_Battle_Warriors" title="SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors">SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_School" title="Prison School">Prison School</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Buster" title="Soul Buster">Soul Buster</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SD_Gundam_World_Sangoku_Soketsuden" title="SD Gundam World Sangoku Soketsuden">SD Gundam World Sangoku Soketsuden</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SD_Gundam_World_Heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="SD Gundam World Heroes">SD Gundam World Heroes</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Record_of_Ragnarok" title="Record of Ragnarok">Record of Ragnarok</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_Sango" title="Fantasia Sango">Fantasia Sango - Realm of Legends</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya_Boy_Kongming!" title="Ya Boy Kongming!">Ya Boy Kongming!</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ravages_of_Time" title="The Ravages of Time">The Ravages of Time</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/God_of_River_Lok" title="God of River Lok">God of River Lok</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legendary_Prime_Minister_%E2%80%93_Zhuge_Liang" title="The Legendary Prime Minister – Zhuge Liang">The Legendary Prime Minister – Zhuge Liang</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang_(TV_series)" title="Zhuge Liang (TV series)">Zhuge Liang</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(TV_series)" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms (TV series)">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guan_Gong_(TV_series)" title="Guan Gong (TV series)">Guan Gong</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Guan_Gong" title="The Legend of Guan Gong">The Legend of Guan Gong</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Legend_Begins" title="Where the Legend Begins">Where the Legend Begins</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.O.3an_Guo" class="mw-redirect" title="K.O.3an Guo">K.O.3an Guo</a></i> (2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_K.O.3an_Guo_characters" title="List of K.O.3an Guo characters">characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_K.O.3an_Guo_episodes" title="List of K.O.3an Guo episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_(TV_series)" title="Three Kingdoms (TV series)">Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_RPG" title="Three Kingdoms RPG">Three Kingdoms RPG</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_Goddess_Luo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legend of Goddess Luo (page does not exist)">Legend of Goddess Luo</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao_(TV_series)" title="Cao Cao (TV series)">Cao Cao</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_of_War,_Zhao_Yun" title="God of War, Zhao Yun">God of War, Zhao Yun</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Advisors_Alliance" title="The Advisors Alliance">The Advisors Alliance</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wind_Blows_from_Longxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wind Blows from Longxi (page does not exist)">The Wind Blows from Longxi</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(video_game_series)" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms (video game series)">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Wars" title="Dynasty Wars">Dynasty Wars</a></i> (1989) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warriors_of_Fate" title="Warriors of Fate">Warriors of Fate</a></i> (1992)</li></ul></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sango_Fighter" title="Sango Fighter">Sango Fighter</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors" title="Dynasty Warriors">Dynasty Warriors</a></i> (1997) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Tactics" title="Dynasty Tactics">Dynasty Tactics</a></i> series (2002)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_Sango" title="Fantasia Sango">Fantasia Sango</a></i> (2003) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warriors_Orochi" title="Warriors Orochi">Warriors Orochi</a></i> series (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Valour" title="Knights of Valour">Knights of Valour</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_of_an_Emperor" title="Destiny of an Emperor">Destiny of an Emperor</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Three_Kingdoms" title="The Legend of Three Kingdoms">The Legend of Three Kingdoms</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms:_Fate_of_the_Dragon" title="Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon">Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kessen_II" title="Kessen II">Kessen II</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Throne:_Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Dragon Throne: Battle of Red Cliffs">Dragon Throne: Battle of Red Cliffs</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangokushi_Taisen" title="Sangokushi Taisen">Sangokushi Taisen</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koihime_Mus%C5%8D" title="Koihime Musō">Koihime Musō</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Three_Kingdoms" title="Heroes of Three Kingdoms">Heroes of Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantica_Online" title="Atlantica Online">Atlantica Online: Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Total_War:_Three_Kingdoms" title="Total War: Three Kingdoms">Total War: Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_of_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood of Steel (page does not exist)">Blood of Steel</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_City_Saga:_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River City Saga: Three Kingdoms (page does not exist)">River City Saga: Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wo_Long:_Fallen_Dynasty" title="Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty">Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Kingdoms_Zhao_Yun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Kingdoms Zhao Yun (page does not exist)">Three Kingdoms Zhao Yun</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Heroes_M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom Heroes M (page does not exist)">Kingdom Heroes M</a></i></li> <li><i>Historica</i></li> <li><i>Kingdom Story</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OMG!%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%9C%B8%E7%8E%8B_%E6%96%B0%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%88_-_Gods_of_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OMG!三国霸王新马版 - Gods of Three Kingdoms (page does not exist)">OMG!三国霸王新马版 - Gods of Three Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vua_Th%E1%BB%A7_Th%C3%A0nh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vua Thủ Thành (page does not exist)">Vua Thủ Thành</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo%E1%BA%A1n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5u_V%C3%B5_L%C3%A2m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loạn Đấu Võ Lâm (page does not exist)">Loạn Đấu Võ Lâm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_Chi%E1%BA%BFn_Thi%C3%AAn_H%E1%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huyết Chiến Thiên Hạ (page does not exist)">Huyết Chiến Thiên Hạ</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics and manga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangokushi_(Yokoyama_Mitsuteru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangokushi (Yokoyama Mitsuteru)">Sangokushi</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenchi_wo_Kurau" title="Tenchi wo Kurau">Tenchi wo Kurau</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginga_Sengoku_Gun%27y%C5%ABden_Rai" title="Ginga Sengoku Gun'yūden Rai">Ginga Sengoku Gun'yūden Rai</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_(manhua)" title="Three Kingdoms (manhua)">Three Kingdoms</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABr%C5%8Dden" title="Ryūrōden">Ryūrōden</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dten_K%C5%8Dro" title="Sōten Kōro">Sōten Kōro</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABka_Ichiban!" title="Chūka Ichiban!">Chūka Ichiban!</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Tousen" title="Ikki Tousen">Ikki Tousen</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ravages_of_Time" title="The Ravages of Time">The Ravages of Time</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qwan" title="Qwan">Qwan</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Sister!" title="Dragon Sister!">Dragon Sister!</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gintama" title="Gintama">Gintama</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_(manga)" title="Lord (manga)">Lord</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BB_Senshi_Sangokuden_Fuuun_Gouketsu_Hen" class="mw-redirect" title="BB Senshi Sangokuden Fuuun Gouketsu Hen">SD Gundam Sangokuden: Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yawaraka_Sangokushi_Tsukisase!!_Ryofuko-chan" title="Yawaraka Sangokushi Tsukisase!! Ryofuko-chan">Yawaraka Sangokushi Tsukisase!! Ryofuko-chan</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_School" title="Prison School">Prison School</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Buster" title="Soul Buster">Soul Buster</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Record_of_Ragnarok" title="Record of Ragnarok">Record of Ragnarok</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SD_Gundam_World_Sangoku_Soketsuden" title="SD Gundam World Sangoku Soketsuden">SD Gundam World Sangoku Soketsuden</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya_Boy_Kongming!" title="Ya Boy Kongming!">Ya Boy Kongming!</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portal_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal Three Kingdoms">Portal Three Kingdoms</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangokushi_Taisen" title="Sangokushi Taisen">Sangokushi Taisen</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Legends of the Three Kingdoms">Legends of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daisenran!!_Sangokushi_Battle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daisenran!! Sangokushi Battle (page does not exist)">Daisenran!! Sangokushi Battle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_Trading_Card_Game" title="Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game">Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game : Ignition Assault and Eternity Code</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shi_Nai&#039;an&#039;s_Water_Margin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water_Margin" title="Template:Water Margin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water_Margin" title="Template talk:Water Margin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water_Margin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water Margin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shi_Nai&#039;an&#039;s_Water_Margin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shi_Nai%27an" title="Shi Nai'an">Shi Nai'an</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei" title="Jin Ping Mei">Jin Ping Mei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Yue_Fei" title="General Yue Fei">General Yue Fei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peach_Flower_Village" title="Peach Flower Village">Peach Flower Village</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Qing_Ding_Pearl" title="The Qing Ding Pearl">The Qing Ding Pearl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Margin_(film)" title="The Water Margin (film)">The Water Margin</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Men_Are_Brothers:_Blood_of_the_Leopard" title="All Men Are Brothers: Blood of the Leopard">All Men Are Brothers: Blood of the Leopard</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Men_Are_Brothers_(film)" title="All Men Are Brothers (film)">All Men Are Brothers</a></i> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well,_Ends_Well_Too" title="All's Well, Ends Well Too">All's Well, Ends Well Too</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i>Laughter of the Water Margins</i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troublesome_Night_16" title="Troublesome Night 16">Troublesome Night 16</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_Truth" title="Shades of Truth">Shades of Truth</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Margin_(1973_TV_series)" title="The Water Margin (1973 TV series)">The Water Margin</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlaws_of_the_Marsh_(TV_series)" title="Outlaws of the Marsh (TV series)">Outlaws of the Marsh</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Margin_(1998_TV_series)" title="The Water Margin (1998 TV series)">The Water Margin</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hero:_108" title="Hero: 108">Hero: 108</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Men_Are_Brothers_(TV_series)" title="All Men Are Brothers (TV series)">All Men Are Brothers</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bandit_Kings_of_Ancient_China" title="Bandit Kings of Ancient China">Bandit Kings of Ancient China</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlaws_of_the_Lost_Dynasty" title="Outlaws of the Lost Dynasty">Outlaws of the Lost Dynasty</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Chinese Novels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wu_Cheng&#039;en&#039;s_Journey_to_the_West" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journey_to_the_West" title="Template:Journey to the West"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journey_to_the_West" title="Template talk:Journey to the West"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journey_to_the_West" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journey to the West"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wu_Cheng&#039;en&#039;s_Journey_to_the_West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Journey_to_the_West_characters" title="List of Journey to the West characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Sun Wukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dragon_Horse" title="White Dragon Horse">White Dragon Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Boy" title="Red Boy">Red Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baigujing" title="Baigujing">Baigujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiezijing" title="Xiezijing">Xiezijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan" title="Princess Iron Fan">Princess Iron Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Demon_King" title="Bull Demon King">Bull Demon King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Eared_Macaque" title="Six-Eared Macaque">Six-Eared Macaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heifeng_Guai" title="Heifeng Guai">Heifeng Guai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_Daxian" title="Zhenyuan Daxian">Zhenyuan Daxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Zushi" title="Puti Zushi">Puti Zushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_Mulang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kui Mulang">Kui Mulang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilanpo" title="Pilanpo">Pilanpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maori_Xingguan" title="Maori Xingguan">Maori Xingguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_Jinchi_Mingwang" title="Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang">Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan_(1941_film)" title="Princess Iron Fan (1941 film)">Princess Iron Fan</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alakazam_the_Great" title="Alakazam the Great">Alakazam the Great</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Havoc_in_Heaven" title="Havoc in Heaven">Havoc in Heaven</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starzinger" title="Starzinger">Starzinger</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_Conquers_the_Demon" title="The Monkey King Conquers the Demon">The Monkey King Conquers the Demon</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_The_Record_of_Nobita%27s_Parallel_Visit_to_the_West" title="Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West">Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki:_Requiem" title="Saiyuki: Requiem">Saiyuki: Requiem</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King_vs._Er_Lang_Shen" title="Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen">Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King:_Hero_Is_Back" title="Monkey King: Hero Is Back">Monkey King: Hero Is Back</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(2023_film)" title="The Monkey King (2023 film)">The Monkey King</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Silken_Web_(1927_film)" title="The Cave of the Silken Web (1927 film)">The Cave of the Silken Web</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan_(1966_film)" title="Princess Iron Fan (1966 film)">Princess Iron Fan</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Silken_Web_(1967_film)" title="The Cave of the Silken Web (1967 film)">The Cave of the Silken Web</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Odyssey" title="A Chinese Odyssey">A Chinese Odyssey</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Tall_Story" title="A Chinese Tall Story">A Chinese Tall Story</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiy%C5%ABki_(TV_series)" title="Saiyūki (TV series)">Saiyūki</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forbidden_Kingdom" title="The Forbidden Kingdom">The Forbidden Kingdom</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:_Conquering_the_Demons" title="Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons">Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(2014_film)" title="The Monkey King (2014 film)">The Monkey King</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_2" title="The Monkey King 2">The Monkey King 2</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Odyssey_Part_Three" title="A Chinese Odyssey Part Three">A Chinese Odyssey Part Three</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:_The_Demons_Strike_Back" title="Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back">Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Kong_(film)" title="Wu Kong (film)">Wu Kong</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_3" title="The Monkey King 3">The Monkey King 3</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Supplement_to_the_Journey_to_the_West" title="A Supplement to the Journey to the West">A Supplement to the Journey to the West</a></i> (c. 1640)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gok%C5%AB_no_Daib%C5%8Dken" title="Gokū no Daibōken">Gokū no Daibōken</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starzinger" title="Starzinger">Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Magic_(Japanese_TV_series)" title="Monkey Magic (Japanese TV series)">Monkey Magic</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:_Legends_of_the_Monkey_King" title="Journey to the West: Legends of the Monkey King">Journey to the West: Legends of the Monkey King</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)" title="Saiyuki (manga)">Saiyūki</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinzo" title="Shinzo">Shinzo</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Typhoon" title="Monkey Typhoon">Monkey Typhoon</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patalliro!" title="Patalliro!">Patalliro Saiyuki!</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_Monkie_Kid" title="Lego Monkie Kid">Lego Monkie Kid</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SD_Gundam_World_Heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="SD Gundam World Heroes">SD Gundam World Heroes</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(TV_series)" title="Monkey (TV series)">Monkey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(1986_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (1986 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(1996_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (1996 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_II" title="Journey to the West II">Journey to the West II</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Piggy" title="Sunny Piggy">Sunny Piggy</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(miniseries)" title="The Monkey King (miniseries)">The Monkey King</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King:_Quest_for_the_Sutra" title="The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra">The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiy%C5%ABki_(TV_series)" title="Saiyūki (TV series)">Saiyūki</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(2010_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (2010 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en_and_Journey_to_the_West" title="Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West">Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(2011_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (2011 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Korean_Odyssey" title="A Korean Odyssey">A Korean Odyssey</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Legends_of_Monkey" title="The New Legends of Monkey">The New Legends of Monkey</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey:_Journey_to_the_West" title="Monkey: Journey to the West">Monkey: Journey to the West</a></i> (play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manga and comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patalliro!" title="Patalliro!">Patalliro Saiyuki!</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starzinger" title="Starzinger">Starzinger</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)" title="Saiyuki (manga)">Saiyūki</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(manga)" title="The Monkey King (manga)">The Monkey King</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinzo" title="Shinzo">Shinzo</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Typhoon" title="Monkey Typhoon">Monkey Typhoon</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(comics)" title="Xin (comics)">Xin</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Born_Chinese_(graphic_novel)" title="American Born Chinese (graphic novel)">American Born Chinese</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_(manhua)" title="Saint (manhua)">Saint</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ether_Saga_Odyssey" title="Ether Saga Odyssey">Ether Saga Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enslaved:_Odyssey_to_the_West" title="Enslaved: Odyssey to the West">Enslaved: Odyssey to the West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Westward_Journey" title="Fantasy Westward Journey">Fantasy Westward Journey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganso_Saiy%C5%ABki:_Super_Monkey_Daib%C5%8Dken" title="Ganso Saiyūki: Super Monkey Daibōken">Ganso Saiyūki: Super Monkey Daibōken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Wukong" title="Legend of Wukong">Legend of Wukong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Hero" title="Monkey Hero">Monkey Hero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King:_Hero_Is_Back" title="Monkey King: Hero Is Back">Monkey King: Hero Is Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Magic_(1999_video_game)" title="Monkey Magic (1999 video game)">Monkey Magic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki:_Journey_West" title="Saiyuki: Journey West">Saiyuki: Journey West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SonSon" title="SonSon">SonSon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_Journey_Online_II" title="Westward Journey Online II">Westward Journey Online II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whomp_%27Em" title="Whomp 'Em">Whomp 'Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABy%C5%ABki" title="Yūyūki">Yūyūki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Myth:_Wukong" title="Black Myth: Wukong">Black Myth: Wukong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(novel)" title="Monkey (novel)">Monkey</a></i> (1942 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griever:_An_American_Monkey_King_in_China" title="Griever: An American Monkey King in China">Griever: An American Monkey King in China</a></i> (1986 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripmaster_Monkey" title="Tripmaster Monkey">Tripmaster Monkey</a></i> (1989 novel)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Four Great Classical Novels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Gao Village">Gao Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Huaguo" title="Mount Huaguo">Mount Huaguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuilian_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuilian Cave">Shuilian Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtian_River_(fictional_river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongtian River (fictional river)">Tongtian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liusha_River_(fictional_river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liusha River (fictional river)">Liusha River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_Journey_to_the_West" title="List of media adaptations of Journey to the West">List of media adaptations of <i>Journey to the West</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King_Festival" title="Monkey King Festival">Monkey King Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruyi_Jingu_Bang" title="Ruyi Jingu Bang">Ruyi Jingu Bang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(soundtrack)" title="Journey to the West (soundtrack)">Journey to the West</a></i> (2008 soundtrack)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cao_Xueqin&#039;s_Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Template:Dream of the Red Chamber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Template talk:Dream of the Red Chamber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dream of the Red Chamber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cao_Xueqin&#039;s_Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cao_Xueqin" title="Cao Xueqin">Cao Xueqin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redology" title="Redology">Redology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text and<br />commentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyanzhai" title="Zhiyanzhai">Zhiyanzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Tablet" title="Odd Tablet">Odd Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Gao_versions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng-Gao versions">Cheng-Gao versions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_E" title="Gao E">Gao E</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg/120px-Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg/180px-Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg/240px-Traum-der-roten-Kammer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jia Zheng's nuclear family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Baoyu" title="Jia Baoyu">Jia Baoyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Xiren" title="Hua Xiren">Hua Xiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Tanchun" title="Jia Tanchun">Jia Tanchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wan" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Wan">Li Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Zheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Zheng">Jia Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Wang" title="Lady Wang">Lady Wang</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jia_Yuanchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Yuanchun">Jia Yuanchun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Xue family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Baochai" title="Xue Baochai">Xue Baochai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Pan" title="Xue Pan">Xue Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangling_(character)" title="Xiangling (character)">Xiangling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jia She's nuclear family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xifeng" title="Wang Xifeng">Wang Xifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping%27er" title="Ping'er">Ping'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yingchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Yingchun">Jia Yingchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qiaojie" title="Jia Qiaojie">Jia Qiaojie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Lian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Lian">Jia Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jia Zhen's nuclear family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Xichun" title="Jia Xichun">Jia Xichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Keqing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Keqing">Qin Keqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Daiyu" title="Lin Daiyu">Lin Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Xiangyun" title="Shi Xiangyun">Shi Xiangyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoyu" title="Miaoyu">Miaoyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_Jia" title="Grandmother Jia">Grandmother Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Liu" title="Granny Liu">Granny Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Zhong_(character)" title="Qin Zhong (character)">Qin Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yuhan" title="Jiang Yuhan">Jiang Yuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingguan" title="Lingguan">Lingguan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daguanyuan" title="Daguanyuan">Daguanyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Story_of_the_Stone" title="The New Story of the Stone">The New Story of the Stone</a></i> (1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber_(1944_film)" title="Dream of the Red Chamber (1944 film)"><i>Dream of the Red Chamber</i> (1944 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber_(1987_TV_series)" title="Dream of the Red Chamber (1987 TV series)"><i>Dream of the Red Chamber</i> (1987 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_Red_Mansions_(1988_film_series)" title="A Dream of Red Mansions (1988 film series)"><i>A Dream of Red Mansions</i> (1988 film series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber_(1996_TV_series)" title="Dream of the Red Chamber (1996 TV series)"><i>Dream of the Red Chamber</i> (1996 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Red_Mansions_(2010_TV_series)" title="The Dream of Red Mansions (2010 TV series)"><i>The Dream of Red Mansions</i> (2010 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber_(opera)" title="Dream of the Red Chamber (opera)"><i>Dream of the Red Chamber</i> (opera)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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