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<span>Registers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Registers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Registers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Standard Hindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Standard Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bazaar_Hindustani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bazaar_Hindustani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bazaar Hindustani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bazaar_Hindustani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Official status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colloquial_Hindustani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colloquial_Hindustani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Colloquial Hindustani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colloquial_Hindustani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Literary Hindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Literary Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindustani_and_Bollywood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindustani_and_Bollywood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Hindustani and Bollywood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindustani_and_Bollywood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindustani language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoestani" title="Hindoestani – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindoestani" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهندستانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهندستانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindostan%C3%AD" title="Idioma hindostaní – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma hindostaní" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indost%C3%A1nicu" title="Indostánicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Indostánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-urdu_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hindi-urdu ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hindi-urdu ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistani_dili" title="Hindistani dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistani dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیندوستانی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیندوستانی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindustani" title="Basa Hindustani – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দুস্তানি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দুস্তানি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Һиндостани – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һиндостани" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хіндустані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіндустані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гіндустані – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіндустані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-urdu" title="Hindi-urdu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hindi-urdu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoustaneg" title="Hindoustaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindoustaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C3%A0nic" title="Hindustànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hindustànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Hindustánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hindustánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindwstaneg" title="Hindwstaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindwstaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_keel" title="Hindustani keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hindustani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ινδουστανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδουστανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_indost%C3%A1nico" title="Idioma indostánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma indostánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustana_lingvo" title="Hindustana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindustana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanera" title="Hindustanera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hindustanera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان هندوستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هندوستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_bhasa" title="Hindustani bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hindustani bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoustani" title="Hindoustani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindoustani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindustana" title="Lingua hindustana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua hindustana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%96%B4" title="힌두스탄어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두스탄어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiyanci" title="Indiyanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Indiyanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB-%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Հինդի-ուրդու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդի-ուրդու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanski_jezici" title="Hindustanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hindustanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" title="Hindi-Urdu – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hindi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindustan" title="Bahasa Hindustan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hindustan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindustani" title="Lingua hindustani – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua hindustani" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%AD-%C3%BArd%C3%BA" title="Hindí-úrdú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindí-úrdú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indostana" title="Lingua indostana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua indostana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הינדוסטנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדוסטנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Indost%C3%A1niku" title="Amánung Indostániku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Indostániku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ჰინდი-ურდუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰინდი-ურდუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Хинди-урду – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хинди-урду" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoustanek" title="Hindoustanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hindoustanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindustani" title="Kihindustani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihindustani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoustani" title="Endoustani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Endoustani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_industan" title="Lingaz industan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz industan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hindi-Urdu" title="Lingua Hindi-Urdu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hindi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Hindustāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hindustāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustano_kalba" title="Hindustano kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hindustano kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hindi-ordo" title="Fiteny hindi-ordo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hindi-ordo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഹിന്ദുസ്താനി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദുസ്താനി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" title="Hindi-Urdu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hindi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟင်ဒီ-အူရဒူဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်ဒီ-အူရဒူဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoestani" title="Hindoestani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoestani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ヒンドゥスターニー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥスターニー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indostani" title="Indostani – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indostani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistoniy" title="Hindistoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindistoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندوستانی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستانی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustaansche_Spraak" title="Hindustaansche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hindustaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hindustani" title="Język hindustani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hindustani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindust%C3%A2ni" title="Língua hindustâni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hindustâni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_tili" title="Hindustani tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hindustani tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hindustan%C4%83" title="Limba hindustană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba hindustană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrustani" title="Hinrustani – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinrustani" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гіндустані – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гіндустані" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दुस्थानीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दुस्थानीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_leid" title="Hindustani leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hindustani leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_hindustani" title="Gjuha hindustani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha hindustani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83" title="හින්දුස්ථානී බස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දුස්ථානී බස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindustani language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Hindustanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hindustanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ھیندستانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھیندستانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Хинди-урду – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хинди-урду" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanski_jezik" title="Hindustanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hindustanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்துசுத்தானி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்துசுத்தானி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_indostane" title="Lènga indostane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga indostane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Һиндстани – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һиндстани" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="హిందుస్తానీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందుస్తానీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาฮินดูสตานี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮินดูสตานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C3%A2n%C3%AE" title="Hindustânî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindustânî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гіндустані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіндустані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندوستانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندوستانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hindustan" title="Tiếng Hindustan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hindustan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinindustani" title="Hinindustani – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hinindustani" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度斯坦语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הינדוסטאני – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הינדוסטאני" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Hindust%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Èdè Hindustánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Hindustánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%87" title="印度斯坦文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度斯坦文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indostan%C4%97itiu_kalba" title="Indostanėitiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indostanėitiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度斯坦语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindustani" title="Bahasa Hindustani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_zyvon" title="Hindustani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hindustani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11051#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hindustani_language" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Pakistan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fijian Hindustani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Hindustani</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Hindi–Urdu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>हिन्दुस्तानी</li><li><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہندوستانی</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustani.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/150px-Hindustani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/225px-Hindustani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/300px-Hindustani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="692" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word <i>Hindustani</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic scripts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪ɑːniː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindustani Belt</a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/L1_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L1 speakers">L1 speakers</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> million (2011 & 2017 censuses)<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a>: ~500 million (1999–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Central Zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hindustani</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravi">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bambaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Hindi" title="Bihari Hindi">Bihari Hindi</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (Hindi)<sup id="cite_ref-Grierson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grierson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a>) (Urdu)<sup id="cite_ref-Grierson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grierson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a> or Informal Text)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> (historical)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a> (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a> (historical, mainly <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Hindi Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a> (ISS)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <br />(as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <br /> (as <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directorate" title="Central Hindi Directorate">Central Hindi Directorate</a> (Hindi, India)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Promotion_of_Urdu_Language" title="National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language">National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language</a> (Urdu, India)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Language_Promotion_Department" title="National Language Promotion Department">National Language Promotion Department</a> (Urdu, Pakistan)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=hi">hi</a></span></code> – Hindi<br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ur">ur</a></span></code> – Urdu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=188">hin</a></span></code> – Hindi<br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=475">urd</a></span></code> – Urdu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hin">hin</a></code> – Hindi<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/urd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:urd">urd</a></code> – Urdu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1270">hind1270</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-qa">to -qf 59-AAF-qa to -qf</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustani_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/320px-Hindustani_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/480px-Hindustani_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/640px-Hindustani_map.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="814" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Areas (red) where Hindustani (Delhlavi or <a href="/wiki/Kauravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravi">Kauravi</a>) is the native language</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist skin-invert-image" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustani.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/100px-Hindustani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/150px-Hindustani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/200px-Hindustani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_language" title="Category:Hindustani language">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindustani language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Regional or dialectal variants</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Hindi" title="Bihari Hindi">Bihari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Kauravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravi">Kauravi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani_language" title="History of Hindustani language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_declension" title="Hindustani declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Linguistic history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Hindustani" title="Phonological history of Hindustani">Phonological history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> Accessibility</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration" title="Hindi–Urdu transliteration">Hindi–Urdu transliteration</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Hindustani Braille</a></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Hindi Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu Braille</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Hindi">Roman Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hindustani</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and functioning as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Deccani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani people">Deccani people</a>. Hindustani is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">influenced by Sanskrit</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (written in <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianisation">influenced by Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabic</a>) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-2018-hindustani-language_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2018-hindustani-language-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is also called <b>Hindi–Urdu</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-trask-hclinguistics_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask-hclinguistics-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dcrystal-dict-lang_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcrystal-dict-lang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gandhi-hindi-urdu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-hindi-urdu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Basu2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared, which is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a Hindustani language as a "unifying language" or "fusion language" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across the subcontinent was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved by merely <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration" title="Hindi–Urdu transliteration">transliterating between the two scripts</a>. Translation, on the other hand, is generally only required for religious and literary texts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a>, to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, evolving into the present form of Hindustani.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill1993_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rekhta2020_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MatthewsShackleHusain1985_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthewsShackleHusain1985-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IJSW1943_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJSW1943-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mody2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mody2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kesavan1997_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1997-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hock1991_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hock1991-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashmore1961_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore1961-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">Hindustani vocabulary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films and songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tunstall2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunstall2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hiro2015_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiro2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language's core vocabulary is derived from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2024_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2024-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with substantial <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">loanwords</a> from Persian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (via Persian).<sup id="cite_ref-Brill1993_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draper2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalmia2017_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia2017-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often written in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a> or the Arabic-derived <a href="/wiki/Urdu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu script">Urdu script</a> in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration" title="Hindi–Urdu transliteration">romanisation</a> increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> together constitute the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">3rd-most-spoken language in the world</a> after <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, with 843 million native and second-language speakers, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other <a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Hindi languages</a> than Hindustani.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambhir1995_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambhir1995-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindustani">History of Hindustani</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <p>Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">apabhraṃśa</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> in the 7th–13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill1993_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mody2008_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mody2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindustani emerged as a contact language around the <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>), a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_period_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a>, who lived in the thirteenth century during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> period in North India, used these forms (which was the <i>lingua franca</i> of the period) in his writings and referred to it as <i>Hindavi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ھندوی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'of <i>Hind</i> or <i>India</i>').<sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kesavan1997_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1997-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the century, the military exploits of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, introduced the language in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region, which led to the development of its southern dialect <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a>, which was promoted by Muslim rulers in the Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakāśaṃ_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakāśaṃ-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMustafa2008185_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustafa2008185-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delhi Sultanate, which comprised several <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Afghan</a> dynasties that ruled much of the subcontinent from Delhi,<sup id="cite_ref-Gat_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in 1526 and preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Ghorid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghorid dynasty">Ghorid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a> before that. </p><p>Ancestors of the language were known as <i>Hindui</i>, <i>Hindavi</i>, <i>Zabān-e <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hind</a></i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Language of India'</span>), <i>Zabān-e <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Language of Hindustan'</span>), <i>Hindustan ki boli</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Language of Hindustan'</span>), <a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a>, and Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pulsipher2005_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsipher2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its regional dialects became known as <i>Zabān-e Dakhani</i> in southern India, <i>Zabān-e Gujari</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Language of Gujars'</span>) in Gujarat, and as <i>Zabān-e Dehlavi</i> or Urdu around Delhi. It is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a>, deriving its base from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages#Languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Western Hindi</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>) known as <a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Khariboli</a>—the contemporary form being classed under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsMalhotraHawley2018_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsMalhotraHawley2018-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Mughals were of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> (<i>Gurkānī</i>) <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> descent,<sup id="cite_ref-Thackston_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thackston-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianised</a>, and Persian had gradually become the state language of the Mughal empire after <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mughal patronage led to a continuation and reinforcement of Persian by Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> rulers in the Indian Subcontinent,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since Persian was also patronized by the earlier Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate who laid the basis for the introduction and use of Persian in the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindustani began to take shape as a Persianised vernacular during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (1206–1526 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (1526–1858 AD) in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taj_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taj-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindustani retained the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">grammar</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">core Sanskritic and Prakritic vocabulary</a>, of the local Indian language of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab called <a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Khariboli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill1993_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taj_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taj-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strnad2013_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strnad2013-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grajcar2024_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajcar2024-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as an emerging common dialect, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic loanwords, and as Mughal conquests grew it spread as a lingua franca across much of northern India; this was a result of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures</a> in Hindustan that created a composite <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rekhta2020_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IJSW1943_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJSW1943-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farooqi2012_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooqi2012-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language was also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></i>, or 'mixed', which implies that the Sanskritic and Prakritic vocabulary base of Old Hindi was mixed with Persian loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-Strnad2013_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strnad2013-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill1993_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MatthewsShackleHusain1985_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthewsShackleHusain1985-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayres2009_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayres2009-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcgregor_912_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgregor_912-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> scripts,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remained the primary lingua franca of northern India for the next four centuries, although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on the local language. Alongside Persian, it achieved the status of a literary language in Muslim courts and was also used for literary purposes in various other settings such as <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Nirgun Sant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Krishna Bhakta</a> circles, and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Hindu courts. Its majors centres of development included the Mughal courts of Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> as well as the Rajput courts of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber" title="Kingdom of Amber">Amber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, towards the end of the Mughal period, with the fragmentation of the empire and the elite system, a variant of Hindustani, one of the successors of <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">apabhraṃśa</a> vernaculars at Delhi, and nearby cities, came to gradually replace Persian as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among the educated elite <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> particularly in northern India, though Persian still retained much of its pre-eminence for a short period. The term <i>Hindustani</i> was given to that language.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardisation process and further Persianisation during this period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from Persian: <i>Zabān-e Urdū-e Mualla</i> ('language of the court') or <i>Zabān-e Urdū</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زبان اردو</span></span>, 'language of the camp'). The etymology of the word <i>Urdu</i> is of <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> origin, <i>Ordū</i> ('camp'), cognate with English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horde" class="extiw" title="wikt:horde">horde</a></i>, and known in local translation as <i>Lashkari Zabān</i> (<span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لشکری زبان</span></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is shortened to <i>Lashkari</i> (<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لشکری</span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2009_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is all due to its origin as the common speech of the Mughal army. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became an official language of northern parts of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-Coatsworth2015_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coatsworth2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindi as a standardised literary <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> of the Hindustani arose in the 19th century. While the first literary works (mostly translations of earlier works) in Sanskritised Hindustani were already written in the early 19th century as part of a literary project that included both Hindu and Muslim writers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lallu_Lal" title="Lallu Lal">Lallu Lal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insha_Allah_Khan" title="Insha Allah Khan">Insha Allah Khan</a>), the call for a distinct Sanskritised standard of Hindustani written in Devanagari under the name of Hindi became increasingly politicised in the course of the century and gained pace around 1880 in an effort to displace Urdu's official position.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_Hurst" title="John Fletcher Hurst">John Fletcher Hurst</a> in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>'s courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as a distinct language but only as a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Central_Zone_(Hindi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Zone (Hindi)">Hindi</a> with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>) by many <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Musalman</a> population in all parts of India." Next to English it was the official language of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a>, was commonly written in Arabic or Persian characters, and was spoken by approximately 100,000,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of hybridization also led to the formation of words in which the first element of the compound was from Khari Boli and the second from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, such as <i>rajmahal</i> 'palace' (<i>raja</i> 'royal, king' + <i>mahal</i> 'house, place') and <i>rangmahal</i> 'fashion house' (<i>rang</i> 'colour, dye' + <i>mahal</i> 'house, place').<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim rule</a> expanded, Hindustani speakers traveled to distant parts of India as administrators, soldiers, merchants, and artisans. As it reached new areas, Hindustani further hybridized with local languages. In the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a> blended with <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and came to be called <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Dakhani</a>. In Dakhani, aspirated consonants were replaced with their unaspirated counterparts; for instance, <i>dekh</i> 'see' became <i>dek</i>, <i>ghula</i> 'dissolved' became <i>gula</i>, <i>kuch</i> 'some' became <i>kuc</i>, and <i>samajh</i> 'understand' became <i>samaj</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British colonised the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from the late 18th through to the late 19th century, they used the words 'Hindustani', 'Hindi', and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. However, with independence, use of the word 'Hindustani' declined, being largely replaced by 'Hindi' and 'Urdu', or 'Hindi–Urdu' when either of those was too specific.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the word 'Hindustani' has been used for the colloquial language of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan and which cannot be unambiguously identified as either Hindi or Urdu. </p><p>British rule over India also introduced some English words into Hindustani, with these <a href="/wiki/Englishization" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishization">influences</a> increasing with the later spread of English as a world language. This has created a new variant of Hindustani known as <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman2014_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman2014-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registers">Registers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register (sociolinguistics)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">digraphia</a></div> <p>At the spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are considered <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> of a single language, Hindustani or Hindi–Urdu, as they share a common <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">grammar</a> and core vocabulary,<sup id="cite_ref-Basu2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterDass2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they differ in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-JainCardona2007_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc.) of both Hindi and Urdu, however, are the same and derive from a Prakritic base, and both have Persian/Arabic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterDass2019_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_(IA_dli.csl.7322).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_%28IA_dli.csl.7322%29.pdf/page1-220px-A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_%28IA_dli.csl.7322%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_%28IA_dli.csl.7322%29.pdf/page1-330px-A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_%28IA_dli.csl.7322%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_%28IA_dli.csl.7322%29.pdf/page1-440px-A_grammar_of_the_Hindustani_language_%28IA_dli.csl.7322%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>A grammar of the Hindustani language, published 1843</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png/220px-Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png/330px-Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png/440px-Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>A road sign using Hindi, Urdu, and English.</figcaption></figure> <p>The standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as <i>Hindi–Urdu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindustani is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the north and west of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led it to be characterised as a continuum that ranges between Hindi and Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Sanskritised Hindi, regional Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Sanskritised Hindi or highly Persianised Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashmore1961_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore1961-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This can be seen in the popular culture of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> or, more generally, the vernacular of North Indians and Pakistanis, which generally employs a lexicon common to both Hindi and Urdu speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiro2015_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiro2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the Hindustani spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (known for its usage of Urdu) and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Hindi">Standard Hindi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></div> <p>Standard Hindi, one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">22 officially recognized languages of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Union, is usually written in the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence than Urdu. It has a literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion and philosophy. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskritised variety spoken in the region around <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term <i>Hindi</i> includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word <i>Hindi</i> include, among others:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India (except some states such as Tamil Nadu),</li> <li>formal or official Hindi advocated by <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government, heavily influenced by Sanskrit,</li> <li>the vernacular dialects of Hindustani as spoken throughout India,</li> <li>the neutralized form of Hindustani used in popular television and films (which is nearly identical to colloquial Urdu), or</li> <li>the more formal neutralized form of Hindustani used in television and print news reports.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Urdu">Standard Urdu</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png/220px-Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>The phrase <i>Zabān-e Urdu-ye Mualla</i> in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Urdu is the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_language" class="mw-redirect" title="State language">state language</a> of Pakistan and one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">22 officially recognised languages of India</a>. It is written, except in some parts of India, in the <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> style of the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a>, an extended Perso-Arabic script incorporating Indic phonemes. It is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Dari_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari Persian">Persian</a> vocabulary and was historically also known as <a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/220px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/330px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/440px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><i>Lashkari Zabān</i> title in the Perso-Arabic script</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a> (or Deccani) where it also draws words from local languages, it survives and enjoys a rich history in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, with the prestige dialect being <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a> spoken in and around the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Nizams_of_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizams of Hyderabad">Nizams</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>. </p><p>Earliest forms of the language's literature may be traced back to the 13th-14th century works of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī</a>, often called the "father of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a>" while <a href="/wiki/Wali_Dakhni" class="mw-redirect" title="Wali Dakhni">Walī Deccani</a> is seen as the progenitor of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bazaar_Hindustani">Bazaar Hindustani</h3></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> Hindustani</i>, in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', also known as <i>Colloquial Hindi</i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Simplified Urdu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusro" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusro">Amir Khusro</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span> referred to this language of his writings as <i>Dehlavi</i> (<span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">देहलवी</span></span> / <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دہلوی</span></span></span>, 'of Delhi') or <i>Hindavi</i> (<span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">हिन्दवी</span></span> / <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہندوی</span></span></span>). During this period, Hindustani was used by <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a> in promulgating their message across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in the subcontinent, Hindustani acquired more Persian loanwords. <i><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></i> ('mixture'), <i>Hindi</i> ('Indian'), Hindustani, Hindvi, <a href="/wiki/Lahori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahori">Lahori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dakni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakni">Dakni</a> (amongst others) became popular names for the same language until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgregor_912_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgregor_912-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Urdu</i> (from <i>Zabān-i-Ordu</i>, or <i>Orda</i>) appeared around 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to have been coined by the poet <a href="/wiki/Mashafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashafi">Mashafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In local literature and speech, it was also known as the <i>Lashkari Zabān</i> (military language) or <i>Lashkari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mashafi was the first person to simply modify the name <i>Zabān-i-Ordu</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, the term <i>Hindustani</i> was used by British officials.<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1796, <a href="/wiki/John_Borthwick_Gilchrist" class="mw-redirect" title="John Borthwick Gilchrist">John Borthwick Gilchrist</a> published "A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language".<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilchrist_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilchrist-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, India and Pakistan established national standards that they called <i>Hindi</i> and <i>Urdu,</i> respectively, and attempted to make distinct, with the result that <i>Hindustani</i> commonly, but mistakenly, came to be seen as a "mixture" of Hindi and Urdu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson</a>, in his highly influential <i><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India" title="Linguistic Survey of India">Linguistic Survey of India</a></i>, proposed that the names <i>Hindustani, Urdu,</i> and <i>Hindi</i> be separated in use for different varieties of the Hindustani language, rather than as the overlapping synonyms they frequently were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the <i>lingua franca</i> of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.<sup id="cite_ref-Grierson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grierson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/South_asia.jpg/220px-South_asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/South_asia.jpg/330px-South_asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/South_asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Hindustani, in its standardised registers, is one of the official languages of both India (Hindi) and Pakistan (Urdu).</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1947, Hindustani was officially recognised by the British Raj. In the post-independence period however, the term Hindustani has lost currency and is not given any official recognition by the Indian or Pakistani governments. The language is instead recognised by its standard forms, Hindi and Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi">Hindi</h3></div> <p>Hindi is declared by Article 343(1), <a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">Part 17</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a> as the "official language (<span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">राजभाषा</span></span>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">rājabhāṣā</i></span>) of the Union." (In this context, "Union" means the Federal Government and not the entire country<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—India has <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">23 official languages</a>.) At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English. </p><p>At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 10 of the 29 Indian states and three <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union Territories</a>, respectively: <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>, and Delhi. </p><p>In the remaining states, Hindi is not an official language. In states like <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However, an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdu">Urdu</h3></div> <p>Urdu is the national language (<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قومی زبان</span></span></span>, <i>qaumi zabān</i>) of Pakistan, where it shares <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> status with <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a>. Although English is spoken by many, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> is the native language of the majority of the population, Urdu is the <i>lingua franca</i>. In India, Urdu is one of the languages recognised in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a> and is an official language of the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, and also the Union Territories of Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh">Aligarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, Urdu is spoken and learnt, and <i>Saaf</i> or <i>Khaalis</i> Urdu is treated with just as much respect as <i>Shuddh</i> Hindi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2></div> <p>Besides being the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of North India and Pakistan in South Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashmore1961_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore1961-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindustani is also spoken by many in the South Asian diaspora and their descendants around the world, including <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (e.g., in Canada, Hindustani is one of the fastest growing languages),<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p> <ul><li>A sizeable population in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, can also speak and understand Hindi–Urdu due to the popularity and influence of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films and songs in the region, as well as the fact that many Afghan refugees spent time in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakala2012_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakala2012-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a> was derived from the Hindustani linguistic group and is spoken widely by Fijians of <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> origin.</li> <li>Hindustani was also one of the languages that was spoken widely during <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a>. Many older citizens of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a>, still know it, although it has had no official status in the country since <a href="/wiki/Myanmar#Military_rule_(1962–2011)" title="Myanmar">military rule</a> began.</li> <li>Hindustani is also spoken in the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a> from various countries live and work for several years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a></div> <p>Hindustani phonology, shared by both Hindi and Urdu, is characterized by a symmetrical ten-vowel system, where vowels are distinguished by length, with long vowels typically being tense and short vowels lax. The language also includes <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a> vowels, as well as a wide array of consonants, including <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> and murmured sounds. Hindustani maintains a four-way phonation distinction among plosives, unlike the two-way distinction in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Hindustani etymology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">Hindustani vocabulary</a></div> <p>Hindi–Urdu's core vocabulary has an Indic base, being derived from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, which in turn derives from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a substantial number of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (via Persian).<sup id="cite_ref-JainCardona2007_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draper2003_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindustani contains around 5,500 words of Persian and Arabic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also quite a few words borrowed from English, as well as some words from other European languages such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a> also borrowed Persian prefixes to create new words. <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> affixes became so assimilated that they were used with original <a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Khari Boli</a> words as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surahi_in_samrup_rachna_calligraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Surahi_in_samrup_rachna_calligraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>"Surahi" in <a href="/wiki/Samrup_Rachna" title="Samrup Rachna">Samrup Rachna</a> calligraphy</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Hindustani was written in the <a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabets.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgregor_912_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgregor_912-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaithi and Devanagari are two of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> native to India, whereas the Urdu alphabet is a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script written in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a>, which is the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu. </p><p>Today, Hindustani continues to be written in the Urdu alphabet in Pakistan. In India, the Hindi register is officially written in Devanagari, and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet, to the extent that these standards are partly defined by their script. </p><p>However, in popular publications in India, Urdu is also written in Devanagari, with slight variations to establish a Devanagari Urdu alphabet alongside the Devanagari Hindi alphabet. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Devanagari </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">आ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">इ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ई</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">उ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऊ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऐ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">औ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ग</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ग़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">घ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ङ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">च</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">छ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">झ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">झ़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ञ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʒʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ट</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ठ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ढ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ढ़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ण</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">त</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">थ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">द</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ध</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">न</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">प</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">फ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">फ़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ब</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">भ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">म</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">य</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">र</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ल</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">व</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">श</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ष</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">स</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ह</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Urdu alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Name of letter</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ا</span></span></span></td> <td><i>alif</i></td> <td>a, ā, i, or u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ب</span></span></span></td> <td><i>be</i></td> <td>b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>pe</i></td> <td>p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ت</span></span></span></td> <td><i>te</i></td> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ṭe</i></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ث</span></span></span></td> <td><i>se</i></td> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ج</span></span></span></td> <td><i>jīm</i></td> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>che</i></td> <td>c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ح</span></span></span></td> <td><i>baṛī he</i></td> <td>h̤</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خ</span></span></span></td> <td>khe</td> <td>k͟h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">د</span></span></span></td> <td><i>dāl</i></td> <td>d</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ḍāl</i></td> <td>ḍ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zāl</i></td> <td>z</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ر</span></span></span></td> <td><i>re</i></td> <td>r</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ṛe</i></td> <td>ṛ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ze</i></td> <td>z</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ژ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zhe</i></td> <td>ž</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">س</span></span></span></td> <td><i>sīn</i></td> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span></span></td> <td><i>shīn</i></td> <td>sh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ص</span></span></span></td> <td><i>su'ād</i></td> <td>s̤</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ض</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zu'ād</i></td> <td>ż</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ط</span></span></span></td> <td><i>to'e</i></td> <td>t̤</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ظ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zo'e</i></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ع</span></span></span></td> <td><i>‘ain</i></td> <td>‘</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ghain</i></td> <td>ġ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف</span></span></span></td> <td><i>fe</i></td> <td>f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ق</span></span></span></td> <td><i>qāf</i></td> <td>q</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ک</span></span></span></td> <td><i>kāf</i></td> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>gāf</i></td> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ل</span></span></span></td> <td><i>lām</i></td> <td>l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">م</span></span></span></td> <td><i>mīm</i></td> <td>m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span></td> <td><i>nūn</i></td> <td>n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ں</span></span></span></td> <td><i>nūn ghunna</i></td> <td>ṁ or m̐</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span></span></span></td> <td><i>wā'o</i></td> <td>w, v, ō, or ū</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>choṭī he</i></td> <td>h</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ھ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>do chashmī he</i></td> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ʱ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ء</span></span></span></td> <td><i>hamza</i></td> <td>'</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ye</i></td> <td>y or ī</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ے</span></span></span></td> <td><i>baṛī ye</i></td> <td>ai or ē</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because of <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">anglicisation</a> in South Asia and the international use of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, Hindustani is occasionally written in the Latin script. This adaptation is called <a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a> or Romanised Hindi, depending upon the register used. Since Urdu and Hindi are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> when spoken, Romanised Hindi and Roman Urdu (unlike Devanagari Hindi and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet) are mostly mutually intelligible as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colloquial_Hindustani">Colloquial Hindustani</h3></div> <p>An example of colloquial Hindustani:<sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Devanagari</b>: <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ये कितने का है?</span></span></li> <li><b>Urdu</b>: <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یہ کتنے کا ہے؟</span></span></span></li> <li><b>Romanisation</b>: <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">Ye kitnē kā hai?</i></span></li> <li><b>English</b>: How much is this?</li></ul> <p>The following is a sample text, Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, in the two official registers of Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu. Because this is a formal legal text, differences in vocabulary are most pronounced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_Hindi">Literary Hindi</h3></div> <p><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Urdu transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">انُچھید ١ : سبھی منُشیوں کو گورو اور ادھکاروں کے وِشئے میں جنمجات سوَتنتْرتا پراپت ہیں۔ اُنہیں بدھی اور انتراتما کی دین پراپت ہے اور پرسپر اُنہیں بھائی چارے کے بھاؤ سے برتاؤ کرنا چاہئے۔</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration (ISO 15919) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">Anucchēd 1: Sabhī manuṣyō̃ kō gaurav aur adhikārō̃ kē viṣay mē̃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haĩ. Unhē̃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī dēn prāpt hai aur paraspar unhē̃ bhāīcārē kē bhāv sē bartāv karnā cāhiē.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td class="wrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="wrap"> </span>səbʰiː<span class="wrap"> </span>mənʊʂjõː<span class="wrap"> </span>koː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɔːɾəʋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ədʰɪkɑːɾõː<span class="wrap"> </span>keː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋɪʂəj<span class="wrap"> </span>mẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒənmədʒɑːt<span class="wrap"> </span>sʋətəntɾətɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>səmɑːntɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾɑːpt<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦɛ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊnʰẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>bʊdːʰɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>əntəɾɑːtmɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>kiː<span class="wrap"> </span>deːn<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾɑːpt<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>pəɾəspəɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊnʰẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>bʰɑːiːtʃɑːɾeː<span class="wrap"> </span>keː<span class="wrap"> </span>bʰɑːʋ<span class="wrap"> </span>seː<span class="wrap"> </span>bəɾtɑːʋ<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾnɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃɑːɦɪeː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gloss (word-to-word) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Article 1—<i>All</i> human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Translation (grammatical) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_Urdu">Literary Urdu</h3></div> <p><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">:دفعہ ١: تمام اِنسان آزاد اور حُقوق و عِزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پَیدا ہُوئے ہَیں۔ انہیں ضمِیر اور عقل ودِیعت ہوئی ہَیں۔ اِس لئے انہیں ایک دُوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سُلُوک کرنا چاہئے۔</span></span></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Devanagari transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur-Deva">दफ़ा १ — तमाम इनसान आज़ाद और हुक़ूक़ ओ इज़्ज़त के ऐतबार से बराबर पैदा हुए हैं। उन्हें ज़मीर और अक़्ल वदीयत हुई हैं। इसलिए उन्हें एक दूसरे के साथ भाई चारे का सुलूक करना चाहीए।</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration (ISO 15919) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ISO 233 Arabic (Urdu language) transliteration"><i lang="ur-Latn">Dafʻah 1: Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq ō ʻizzat kē iʻtibār sē barābar paidā hu’ē haĩ. Unhē̃ żamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī haĩ. Isli’ē unhē̃ ēk dūsrē kē sāth bhā’ī cārē kā sulūk karnā cāhi’ē.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dəfaː<span class="wrap"> </span>eːk<span class="wrap"> </span>təmaːm<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪnsaːn<span class="wrap"> </span>aːzaːd<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>hʊquːq<span class="wrap"> </span>oː<span class="wrap"> </span>izːət<span class="wrap"> </span>keː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛːtəbaːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>seː<span class="wrap"> </span>bəɾaːbəɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɛːdaː<span class="wrap"> </span>hʊeː<span class="wrap"> </span>hɛ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊnʱẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>zəmiːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>əql<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋədiːət<span class="wrap"> </span>hʊiː<span class="wrap"> </span>hɛ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪs<span class="wrap"> </span>lɪeː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊnʱẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>eːk<span class="wrap"> </span>duːsɾeː<span class="wrap"> </span>keː<span class="wrap"> </span>saːtʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱaːiː<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃaːɾeː<span class="wrap"> </span>kaː<span class="wrap"> </span>sʊluːk<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾnaː<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃaːhɪeː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gloss (word-to-word) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Article 1: All humans free[,] and rights and dignity's consideration from equal born are. To them conscience and intellect endowed is. Therefore, they one another's with brotherhood's treatment do must. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Translation (grammatical) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindustani_and_Bollywood">Hindustani and Bollywood</h2></div> <p>The predominant Indian film industry <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> uses Standard Hindi, colloquial Hindustani, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-scienceandmediamuseum_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scienceandmediamuseum-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and with the liberal use of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a> in scripts and soundtrack lyrics. </p><p>Film titles are often screened in three scripts: Latin, Devanagari and occasionally Perso-Arabic. The use of Urdu or Hindi in films depends on the film's context: historical films set in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> are almost entirely in Urdu, whereas films based on <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">ancient India</a> make heavy use of Hindi with Sanskrit vocabulary. </p><p>In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Bollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva boycott of Bollywood films">boycotts</a> have been launched against Bollywood films by <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu nationalists</a> partially on the basis that the films feature too much Urdu, with some critics employing the epithet "Urduwood".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan (Indian subcontinent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_authors" title="List of Hindi authors">List of Hindi authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_authors" title="List of Urdu authors">List of Urdu authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration" title="Hindi–Urdu transliteration">Hindi–Urdu transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddin_and_Begum_Hindustani_Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation">Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari languages</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also written as <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हिंदुस्तानी</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This will only display in a <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> font if you will have one installed, otherwise it may display in a modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic font</a> in a style more common for writing <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and most other non-Urdu languages such as <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>. If this <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl">پاکستان</span></span></span> and this <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پاکستان</span></span></span> looks like this <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl">پاکستان</span></span>, then you are not seeing it in Nastaliq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">हिन्दुस्तानी</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a>: <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہندوستانی</span></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>: <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">Hindustānī</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪ɑːniː]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-hindustani-devn-spelling_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindustani-devn-spelling-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grierson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grierson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>: बोलचाल हिन्दी, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: بول چال ہندی)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>: आसान उर्दू, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: آسان اردو)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobina_KausarMuhammad_SarwarMuhammad_Shabbir" class="citation journal cs1">Robina Kausar; Muhammad Sarwar; Muhammad Shabbir (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijires.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJIRES-154_final.pdf">"The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovation+and+Research+in+Educational+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Urdu+Language+Together+with+Its+Origin+and+Geographic+Distribution&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijires.org%2Fadministrator%2Fcomponents%2Fcom_jresearch%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FIJIRES-154_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): <i>Ethnologue</i> 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/hin">Hindi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/ur">Urdu</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grierson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47. <i>We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the </i>lingua franca<i> of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2011_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Aniruddha (2011). <i>The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray</i>. Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-16-0"><bdi>978-93-80607-16-0</bdi></a>. <q>There was the <i>Hindustani Dictionary</i> of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his <i>Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English</i>, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his <i>One Language, Two Scripts</i> (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varied+Facets+of+History%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Aniruddha+Ray&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-16-0&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Aniruddha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangopadhyay2020" class="citation book cs1">Gangopadhyay, Avik (2020). <i>Glimpses of Indian Languages</i>. Evincepub publishing. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789390197828" title="Special:BookSources/9789390197828"><bdi>9789390197828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Indian+Languages&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Evincepub+publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789390197828&rft.aulast=Gangopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Avik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://share.pdfonline.com/51071726f49f47ea858865837b25f8f9/dedse_dhh09.htm">Norms & Guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113022437/http://share.pdfonline.com/51071726f49f47ea858865837b25f8f9/dedse_dhh09.htm">Archived</a> 13 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2009. D.Ed. Special Education (Deaf & Hard of Hearing), [www.rehabcouncil.nic.in Rehabilitation Council of India]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and Hindi spelling in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html">Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415010138/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/">"National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language"</a>. <i>www.urducouncil.nic.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.urducouncil.nic.in&rft.atitle=National+Council+for+Promotion+of+Urdu+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urducouncil.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zia, K. (1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/urdu-code/standardcodetableurdu.htm">Standard Code Table for Urdu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408004715/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/urdu-code/standardcodetableurdu.htm">Archived</a> 8 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4), <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. CICC, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindustani-devn-spelling-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hindustani-devn-spelling_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor1993" class="citation cs2">McGregor, R. S., ed. (1993), "हिंदुस्तानी", <i>The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 1071, <q>2. <i>hindustani</i> [P. hindustani] f Hindustani (a mixed Hindi dialect of the Delhi region which came to be used as a lingua franca widely throughout India and what is now Pakistan)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Hindi-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=1071&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"हिंदुस्तानी", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b101/html5forpc.html?page=0"><i>बृहत हिंदी कोश खंड 2 (Large Hindi Dictionary, Volume 2)</i></a>, केन्द्रीय हिंदी निदेशालय, भारत सरकार (Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India), p. 1458<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+2+%28Large+Hindi+Dictionary%2C+Volume+2%29&rft.pages=1458&rft.pub=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%2C+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%28Central+Hindi+Directorate%2C+Government+of+India%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in%2Febook%2Fb101%2Fhtml5forpc.html%3Fpage%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1975" class="citation cs2">Das, Shyamasundar (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?page=5505"><i>Hindi Shabda Sagar (Hindi dictionary) in 11 volumes, revised edition</i></a>, Kashi (Varanasi): <a href="/wiki/Nagari_Pracharini_Sabha" title="Nagari Pracharini Sabha">Nagari Pracharini Sabha</a>, p. 5505, <q>हिंदुस्तानी hindustānī३ संज्ञा स्त्री॰ १. हिंदुस्तान की भाषा । २. बोलचाल या व्यवहार की वह हिंदी जिसमें न तो बहुत अरबी फारसी के शब्द हों न संस्कृत के । उ॰—साहिब लोगों ने इस देश की भाषा का एक नया नाम हिंदुस्तानी रखा । Translation: Hindustani hindustānī3 noun feminine 1. The language of Hindustan. 2. That version of Hindi employed for common speech or business in which neither many Arabic or Persian words nor Sanskrit words are present. Context: The British gave the new name Hindustani to the language of this country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+Shabda+Sagar+%28Hindi+dictionary%29+in+11+volumes%2C+revised+edition&rft.place=Kashi+%28Varanasi%29&rft.pages=5505&rft.pub=Nagari+Pracharini+Sabha&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Shyamasundar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fdasa-hindi_query.py%3Fpage%3D5505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi1970" class="citation cs2">Chaturvedi, Mahendra (1970), "हिंदुस्तानी", <i>A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary</i>, Delhi: National Publishing House, <q>hindustānī hīndusta:nī: a theoretically existent style of the Hindi language which is supposed to consist of current and simple words of any sources whatever and is neither too much biassed in favour of Perso-Arabic elements nor has any place for too much high-flown Sanskritized vocabulary</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Hindi-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=National+Publishing+House&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=Mahendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">the original</a> on 15 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsasw.chass.ncsu.edu%2Ffl%2Ffaculty%2Ftaj%2Fhindi%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Tahsin_Siddiqi1994" class="citation cs2">Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts</i></a>, University of Wisconsin, <q>... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindustani-English+code-mixing+in+modern+literary+texts&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Mohammad+Tahsin+Siddiqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnrTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-2018-hindustani-language-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-2018-hindustani-language_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language">"Hindustani language"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>(subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India's most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindustani+language&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHindustani-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoonPratt2023" class="citation book cs1">Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023). <i>Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning</i>. Lexington Books. p. 198. <q>In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Language+Impact+on+Second+Language+and+Literacy+Learning&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2023-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trask-hclinguistics-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trask-hclinguistics_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask2019" class="citation cs2">Trask, R. L. (8 August 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jacxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">"Hindi-Urdu"</a>, <i>Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics</i>, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 149–150, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474473316" title="Special:BookSources/9781474473316"><bdi>9781474473316</bdi></a>, <q><b>Hindi-Urdu</b> The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level <i>Hindi</i> and <i>Urdu</i> are the same language (called <i>Hindustani</i> before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi-Urdu&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.isbn=9781474473316&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjacxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dcrystal-dict-lang-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dcrystal-dict-lang_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GU5FWs1pBEC"><i>A Dictionary of Language</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226122038" title="Special:BookSources/9780226122038"><bdi>9780226122038</bdi></a>, <q>(p. 115) Figure: A family of languages: the Indo-European family tree, reflecting geographical distribution. Proto Indo-European>Indo-Iranian>Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)> Midland (Rajasthani, Bihari, Hindi/Urdu); (p. 149) <b>Hindi</b> There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu, and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi/Urdu, sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu, and formerly often called Hindustani; (p. 160) <b>India</b> ... With such linguistic diversity, Hindi/Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Language&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780226122038&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GU5FWs1pBEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandhi-hindi-urdu-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gandhi-hindi-urdu_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi, M. K.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5BNDwAAQBAJ"><i>An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Desai, Mahadev</a>. annotation by Suhrud, Tridip. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300234077" title="Special:BookSources/9780300234077"><bdi>9780300234077</bdi></a>. <q>(p. 737) I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words. This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North. I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta, but it was only for a few minutes, and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience. Here, on the contrary, I was faced with a critical, if not hostile, audience, to whom I had to explain and bring home my view-point. But I had cast aside all shyness. I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless, polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims, but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command. And in this I was successful. This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi-Urdu alone could become the lingua franca<Footnote M8> of India. (M8: "national language" in the Gujarati original).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography+or+The+Story+of+My+Experiments+with+Truth%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780300234077&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5BNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basu2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basu2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basu2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2017" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Manisha (2017). <i>The Rhetoric of Hindutva</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14987-8"><bdi>978-1-107-14987-8</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Hindutva&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14987-8&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubeGao2019" class="citation book cs1">Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). <i>Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1"><bdi>978-981-13-3125-1</bdi></a>. <q>The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al. 2000).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Ethnicity+and+Equity+in+the+Multilingual+Asian+Context&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-13-3125-1&rft.aulast=Gube&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Gao%2C+Fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothariSnell2011" class="citation book cs1">Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4tmwFFhoAEC&pg=PA37"><i>Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341639-5"><bdi>978-0-14-341639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chutnefying+English%3A+The+Phenomenon+of+Hinglish&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341639-5&rft.aulast=Kothari&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Snell%2C+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4tmwFFhoAEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article-abstract/29/2/97/78965/Hindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head">"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"</a>. <i>read.dukeupress.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=read.dukeupress.edu&rft.atitle=Hindi%2C+Hinglish%3A+Head+to+Head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fworld-policy-journal%2Farticle-abstract%2F29%2F2%2F97%2F78965%2FHindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salwathura, A. N. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anusha-Salwathura/publication/346595689_EVOLUTIONARY_DEVELOPMENT_OF_'HINGLISH'_LANGUAGE_WITHIN_THE_INDIAN_SUB-CONTINENT/links/5fc8df9aa6fdcc697bd861a3/EVOLUTIONARY-DEVELOPMENT-OF-HINGLISH-LANGUAGE-WITHIN-THE-INDIAN-SUB-CONTINENT.pdf">Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.</a>" <i>International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH</i>. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanita2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/2">"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"</a>. <i>International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter</i> (50): 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Asian+Studies+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Eloquent+Parrots%3B+Mixed+Language+and+the+Examples+of+Hinglish+and+Rekhti&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.aulast=Vanita&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Flibstudies_pubs%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1985" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/itl.70.02sin">"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"</a>. <i>ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 33–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin">10.1075/itl.70.02sin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-0829">0019-0829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITL+-+International+Journal+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Modern+Hindustani+and+Formal+and+Social+Aspects+of+Language+Contact&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-60&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin&rft.issn=0019-0829&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefederal.com/analysis/how-gandhi-changed-his-mind-about-the-south-after-experiments-with-hindi-as-national-language/">"After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind"</a>. <i>Prabhu Mallikarjunan</i>. The Feral. 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prabhu+Mallikarjunan&rft.atitle=After+experiments+with+Hindi+as+national+language%2C+how+Gandhi+changed+his+mind&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefederal.com%2Fanalysis%2Fhow-gandhi-changed-his-mind-about-the-south-after-experiments-with-hindi-as-national-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai" class="citation journal cs1">Rai, Alok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28623900">"The Persistence of Hindustani"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=The+Persistence+of+Hindustani&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Alok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F28623900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelyveld1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lelyveld, David (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2252261">"Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 665–682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500018661">10.1017/S0010417500018661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144180838">144180838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Colonial+knowledge+and+the+fate+of+Hindustani&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=665-682&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500018661&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144180838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2252261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatBhatJainSharma2016" class="citation web cs1">Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irshadbhat.github.io/papers-pdf/house-united.pdf">"A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal and Saini, 2012; Lehal and Saini, 2014). It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look different.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+House+United%3A+Bridging+the+Script+and+Lexical+Barrier+between+Hindi+and+Urdu&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+COLING+2016%2C+the+26th+International+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=Riyaz+Ahmad&rft.au=Bhat%2C+Irshad+Ahmad&rft.au=Jain%2C+Naman&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Dipti+Misra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firshadbhat.github.io%2Fpapers-pdf%2Fhouse-united.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhanesh_JainGeorge_Cardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648298147"><i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648298147">648298147</a>. <q>Such an early date for the inception of a Hindi literature, one made possible only by subsuming the large body of Apabhraṁśa literature into Hindi, has not, however, been generally accepted by scholars (p. 279).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F648298147&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F648298147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Kachru" title="Yamuna Kachru">Kachru, Yamuna</a> (2006). <i>Hindi</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <q>The period <b>between 1000 AD-1200/1300 AD</b> is designated the Old NIA stage because it is at this stage that the NIA languages such as Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, <b>Hindi</b>, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi assumed distinct identities (p. 1, emphasis added)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDua2008" class="citation book cs1">Dua, Hans (2008). "Hindustani". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 497–500. <q>Hindustani as a colloquial speech developed over almost seven centuries from <b>1100</b> to 1800 (p. 497, emphasis added).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindustani&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=497-500&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dua&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill1993-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill1993_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill1993_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill1993_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill1993_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill1993_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. 1993. p. 1024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097964" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097964"><bdi>9789004097964</bdi></a>. <q>Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913-1936&rft.pages=1024&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789004097964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhta2020-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2020_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2020_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en">"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Indian+Sub-Continent%3A+Makings+of+a+Culture+-+Rekhta+Foundation&rft.pub=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fexhibit%2Fwomen-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation%2FdwJy7qboNi3fIg%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatthewsShackleHusain1985-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsShackleHusain1985_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsShackleHusain1985_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsShackleHusain1985" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). <i>Urdu literature</i>. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907962-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907962-30-4"><bdi>978-0-907962-30-4</bdi></a>. <q>But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+literature&rft.pub=Urdu+Markaz%3B+Third+World+Foundation+for+Social+and+Economic+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-907962-30-4&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft.au=Shackle%2C+C.&rft.au=Husain%2C+Shahanara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala2000-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhulipala2000" class="citation book cs1">Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). <i>The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. p. 27. <q>Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Secularism%3A+Medieval+Indian+Historiography+and+the+Sufis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dhulipala&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJSW1943-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IJSW1943_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJSW1943_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences">Tata Institute of Social Sciences</a>. 1943. p. 264. <q>... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Journal+of+Social+Work%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Tata+Institute+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mody2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mody2008_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mody2008_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMody2008" class="citation book cs1">Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). <i>Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920</i>. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7. <q>...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Language%2C+and+Nation+Formation%3A+The+Story+of+a+Modern+Hindi+Journal+1900-1920&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mody&rft.aufirst=Sujata+Sudhakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan1997-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1997_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1997_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kesavan, B. S. (1997). <i>History Of Printing And Publishing In India</i>. National Book Trust, India. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Printing+And+Publishing+In+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hock1991-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hock1991_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Henrich_Hock1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrich_Hock" title="Hans Henrich Hock">Hans Henrich Hock</a> (1991). <i>Principles of Historical Linguistics</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012962-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012962-5"><bdi>978-3-11-012962-5</bdi></a>. <q>During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012962-5&rft.au=Hans+Henrich+Hock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=masica"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430 (Appendix I). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>. <q>Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; [see Khubchandani 1983: 90-1].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=430+%28Appendix+I%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC%26q%3Dmasica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashmore1961-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashmore1961_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashmore1961_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashmore1961_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshmore1961" class="citation book cs1">Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. p. 579. <q>The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+a+new+survey+of+universal+knowledge%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ashmore&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunstall2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tunstall2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunstall2008" class="citation book cs1">Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160"><i>The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518146-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518146-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+media+were+American%3A+U.S.+mass+media+in+decline&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518146-3&rft.aulast=Tunstall&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmediawereamerica0000tuns%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiro2015-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiro2015_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiro2015_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2015" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2015). <i>The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1"><bdi>978-1-56858-503-1</bdi></a>. <q>Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-503-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelacyAhmed2005" class="citation book cs1">Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). <i>Hindi, Urdu & Bengali</i>. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12. <q>Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi%2C+Urdu+%26+Bengali&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Delacy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Shahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2024-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2024_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar/articleshow/108415962.cms">"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 12 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ties+between+Urdu+%26+Sanskrit+deeply+rooted%3A+Scholar&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2Fties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar%2Farticleshow%2F108415962.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuiper2010-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). <i>The Culture of India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2"><bdi>978-1-61530-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-149-2&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Suniti Kumar; Siṃha, Udaẏa Nārāẏana; Padikkal, Shivarama (1997). <i>Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute</i>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0353-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0353-2"><bdi>978-81-260-0353-2</bdi></a>. <q>High Hindi written in Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and High Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suniti+Kumar+Chatterji%3A+a+centenary+tribute&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0353-2&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Suniti+Kumar&rft.au=Si%E1%B9%83ha%2C+Uda%E1%BA%8Fa+N%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%BA%8Fana&rft.au=Padikkal%2C+Shivarama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper2003-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draper2003_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draper2003_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2003" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Allison Stark (2003). <i>India: A Primary Source Cultural Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosen Publishing Group">Rosen Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3838-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3838-4</bdi></a>. <q>People in Delhi spoke Khari Boli, a language the British called Hindustani. It used an Indo-Aryan grammatical structure and numerous Persian "loan-words."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Primary+Source+Cultural+Guide&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3838-4&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Allison+Stark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad2002-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad2002_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2002" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Aijaz (2002). <i>Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia</i>. Verso. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859843581" title="Special:BookSources/9781859843581"><bdi>9781859843581</bdi></a>. <q>On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population. <i>Farhang-e-Asafiya</i> is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as Farsi, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Farsi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lineages+of+the+Present%3A+Ideology+and+Politics+in+Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781859843581&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aijaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalmia2017-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalmia2017_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmia2017" class="citation book cs1">Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017). <i>Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438468075" title="Special:BookSources/9781438468075"><bdi>9781438468075</bdi></a>. <q>On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Pasts%3A+Women%2C+Religion%2C+Histories&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.isbn=9781438468075&rft.aulast=Dalmia&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandtSohoni2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brandt, Carmen; Sohoni, Pushkar (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048">"Script and identity – the politics of writing in South Asia: an introduction"</a>. <i>South Asian History and Culture</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2017.1411048">10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-2498">1947-2498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148802248">148802248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Script+and+identity+%E2%80%93+the+politics+of+writing+in+South+Asia%3A+an+introduction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148802248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1947-2498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19472498.2017.1411048&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft.au=Sohoni%2C+Pushkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19472498.2017.1411048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brandt, Carmen (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44049525">"From a Symbol of Colonial Conquest to the Scripta Franca: The Roman Script for South Asian Languages"</a>. <i>Academia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=From+a+Symbol+of+Colonial+Conquest+to+the+Scripta+Franca%3A+The+Roman+Script+for+South+Asian+Languages&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44049525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not considering whether speakers may be bilingual in Hindi and Urdu. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/">"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Finsights%2Fethnologue200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+-+2011&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambhir1995-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gambhir1995_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambhir1995" class="citation book cs1">Gambhir, Vijay (1995). <i>The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3328-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3328-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-3328-5</bdi></a>. <q>The position of Hindi–Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teaching+and+Acquisition+of+South+Asian+Languages&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3328-5&rft.aulast=Gambhir&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2000-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2000_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Students' Britannica India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 2000. p. 299. <q>Hindustani developed as lingua franca in the medieval ages in and around Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur because of the interaction between the speakers of <i>Khariboli</i> (a dialect developed in this region out of Shauraseni Prakrit) and the speakers of Persian , Turkish , and various dialects of Arabic who migrated to North India. Initially it was known by various names such as <i>Rekhta</i> (mixed), <i>Urdu</i> (language of the camp) and <i>Hindvi</i> or <i>Hindustani</i> (language of Hindustan). Though <i>Khariboli</i> supplied its basic vocabulary and grammar, it borrowed quite a lot of words from Persian and Arabic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Kuiper2011" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2011). <i>The Culture of India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615301492" title="Special:BookSources/9781615301492"><bdi>9781615301492</bdi></a>. <q>Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century AD in and around the Indian cities of Dehli and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781615301492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2008-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_BrownSarah_Ogilvie2008" class="citation cs2">Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>, Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>, <q>Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.au=Keith+Brown&rft.au=Sarah+Ogilvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakāśaṃ-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prakāśaṃ_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakāśaṃ2008" class="citation book cs1">Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WroLC__7EUC&pg=PA185"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories</i></a>. Allied Publishers. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184242799" title="Special:BookSources/9788184242799"><bdi>9788184242799</bdi></a>. <q>In Deccan the dialect developed and flourished independently. It is here that it received, among others, the name Dakkhni. The kings of many independent kingdoms such as Bahmani, Ādil Shahi and Qutb Shahi that came into being in Deccan patronized the dialect. It was elevated as the official language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Linguistic+Sciences%3A+Issues+and+Theories&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788184242799&rft.aulast=Prak%C4%81%C5%9Ba%E1%B9%83&rft.aufirst=Vennelaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WroLC__7EUC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustafa2008185-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMustafa2008185_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMustafa2008">Mustafa 2008</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gat-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gat_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatYakobson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Azar_Gat" title="Azar Gat">Gat, Azar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakobson" title="Alexander Yakobson">Yakobson, Alexander</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC&pg=PA126"><i>Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00785-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00785-7"><bdi>978-1-107-00785-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations%3A+The+Long+History+and+Deep+Roots+of+Political+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00785-7&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Azar&rft.au=Yakobson%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHK8TulTJpGAC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulsipher2005-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pulsipher2005_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydia_Mihelič_PulsipherAlex_PulsipherHolly_M._Hapke2005" class="citation cs2">Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher; Alex Pulsipher; Holly M. Hapke (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfNaSNNAppQC"><i>World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives</i></a>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1904-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1904-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-1904-5</bdi></a>, <q>... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the <i>lingua franca</i> of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography%3A+Global+Patterns%2C+Local+Lives&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1904-5&rft.au=Lydia+Miheli%C4%8D+Pulsipher&rft.au=Alex+Pulsipher&rft.au=Holly+M.+Hapke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfNaSNNAppQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsevier2010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier2010_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. Elsevier. 2010. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a>. <q>Hindustani is a Central Indo-Aryan language based on Khari Boli (Khaṛi Boli). Its origin, development, and function reflect the dynamics of the sociolinguistic contact situation from which it emerged as a colloquial speech. It is inextricably linked with the emergence and standardisation of Urdu and Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsMalhotraHawley2018-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsMalhotraHawley2018_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMalhotraHawley2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Tyler; Malhotra, Anshu; Hawley, John S. (3 January 2018). <i>Text and Tradition in Early Modern North India</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909167-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909167-6"><bdi>978-0-19-909167-6</bdi></a>. <q>These traditions intensively fed into each other and can be perceived as forming a 'super-tradition', which with a modern, heuristic term is called Old Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+and+Tradition+in+Early+Modern+North+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909167-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+Anshu&rft.au=Hawley%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thackston-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thackston_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahir_ud-Din_Mohammad2002" class="citation cs2">Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10 September 2002), Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu"><i>The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor</i></a>, Modern Library Classics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76137-9"><bdi>978-0-375-76137-9</bdi></a>, <q>Note: <i>Gurkānī</i> is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word "kürügän" ("son-in-law"), the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baburnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Babur%2C+Prince+and+Emperor&rft.pub=Modern+Library+Classics&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76137-9&rft.au=Zahir+ud-Din+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabarinizam00babu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.F. Manz, <i>"Tīmūr Lang"</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, Online Edition, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072546/Timurid-Dynasty">Timurid Dynasty</a>", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html">"Timurids"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Sixth ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timurids&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fti%2FTimurids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26937/Islamic-world">Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids</a>, Online Edition, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettRamsey2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bennett" title="Clinton Bennett">Bennett, Clinton</a>; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5127-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5127-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-5127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Sufis%3A+Devotion%2C+Deviation%2C+and+Destiny&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5127-8&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQJHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaet1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigfried_J._de_Laet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigfried J. de Laet (page does not exist)">Laet, Sigfried J. de Laet</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7"><bdi>978-92-3-102813-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+to+the+sixteenth+century&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102813-7&rft.aulast=Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.+de+Laet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvlthkbFU1UC%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taj-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taj_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taj_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaj1997" class="citation web cs1">Taj, Afroz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419162950/http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Afroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~taj%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strnad2013-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strnad2013_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strnad2013_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrnad2013" class="citation book cs1">Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). <i>Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25489-3"><bdi>978-90-04-25489-3</bdi></a>. <q>Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending <i>-a</i> in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+and+Syntax+of+Old+Hind%C4%AB%3A+Edition+and+Analysis+of+One+Hundred+Kab%C4%ABr+v%C4%81n%C4%AB+Poems+from+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25489-3&rft.aulast=Strnad&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajcar2024-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajcar2024_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrajcar2024" class="citation web cs1">Grajcar, Rhône (6 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mangoprism.com/in-delhi-an-urdu-wala-and-a-dying-languages-quiet-vibrant-life/">"In Delhi, an Urdu Wala, and a 'Dying' Language's Quiet, Vibrant Life"</a>. Mangoprism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>But those who make this claim focus more on the fate of Urdu in its place of origin, the Doab plains between the Ganga and Jamuna rivers of Northern India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Delhi%2C+an+Urdu+Wala%2C+and+a+%27Dying%27+Language%27s+Quiet%2C+Vibrant+Life&rft.pub=Mangoprism&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft.aulast=Grajcar&rft.aufirst=Rh%C3%B4ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmangoprism.com%2Fin-delhi-an-urdu-wala-and-a-dying-languages-quiet-vibrant-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farooqi2012-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farooqi2012_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi2012" class="citation book cs1">Farooqi, M. (2012). <i>Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7"><bdi>978-1-137-02692-7</bdi></a>. <q>Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+Literary+Culture%3A+Vernacular+Modernity+in+the+Writing+of+Muhammad+Hasan+Askari&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02692-7&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindustani2005" class="citation book cs1">Hindustani (2005). <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Keith Brown</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</a></i> (2 ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4"><bdi>0-08-044299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-08-044299-4&rft.au=Hindustani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayres2009-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayres2009_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlyssa_Ayres2009" class="citation book cs1">Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre"><i>Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32">19</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51931-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51931-1&rft.au=Alyssa+Ayres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakinglikestat00ayre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgregor_912-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcgregor_912_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgregor_912_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgregor_912_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Pollock, Sheldon</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&pg=RA1-PA912"><i>Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=912&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxowUxYhv0QgC%26pg%3DRA1-PA912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328003510/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf">"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rekhta%3A+Poetry+in+Mixed+Language%2C+The+Emergence+of+Khari+Boli+Literature+in+North+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00urduhindilinks%2Fworkshop2012%2Fbangha_rekhta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328003510/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf">"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rekhta%3A+Poetry+in+Mixed+Language%2C+The+Emergence+of+Khari+Boli+Literature+in+North+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00urduhindilinks%2Fworkshop2012%2Fbangha_rekhta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nijhawan, S. 2016. "Hindi, Urdu or Hindustani? Revisiting 'National Language' Debates through Radio Broadcasting in Late Colonial India." <i><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Research" title="South Asia Research">South Asia Research</a></i> 36(1):80–97. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0262728015615486">10.1177/0262728015615486</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalid, Kanwal. 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Concept Publishing Company. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1"><bdi>978-81-8069-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+South+Asian+Subcontinent%3A+A+Critical+Approach&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-568-1&rft.au=Aijazuddin+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2QmPHeIowoC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coatsworth2015-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coatsworth2015_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.overstock.com/Books-Movies-Music-Games/Global-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover/9911619/product.html#more"><i>Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</i></a>. 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NIHCR: 1–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Urdu+as+the+Language+of+Education+in+British+India&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Tariq+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihcr.edu.pk%2FLatest_English_Journal%2F1.%2520URDU%2520AS%2520THE%2520LANGUAGE%2C%2520Tariq%2520Rahman%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1994" class="citation book cs1">King, Christopher R. (1994). <i>One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India</i>. 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GGKEY:P8ZHWWKEKAJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indika%2C+The+country+and+People+of+India+and+Ceylon&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_1ykl3ZHXcC%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2022-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220401050423/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language">"Hindustani language: Origins & Vocabulary"</a>. <i>archive.ph</i>. 1 April 2022. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ph&rft.atitle=Hindustani+language%3A+Origins+%26+Vocabulary&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHindustani-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florian_Coulmas" title="Florian Coulmas">Coulmas, Florian</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmKLxzTnL9IC&pg=PA232"><i>Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78737-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78737-6"><bdi>978-0-521-78737-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems%3A+An+Introduction+to+Their+Linguistic+Analysis&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78737-6&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmKLxzTnL9IC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin (1991). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. <q>after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it [Hindustani] fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it as their mother language</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman2014-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman2014_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2014" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Julie (10 January 2014). <i>Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93476-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93476-9"><bdi>978-1-317-93476-9</bdi></a>. <q>Within India, however, other regional forms exist, all denoting a mixing of English with indigenous languages. <i>Bonglish</i> (derived from the slang term <i>Bong</i> 'a Bengali') or <i>Benglish</i> refers to 'a mixture of Bengali and English', <i>Gunglish</i> or <i>Gujlish</i> 'Gujarati + English', <i>Kanglish</i> 'Kannada + English', <i>Manglish</i> 'Malayalam + English', <i>Marlish</i> 'Marathi + English', <i>Tamlish</i> or <i>Tanglish</i> 'Tamil + English' and <i>Urdish</i> 'Urdu + English'. These terms are found in texts on regional variations of Indian English, usually in complaint-tradition discussions of failing standards of language purity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+English+Slang%3A+Methodologies+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93476-9&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterDass2019-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter-Dass2019" class="citation book cs1">Peter-Dass, Rakesh (2019). <i>Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8"><bdi>978-1-00-070224-8</bdi></a>. <q>Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+Christian+Literature+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-070224-8&rft.aulast=Peter-Dass&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JainCardona2007-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>. <q>The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by <i>tatsama</i> forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a throrough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2011" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Tariq (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf"><i>From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press. p. 99. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fhindiurdu1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnihotri2007" class="citation book cs1">Agnihotri, Rama Kant (2007). <i>Hindi: an essential grammar</i>. Essential grammars (1. publ ed.). London: Routledge. p. 05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35671-8"><bdi>978-0-415-35671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi%3A+an+essential+grammar&rft.place=London&rft.series=Essential+grammars&rft.pages=05&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35671-8&rft.aulast=Agnihotri&rft.aufirst=Rama+Kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleSnell1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shackle, C.; Snell, Rupert (1990). <i>Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader</i> (in English, Hindi, and Urdu). New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. p. 09. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7026-162-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7026-162-9"><bdi>978-81-7026-162-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+and+Urdu+since+1800%3A+a+common+reader&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=09&rft.pub=Heritage+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7026-162-9&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Snell%2C+Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation journal cs1">King, Robert D. (10 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.035">"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (150). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.035">10.1515/ijsl.2001.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-2516">0165-2516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+poisonous+potency+of+script%3A+Hindi+and+Urdu&rft.issue=150&rft.date=2001-01-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.035&rft.issn=0165-2516&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Ian (2008). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Bazaar Hindi". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.). <i>Language in South Asia</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1139465503" title="Special:BookSources/1139465503">1139465503</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faruqi_806-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqi2003" class="citation cs2">Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&q=0520228219&pg=PA806"><i>Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 806, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Long+History+of+Urdu+Literarature%2C+Part+1&rft.btitle=Literary+cultures+in+history%3A+reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=806&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.aulast=Faruqi&rft.aufirst=Shamsur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxowUxYhv0QgC%26q%3D0520228219%26pg%3DPA806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. 2011. "The Urdu language reforms." <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_(journal)" title="Studies (journal)">Studies</a></i> 26(97).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlyssa_Ayres2009" class="citation book cs1">Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre"><i>Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521519311" title="Special:BookSources/9780521519311"><bdi>9780521519311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=9780521519311&rft.au=Alyssa+Ayres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakinglikestat00ayre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.V.Kate1987" class="citation book cs1">P.V.Kate (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&q=Ghulam+Hamdani+Mushafi&pg=PA136"><i>Marathwada Under the Nizams</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170990178" title="Special:BookSources/9788170990178"><bdi>9788170990178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathwada+Under+the+Nizams&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788170990178&rft.au=P.V.Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjndiykddsIC%26q%3DGhulam%2BHamdani%2BMushafi%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilchrist-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilchrist_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rwIAAAAQAAJ&q=hindoostanee+language"><i>A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language</i></a>, Chronicle Press, 1796<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Hindoostanee+Language&rft.pub=Chronicle+Press&rft.date=1796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rwIAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dhindoostanee%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Ruth L (2003). Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>Urdu</i>. Routledge. pp. 318–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700711307" title="Special:BookSources/9780700711307"><bdi>9780700711307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu&rft.pages=318-319&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780700711307&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ruth+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.nic.in/natpol_new.asp">Government of India: National Policy on Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620100111/http://education.nic.in/natpol_new.asp">Archived</a> 20 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/census-wednesday-language-1.4231213">"Census data shows Canada increasingly bilingual, linguistically diverse"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+data+shows+Canada+increasingly+bilingual%2C+linguistically+diverse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcensus-wednesday-language-1.4231213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakala2012-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hakala2012_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakala2012" class="citation web cs1">Hakala, Walter N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf">"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+as+a+Key+to+Understanding+Afghanistan%27s+Cultures&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Walter+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fasia_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthy2013" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/">"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection"</a>. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabul+Diary%3A+Discovering+the+Indian+connection&rft.pub=Gateway+House%3A+Indian+Council+on+Global+Relations&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Fkabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuczkiewicz-Fraś2008" class="citation book cs1">Kuczkiewicz-Fraś, Agnieszka (2008). <i>Perso-Arabic Loanwords in Hindustani</i>. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7188-161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7188-161-9"><bdi>978-83-7188-161-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perso-Arabic+Loanwords+in+Hindustani&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-7188-161-9&rft.aulast=Kuczkiewicz-Fra%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandola1963" class="citation journal cs1">Chandola, Anoop Chandra (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022405">"Some Linguistic Influences of English on Hindi"</a>. <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 9–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5483">0003-5483</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022405">30022405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Some+Linguistic+Influences+of+English+on+Hindi&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30022405%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-5483&rft.aulast=Chandola&rft.aufirst=Anoop+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30022405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Kachru" title="Yamuna Kachru">Kachru, Yamuna</a> (2006), <i>Hindi</i>, John Benjamins Publishing, p. 17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-X"><bdi>90-272-3812-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-272-3812-X&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hnd.pdf">"UDHR - Hindi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Human+Rights+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner&rft.atitle=UDHR+-+Hindi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUDHR%2FDocuments%2FUDHR_Translations%2Fhnd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scienceandmediamuseum-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scienceandmediamuseum_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/">"Decoding the Bollywood poster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></i>. 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+and+Media+Museum&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+Bollywood+poster&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk%2Fdecoding-the-bollywood-poster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/">"Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office?"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Is+the+Hindu+Nationalist+%27Boycott+Bollywood%27+Campaign+Impacting+the+Box+Office%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fis-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajGurmat2022" class="citation news cs1">Raj, Kaushik; Gurmat, Sabah (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/30/bollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite">"Bollywood under siege as rightwing social media boycotts start to bite"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bollywood+under+siege+as+rightwing+social+media+boycotts+start+to+bite&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft.au=Gurmat%2C+Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2022%2Fsep%2F30%2Fbollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood">"The siege of Bollywood"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+siege+of+Bollywood&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2021%2F02%2F25%2Fthe-siege-of-bollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Asher, R. E. 1994. "Hindi." Pp. 1547–49 in <i>The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics</i>, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-035943-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-035943-4">0-08-035943-4</a>.</li> <li>Bailey, Thomas G. 1950. <i>Teach yourself Hindustani</i>. London: English Universities Press.</li> <li>Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960. <i>Indo-Aryan and Hindi</i> (rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.</li> <li>Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language." In <i>Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations</i>, edited by M. G. Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1">3-11-012855-1</a>.</li> <li>Dua, Hans R. 1994a. "Hindustani." Pp. 1554 in <i>The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics</i>, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa2008" class="citation cs2">Mustafa, K.S (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WroLC__7EUC">"Dakkhni"</a>, in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.), <i>Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories</i>, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139465502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139465502"><bdi>978-1139465502</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dakkhni&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Linguistic+Sciences%3A+Issues+and+Theories&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1139465502&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=K.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WroLC__7EUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>—— 1994b. "Urdu." Pp. 4863–64 in <i>The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics</i>, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</li> <li>Rai, Amrit. 1984. <i>A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani</i>. Delhi: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-561643-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-561643-X">0-19-561643-X</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Blochmann1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Blochmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Blochmann">Henry Blochmann</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY8xAAAAMAAJ"><i>English and Urdu dictionary, romanized</i></a> (8 ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+Urdu+dictionary%2C+romanized&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Baptist+mission+press+for+the+Calcutta+school-book+society&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Henry+Blochmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxY8xAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span>the University of Michigan</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dowson1908" class="citation book cs1">John Dowson (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofurduorh00dowsiala"><i>A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language</i></a> (3 ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofurduorh00dowsiala/page/264">264</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Urd%C5%AB+or+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=264&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1908&rft.au=John+Dowson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofurduorh00dowsiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span>the University of Michigan</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Forbes1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Forbes_(linguist)" title="Duncan Forbes (linguist)">Duncan Forbes</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhindus00forb/page/n5"><i>A dictionary, Hindustani and English, accompanied by a reversed dictionary, English and Hindustani</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. p. 1144. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043011501">1043011501</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181019223400/https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryhindus00forb/dictionaryhindus00forb_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary%2C+Hindustani+and+English%2C+accompanied+by+a+reversed+dictionary%2C+English+and+Hindustani.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1144&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043011501&rft.au=Duncan+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryhindus00forb%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Thompson_Platts1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John Thompson Platts (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFIIAAAAQAAJ"><i>A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language</i></a>. Vol. 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+or+Urd%C5%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1874&rft.au=John+Thompson+Platts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFIIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span>Oxford University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Thompson_Platts1892" class="citation book cs1">—— (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBoYAAAAYAAJ"><i>A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language</i></a>. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+or+Urd%C5%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1892&rft.au=John+Thompson+Platts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBoYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span>the New York Public Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Thompson_Platts1884" class="citation book cs1">—— (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDtbAAAAQAAJ"><i>A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English</i></a> (reprint ed.). London: H. Milford. p. 1259<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Urd%C5%AB%2C+classical+Hind%C4%AB%2C+and+English&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1259&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=H.+Milford&rft.date=1884&rft.au=John+Thompson+Platts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDtbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+language" class="Z3988"></span>Oxford University</li> <li>Shakespear, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/">A Dictionary, Hindustani and English.</a> 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.</li> <li>Taylor, Joseph. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu58965823;view=1up;seq=1">A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English</a></i>. Available at <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a>. (A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English / abridged from the quarto edition of Major Joseph Taylor; as edited by the late W. Hunter; by William Carmichael Smyth.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phrasebook#Q11051" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hindi-Urdu phrasebook">Hindi-Urdu_phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hindostani" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hindostani">Hindostani</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boltidictionary.com/en/">Bolti Dictionary (Hindustani)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601231148/http://www.hamariboli.com/">Hamari Boli (Hindustani)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/march2003/hindustani.html">Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi–Urdu Commitment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923205724/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Hindinote.html">Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexicool.com/dlink.asp?ID=0FW3HU5663&L1=34&L2=44">Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net/language/747">GRN Report for Hindustani</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615203847/http://indolink.com/Poetry/">Hindustani Poetry</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827233430/http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/lss/staff/erica/CALL/hindi.html">Hindustani online resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053902/http://www.nla.gov.pk/">National Language Authority (Urdu), Pakistan (muqtadera qaumi zaban)</a></li></ul> <div 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Karnataka" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka">Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_West_Bengal" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal">Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_imposition" title="Hindi imposition">Hindi imposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Template talk:Urdu topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urdu_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urdu topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urdu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Urdu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Urdu">Standard Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_Aurangabad" title="Urdu in Aurangabad">Aurangabad Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Urdu in the United Kingdom">British Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu controversy">Hindi-Urdu controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature#Awards" title="Pakistani literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Informatics" title="Urdu Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani classical music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_poets" title="List of Urdu poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Writers%27_Movement" title="Progressive Writers' Movement">Progressive Writers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddin_and_Begum_Urdu-Hindustani_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization">Uddin & Begum Romanisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_languages_of_South_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Template:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_languages_of_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">languages of South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">list by number of speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives#Languages" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language" title="Aka-Jeru language">Aka-Jeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Bo_language" title="Aka-Bo language">Aka-Bo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Creole Malay">Sri Lankan Creole Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96nge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Önge language">Önge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Andaman_Islands)" title="Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)">Jarawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_creoles" title="Indo-Portuguese creoles">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_language" title="Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenyidie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenyidie language">Tenyidie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuri language">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> (Abugida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus</a> (Undeciphered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prestige language-<br /><br />influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabization">Perso-Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_associate_official_language_movement" title="Meitei associate official language movement">Meitei associate official language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_classical_language_movement" title="Meitei classical language movement">Meitei classical language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_linguistic_purism_movement" title="Meitei linguistic purism movement">Meitei linguistic purism movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Newar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language_Movement" title="Punjabi Language Movement">Punjabi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Tamil_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Tamil movement">Pure Tamil movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11051#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/957190/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133815-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060952">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977900g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977900g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563214">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560447305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_language&oldid=1259251012">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_language&oldid=1259251012</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_language" title="Category:Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></li><li><a 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