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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification and related languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and related languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_language_or_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_language_or_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Status of language or dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_language_or_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics_and_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics_and_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Phonotactics and stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics_and_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Implosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Arts and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Television channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saraiki language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki" title="Saraiki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सराइकी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सराइकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السرائيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السرائيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سرائیک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سرائیک دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সারাইকি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সারাইকি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraiki_(llengua)" title="Seraiki (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seraiki (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki" title="Saraiki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان سرائیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سرائیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_bhasha" title="Saraiki bhasha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saraiki bhasha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki" title="Saraiki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_saraiki" title="Lingua saraiki – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua saraiki" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%96%B4" title="사라이키어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사라이키어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सराइकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सराइकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Saraiki" title="Bahasa Saraiki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_saraiki" title="Lingua saraiki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua saraiki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸರೈಕಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರೈಕಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisaraiki" title="Kisaraiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisaraiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Saraiki" title="Lingua Saraiki – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki%C5%B3_kalba" title="Saraikių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saraikių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_seraiky" title="Fiteny seraiky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny seraiky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="سرائیکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرائیکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सराइकी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सराइकी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="サライキ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サライキ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki" title="Saraiki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki" title="Saraiki – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਰਾਇਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਾਇਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="سرائیکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرائیکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_seraiki" title="Lenga seraiki – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga seraiki" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_saraiki" title="Język saraiki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język saraiki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_seraiki" title="Língua seraiki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua seraiki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сирайки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирайки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱭᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱭᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرائیکی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سرائیکی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saraiki language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سرائيڪي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرائيڪي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زمانی سەرائیکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سەرائیکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki" title="Saraiki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraiki" title="Siraiki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Siraiki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சராய்கி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சராய்கி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сирайки – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сирайки" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาซะราอีกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาซะราอีกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Сараїкі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сараїкі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرائیکی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرائیکی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Saraiki" title="Tiếng Saraiki – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8E%B1%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="色莱基语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色莱基语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Saraiki" title="Bahasa Saraiki – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Saraiki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Siraiki_(Sindhi_dialect)" title="Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)">Siraiki</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Saraiki</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سرائیکی</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraiki.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saraiki.svg/130px-Saraiki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saraiki.svg/195px-Saraiki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saraiki.svg/260px-Saraiki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="587" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><i>Saraiki</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a> script (<a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> style)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Punjab_province" class="mw-redirect" title="South Punjab province">South Punjab</a> and neighbouring regions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">28.84 Million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Saraiki</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Saraiki area study centre (SASC), BZU Multan</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/skr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:skr">skr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sera1259">sera1259</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/320px-Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/480px-Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/640px-Saraiki-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The proportion of people with Saraiki as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Saraiki</b> (<span title="Saraiki-language text"><span lang="skr"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> سرائیکی</span></span></span> <i><span title="Saraiki-language romanization"><i lang="skr-Latn">Sarā'īkī</i></span></i>; also spelt <b>Siraiki</b>, or <b>Seraiki</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a> group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in the south-western half of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">province of Punjab</a> in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously known as <b>Multani</b>, after its main dialect. </p><p>Saraiki has partial <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic morphology">morphology</a>. At the same time in <a href="#Phonology">its phonology</a> it is radically different<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1977389_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1977389-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a> spoken to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region.<sup id="cite_ref-JBM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>The present extent of the meaning of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sirāikī</i></span></i> is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman19953_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman19953-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been in use for much longer in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking <a href="/wiki/Baloch_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch tribes">Baloch tribes</a> who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had the meaning "the language of the north", from the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> word <i><span title="Sindhi-language text"><i lang="sd">siro</i></span></i> 'up-river, north'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007114_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007114-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Sireli".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197624_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197624-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative hypothesis is that <i>Sarākī</i> originated in the word <i>sauvīrā</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Sauvira" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauvira">Sauvira</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani198136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani198136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. </p><p>Currently, the most common rendering of the name is <i>Saraiki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>Seraiki</i> and <i>Siraiki</i> have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1977_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1977-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_related_languages">Classification and related languages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Punjabi dialects</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg/300px-Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg/450px-Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg/600px-Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Map of Punjabi dialects and language varieties, including Saraiki (Multani, Riasti and Derawali) in the south-west</figcaption></figure> <p>Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. </p><p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson</a> maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a>" within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199118–20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199118–20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. The local dialect of Lahore is the <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. Spoken in Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered a dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-JBM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3></div> <p>The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Central Saraiki, including Multani: spoken in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Layyah_District" title="Layyah District">Leiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a>.</li> <li>Southern Saraiki: prevalent in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Rajanpur_District" title="Rajanpur District">Rajanpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahimyar Khan</a>.</li> <li>Sindhi Siraiki: dispersed throughout the province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Kacchi_Plain" title="Kacchi Plain">Kachhi Plain</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> province.</li> <li>Northern Saraiki, or <a href="/wiki/Thali_dialect" title="Thali dialect">Thali</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle19768_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle19768-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken in the district of <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan</a> and the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal region</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakkar_District" title="Bhakkar District">Bhakkar District</a></li></ul> <p>The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jaṭṭs</a>", a northern <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> ethnic group. Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as <i>Jataki</i>. Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name "<a href="/wiki/Derawali_dialect" title="Derawali dialect">Derawali</a>" is used to refer to the local dialects of both <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="Dera Ghazi Khan">Dera Ghazi Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a>, but "Ḍerawali" in the former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991426_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991426-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919239ff_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919239ff-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a>, and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_language_or_dialect">Status of language or dialect</h3></div> <p>In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations <a href="/wiki/Dialect#Dialect_or_language" title="Dialect">"language" and "dialect"</a> is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Greater Punjabi"</a> macrolanguage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman199516_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman199516-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saraiki was considered a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">dialect of Punjabi</a> by most <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial</a> administrators,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996173_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996173-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is still seen as such by many <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2014a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2014a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saraikis, however, consider it a language in its own right<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and see the use of the term "dialect" as <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996175_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996175-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1977_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1977-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1997838_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1997838-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Pakistan" title="Census in Pakistan">national census of Pakistan</a> has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavaid200446_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavaid200446-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG/220px-Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG/330px-Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG/440px-Saraiki_Poet_and_intellectual.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Ashu Lal, A Saraiki poet and intellectual</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <p>Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, in an area that broadly coincides with the extent of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a> province. To the west, it is set off from the <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>-speaking areas by the <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman Range">Suleiman Range</a>, while to the south-east the <a href="/wiki/Thar_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar desert">Thar desert</a> divides it from the <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari language</a>. Its other boundaries are less well-defined: <a href="/wiki/Panjabi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjabi language">Punjabi</a> is spoken to the east; <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> is found to the south, after the border with <a href="/wiki/Sindh_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh province">Sindh province</a>; to the north, the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a> is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle19761–2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle19761–2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavaid2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavaid2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a> in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in the states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami199430_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami199430-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a smaller group of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Pastoralist_nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoralist nomads">pastoralists</a> who migrated to India, specifically <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, prior to Partition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as "<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpuri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahawalpuri dialect">Bahawal Puri</a>", and 62,000 as "Hindi Multani".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these are not representative of the actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shift</a> to the dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami199431,_33_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami199431,_33-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami199432–33_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami199432–33-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <p>Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemically</a> distinctive <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive consonants</a>, which are unusual among the Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197612,_18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197612,_18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <p>The "centralised"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə/</span> tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197612–13_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197612–13-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central vowel <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">/ə/</a></span> is more <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel nasalisation">Vowel nasalisation</a> is distinctive: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'ʈuɾẽ/</span> 'may you go' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'ʈuɾe/</span> 'may he go'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197617_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197617-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>, the contrast between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is neutralised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197632_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197632-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Saraiki vowels<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-front_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-front vowel">Near-front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-back_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-back vowel">Near-back</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <p>Saraiki possesses a large inventory of <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">voiced aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪ʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʒʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">mʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">nʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɳʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">voiced aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">vʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɾʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɽʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">lʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In its <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a>, Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> and unaspirated. In parallel to <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> it has additionally developed a set of <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosive consonants">implosives</a>, so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃala/</span> 'custom' ~ aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʰala/</span> 'blister' ~ implosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄala/</span> 'cobweb' ~ voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒala/</span> 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒʰəɠ/</span> 'foam'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197618–19_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197618–19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>. The dentals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>dʰ/</span> are articulated with the <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">blade of the tongue</a> against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are <a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar">post-alveolar</a>, the articulator being the <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">tip of the tongue</a> or sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">underside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197622-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex implosive">retroflex implosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶑ/</span> is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In casual speech some of the stops, especially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, are frequently rendered as <a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">fricatives</a> – respectively <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197621_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197621-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>, only <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɳ<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>m/</span>. The retroflex <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it is a nasalised <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ̃]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197623_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197623-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contrasts <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɡ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲdʒ/</span> are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>m/</span> have aspirated counterparts <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>nʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>mʰ/</span>. </p><p>The realisation of the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> varies with the phonetic environment. It is <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a> if geminated to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾɾ/</span> and weakly trilled if preceded by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>. It contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taɾ/</span> 'wire' ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taɽ/</span> 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–23,_27_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–23,_27-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f<span class="wrap"> </span>v/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Labio-dental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labio-dental">labio-dental</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197631–33_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197631–33-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics_and_stress">Phonotactics and stress</h3></div> <p>There are no <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> in Saraiki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All consonants except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h<span class="wrap"> </span>j<span class="wrap"> </span>ɳ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽ/</span> can be <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197627_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197627-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in the rest of the Punjabi area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003592_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003592-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Stress_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (phonetics)">stressed</a> syllable is distinguished primarily by its <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>: if the vowel is peripheral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə/</span>) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in the first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɪɾ'kʰan/</span> 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʊ'həttəɾ/</span> 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/it'la/</span> 'informing' and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'itla/</span> 'so much'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197628–29_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197628–29-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implosives">Implosives</h3></div> <p>Unusually for <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian languages">South Asian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive consonants</a> are found in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, possibly some <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani dialects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991104_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991104-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Saraiki, which has the following series: /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span>/. </p><p>The "palatal" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄ/</span> is <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193628_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193628-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>, articulated further forward than most other palatals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197622-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a>" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶑ/</span> is articulated with the <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">tip</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">underside</a> of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as <a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar">post-alveolar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622–23_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197622–23-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pre-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-palatal">pre-palatal</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-retroflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-retroflex (page does not exist)">pre-retroflex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193628_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193628-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl (1936</a>, p. 30) reports that this sound is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> and the implosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶑ/</span> are mostly in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> although there are a few minimal pairs, like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖakʈəɾ/</span> 'doctor' ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶑak/</span> 'mail'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postposition</a>/suffix <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/da/</span>, which takes the form of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶑa/</span> when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/meᶑa/</span> 'my', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/teᶑa/</span> 'your'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193680_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193680-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dental_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental implosive">dental implosive</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɗ̪/</span>) is found in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Jhangi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhangi dialect">Jhangi dialect</a>, considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by <a href="#CITEREFWagha1997">Wagha (1997</a>, p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagha1997234–35_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagha1997234–35-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197623_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197623-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193628_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193628-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not present in Saraiki, although <a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl (1936</a>, p. 29) contends that it should be <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄ/</span> and the lesser retroflexion of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶑ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aspirated (<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathy voiced">breathy voiced</a>) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɓʰɛ(h)/</span></i> 'sit' ~ <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʰɛ/</span></i> 'fear'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193677–78_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193677–78-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aspiration is not <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197622-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193639–40_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193639–40-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and results from an underlying <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> that follows the vowel, thus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɓʰɛh]</span> is phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɓɛh/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197631_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197631-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><b>j</b>anayati</i></span></i> > Saraiki <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><b>ʄ</b>əɲən</span></i> 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><b>y</b>ava</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><b>dʒ</b>ao</span></i> 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> or <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><b>ɡ</b>ərdən</span></i> 'throat', <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><b>b</b>əs</span></i> 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of the major developments:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193657–64_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193657–64-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> </th> <th>Saraiki </th> <th>example word<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>b- </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#e5f5e0">ɓ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bahu</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓəhʊ̃</span></i> 'many' </td></tr> <tr> <td>dv- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dvitiya-</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓja</span></i> 'another' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">v- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vṛddhā</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓuɖɖʱa</span></i> 'old' </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vaṇa-</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bən</span></i> 'forest' </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vartman-</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vaʈ</span></i> 'path' </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0">ʄ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jihvā</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʄɪbbʰ</span></i> 'tongue' </td></tr> <tr> <td>jy- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jyeṣṭhā</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʄeʈʰ</span></i> 'husband's elder brother' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-jy- </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0">ʄʄ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rajyate</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rəʄʄəɲ</span></i> 'to satisfy' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-dy- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">adya</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əʄʄ<sup>ə</sup></span></i> 'today' </td></tr> <tr> <td>y- </td> <td>dʒ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yadi</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒe</span></i> 'if' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḍ- </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0">ᶑ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Pk.</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaḍḍaha-</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">gəᶑᶑũ</span></i> 'donkey' </td></tr> <tr> <td>d- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">duḥkha</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶑʊkkʰ<sup>ə</sup></span></i> 'sorrow' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-rd- </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0">ᶑᶑ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kūrdati</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʊᶑᶑəɲ</span></i> 'to jump' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-dāt- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">*kadātana</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kəᶑᶑəɳ</span></i> 'when' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-bdh- </td> <td>ɖɖ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">stabdha</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰəɖɖa</span></i> 'cold' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ṇḍ- </td> <td>ɳɖ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍaṇḍaka</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶑəɳɖa</span></i> 'stick' </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0">ɠ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gāva-</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɠã</span></i> 'cow' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">gr- </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">grantha</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɠəɳɖʰ</span></i> 'knot' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɡ </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">grāma</i></span></i> > <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡrã</span></i> 'village' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Within South Asia, implosives were first described for <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while <a href="/wiki/G._A._Grierson" class="mw-redirect" title="G. A. Grierson">Grierson</a> incorrectly treated them as "double consonants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl19364,_10_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl19364,_10-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki alphabet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span title="Saraiki-language text"><span lang="skr"><span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="آ">آ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ٻ">ٻ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ٹ">ٹ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%84" title="ڄ">ڄ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ڈ">ڈ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DD%99" title="ݙ">ݙ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ڑ">ڑ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/Gueh" title="Gueh">ڳ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> (<a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ں">ں</a>) <a href="/wiki/%DD%A8" title="ݨ">ݨ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ہ">ہ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ے">ے</a> </span></span></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr />Extended <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a> with the addition of seven <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritically</a> modified letters to represent the implosives and the extra nasals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003598–99_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003598–99-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi alphabet">Sindhi alphabet</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calligraphic styles used are <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">Nastaʿlīq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as <i>kiṛakkī</i> or <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">laṇḍā</a>, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagha1997239–40_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagha1997239–40-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, a script related to the <a href="/wiki/Landa_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landa scripts">Landa scripts</a> family, known as <a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a>, was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode the Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="a quick search at unicode.org doesn't reveal anything. Multani seems to be there though. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khojki" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojki">Khojiki script</a> has also been in use, whereas <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> are not employed anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_use">Language use</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_academia"><span id="Saraiki_in_academia"></span>In academia</h3></div> <p>The Department of Saraiki, <a href="/wiki/Islamia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamia University">Islamia University</a>, Bahawalpur was established in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-iub.edu.pk_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iub.edu.pk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Department of Saraiki, <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya_University" title="Bahauddin Zakariya University">Bahauddin Zakariya University</a>, Multan<sup id="cite_ref-bzu.edu.pk_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bzu.edu.pk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in 2006. BS Saraiki is also being offered by English department of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_University" title="Ghazi University">Ghazi University</a>, Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by <a href="/wiki/Gomal_University" title="Gomal University">Gomal University</a>, Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Open_University" title="Allama Iqbal Open University">Allama Iqbal Open University</a> at Islamabad,<sup id="cite_ref-aiou.edu.pk_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiou.edu.pk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched a Saraiki version of its site, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_literature">Arts and literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_literature" title="Saraiki literature">Saraiki literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_culture" title="Saraiki culture">Saraiki culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/200px-A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/300px-A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/400px-A_picture_of_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Sufi poet <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid" title="Khwaja Ghulam Farid">Khwaja Ghulam Farid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The language, partly codified during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> saint, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid" title="Khwaja Ghulam Farid">Khawaja Ghulam Farid</a>, who has become an identity symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems, known as <a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a> are still famous. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The beloved's intense glances call for blood<br /> The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black<br /> And slays the lovers with no excuse<br /> My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait<br /> While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart<br /> My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>one of Khwaja Ghulam Farid's poems (translated)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Shakir Shujabadi (<i>Kalam-e-Shakir</i>, <i>Khuda Janey</i>, <i>Shakir Diyan Ghazlan</i>, <i>Peelay Patr</i>, <i>Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway</i>, and <i>Shakir De Dohray</i> are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Attaullah_Khan_Esakhelvi" title="Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi">Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shafaullah_Rokhri" title="Shafaullah Rokhri">Shafaullah Rokhri</a> are considered legends of <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraiki music">Saraiki music</a> and the most popular singers from the <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraiki belt">Saraiki belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Saraiki_media"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television_channels">Television channels</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television in Pakistan</a></div> <p>Former Pakistan Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a> had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>TV Channel </th> <th>Genre </th> <th>Founded </th></tr> <tr> <td>Waseb TV (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">وسیب ٹی وی</span>)</td> <td>Entertainment</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kook TV (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کوک ٹی وی</span>)</td> <td>Entertainment</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rohi TV (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">روہی ٹی وی</span>)</td> <td>Entertainment</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PTV_MULTAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PTV MULTAN (page does not exist)">PTV MULTAN</a> (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پی ٹی وی ملتان</span>)</td> <td>Entertainment</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PTV_National" title="PTV National">PTV National</a> (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پی ٹی وی نیشنل</span>)</td> <td>Entertainment</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4></div> <p>These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Radio Channel </th> <th>Genre </th> <th>Founded </th></tr> <tr> <td>FM105 Saraiki Awaz Sadiq Abad</td> <td>Entertainment</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saraiki_people" title="List of Saraiki people">List of Saraiki people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_culture" title="Saraiki culture">Saraiki culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_cuisine" title="Saraiki cuisine">Saraiki cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_literature" title="Saraiki literature">Saraiki literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_diaspora" title="Saraiki diaspora">Saraiki diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saraiki</i> is the spelling used in universities of Pakistan (the <a href="/wiki/Islamia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamia University">Islamia University of Bahawalpur</a>, department of Saraiki established in 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-iub.edu.pk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iub.edu.pk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya_University" title="Bahauddin Zakariya University">Bahauddin Zakariya University</a>, in Multan, department of Saraiki established in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-bzu.edu.pk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bzu.edu.pk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Open_University" title="Allama Iqbal Open University">Allama Iqbal Open University</a>, in Islamabad, department of Pakistani languages established in 1998),<sup id="cite_ref-aiou.edu.pk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiou.edu.pk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the district governments of Bahawalpur<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Multan,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by the federal institutions of the Government of Pakistan like Population Census Organization<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The terms "centralised" and "peripheral" are used in <a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a> and <a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The symbols used follow <a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle (2003)</a>. <a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle (1976)</a> has <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ</span></i> for <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></i> and <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></i> for <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They are transcribed as such by <a href="#CITEREFAwanBaseerSheeraz2012">Awan, Baseer & Sheeraz (2012</a>, p. 127). <a href="#CITEREFLatif2003">Latif (2003</a>, p. 91) reports that these consonants have similar <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrograms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology#Consonants" title="Hindustani phonology">those of Urdu</a>. <a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle (1976</a>, p. 22) has them as <a href="/wiki/Pre-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-palatal">pre-palatal</a>. None of these sources discuss the issue at length.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl (1936</a>, p. 28) describes its place of articulation as almost identical to the <span class="nowrap">⟨d'⟩</span> [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span>] of <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saraiki differs for example in the presence of geminated implosives, or the treatment of Sanskrit <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vy-</i></span></i>, whose Saraiki reflex <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɓ/</span> contrasts with the Sindhi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>.(<a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl 1936</a>, pp. 57–64)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit words are transliterated using <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>. An asterisk <i>*</i> denotes an unattested but <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> form.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The practice is traced back to Juke's 1900 dictionary. The modern standard was agreed upon in 1979 (<a href="#CITEREFWagha1997">Wagha 1997</a>, pp. 240–41).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtta,_Firdos_and_van_de_Weijer,_Jeroen_and_Zhu,_Lei2020" class="citation journal cs1">Atta, Firdos and van de Weijer, Jeroen and Zhu, Lei (2020). "Saraiki". Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>: 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100320000328">10.1017/S0025100320000328</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Saraiki&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100320000328&rft.au=Atta%2C+Firdos+and+van+de+Weijer%2C+Jeroen+and+Zhu%2C+Lei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf">https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/key_findings_report.pdf">https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/key_findings_report.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConnersHefright2019">Bashir, Conners & Hefright 2019</a>; see also <a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, p. 16 and <a href="#CITEREFShackle2014b">Shackle 2014b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1977389-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1977389_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1977">Shackle 1977</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2014b_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2014b">Shackle 2014b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2017" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017). <i>Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics; Volume 1</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 434–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110393248" title="Special:BookSources/9783110393248"><bdi>9783110393248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+comparative+and+historical+Indo-European+linguistics%3B+Volume+1&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=434-435&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783110393248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1977">Shackle 1977</a>, pp. 388–89; <a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, pp. 7–8; <a href="#CITEREFShackle1977">Shackle 1977</a>, p. 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shams, Shammim Ara (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35484%2Fpssr.2020%284-III%2979">"The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina"</a>. <i>Pakistan Social Sciences Review</i>. <b>4</b> (III): 1092–1106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35484%2Fpssr.2020%284-III%2979">10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Social+Sciences+Review&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Dominant+Languages+on+Regional+Languages%3A+A+Case+Study+of+English%2C+Urdu+and+Shina&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=III&rft.pages=1092-1106&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35484%2Fpssr.2020%284-III%2979&rft.aulast=Shams&rft.aufirst=Shammim+Ara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.35484%252Fpssr.2020%25284-III%252979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman19953-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman19953_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFShackle1977">Shackle 1977</a>, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007114-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007114_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197624-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197624_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani198136-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani198136_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDani1981">Dani 1981</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iub.edu.pk-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iub.edu.pk_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iub.edu.pk_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=26">"The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan - Department"</a>. <i>iub.edu.pk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iub.edu.pk&rft.atitle=The+Islamia+University+of+Bahawalpur+Pakistan+-+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iub.edu.pk%2Fdepartment.php%3Fid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bzu.edu.pk-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bzu.edu.pk_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bzu.edu.pk_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bzu.edu.pk/departmentindex.php?id=33">"Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan"</a>. <i>bzu.edu.pk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bzu.edu.pk&rft.atitle=Bahauddin+Zakariya+University%2C+Multan%2C+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bzu.edu.pk%2Fdepartmentindex.php%3Fid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aiou.edu.pk-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aiou.edu.pk_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aiou.edu.pk_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiou.edu.pk/DeptDetail.asp?DeptID=47">"Department Detail"</a>. <i>aiou.edu.pk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aiou.edu.pk&rft.atitle=Department+Detail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiou.edu.pk%2FDeptDetail.asp%3FDeptID%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611045704/http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/history.htm">"History of Bahawalpur"</a>. <i>bahawalpur.gov.pk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/history.htm">the original</a> on 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahawalpur.gov.pk&rft.atitle=History+of+Bahawalpur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahawalpur.gov.pk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multan.gov.pk/page.php?data=136">"Introduction -City District Government Multan"</a>. <i>multan.gov.pk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=multan.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Introduction+-City+District+Government+Multan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multan.gov.pk%2Fpage.php%3Fdata%3D136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm">Population by Mother Tongue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, website of the Population Census organization of Pakistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.gov.pk/cms/TopStoryDetail.asp?id=490">Saraiki News Bulletins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092215/http://www.radio.gov.pk/cms/TopStoryDetail.asp?id=490">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, website of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1977-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1977_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1977_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1977">Shackle 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199118–20-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199118–20_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, pp. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1919">Grierson 1919</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the grouping in <a href="#CITEREFWagha1997">Wagha (1997</a>, pp. 229–31), which largely coincides with that in <a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle (1976</a>, pp. 5–8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle19768-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle19768_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991426-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991426_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919239ff-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1919239ff_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1919">Grierson 1919</a>, pp. 239ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, pp. 23–27. For a brief discussion of the case of Saraiki, see <a href="#CITEREFWagha1997">Wagha (1997</a>, pp. 225–26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman199516-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman199516_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996173-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996173_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1996">Rahman 1996</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2014a-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2014a_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2014a">Shackle 2014a</a>: "it has come to be increasingly recognized internationally as a language in its own right, although this claim continues to be disputed by many Punjabi speakers who regard it as a dialect of Punjabi".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1995">Rahman 1995</a>, p. 16: "the Punjabis claim that Siraiki is a dialect of Punjabi, whereas the Siraikis call it a language in its own right."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996175-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996175_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1996">Rahman 1996</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1997838-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1997838_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1997">Rahman 1997</a>, p. 838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavaid200446-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavaid200446_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavaid2004">Javaid 2004</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle19761–2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle19761–2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavaid2004-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavaid2004_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavaid2004">Javaid 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakistan census 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami199430-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami199430_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoswami1994">Goswami 1994</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922000201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/india/2009/05/090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml">"Kahan se aa gai (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کہاں سے کہاں آ گئے</span>)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/india/2009/05/090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml">the original</a> on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kahan+se+aa+gai+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22Nastaliq%22+dir%3D%22rtl%22+title%3D%22Nastaliq%22+style%3D%22font-family%3A+%27Jameel+Noori+Nastaleeq%27%2C+%27Urdu+Typesetting%27%2C+%27Noto+Nastaliq+Urdu%27%2C+%27Noto+Nastaliq+Urdu+Draft%27%2C+%27Hussaini+Nastaleeq%27%2C+%27AlQalam+Taj+Nastaleeq%27%2C+IranNastaliq%2C+%27Awami+Nastaliq%27%2C+%27Awami+Nastaliq+Beta3%27%2C+%27Awami+Nastaliq+Beta2%27%2C+%27Awami+Nastaliq+Beta1%27%2C+%27Nafees+Nastaleeq%27%2C+%27Nafees+Nastaleeq+v1.01%27%2C+%27Pak+Nastaleeq%27%2C+%27PDMS_Jauhar%27%2C+%27Alvi+Lahori+Nastaleeq%27%3B+font-size%3A+110%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%BA+%D8%B3%DB%92+%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%BA+%D8%A2+%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%92%3C%2Fspan%3E%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Furdu%2Findia%2F2009%2F05%2F090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210063438/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html">"2011 Census tables: C-16, population by Native languages"</a>. <i>Census of India Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+Website&rft.atitle=2011+Census+tables%3A+C-16%2C+population+by+Native+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoswami1994">Goswami 1994</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFBhatia2016">Bhatia 2016</a>, pp. 134–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami199431,_33-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami199431,_33_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoswami1994">Goswami 1994</a>, pp. 31, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami199432–33-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami199432–33_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoswami1994">Goswami 1994</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197612,_18-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197612,_18_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 12, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197612–13-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197612–13_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197617-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197617_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197632-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197632_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197618–19-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197618–19_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197622-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197621-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197621_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197623-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197623_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197623_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–23,_27-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–23,_27_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 20–23, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197631–33-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197631–33_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197627-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197627_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003592-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003592_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197628–29-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197628–29_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, p. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991104-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991104_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193628-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193628_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193628_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193628_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl 1936</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197622–23-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197622–23_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003590–91_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, pp. 590–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle197620–21_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1976">Shackle 1976</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl193680-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl193680_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl 1936</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagha1997234–35-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagha1997234–35_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagha1997">Wagha 1997</a>, 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahl19364,_10-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahl19364,_10_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahl1936">Bahl 1936</a>, pp. 4, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003598–99-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003598–99_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, pp. 598–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2016_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2016">Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagha1997239–40-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1674633">"Govt plans to recruit teachers of Punjabi, Seraiki languages"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Govt+plans+to+recruit+teachers+of+Punjabi%2C+Seraiki+languages&rft.date=2022-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1674633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23420-7"><bdi>978-0-521-23420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.series=Cambridge+language+surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23420-7&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Rahman, Tariq</a> (1995). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". <i>Language Problems & Language Planning</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Flplp.19.1.01rah">10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Problems+%26+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=The+Siraiki+Movement+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Flplp.19.1.01rah&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1996" class="citation book cs1">—— (1996). <i>Language and politics in Pakistan</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577692-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577692-8"><bdi>978-0-19-577692-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+politics+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577692-8&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1997" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>37</b> (9): 833–839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645700">10.2307/2645700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645700">2645700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Language+and+Ethnicity+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=833-839&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645700&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Shackle, Christopher</a> (1976). <i>The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar</i>. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siraiki+language+of+central+Pakistan+%3A+a+reference+grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle1977" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 379–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00014190">10.1017/s0026749x00014190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311504">311504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144829301">144829301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Siraiki%3A+A+Language+Movement+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-403&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144829301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00014190&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2003" class="citation book cs1">—— (2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i>. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1130-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panjabi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+series.+Y&rft.pages=581-621&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). "Pakistan". In Simpson, Andrew (ed.). <i>Language and national identity in Asia</i>. Oxford linguistics Y. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922648-1"><bdi>978-0-19-922648-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=Language+and+national+identity+in+Asia&rft.series=Oxford+linguistics+Y&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922648-1&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2014a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2014a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lahnda-language">"Lahnda language"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lahnda+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLahnda-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2014b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2014b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language">"Siraiki language"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siraiki+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSiraiki-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagha1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685"><i>The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan</i></a></span> (Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+development+of+Siraiki+language+in+Pakistan&rft.inst=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wagha&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ahsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fuin%3Duk.bl.ethos.267685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaraiki+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saraiki_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saraiki language">Saraiki language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="skr:"> Saraiki edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcc.ufla.br/infocomp/index.php/INFOCOMP/article/view/576/505">A review of the linguistic literature on Saraiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html">Saraiki Alphabet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130213535/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with Gurmukhi equivalents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saraiki.jimdo.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88-%D8%AA%DB%92-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9/">Download Saraiki font and keyboard for Windows and Android</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403194710/http://saraiki.jimdo.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88-%D8%AA%DB%92-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9/">Archived</a> 3 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/saraikiMT.aspx">Saraiki online transliteration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022012757/http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/saraikiMT.aspx">Archived</a> 22 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Aslam%20Rasoolpuri">Works by Aslam Rasoolpuri</a> at the Internet Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punjabi_varieties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabi_varieties" title="Template:Punjabi varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabi_varieties" title="Template talk:Punjabi varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabi_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabi varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punjabi_varieties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi varieties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Standard Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doabi_dialect" title="Doabi dialect">Doabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_dialect" title="Malwai dialect">Malwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadhi_dialect" title="Puadhi dialect">Puadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a><br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jatki_language" title="Jatki language">Jatki language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhani_dialect" title="Dhani dialect">Dhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhangvi_dialect" title="Jhangvi dialect">Jhangvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubanki_dialect" title="Lubanki dialect">Lubanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpuri_dialect" title="Shahpuri dialect">Shahpuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhachi dialect">Chhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghebi" title="Ghebi">Ghebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohati" title="Kohati">Kohati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saraiki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riasti_dialect" title="Riasti dialect">Riasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali_dialect" title="Thali dialect">Thali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Baar_di_Boli" class="mw-redirect" title="Baar di Boli">Baar di Boli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baahar_di_boli" title="Baahar di boli">Baahar di boli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derawali_dialect" title="Derawali dialect">Derawali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_bole" title="Khalsa bole">Khalsa bole</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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