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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reference works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_studies_and_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_studies_and_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Critical studies and reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_studies_and_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ديفيد كريستال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد كريستال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دیوید کریستال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیوید کریستال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="ডেভিড ক্রিস্টাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড ক্রিস্টাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دیوید کریستال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید کریستال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B8" title="데이비드 크리스털 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 크리스털" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Դեյվիդ Քրիսթալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեյվիդ Քրիսթալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ديفيد كريستال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد كريستال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devid_Kristal" title="Devid Kristal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Devid Kristal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2" title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кристал, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристал, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дејвид Кристал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Кристал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Crystal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Девід Крістал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девід Крістал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98" title="大卫·克里斯托 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大卫·克里斯托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q471550#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Crystal</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Learned_Society_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales">FLSW</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Chartered_Institute_of_Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists">FCIL</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Crystal_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/David_Crystal_2017.jpg/220px-David_Crystal_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/David_Crystal_2017.jpg/330px-David_Crystal_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/David_Crystal_2017.jpg/440px-David_Crystal_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="789" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crystal in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1941-07-06</span>) </span>6 July 1941<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 83)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a>, Northern Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Hilary Crystal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Crystal" title="Ben Crystal">Ben Crystal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidcrystal.com">davidcrystal<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Crystal</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Learned_Society_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales">FLSW</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Chartered_Institute_of_Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists">FCIL</a></span></span> (born 6 July 1941) is a British <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> who works on the linguistics of the English language. </p><p>Crystal studied English at University College London and has lectured at Bangor University and the University of Reading. He was awarded an OBE in 1995 and a Fellowship of the British Academy in 2000. Crystal is a proponent of Internet linguistics and has also been involved in Shakespeare productions, providing guidance on original pronunciation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crystal was born in <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a>, Northern Ireland, on 6 July 1941 after his mother had been <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuated there during The Blitz</a>. Before he reached the age of one, his parents separated. He remained estranged from and ignorant of his father for most of his childhood, but later learnt (through work contacts and a half-brother) of the life and career of Samuel Crystal in London, and of his half-Jewish heritage. He grew up with his mother in <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England, where he attended <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Crosby" title="St Mary's College, Crosby">St Mary's College</a> from 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-camb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crystal is a practising <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He currently lives in Holyhead with his wife, Hilary, a former speech therapist and now children's author. He has four grown-up children. His son <a href="/wiki/Ben_Crystal" title="Ben Crystal">Ben Crystal</a> is also an author, and has co-authored four books with his father.<sup id="cite_ref-indie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crystal studied English at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> between 1959 and 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-camb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a researcher under <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Quirk" title="Randolph Quirk">Randolph Quirk</a> between 1962 and 1963, working on the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Usage" title="Survey of English Usage">Survey of English Usage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-camb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bangor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then he has lectured at <a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">Bangor University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a> and is an honorary professor of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> at Bangor.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardProfile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardProfile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retired from full-time academia, he works as a writer, editor and consultant, and contributes to television and radio broadcasts. His association with the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> ranges from, formerly, a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> series on language issues to, more recently, podcasts on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> website for people learning English.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crystal was appointed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> in 1995 and became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a Founding Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Learned_Society_of_Wales" title="Learned Society of Wales">Learned Society of Wales</a> and is a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Linguists" title="Chartered Institute of Linguists">Chartered Institute of Linguists</a>. His many academic interests include <a href="/wiki/English_language_learning_and_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="English language learning and teaching">English language learning and teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_linguistics" title="Clinical linguistics">clinical linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">forensic linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a>, "ludic linguistics" (Crystal's <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for the study of language play),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stylistics_(field_of_study)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (field of study)">style</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">genre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">indexing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>. He is the Patron of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Teachers_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language" title="International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language">International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language</a> (IATEFL), honorary president of the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading (CIEP),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Patron of the UK National Literacy Association.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSci_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSci-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a consultant for <i>Babel - The Language Magazine</i>, for which he has also written articles.<sup id="cite_ref-babel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crystal has authored, co-authored, and edited over 120 books on a wide variety of subjects, specialising among other things in editing reference works, including (as author) the <i>Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i> (1987, 1997, 2010) and the <i>Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</i> (1995, 2003, 2019), and (as editor) the <i>Cambridge Biographical Dictionary</i>, the <i>Cambridge Factfinder</i>, the <i>Cambridge Encyclopedia</i>, and the <i>New Penguin Encyclopedia</i> (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-camb_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crystal has also written plays and poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-DCbooks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCbooks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has published several books for the general reader about <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and the English language, which use varied graphics and short essays to communicate technical material in an accessible manner.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his article "What is Standard English", Crystal hypothesises that, globally, English will both split and converge, with local variants becoming less mutually comprehensible and therefore necessitating the rise of what he terms World Standard Spoken English (see also <a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-WISE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 2004 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_English" title="The Stories of English">The Stories of English</a></i>, a general history of the English language, he describes the value he sees in linguistic diversity and the according of respect to varieties of English generally considered "<a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">non-standard</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SoE_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 Routledge published his autobiographical memoir <i>Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language</i>, which was released simultaneously with a DVD of three of his lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-PopMat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopMat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i>Spell It Out: The Curious, Enthralling and Extraordinary Story of English Spelling</i> (2013) explains why some English words are difficult to spell.<sup id="cite_ref-guardSpell_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardSpell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His companion book, <i>Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation</i> came out in 2015 from Profile Books (UK) and St. Martin's Press (US). </p><p>Crystal is a proponent of a new field of study, <a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a>, and has published <i>Language and the Internet</i> (2001) on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-guardInternet_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardInternet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crystal's book <i><a href="/wiki/Txtng:_The_Gr8_Db8" class="mw-redirect" title="Txtng: The Gr8 Db8">Txtng: The Gr8 Db8</a></i> (2008) focused on <a href="/wiki/Text_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Text language">text language</a> and its impact on society.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the book series editors of The Language Library.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2001 to 2006, Crystal served as the Chairman of Crystal Reference Systems Limited, a provider of reference content and Internet search and advertising technology. The company's iSense and Sitescreen products are based upon the patented Global Data Model, a complex <a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">semantic network</a> that Crystal devised in the early 1980s and was adapted for use on the Internet in the mid 1990s. These include semantic targeting technology (marketed as iSense by ad pepper media) and brand protection technology (marketed as SiteScreen by Emediate ApS).<sup id="cite_ref-semant_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semant-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iSense technology is the subject of patents in the United Kingdom and the United States. After the company's acquisition by Ad Pepper Media N.V., he remained on the board as its <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> director until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crystal was influential in a campaign to save Holyhead's <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> from demolition, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ucheldre_Centre" title="Ucheldre Centre">Ucheldre Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_Shakespeare_productions">Involvement in Shakespeare productions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Involvement in Shakespeare productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an expert on the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the English language">evolution of the English language</a>, he was involved in the production of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> in 2004 and 2005 in the "<a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Original_Pronunciation" title="Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation">Original Pronunciation</a>" of the period in which he was writing, coaching the actors on the appropriate pronunciation for the period, and has since been the consultant for several other Shakespeare plays performed in OP, including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pericles_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericles (play)">Pericles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crystal, David and Quirk, Randolph (1964). <i>Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1965). <i>Linguistics, Language and Religion</i>. London: Burns & Oates.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1968). <i>What is Linguistics?</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Davy, Derek (1969). <i>Investigating English Style</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Boulton, W.F. (eds.) (1969). <i>The English Language: Essays by Linguists and Men of Letters, Vol. 2 1858-1964</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1969). <i>Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1971). <i>Linguistics</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Davy, Derek (1975). <i>Advanced Conversational English</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1975). <i>The English Tone of Voice: Essays in Intonation, Prosody and Paralanguage</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David, Fletcher, Paul and Garman, Michael (1976). <i>The Grammatical Analysis of Language Disability: A Procedure for Assessment and Remediation</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1976). <i>Child Language, Learning and Linguistics</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1979). <i>Working with LARSP</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1980). <i>Eric Partridge in His Own Words</i>. London: Deutsch.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1980). <i>Introduction to Language Pathology</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1981). <i>Clinical Linguistics</i>. Vienna & New York: Springer.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1981). <i>Directions in Applied Linguistics</i>. Academic Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1982). <i>Linguistic Controversies</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1982). <i>Profiling Linguistic Disability</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1984). <i>Who Cares About English Usage?</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1984). <i>Linguistic Encounters with Language Handicap</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1986). <i>Listen to Your Child: A Parent's Guide to Children's Language</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1988). <i>The English Language</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1991). <i>Making Sense of English Usage</i>. Edinburgh: Chambers</li> <li>Crystal, David (1991). <i>Language A to Z with David Crystal: Key Stage 3: Pupil's Book 1</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1991). <i>Language A to Z with David Crystal: Key Stage 4: Pupil's Book 2</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1991). <i>Language A to Z with David Crystal: Teacher's Book for Stages 3 and 4</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1992). <i>Introducing Linguistics</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1992). <i>Nineties Knowledge</i>. Edinburgh: Chambers.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1997). <i>English as a Global Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1998). <i>Language Play</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Crystal, Hilary (2000). <i>Words On Words: Quotations About Language and Languages</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2000). <i>Language Death</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2001). <i>Language and the Internet</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2004). <i>The Language Revolution</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press</li> <li>Crystal, David (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_English" title="The Stories of English">The Stories of English</a>.</i> London: Penguin / New York: Overlook Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Crystal, Ben (2005). <i>The Shakespeare Miscellany</i>. London: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2005). <i>Pronouncing Shakespeare: The Globe Experiment.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2006). <i>Words Words Words</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2006). <i>By Hook or by Crook; A Journey in Search of English.</i> London: HarperCollins. (Published in the US in 2009 as <i>Walking English: A Journey in Search of Language)</i></li> <li>Crystal, David (2006). <i>As They Say in Zanzibar: Proverbial Wisdom from Around the World</i>. London: HarperCollins.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2006). <i>The Fight for English.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2006). <i>How Language Works: How Babies Babble, Words Change Meaning, and Languages Live or Die.</i> London: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/Txtng:_The_Gr8_Db8" class="mw-redirect" title="Txtng: The Gr8 Db8">Txtng: The Gr8 Db8</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2008). <i>Think on my Words: Exploring Shakespeare's Language.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2009). <i>Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language</i>. London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2009). <i>John Bradburne on Love</i>. Holyhead: Holy Island Press</li> <li>Crystal, David (2010). <i>A Little Book of Language.</i> New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2010). <i>Begat: The King James Bible and the English Language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Facchinetti, Roberta, Crystal, Crystal and Seidlhofer, Barbara (eds.) (2010). <i>From International to Local English – And Back Again</i>. Bern: Peter Lang.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2010). <i>Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. An Illustrated History of the English Language</i>. London: British Library.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2011). <i>Internet Linguistics: A Student Guide.</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li>Ball, Martin J, Crystal, David and Fletcher, Paul (eds.) (2011). <i>Assessing Grammar: The Languages of LARSP</i>. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2011). <i>The Story of English in 100 Words</i>. London: Profile Books.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2012). <i>Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling.</i> London: Profile Books.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Crystal, Hilary (2013). <i>Wordsmiths and Warriors: The English-Language Tourist's Guide to Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2014). <i>Words in Time and Place: Exploring Language Through the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Crystal, Ben (2014). <i>You Say Potato: A Book About Accents</i>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2015). <i>The Disappearing Dictionary: A Treasury of Lost English Dialect Words.</i> London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2015). <i>Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation</i>. London: Profile Books.</li> <li>Ball, Martin J, Crystal, David and Fletcher, Paul (eds.) (2016). <i>Profiling Grammar: More Languages of LARSP</i>. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2016). <i>The Unbelievable Hamlet Discovery</i>. Holyhead: Crystal Books.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2016). <i>The Gift of the Gab: How Eloquence Works</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2017). <i>Making Sense: The Glamorous Story of English Grammar.</i> London: Profile Books.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2017). <i>The Story of Be: A Verb's-Eye View of the English Language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2017). <i>A Life Made of Words: the Poetry and Thought of John Bradburne</i>. Holyhead: Crystal Books.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2017). <i>We Are Not Amused: Victorian Views on Pronunciation as Told in the Pages of Punch</i>. Oxford: Bodleian Library Publishing.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2018). <i>Sounds Appealing: The Passionate Story of English Pronunciation</i>. London: Profile Books.</li> <li>Ball, Martin J, Fletcher, Paul and Crystal, David, eds. (2019). <i>Grammatical Profiles: Further Languages of LARSP</i>. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2020). <i>Let's Talk: How English Conversation Works</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2020). <i>That’s the Ticket for Soup!: Victorian Views on Vocabulary as Told in the Pages of Punch.</i> Oxford: Bodleian Library.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2021). <i>Tales of the Linguistically Unexpected</i>. Holyhead: Crystal Books [self-published].</li> <li>Crystal, Ben and Crystal, David (compilers) (2023). <i>Everyday Shakespeare: Lines for Life</i>. London: Chambers.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2023). <i>A Date with Language</i>. Oxford: Bodleian Library.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_works">Reference works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reference works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crystal, David (1980). <i>A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</i>. London: Deutsch (Subsequent editions published by Blackwells as <i>A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics)</i></li> <li>Crystal, David (1987). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1988). <i>Rediscover Grammar</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1992). <i>The Cambridge Concise Encyclopedia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1992). <i>An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. (Subsequently, published by Penguin, with the 2nd ed. titled <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Language</i>)</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1993). <i>The Cambridge Paperback Encyclopedia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1993). <i>The Cambridge Factfinder</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (1994). <i>The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrystal,_David1995" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00crys"><i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521401791" title="Special:BookSources/9780521401791"><bdi>9780521401791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521401791&rft.au=Crystal%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeencyclo00crys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crystal, David (1996). <i>Discover Grammar</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (1996). <i>The Cambridge Biographical Dictionary</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2002). <i>The New Penguin Encyclopedia</i>. London: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David and Crystal, Ben (2002). <i>Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary and Language Companion.</i> London: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2003). <i>The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia</i>. London: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2003). <i>The New Penguin Factfinder</i>. London: Penguin.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2004). <i>Making Sense of Grammar</i>. London: Pearson Longman.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2004). <i>A Glossary of Netspeak and Textspeak</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press</li> <li>Crystal, David (2004). <i>The Penguin Book of Facts</i>. London: Penguin.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Crystal2004" class="citation book cs1">David Crystal, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140515435/"><i>The Penguin Encyclopedia</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-140-51543-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-140-51543-7"><bdi>0-140-51543-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-140-51543-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780140515435%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crystal, David (2005). <i>Penguin Pocket Spelling Dictionary</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2005). <i>Dr Johnson's Dictionary: an Anthology</i>. London: Penguin Classics.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2005). <i>The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2005). <i>Pocket Quotations</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2005). <i>Pocket Facts</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2006). <i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2006). <i>Penguin Pocket Kings and Queens</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Crystal, David (ed.) (2006). <i>Penguin Pocket Famous People</i>. London: Penguin Reference.</li> <li>Fowler, H.W., Crystal, David (ed.) (2009). <i>Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Reprint of 1926 1st ed.)</li> <li>Crystal, David and Crystal, Ben (2015). <i>Oxford Illustrated Shakespeare Dictionary</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, David (2016). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_studies_and_reviews">Critical studies and reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Critical studies and reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisby,_Edwin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Morrisby, Edwin (October 1995). "A gallimaufry of Englishes". Books. <i>Quadrant</i>. <b>39</b> (10): 84–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=A+gallimaufry+of+Englishes&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=84-86&rft.date=1995-10&rft.au=Morrisby%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span> Review of <i>The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-camb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camb_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319110035/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/linguistics/crystal/about_the_author.htm">"All About...The Author"</a>. Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/uk/linguistics/crystal/about_the_author.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+About...The+Author&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fuk%2Flinguistics%2Fcrystal%2Fabout_the_author.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrace2008" class="citation web cs1">Crace, John (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/sep/16/academicexperts.languages">"Interview: John Crace meets language guru David Crystal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+John+Crace+meets+language+guru+David+Crystal&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.aulast=Crace&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2008%2Fsep%2F16%2Facademicexperts.languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indie_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Dico2010" class="citation web cs1">Lo Dico, Joy (14 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/watch-what-youre-saying-linguist-david-crystal-on-twitter-texting-and-our-native-tongue-1919271.html">"Watch what you're saying!: Linguist David Crystal on Twitter, texting and our native tongue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Watch+what+you%27re+saying%21%3A+Linguist+David+Crystal+on+Twitter%2C+texting+and+our+native+tongue&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft.aulast=Lo+Dico&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Fwatch-what-youre-saying-linguist-david-crystal-on-twitter-texting-and-our-native-tongue-1919271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bangor-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bangor_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117040829/http://www.bangor.ac.uk/linguistics/about/davidcrystal.php.en">"Staff Profile of Professor David Crystal"</a>. Prifysgol Bangor University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangor.ac.uk/linguistics/about/davidcrystal.php.en">the original</a> on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staff+Profile+of+Professor+David+Crystal&rft.pub=Prifysgol+Bangor+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangor.ac.uk%2Flinguistics%2Fabout%2Fdavidcrystal.php.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardProfile-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardProfile_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/davidcrystal">"David Crystal profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Crystal+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fprofile%2Fdavidcrystal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026041231/http://www.crystalreference.com/David_Crystal/biography.htm">"Biography"</a>. Crystal Reference. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalreference.com/David_Crystal/biography.htm">the original</a> on 26 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=Crystal+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crystalreference.com%2FDavid_Crystal%2Fbiography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazel_Bell1999" class="citation web cs1">Hazel Bell (1 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125559/http://www.aidanbell.com/html/hkbell/DCrystal.htm">"David Crystal"</a>. Journal of Scholarly Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidanbell.com/html/hkbell/DCrystal.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Crystal&rft.pub=Journal+of+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft.au=Hazel+Bell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidanbell.com%2Fhtml%2Fhkbell%2FDCrystal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crystal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalreference.com/DC_articles/Linguistics11.pdf">"Carrolludicity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227064147/http://www.crystalreference.com/DC_articles/Linguistics11.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciep.uk/about/honorary-members/">"CIEP Honorary Members"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIEP+Honorary+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciep.uk%2Fabout%2Fhonorary-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewSci-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewSci_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2010" class="citation web cs1">Marks, Paul (25 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19091-innovation-smarter-books-aim-to-win-back-the-kids.html#.VV8NYE9Viko">"Innovation: Smarter books aim to win back the kids"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">new Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=new+Scientist&rft.atitle=Innovation%3A+Smarter+books+aim+to+win+back+the+kids&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn19091-innovation-smarter-books-aim-to-win-back-the-kids.html%23.VV8NYE9Viko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-babel_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelzine.com/">"Babel The Language Magazine"</a>. babelzine.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Babel+The+Language+Magazine&rft.pub=babelzine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelzine.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCbooks-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCbooks_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcrystal.com/books-and-articles/creative-writing">"David Crystal Books & Articles"</a>. www.davidcrystal.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Crystal+Books+%26+Articles&rft.pub=www.davidcrystal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidcrystal.com%2Fbooks-and-articles%2Fcreative-writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514172551/http://www.crystalreference.com/David_Crystal/books.htm">"David Crystal: Books in chronological order"</a>. Crystal Reference. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalreference.com/David_Crystal/books.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Crystal%3A+Books+in+chronological+order&rft.pub=Crystal+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crystalreference.com%2FDavid_Crystal%2Fbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WISE-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WISE_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcrystal.com/?fileid=-4008">"What Is Standard English"</a>. davidcrystal.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Standard+English&rft.pub=davidcrystal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidcrystal.com%2F%3Ffileid%3D-4008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoE-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoE_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crystal, David</a> (2004). <i>The Stories of English</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-713-99752-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-713-99752-4"><bdi>0-713-99752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+of+English&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-713-99752-4&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopMat-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopMat_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalik2009" class="citation web cs1">Balik, Rachel (29 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/review/112015-just-a-phrase-im-going-through-my-life-in-language-by-david-crystal/">"Just A Phrase I'm Going Through : My Life in Language David Crystal review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PopMatters" title="PopMatters">PopMatters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PopMatters&rft.atitle=Just+A+Phrase+I%27m+Going+Through+%3A+My+Life+in+Language+David+Crystal+review&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft.aulast=Balik&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Freview%2F112015-just-a-phrase-im-going-through-my-life-in-language-by-david-crystal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardSpell-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardSpell_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Leith" title="Sam Leith">Leith, Sam</a> (14 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/14/spell-it-out-david-crystal-review">"Spell It Out by David Crystal – review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spell+It+Out+by+David+Crystal+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fsep%2F14%2Fspell-it-out-david-crystal-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardInternet-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardInternet_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2001" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crystal, David</a> (25 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jan/25/tefl.guardianweekly">"Weaving a Web of linguistic diversity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Weaving+a+Web+of+linguistic+diversity&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2001%2Fjan%2F25%2Ftefl.guardianweekly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/sep/16/academicexperts.languages"><i>Gr8 db8r takes on linguistic luddites</i></a>, <i>The Guardian</i>. 16 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishinghistory.com/the-language-library-andre-deutsch.html">The Language Library (Andre Deutsch) - Book Series List</a>, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=se%3AThe%20Language%20Library%20/%20edited%20by%20David%20Crystal">se:The Language Library / edited by David Crystal</a>, worldcat.org. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semant-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-semant_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=12544822&privcapId=12519587&previousCapId=76570006&previousTitle=SubHub%20Ltd.">"Executive Profile David Crystal O.B.E"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Business">Bloomberg Business</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft.atitle=Executive+Profile+David+Crystal+O.B.E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fperson.asp%3FpersonId%3D12544822%26privcapId%3D12519587%26previousCapId%3D76570006%26previousTitle%3DSubHub%2520Ltd.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalsemantics.com/">"Crystal Semantics: About Us"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Semantics%3A+About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crystalsemantics.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uch-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uch_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094647/http://www.ucheldre.org/story.htm">"The Ucheldre Story"</a>. www.ucheldre.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucheldre.org/story.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ucheldre+Story&rft.pub=www.ucheldre.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucheldre.org%2Fstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Crystal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Siegel" title="Robert Siegel">Robert Siegel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4761275">"Shakespeare's Tongue, Heard at the Globe"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>), 19 July 2005. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open University">The Open University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPlpphT7n9s"><span class="plainlinks">"Shakespeare: Original Pronunciation"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, 17 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/David_Crystal" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/David Crystal">David Crystal</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcrystal.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471550#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122839497">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108407988">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1924670/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjT6fP3GFxGtVVf7fCfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/108484866">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50018712">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035738w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035738w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436972">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crystal, David"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV000050">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35032495">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001562&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX819765">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/48459">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068608179">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053665">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000010765&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000014897&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=75802">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199606079">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq46625b38kvth1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572034005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/286408">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260100305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528431906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13914267">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00607856?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/715edaf2-fa66-4360-8665-d2b6e81185da">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd108484866.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/108484866">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028542223">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6md19pm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&oldid=1254070746">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&oldid=1254070746</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_births" title="Category:1941 births">1941 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_Bangor_University" 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