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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Filmography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Short subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stage appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethel Waters</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="إثيل ووترز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إثيل ووترز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="اتل واترز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتل واترز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Watersov%C3%A1" title="Ethel Watersová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ethel Watersová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="اتل واترز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتل واترز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%84%A4_%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="에설 워터스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에설 워터스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%27%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="את'ל ווטרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="את'ל ווטרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="اثيل ووترز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثيل ووترز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уотерс, Этель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уотерс, Этель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Етел Вотерс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етел Вотерс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ethel Waters" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF" title="埃塞尔·沃特斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞尔·沃特斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American vocalist and actress (1896–1977)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ethel Waters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg/220px-Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg/330px-Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg/440px-Ethel_Waters_-_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="796" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Waters in <i><a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a></i>, 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-10-31</span>)</span>October 31, 1896<sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-09-01)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth,_Los_Angeles" title="Chatsworth, Los Angeles">Chatsworth, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Ethel Howard</li><li>Sweet Mama Stringbean</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Actress</li><li>singer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Merritt Purnsley </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1910; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1913)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-LEA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Clyde E. Matthews </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1929; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1933)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Edward Mallory </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1938; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1945)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-Boo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Waters" title="Crystal Waters">Crystal Waters</a><sup id="cite_ref-VIC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (great-niece)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Musical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrument</th><td class="infobox-data note">Vocals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Records_(1920s)" title="Cardinal Records (1920s)">Cardinal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_Records" title="Black Swan Records">Black Swan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Records" title="Brunswick Records">Brunswick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Music_Shop_Records" title="Liberty Music Shop Records">Liberty Music Shop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Word_Records" title="Word Records">Word</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ethel Waters</b> (October 31, 1896 – September 1, 1977) was an American singer and actress. Waters frequently performed jazz, swing, and pop music on the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> stage and in concerts. She began her career in the 1920s singing blues. Her notable recordings include "<a href="/wiki/Dinah_(song)" title="Dinah (song)">Dinah</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)" title="Stormy Weather (song)">Stormy Weather</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Taking_a_Chance_on_Love" title="Taking a Chance on Love">Taking a Chance on Love</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Heat_Wave_(Irving_Berlin_song)" title="Heat Wave (Irving Berlin song)">Heat Wave</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Supper_Time" title="Supper Time">Supper Time</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F" title="Am I Blue?">Am I Blue?</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Coming_Virginia" title="I'm Coming Virginia">I'm Coming Virginia</a>", and her version of "<a href="/wiki/His_Eye_Is_on_the_Sparrow" title="His Eye Is on the Sparrow">His Eye Is on the Sparrow</a>". Waters was the second <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> to be nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>, the first African American to star on her own television show, and the first African-American woman to be nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Award</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, on October 31, 1896 (some sources incorrectly state her birth year as 1900<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as a result of the rape of her teenaged African-American mother, Louise Anderson (1881–1962),<sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 17-year-old John Wesley (or Wesley John) Waters (1878–1901),<sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pianist and family acquaintance from a middle-class African-American background. Waters' family was very fair-skinned, his mother in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-bourne2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourne2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sources, including Ethel herself, reported for years that her mother was 12 or 13 years old at the time of the rape, 13 when Ethel was born.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Bourne opens his 2007 biography, <i>Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather</i>, with the statement that genealogical research has shown that Louise Anderson may have been 15 or 16 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-bourne2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourne2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waters played no role in raising his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after she was born, her mother married Norman Howard, a railroad worker, with whom she had a daughter, Juanita Howard, Ethel's half-sister. Ethel used the surname Howard as a child and then reverted to using the surname Waters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was raised in poverty by Sally Anderson, her grandmother, who worked as a housemaid, and with two of her aunts and an uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters never lived in the same place for more than 15 months. Of her difficult childhood, she said "I never was a child. I never was cuddled, liked, or understood by my family."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waters grew tall, standing 5 feet 9.5 inches (1.765 m) in her teens. According to jazz historian and archivist <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Reitz" title="Rosetta Reitz">Rosetta Reitz</a>, Waters's birth in the North and her peripatetic (or nomadic) life exposed her to many cultures. Waters first married in 1910 at the age of 13, but her husband was abusive, and she soon left the marriage and became a maid in a Philadelphia hotel, working for $4.75 per week. On her 17th birthday, she attended a costume party at a nightclub on Juniper Street. She was persuaded to sing two songs and impressed the audience so much that she was offered professional work at the Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The job singing and dancing in Baltimore netted her $9 a week, with two of her friends weekly skimming $16 for getting her the job.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singing">Singing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After her start in Baltimore, Waters toured on the black <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> circuit, in her words "from nine until unconscious." Despite her early success, she fell on hard times and joined a carnival traveling in freight cars headed for Chicago. She enjoyed her time with the carnival and recalled, "the roustabouts and the concessionaires were the kind of people I'd grown up with, rough, tough, full of larceny towards strangers, but sentimental and loyal to their friends and co-workers." But she did not last long with them and soon headed south to Atlanta, where she worked in the same club as <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>. Smith demanded that Waters not compete in singing blues opposite her. Waters conceded and sang <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> and popular songs. Around 1919, Waters moved to <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> and became a performer in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> of the 1920s. </p><p>Her first Harlem job was at Edmond's Cellar, a club with a black patronage that specialized in popular ballads. She acted in a <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> comedy, <i>Hello 1919</i>. Jazz historian <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Reitz" title="Rosetta Reitz">Rosetta Reitz</a> pointed out that by the time Waters returned to Harlem in 1921, women blues singers were among the most powerful entertainers in the country. In 1921, Waters became the fifth black woman to make a record, for tiny <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Records_(1920s)" title="Cardinal Records (1920s)">Cardinal Records</a>. She later joined <a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_Records" title="Black Swan Records">Black Swan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a> was her accompanist. Waters later commented that Henderson tended to perform in a more classical style than she preferred, often lacking "the damn-it-to-hell bass."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg/220px-CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg/330px-CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg/440px-CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Waters performs with <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_Canteen_(film)" title="Stage Door Canteen (film)">Stage Door Canteen</a></i> (1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>She recorded for Black Swan from 1921 through 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her contract with Harry Pace made her the highest paid black recording artist at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1924, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records" title="Paramount Records">Paramount</a> bought Black Swan, and she stayed with Paramount through the year. </p><p>Around that time, Waters was approached by Maury Greenwald for the London run of <i><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Days" title="Plantation Days">Plantation Days</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-petersen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although she later joined the company on its return to Chicago in August 1923, as an "extra added attraction" to "save the fast-flopping revue".<sup id="cite_ref-petersen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She started working with Pearl Wright, and they toured in the South. In 1924, Waters played at the Plantation Club on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>. She also toured with the Black Swan Dance Masters. </p><p>She first recorded for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a> in 1925, achieving a hit with "<a href="/wiki/Dinah_(song)" title="Dinah (song)">Dinah</a>". </p><p>With Earl Dancer, she joined what was called the "white time" <a href="/wiki/Keith_Vaudeville_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Vaudeville Circuit">Keith Vaudeville Circuit</a>, a vaudeville circuit performing for white audiences and combined with screenings of silent movies. They received rave reviews in Chicago and earned the unheard-of salary of US$1,250 in 1928. In September 1926, Waters recorded "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Coming_Virginia" title="I'm Coming Virginia">I'm Coming Virginia</a>", composed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Heywood" title="Donald Heywood">Donald Heywood</a> with lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Will_Marion_Cook" title="Will Marion Cook">Will Marion Cook</a>. She is often wrongly attributed as the author. The following year, Waters sang it in a production of <i>Africana</i> at Broadway's Daly's Sixty-Third Street Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Waters and Wright arranged the unreleased <a href="/wiki/Harry_Akst" title="Harry Akst">Harry Akst</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F" title="Am I Blue?">Am I Blue?</a>", which was used in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/On_with_the_Show_(1929_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="On with the Show (1929 film)">On with the Show</a></i> and became a hit and her signature song.<sup id="cite_ref-Heat_Wave_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heat_Wave-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_theater_and_television"><span id="Film.2C_theater_and_television"></span>Film, theater and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Film, theater and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, Waters appeared in a satirical all-black film, <i><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_for_President" title="Rufus Jones for President">Rufus Jones for President</a></i>, which featured the child performer <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> as Rufus Jones. </p><p>She went on to star at the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a>, where, according to her autobiography, she "sang '<a href="/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)" title="Stormy Weather (song)">Stormy Weather</a>' from the depths of the private hell in which I was being crushed and suffocated." In 1933, she had a featured role in the successful <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> Broadway musical revue <i><a href="/wiki/As_Thousands_Cheer" title="As Thousands Cheer">As Thousands Cheer</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Webb" title="Clifton Webb">Clifton Webb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Miller" title="Marilyn Miller">Marilyn Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Broderick" title="Helen Broderick">Helen Broderick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the first black woman to integrate Broadway's theater district more than a decade after actor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Gilpin</a>'s critically acclaimed performances in the plays of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones" title="The Emperor Jones">The Emperor Jones</a></i> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waters held three jobs: in <i>As Thousands Cheer</i>, as a singer for <a href="/wiki/Jack_Denny" title="Jack Denny">Jack Denny</a> & His Orchestra on a national radio program,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in nightclubs. She became the highest-paid performer on Broadway.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this status, she had difficulty finding work. She moved to Los Angeles to appear in the 1942 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(1942_film)" title="Cairo (1942 film)">Cairo</a></i>. During the same year, she reprised her starring stage role as Petunia in the all-black film musical <i><a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Vincente Minnelli</a>, and starring <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue_(stock_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingénue (stock character)">ingénue</a></i>. Conflicts arose when Minnelli swapped songs from the original script between Waters and Horne:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters wanted to perform "Honey in the Honeycomb" as a ballad, but Horne wanted to dance to it. Horne broke her ankle and the songs were reversed. She got the ballad and Waters the dance. Waters sang the Academy Award-nominated "<a href="/wiki/Happiness_Is_a_Thing_Called_Joe" title="Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe">Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ethel Waters in a hat smoking a pipe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg/220px-Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg/330px-Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg/440px-Ethel_Waters_Warnecke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Ethel Waters in costume by Harry Warnecke and Robert F. Cranston.</figcaption></figure><p> In 1939, Waters became the first African American to star in her own television show:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethel_Waters_Show" title="The Ethel Waters Show">The Ethel Waters Show</a></i>, a variety special, appeared on NBC on June 14, 1939. It included a dramatic performance of the Broadway play <i><a href="/wiki/Mamba%27s_Daughters" title="Mamba's Daughters">Mamba's Daughters</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a> community of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and produced with her in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/DuBose_Heyward" title="DuBose Heyward">DuBose Heyward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg/220px-Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg/330px-Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg/440px-Ethel_Waters_-_William_P._Gottlieb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4915" data-file-height="5149" /></a><figcaption>Waters c. 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Waters was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a> for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_(film)" title="Pinky (film)">Pinky</a></i> (1949) under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> after the first director, <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>, quit over disagreements with Waters. According to producer <a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a>, Ford "hated that old...woman (Waters)." Ford, Kazan stated, "didn't know how to reach Ethel Waters." Kazan later referred to Waters's "truly odd combination of old-time religiosity and free-flowing hatred."<sup id="cite_ref-Eyman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyman-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, she won the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics_Circle_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Drama Critics Circle Award">New York Drama Critics Circle Award</a> for her performance opposite <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris_(American_actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Harris (American actress)">Julie Harris</a> in the play <i>The Member of the Wedding</i>. Waters and Harris repeated their roles in <a href="/wiki/The_Member_of_the_Wedding_(film)" title="The Member of the Wedding (film)">the 1952 film version</a>. </p><p>In 1950, Waters was the first African-American actress to star in a television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Beulah_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beulah (series)">Beulah</a>,</i> which aired on ABC television from 1950 through 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-harry_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harry-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first nationally broadcast weekly television series starring an African American in the leading role. She starred as Beulah for the first year of the TV series before quitting in 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-Lance_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lance-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complaining that the portrayal of blacks was "degrading." She was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Beavers" title="Louise Beavers">Louise Beavers</a> in the second and third season.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She guest-starred in 1957 and 1959 on NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ford_Show" title="The Ford Show">The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford</a></i>. In a 1957 segment, she sang "Cabin in the Sky".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg/220px-Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg/330px-Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg/440px-Ethel_Waters_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Waters in 1957</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her first autobiography, <i>His Eye Is on the Sparrow</i>, (1951), written with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Samuels" title="Charles Samuels">Charles Samuels</a>, was adapted for the stage by Larry Parr and premiered on October 7, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, she appeared in a Broadway show, <i>At Home With Ethel Waters</i> that opened on September 22, 1953, and closed October 10 after 23 performances.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waters married three times and had no children. When she was 13, she married Merritt "Buddy" Purnsley in 1909; they divorced in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-LEA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She married Clyde Edwards Matthews in 1929, and they divorced in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She married Edward Mallory<sup id="cite_ref-Boo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1938; they divorced in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Gog_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters was the great-aunt of the singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Waters" title="Crystal Waters">Crystal Waters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VIC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters may have also been married briefly to Earl Dancer in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>, Waters identified as <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> early in her career, though she never spoke publicly about her sexuality, and had a large gay and lesbian following that included photographer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1920s, she reportedly lived in Harlem with dancer Ethel Williams, identified by several historical retrospectives as her romantic partner.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This residence has been documented by the <a href="/wiki/NYC_LGBT_Historic_Sites_Project" title="NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project">NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project</a>, who write that Waters was "well known in Harlem's lesbian circles" and that she and Williams were known to lesbian activist <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Hampton" title="Mabel Hampton">Mabel Hampton</a> as "the two Ethels".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singer <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Welch" title="Elisabeth Welch">Elisabeth Welch</a> gave a similar account to British lesbian magazine <a href="/wiki/Diva_(magazine)" title="Diva (magazine)"><i>Diva</i></a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Waters met artist <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lucioni" title="Luigi Lucioni">Luigi Lucioni</a> through their mutual friend, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>. Lucioni asked Waters if he could paint her portrait, and a sitting was arranged at his studio at 64 Washington Square South. Waters bought the finished portrait from Lucioni in 1939 for $500. She was at the height of her career and the first African American to have a starring role on Broadway. In her portrait, she wore a tailored red dress with a mink coat draped over the back of her chair. Lucioni positioned Waters with her arms tightly wrapped around her waist, a gesture that conveyed vulnerability, as if she were trying to protect herself. The painting was considered lost because it had not been seen in public since 1942. <a href="/wiki/Huntsville_Museum_of_Art" title="Huntsville Museum of Art">Huntsville (Alabama) Museum of Art</a> Executive Director Christopher J. Madkour and historian Stuart Embury traced it to a private residence. The owner considered Waters to be "an adopted grandmother"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she allowed the Huntsville Museum of Art to display <i>Portrait of Ethel Waters</i> in the 2016 exhibition <i>American Romantic: The Art of Luigi Lucioni</i> where it was viewed by the public for the first time in more than 70 years. The museum acquired <i>Portrait of Ethel Waters</i> in 2017, and it was shown in an exhibition in February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A turning point came in 1957 when she attended the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Crusade_(1957)" title="New York Crusade (1957)">Billy Graham Crusade</a> in Madison Square Garden. Years later, she gave this testimony of that night: "In 1957, I, Ethel Waters, a 380-pound decrepit old lady, rededicated my life to Jesus Christ, and boy, because He lives, just look at me now. I tell you because He lives; and because my precious child, Billy, gave me the opportunity to stand there, I can thank God for the chance to tell you His eye is on all of us sparrows."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her later years, Waters often toured with the preacher <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> on his crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a baptized <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and considered herself a member of that religion throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waters died on September 1, 1977, aged 80, from <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, and other ailments, in Chatsworth, California.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogle_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogle-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is buried at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ethel</i> was written and performed by Terry Burrell as a one-woman tribute to Waters. It ran as a limited engagement in February and March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Her recording of "<a href="/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)" title="Stormy Weather (song)">Stormy Weather</a>" (1933) was listed in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_recordings_preserved_in_the_United_States_National_Recording_Registry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recordings preserved in the United States National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Preservation_Board" title="National Recording Preservation Board">National Recording Preservation Board</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gospel Music Hall of Fame">Gospel Music Hall of Fame</a>, 1983</li> <li>Christian Music Hall of Fame, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Waters was approved for a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> in 2004; however, the star was never funded or installed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, a historical marker memorializing Waters was unveiled along <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_291" title="Pennsylvania Route 291">Route 291</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a> to recognize her life and talents in the city of her birth.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commemorative stamp, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Post Office</a>, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nomination, Best Supporting Actress, Academy Awards, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_(film)" title="Pinky (film)">Pinky</a></i> 1949<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nomination, Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Series, <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime Emmy Awards</a>, for <i><a href="/wiki/Route_66_(TV_series)" title="Route 66 (TV series)">Route 66</a></i> "Goodnight Sweet Blues", 1962</li> <li>Three recordings by Waters were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Hall of Fame Award">Grammy Hall of Fame</a>, a special Grammy Award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old and have "qualitative or historical significance."</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ethel Waters: <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Hall of Fame Award">Grammy Hall of Fame Awards</a><sup id="cite_ref-fame_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fame-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Genre </th> <th>Label </th> <th>Year inducted </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1929 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F" title="Am I Blue?">Am I Blue?</a>" </td> <td>Traditional Pop (Single) </td> <td>Columbia </td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1933 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)" title="Stormy Weather (song)">Stormy Weather</a>"<br />(Keeps Rainin' All The Time) </td> <td>Jazz (Single) </td> <td>Brunswick </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1925 </td> <td>"Dinah" </td> <td>Traditional Pop (Single) </td> <td>Columbia </td> <td>1998 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hit_records">Hit records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hit records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Single </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">US chart</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1921 </td> <td>"Down Home Blues" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/There%27ll_Be_Some_Changes_Made" title="There'll Be Some Changes Made">There'll Be Some Changes Made</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1922 </td> <td>"Spread Yo' Stuff" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger_Rag" title="Tiger Rag">Tiger Rag</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923 </td> <td>"Georgia Blues" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Georgia_Brown" title="Sweet Georgia Brown">Sweet Georgia Brown</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1926 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Dinah_(song)" title="Dinah (song)">Dinah</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Found_a_New_Baby" title="I've Found a New Baby">I've Found a New Baby</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Sugar_(Maceo_Pinkard_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar (Maceo Pinkard song)">Sugar</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Coming_Virginia" title="I'm Coming Virginia">I'm Coming, Virginia</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1929 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F" title="Am I Blue?">Am I Blue?</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Birmingham Bertha" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"True Blue Lou" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">1931 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Little_Words_(song)" title="Three Little Words (song)">Three Little Words</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Got_Rhythm" title="I Got Rhythm">I Got Rhythm</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"You Can't Stop Me from Lovin' You" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Shine_On,_Harvest_Moon" title="Shine On, Harvest Moon">Shine On, Harvest Moon</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"River, Stay 'Way from My Door" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1933 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)" title="Stormy Weather (song)">Stormy Weather</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Blame_Me_(Dorothy_Fields_and_Jimmy_McHugh_song)" title="Don't Blame Me (Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh song)">Don't Blame Me</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Heat_Wave_(Irving_Berlin_song)" title="Heat Wave (Irving Berlin song)">Heat Wave</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hundred_Years_from_Today" title="A Hundred Years from Today">A Hundred Years from Today</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1934 </td> <td>"Come Up and See Me Sometime" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Miss_Otis_Regrets" title="Miss Otis Regrets">Miss Otis Regrets (She's Unable to Lunch Today)</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>"You're a Sweetheart" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Role </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/On_with_the_Show_(1929_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="On with the Show (1929 film)">On with the Show</a></i></td> <td>Ethel</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_Gab_(film)" title="Gift of Gab (film)">Gift of Gab</a></i></td> <td>Ethel Waters</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1942</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Manhattan" title="Tales of Manhattan">Tales of Manhattan</a></i></td> <td>Esther</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(1942_film)" title="Cairo (1942 film)">Cairo</a></i></td> <td>Cleona Jones</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1943</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a></i></td> <td>Petunia Jackson</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_Canteen_(film)" title="Stage Door Canteen (film)">Stage Door Canteen</a></i></td> <td>Ethel Waters</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_(film)" title="Pinky (film)">Pinky</a></i></td> <td>Dicey Johnson</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Member_of_the_Wedding_(film)" title="The Member of the Wedding (film)">The Member of the Wedding</a></i></td> <td>Berenice Sadie Brown</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Carib_Gold" title="Carib Gold">Carib Gold</a></i></td> <td>Mom</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Heart_Is_a_Rebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Heart Is a Rebel (page does not exist)">The Heart Is a Rebel</a></i></td> <td>Gladys</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury_(1959_film)" title="The Sound and the Fury (1959 film)">The Sound and the Fury</a></i></td> <td>Dilsey</td> <td>Last film role </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_subjects">Short subjects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Short subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_for_President" title="Rufus Jones for President">Rufus Jones for President</a></i> (1933) as Mother of Rufus Jones</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bubbling_Over_(1934_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubbling Over (1934 film)">Bubbling Over</a></i> (1934) as Ethel Peabody</li> <li><i>Let My People Live</i> (1939)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American, male or female, to star in own TV show, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethel_Waters_Show" title="The Ethel Waters Show">The Ethel Waters Show</a></i>, which was broadcast on NBC on June 14, 1939.</li> <li>Starred in title role of <i><a href="/wiki/Beulah_(radio_and_TV_series)" title="Beulah (radio and TV series)">Beulah</a></i> on ABC-TV from 1950 to 1951.</li> <li>TV guest appearances from 1950 to 1952 on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show" title="The Jackie Gleason Show">The Jackie Gleason Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theater" title="Texaco Star Theater">Texaco Star Theater</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Show_Business" title="This Is Show Business">This Is Show Business</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F" title="What's My Line?">What's My Line?</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chesterfield_Supper_Club" title="The Chesterfield Supper Club">The Chesterfield Supper Club</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-bogle_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogle-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Person_to_Person" title="Person to Person">Person to Person</a></i> (1954)<sup id="cite_ref-bogle_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogle-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whirlybirds" title="Whirlybirds">Whirlybirds</a></i>, episode "The Big Lie" (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Route_66_(TV_series)" title="Route 66 (TV series)">Route 66</a></i>, episode "Good Night, Sweet Blues" (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Palace" title="The Hollywood Palace">The Hollywood Palace</a></i>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">Diana Ross and the Supremes</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone_(1964_TV_series)" title="Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)">Daniel Boone</a></i>, episode "Mamma Cooper" (1970)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stage_appearances">Stage appearances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stage appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Hello 1919!</i> (1919)</li> <li><i>Jump Steady</i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Days" title="Plantation Days">Plantation Days</a></i> (1923 re-run of 1922 production)<sup id="cite_ref-petersen_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Plantation Revue</i> (1925)</li> <li><i>Black Bottom</i> (1926)</li> <li><i>Miss Calico</i> (1926–27)</li> <li><i>Paris Bound</i> (1927)</li> <li><i>Africana</i> (1927)</li> <li><i>The Ethel Waters Broadway Revue</i> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater#Lew_Leslie's_Blackbirds" title="African-American musical theater">Lew Leslie's <i>Blackbirds</i></a> (1930)</li> <li><i>Rhapsody in Black</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>Broadway to Harlem</i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_Thousands_Cheer" title="As Thousands Cheer">As Thousands Cheer</a></i> (1933–34)</li> <li><i>At Home Abroad</i> (1935–36)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamba%27s_Daughters" title="Mamba's Daughters">Mamba's Daughters</a></i> (1939; 1940)</li> <li><i>Cabin in the Sky</i> (1940–41)</li> <li><i>Laugh Time</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Blue Holiday</i> (1945)</li> <li><i>The Member of the Wedding</i> (1950–51; 1964; 1970)</li> <li><i>At Home with Ethel Waters</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>The Voice of Strangers</i> (1956)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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<a href="#cite_ref-Gog_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gog_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gog_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gog_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gog_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBourne2018" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Stephen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7bTFQSfZboC&q=ethel+waters+father&pg=PA2"><i>Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810859029" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810859029"><bdi>978-0810859029</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+Stormy+Weather&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0810859029&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7bTFQSfZboC%26q%3Dethel%2Bwaters%2Bfather%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LEA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LEA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrin1972" class="citation book cs1">Dobrin, Arnold (July 10, 1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesofjoyvoice0000dobr"><i>Voices of joy, Voices of Freedom: Ethel Waters, Sammy Davis, Jr., Marian Anderson, Paul Robeson, Lena Horne</i></a></span>. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive. <q>ethel waters husband.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+joy%2C+Voices+of+Freedom%3A+Ethel+Waters%2C+Sammy+Davis%2C+Jr.%2C+Marian+Anderson%2C+Paul+Robeson%2C+Lena+Horne&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1972-07-10&rft.aulast=Dobrin&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicesofjoyvoice0000dobr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningMillman2018" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Frankie; Millman, Cynthia R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPdDLXYWWaUC&q=ethel+waters+husband&pg=PA118"><i>Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592135639" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592135639"><bdi>978-1592135639</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankie+Manning%3A+Ambassador+of+Lindy+Hop&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1592135639&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Frankie&rft.au=Millman%2C+Cynthia+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPdDLXYWWaUC%26q%3Dethel%2Bwaters%2Bhusband%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VIC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VIC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thump.vice.com/en_us/article/jp4gkp/crystal-waters-gypsy-woman-interview">"The Story of Crystal Waters' "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Thump.vice.com</i>. April 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905053730/https://thump.vice.com/en_us/article/jp4gkp/crystal-waters-gypsy-woman-interview">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thump.vice.com&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Crystal+Waters%27+%22Gypsy+Woman+%28She%27s+Homeless%29%22&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthump.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fjp4gkp%2Fcrystal-waters-gypsy-woman-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ethel-Waters">"Ethel Waters"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024142035/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ethel-Waters">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEthel-Waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In her second autobiography, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10268482-to-me-it-s-wonderful"><i>To Me, It's Wonderful</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524045200/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10268482-to-me-it-s-wonderful">Archived</a> May 24, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Waters stated that she was born in 1896. She had explained in the first autobiography, <i>His Eye is on the Sparrow</i>, that, in order to get a group insurance deal, friends had persuaded her to say that she was born in 1900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bourne2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bourne2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bourne2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne2007" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Stephen (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethelwatersstorm0000bour"><i>Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather</i></a></span>. Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethelwatersstorm0000bour/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5902-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5902-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-5902-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+Stormy+Weather&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5902-9&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethelwatersstorm0000bour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2016" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianindex.org/ethel-waters-sparrow-soared/">"Ethel Waters: The Sparrow that Soared"</a>. <i>The Christian Index</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721211550/https://christianindex.org/ethel-waters-sparrow-soared/">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Index&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+The+Sparrow+that+Soared&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Ron+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianindex.org%2Fethel-waters-sparrow-soared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElrath,_Jessica" class="citation web cs1">McElrath, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218181200/http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/ethelwaters/a/bio_waters_e.htm">"Remembering the Career of Ethel Waters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/ethelwaters/a/bio_waters_e.htm">the original</a> on February 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Career+of+Ethel+Waters&rft.au=McElrath%2C+Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafroamhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fethelwaters%2Fa%2Fbio_waters_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Ethel_Waters.aspx">Ethel Waters. Encyclopedia.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927114115/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Ethel_Waters.aspx">Archived</a> September 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 25, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonRobertsBarranger1989" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Alice M.; Roberts, Vera Mowry; Barranger, Milly, eds. (1989). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notablewomeninam0000robi"><i>Notable Women in the American Theatre: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a></span>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notablewomeninam0000robi/page/903">903</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313272172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313272172"><bdi>978-0313272172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Women+in+the+American+Theatre%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=903&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0313272172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotablewomeninam0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatersSamuels,_Charles_T.1951" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Ethel; Samuels, Charles T. (1951). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiseyeisonsparro00water"><i>His Eye on the Sparrow: An Autobiography</i></a></span>. New York: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Eye+on+the+Sparrow%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Ethel&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiseyeisonsparro00water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lincoln-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpI8AAAAIBAJ&pg=2759%2C6335293">"Baltimore Afro-American"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>. Baltimore Afro-American. September 12, 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=Baltimore+Afro-American&rft.date=1959-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpI8AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2759%252C6335293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1977" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, C. Gerald (September 2, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/02/archives/ethel-waters-is-dead-at-80-ethel-waters-singer-and-actress-on-stage.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare">"Ethel Waters Is Dead at 80 (Published 1977)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812103306/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/02/archives/ethel-waters-is-dead-at-80-ethel-waters-singer-and-actress-on-stage.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters+Is+Dead+at+80+%28Published+1977%29&rft.date=1977-09-02&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=C.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F09%2F02%2Farchives%2Fethel-waters-is-dead-at-80-ethel-waters-singer-and-actress-on-stage.html%3Fsmid%3Dnytcore-ios-share%26referringSource%3DarticleShare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatersSamuels,_Charles_T.1992" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Ethel; Samuels, Charles T. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiseyeisonsparro00wate_0"><i>His Eye on the Sparrow: An Autobiography</i></a></span>. New York: Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiseyeisonsparro00wate_0/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306804779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306804779"><bdi>978-0306804779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Eye+on+the+Sparrow%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0306804779&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Ethel&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiseyeisonsparro00wate_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (1997). <i>The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray</i>. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X"><bdi>1-85868-255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blues%3A+From+Robert+Johnson+to+Robert+Cray&rft.place=Dubai&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85868-255-X&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427081238/http://www.redhotjazz.com/blackswan.html">"The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records"</a>. <i>Redhotjazz.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redhotjazz.com/blackswan.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redhotjazz.com&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Black+Swan+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhotjazz.com%2Fblackswan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petersen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petersen_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petersen_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petersen_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1993" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Bernard L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJQyBe_wDj8C&q=Plantation+Days"><i>A century of musicals in black and white : an encyclopedia of musical stage works by about, or involving African Americans</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 270-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-06454-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-06454-7"><bdi>0-313-06454-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65336150">65336150</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007025735/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJQyBe_wDj8C&q=Plantation+Days">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+musicals+in+black+and+white+%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+musical+stage+works+by+about%2C+or+involving+African+Americans&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=270-1&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65336150&rft.isbn=0-313-06454-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJQyBe_wDj8C%26q%3DPlantation%2BDays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzstandards.com/compositions-2/imcomingvirginia.htm">"I'm Coming Virginia (1927)"</a>. <i>Jazzstandards.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174230/http://www.jazzstandards.com/compositions-2/imcomingvirginia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jazzstandards.com&rft.atitle=I%27m+Coming+Virginia+%281927%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzstandards.com%2Fcompositions-2%2Fimcomingvirginia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heat_Wave-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heat_Wave_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogle2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogle, Donald (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heatwavelifecare2011bogl"><i>Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062041722" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062041722"><bdi>978-0062041722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+Wave%3A+The+Life+and+Career+of+Ethel+Waters&rft.pages=656&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0062041722&rft.aulast=Bogle&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheatwavelifecare2011bogl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2015" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Janice (February 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/pivotal-moments-in-broadways-black-history-com-342101">"Pivotal Moments in Broadway's Black History"</a>. <i>Playbill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306032403/http://www.playbill.com/article/pivotal-moments-in-broadways-black-history-com-342101">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Pivotal+Moments+in+Broadway%27s+Black+History&rft.date=2015-02-22&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Fpivotal-moments-in-broadways-black-history-com-342101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/ethel-waters">"Ethel Waters"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024142038/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/ethel-waters">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2018</span> – via Contemporary Black Biography, Thomson Gale, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Fmusic-popular-and-jazz-biographies%2Fethel-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooney" class="citation web cs1">Looney, Deborah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/17710%7C0/Cabin-in-the-Sky.html">"Cabin in the Sky"</a>. <i>Turner Classic Movies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212044010/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/17710%7C0/Cabin-in-the-Sky.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Cabin+in+the+Sky&rft.aulast=Looney&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Fthis-month%2Farticle%2F17710%257C0%2FCabin-in-the-Sky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/ethel-waters">"Ethel Waters"</a>. <i>National Museum of African American History and Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628221712/https://nmaahc.si.edu/ethel-waters">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fethel-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/ethel-waters/">"Ethel Waters | The Stars | Broadway: The American Musical | PBS"</a>. <i>Broadway: The American Musical</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024142037/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/ethel-waters/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadway%3A+The+American+Musical&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters+%7C+The+Stars+%7C+Broadway%3A+The+American+Musical+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fbroadway%2Fstars%2Fethel-waters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaregistry.org/story/first-black-seen-on-television/">"First Black Seen on Television"</a>. <i>African American Registry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114443/https://aaregistry.org/story/first-black-seen-on-television/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+American+Registry&rft.atitle=First+Black+Seen+on+Television&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaregistry.org%2Fstory%2Ffirst-black-seen-on-television%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/production/mambas-daughters-empire-theatre-vault-0000003962">"Mamba's Daughters Broadway"</a>. <i>Playbill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302193840/http://www.playbill.com/production/mambas-daughters-empire-theatre-vault-0000003962">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Mamba%27s+Daughters+Broadway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fproduction%2Fmambas-daughters-empire-theatre-vault-0000003962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eyman_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyman1999" class="citation book cs1">Eyman, Scott (1999). <i>Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford</i>. Johns Hopkins University. p. 361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Print+the+Legend%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+John+Ford&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Eyman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harry-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harry_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/shows/beulah/harry-builds-a-den-1098407/">"Beulah: Harry Builds a Den"</a>. <i>TV.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Some sources indicate that the series ended in 1953. The last episode, "Harry Builds A Den", aired on Dec. 23, 1952.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV.com&rft.atitle=Beulah%3A+Harry+Builds+a+Den&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv.com%2Fshows%2Fbeulah%2Fharry-builds-a-den-1098407%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lance-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lance_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance1996" class="citation book cs1">Lance, Steven (1996). <i>Written Out of Television: A TV Lover's Guide to Cast Changes, 1945–1994</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56833-070-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56833-070-7"><bdi>1-56833-070-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+Out+of+Television%3A+A+TV+Lover%27s+Guide+to+Cast+Changes%2C+1945%E2%80%931994&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Madison+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56833-070-7&rft.aulast=Lance&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emmytvlegends.org/interviews/shows/beulah">"Beulah"</a>. <i>Archive of American Television</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180418/http://emmytvlegends.org/interviews/shows/beulah">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive+of+American+Television&rft.atitle=Beulah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femmytvlegends.org%2Finterviews%2Fshows%2Fbeulah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne,_Stephen2007" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Stephen (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethelwatersstorm0000bour"><i>Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather</i></a></span>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethelwatersstorm0000bour/page/96">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5902-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5902-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-5902-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+Stormy+Weather&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5902-9&rft.au=Bourne%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethelwatersstorm0000bour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Kenneth (October 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow-musical-bio-of-ethel-waters-premieres-in-florida-oct-7-com-128509">"His Eye is on the Sparrow, Musical Bio of Ethel Waters, Premieres in Florida Oct. 7"</a>. <i>Playbill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102050419/http://www.playbill.com/article/his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow-musical-bio-of-ethel-waters-premieres-in-florida-oct-7-com-128509">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=His+Eye+is+on+the+Sparrow%2C+Musical+Bio+of+Ethel+Waters%2C+Premieres+in+Florida+Oct.+7&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Fhis-eye-is-on-the-sparrow-musical-bio-of-ethel-waters-premieres-in-florida-oct-7-com-128509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/production/at-home-with-ethel-waters-48th-street-theatre-vault-0000000250">"At Home with Ethel Waters Broadway"</a>. <i>Playbill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219181211/http://www.playbill.com/production/at-home-with-ethel-waters-48th-street-theatre-vault-0000000250">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=At+Home+with+Ethel+Waters+Broadway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fproduction%2Fat-home-with-ethel-waters-48th-street-theatre-vault-0000000250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/872015418/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Flo Mills" Club Organized, The Black Dispatch, p. 6"</a>. <i>newspapers.com</i>. November 24, 1927. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107145506/https://www.newspapers.com/image/872015418/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newspapers.com&rft.atitle=%22Flo+Mills%22+Club+Organized%2C+The+Black+Dispatch%2C+p.+6&rft.date=1927-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F872015418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/6865741?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a227668734d5832594d4f656a4545534939576c66526d374276356f4a72494e6f37736f4c6f5833356d39466f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"New York, U.S., State Census, 1925"</a>. <i>ancestry.com</i>. June 1, 1925. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107145512/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/6865741?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a227668734d5832594d4f656a4545534939576c66526d374276356f4a72494e6f37736f4c6f5833356d39466f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ancestry.com&rft.atitle=%22New+York%2C+U.S.%2C+State+Census%2C+1925&rft.date=1925-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Fsharing%2F6865741%3Fmark%3D7b22746f6b656e223a227668734d5832594d4f656a4545534939576c66526d374276356f4a72494e6f37736f4c6f5833356d39466f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/ethel-waters">"Ethel Waters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fethel-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/african-american-lgbtq-woman-ethel-waters-shaped-us-entertainment">"As an African American, LGBTQ+ Woman, Ethel Waters Shaped U.S. Entertainment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Women%27s_History_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Women's History Museum">Smithsonian American Women's History Museum</a></i>. June 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+American+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft.atitle=As+an+African+American%2C+LGBTQ%2B+Woman%2C+Ethel+Waters+Shaped+U.S.+Entertainment&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistory.si.edu%2Fblog%2Fafrican-american-lgbtq-woman-ethel-waters-shaped-us-entertainment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorReinhard2024" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Derrick Bryson; Reinhard, Scott (October 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/09/realestate/harlem-renaissance-lgbtq.html">"When Harlem Was 'as Gay as It Was Black'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Harlem+Was+%27as+Gay+as+It+Was+Black%27&rft.date=2024-10-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Derrick+Bryson&rft.au=Reinhard%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2024%2F10%2F09%2Frealestate%2Fharlem-renaissance-lgbtq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolner" class="citation web cs1">Woolner, Cookie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oah.org/process/woolner-black-queer-women/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Have We a New Sex Problem Here?" Black Queer Women in the Early Great Migration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organization+of+American+Historians&rft.atitle=%22Have+We+a+New+Sex+Problem+Here%3F%22+Black+Queer+Women+in+the+Early+Great+Migration&rft.aulast=Woolner&rft.aufirst=Cookie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oah.org%2Fprocess%2Fwoolner-black-queer-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/ethel-waters-residence/">"Ethel Waters Residence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NYC_LGBT_Historic_Sites_Project" title="NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project">NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYC+LGBT+Historic+Sites+Project&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters+Residence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyclgbtsites.org%2Fsite%2Fethel-waters-residence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrichWotherspoon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich_(historian)" title="Robert Aldrich (historian)">Aldrich, Robert</a>; Wotherspoon, Garry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLWTqBmifh0C&dq=ethel+waters+lgbt&pg=PA558"><i>Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Psychology Press</a>. p. 558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15983-8"><bdi>978-0-415-15983-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Gay+and+Lesbian+History%3A+From+Antiquity+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15983-8&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wotherspoon%2C+Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLWTqBmifh0C%26dq%3Dethel%2Bwaters%2Blgbt%26pg%3DPA558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whnt.com/2018/02/01/huntsville-museum-of-art-celebrates-black-history-month-with-highly-sought-after-portrait-of-ethel-waters/">"Huntsville Museum of Art celebrates Black History Month with newly acquired portrait of Ethel Waters"</a>. <i>WHNT.com</i>. February 2, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102050419/https://whnt.com/2018/02/01/huntsville-museum-of-art-celebrates-black-history-month-with-highly-sought-after-portrait-of-ethel-waters/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHNT.com&rft.atitle=Huntsville+Museum+of+Art+celebrates+Black+History+Month+with+newly+acquired+portrait+of+Ethel+Waters&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhnt.com%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fhuntsville-museum-of-art-celebrates-black-history-month-with-highly-sought-after-portrait-of-ethel-waters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbury2018" class="citation book cs1">Embury, Dr. Stuart (2018). <i>Art and Soul - Luigi Lucioni and Ethel Waters: A Friendship</i>. Huntsville, Alabama: Huntsville Museum of Art. pp. 3, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Soul+-+Luigi+Lucioni+and+Ethel+Waters%3A+A+Friendship&rft.place=Huntsville%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=3%2C+22&rft.pub=Huntsville+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Embury&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2016" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianindex.org/ethel-waters-sparrow-soared/">"Ethel Waters: The Sparrow that Soared"</a>. Christian Index. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721211550/https://christianindex.org/ethel-waters-sparrow-soared/">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+The+Sparrow+that+Soared&rft.pub=Christian+Index&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Ron+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianindex.org%2Fethel-waters-sparrow-soared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnaack1978" class="citation book cs1">Knaack, Twila (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethelwatersitouc00knaa"><i>Ethel Waters: I Touched a Sparrow</i></a></span>. Word Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethelwatersitouc00knaa/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849900846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849900846"><bdi>978-0849900846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+I+Touched+a+Sparrow&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Word+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0849900846&rft.aulast=Knaack&rft.aufirst=Twila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethelwatersitouc00knaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Alvin_E.1977" class="citation news cs1">White, Alvin E. (November 19, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EismAAAAIBAJ&pg=2435,2042319">"Ethel Waters Remembered"</a>. <i>The Afro American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107145508/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EismAAAAIBAJ&pg=2435,2042319">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro+American&rft.atitle=Ethel+Waters+Remembered&rft.date=1977-11-19&rft.au=White%2C+Alvin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DEismAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2435%2C2042319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/373/many-things/many-things">"Of Many Things"</a>. <i>America Magazine</i>. May 20, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905132025/https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/373/many-things/many-things">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=Of+Many+Things&rft.date=2002-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fissue%2F373%2Fmany-things%2Fmany-things&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogle-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bogle_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogle2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogle, Donald (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061241741"><i>Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061241741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061241741"><bdi>978-0061241741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+Wave%3A+The+Life+and+Career+of+Ethel+Waters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0061241741&rft.aulast=Bogle&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780061241741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i> (3d ed.). McFarland & Company. Kindle edition. Kindle location 49813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia2012" class="citation web cs1">Gioia, Michael (February 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/terry-burrell-is-ethel-waters-in-world-premiere-musical-ethel-opening-feb-23-at-walnut-street-com-187722">"Terry Burrell Is Ethel Waters in World-Premiere Musical Ethel!, Opening Feb. 23 at Walnut Street"</a>. <i>Playbill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102050418/http://www.playbill.com/article/terry-burrell-is-ethel-waters-in-world-premiere-musical-ethel-opening-feb-23-at-walnut-street-com-187722">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Terry+Burrell+Is+Ethel+Waters+in+World-Premiere+Musical+Ethel%21%2C+Opening+Feb.+23+at+Walnut+Street&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Fterry-burrell-is-ethel-waters-in-world-premiere-musical-ethel-opening-feb-23-at-walnut-street-com-187722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205112320/http://hallmuseum.com/artist.htm">"Christian Music Hall of Fame"</a>. Christian Music Hall of Fame and Museum. January 20, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hallmuseum.com/artist.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Music+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Christian+Music+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhallmuseum.com%2Fartist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925200611/http://ethelwatersstar.com/">"A Star for Ethel Waters: Home"</a>. <i>www.ethelwatersstar.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethelwatersstar.com/">the original</a> on September 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethelwatersstar.com&rft.atitle=A+Star+for+Ethel+Waters%3A+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethelwatersstar.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beenhere.org/2017/10/31/ethel-waters/">"Ethel Waters"</a>. National Black Justice Coalition. October 31, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816183703/https://beenhere.org/2017/10/31/ethel-waters/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters&rft.pub=National+Black+Justice+Coalition&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeenhere.org%2F2017%2F10%2F31%2Fethel-waters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2000" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, Rose (June 14, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delcotimes.com/article/DC/20150628/NEWS/150629662">"Chester great Ethel Waters memorialized in marker on Route 291"</a>. <i>Delcotimes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230614/http://www.delcotimes.com/article/DC/20150628/NEWS/150629662">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delcotimes.com&rft.atitle=Chester+great+Ethel+Waters+memorialized+in+marker+on+Route+291&rft.date=2000-06-14&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delcotimes.com%2Farticle%2FDC%2F20150628%2FNEWS%2F150629662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_Richard2003" class="citation web cs1">Tucker, Richard (July 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908063711/http://esperstamps.org/aa21.htm">"Ethel Waters: Commemorative Stamp"</a>. Ebony Society of Philatelic Events and Reflections. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperstamps.org/aa21.htm">the original</a> on September 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethel+Waters%3A+Commemorative+Stamp&rft.pub=Ebony+Society+of+Philatelic+Events+and+Reflections&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesperstamps.org%2Faa21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-search,0,7169155.htmlstory?searchtype=all&query=Ethel+Waters&x=19&y=4">"Awards Database: Ethel Waters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404060048/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-search,0,7169155.htmlstory?searchtype=all&query=Ethel+Waters&x=19&y=4">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Awards+Database%3A+Ethel+Waters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheenvelope.latimes.com%2Ffactsheets%2Fawardsdb%2Fenv-awards-db-search%2C0%2C7169155.htmlstory%3Fsearchtype%3Dall%26query%3DEthel%2BWaters%26x%3D19%26y%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fame-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fame_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224205742/http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Hall_Of_Fame/">"Grammy Hall of Fame"</a>. The Recording Academy. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Hall_Of_Fame">the original</a> on December 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grammy+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=The+Recording+Academy.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2FRecording_Academy%2FAwards%2FHall_Of_Fame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitburn1986" class="citation book cs1">Whitburn, Joel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit"><i>Pop Memories: 1890-1954</i></a>. Record Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89820-083-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89820-083-0"><bdi>0-89820-083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Memories%3A+1890-1954&rft.pub=Record+Research&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-89820-083-0&rft.aulast=Whitburn&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoelwpopmemories00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bogle-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bogle_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bogle_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogle2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogle, Donald (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heatwavelifecare2011bogl"><i>Heat wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters</i></a></span> (1st ed.). HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heatwavelifecare2011bogl/page/466">466</a>–467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062041722" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062041722"><bdi>978-0062041722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+wave%3A+The+Life+and+Career+of+Ethel+Waters&rft.pages=466-467&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0062041722&rft.aulast=Bogle&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheatwavelifecare2011bogl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnet2004" class="citation book cs1">Barnet, Andrea (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allnightpartywom00barn"><i>All-Night Party: The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem, 1913–1930</i></a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56512-381-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56512-381-6"><bdi>1-56512-381-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All-Night+Party%3A+The+Women+of+Bohemian+Greenwich+Village+and+Harlem%2C+1913%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-56512-381-6&rft.aulast=Barnet&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallnightpartywom00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMiller,_Karen_E._Quinones2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Mayme Hatcher; Miller, Karen E. Quinones (2008). <i>Harlem Godfather: The Rap on My Husband, Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson</i>. New York: Oshun Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9676028-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9676028-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9676028-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlem+Godfather%3A+The+Rap+on+My+Husband%2C+Ellsworth+%22Bumpy%22+Johnson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oshun+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9676028-3-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mayme+Hatcher&rft.au=Miller%2C+Karen+E.+Quinones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern1997" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Eileen (1997). <i>The Music of Black Americans: A History</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97141-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97141-4"><bdi>0-393-97141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Black+Americans%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-393-97141-4&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthel+Waters" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Ethel Waters: I Touched a Sparrow, Twila knaack </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Waters&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethel_Waters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ethel Waters">Ethel Waters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redhotjazz.com/waters.html">Ethel Waters discography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303205237/http://www.redhotjazz.com/waters.html">Archived</a> March 3, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085216/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/ethel-waters-blues-broadway">Ethel Waters</a> at the African American Registry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p7780">Ethel Waters</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syncopatedtimes.com/ethel-waters-1896-1977/">Ethel Waters 1896–1977</a> at Red Hot Jazz Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104683">Ethel Waters recordings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Discography_of_American_Historical_Recordings" title="Discography of American Historical Recordings">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2160">Ethel Waters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242725#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/64186">Ethel Waters</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethel_Waters" title="Template talk:Ethel Waters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethel_Waters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethel Waters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethel_Waters" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethel Waters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/There%27ll_Be_Some_Changes_Made" title="There'll Be Some Changes Made">There'll Be Some Changes Made</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger_Rag" title="Tiger Rag">Tiger Rag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Georgia_Brown" title="Sweet Georgia Brown">Sweet Georgia Brown</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dinah_(song)" title="Dinah (song)">Dinah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Found_a_New_Baby" title="I've Found a New Baby">I've Found a New Baby</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sugar_(Maceo_Pinkard_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar (Maceo Pinkard song)">Sugar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F" title="Am I Blue?">Am I Blue?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Little_Words_(song)" title="Three Little Words (song)">Three Little Words</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Got_Rhythm" title="I Got Rhythm">I Got Rhythm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shine_On,_Harvest_Moon" title="Shine On, Harvest Moon">Shine On, Harvest Moon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)" title="Stormy Weather (song)">Stormy Weather</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Blame_Me_(Dorothy_Fields_and_Jimmy_McHugh_song)" title="Don't Blame Me (Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh song)">Don't Blame Me</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Heat_Wave_(Irving_Berlin_song)" title="Heat Wave (Irving Berlin song)">Heat Wave</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hundred_Years_from_Today" title="A Hundred Years from Today">A Hundred Years from Today</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Miss_Otis_Regrets" title="Miss Otis Regrets">Miss Otis Regrets (She's Unable to Lunch Today)</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Waters" title="Crystal Waters">Crystal Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080350780">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/105261364">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/155432/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfxcw6CfCchWMJKxbHwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118629441">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84149705">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13901027d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13901027d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35748245">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002159372&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p101791127">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4090963">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000069896&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000545150&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576362405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278678305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14657453">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09039898?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ab55e9c9-d475-4fa5-a903-06ff270b1e75">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104683">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1069356">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118629441">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076451674">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18542587">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hn5zmk">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6668sdp">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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