CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Columbia Records - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e8bb490e-7ad1-4fcb-9896-f7214c6db759","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Columbia_Records","wgTitle":"Columbia Records","wgCurRevisionId":1258606740,"wgRevisionId":1258606740,"wgArticleId":165108,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Articles needing additional references from June 2017","All articles needing additional references", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Commons category link from Wikidata","Columbia Records","1889 establishments in New York (state)","American companies established in 1889","American country music record labels","Companies based in Manhattan","Contemporary R\u0026B record labels","Cylinder record producers","Entertainment companies based in New York City","Hip hop record labels","American jazz record labels","Mass media companies of the United States","Pop record labels","Record labels established in 1889","Rhythm and blues record labels","Rock record labels","Sony Music","Soundtrack record labels"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Columbia_Records","wgRelevantArticleId":165108,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q183387","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg/1200px-Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg/800px-Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg/640px-Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Columbia Records - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Columbia_Records rootpage-Columbia_Records skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Columbia+Records" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Columbia+Records" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Columbia+Records" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Columbia+Records" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings_(1889–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_(1889–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings (1889–1929)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_(1889–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_Phonograph_Company_ownership_(1925–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_Phonograph_Company_ownership_(1925–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Columbia Phonograph Company ownership (1925–1931)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_Phonograph_Company_ownership_(1925–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_ownership_separation_(1931–1936)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_ownership_separation_(1931–1936)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Columbia ownership separation (1931–1936)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_ownership_separation_(1931–1936)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_takes_over_(1938–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_takes_over_(1938–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>CBS takes over (1938–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_takes_over_(1938–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_LP_record_(1948–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_LP_record_(1948–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The LP record (1948–1959)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_LP_record_(1948–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stereo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Stereo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>The 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outing_of_"deep_groove"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outing_of_"deep_groove""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Outing of "deep groove"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outing_of_"deep_groove"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>CBS Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitch_Miller_on_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitch_Miller_on_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Mitch Miller on television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitch_Miller_on_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bob_Dylan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bob_Dylan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Bob Dylan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bob_Dylan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_and_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_and_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>Rock and roll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_and_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension_of_Clive_Davis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_of_Clive_Davis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.6</span> <span>Ascension of Clive Davis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension_of_Clive_Davis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simon_&_Garfunkel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simon_&_Garfunkel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.7</span> <span>Simon & Garfunkel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simon_&_Garfunkel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoyt_Axton_and_Tom_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoyt_Axton_and_Tom_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.8</span> <span>Hoyt Axton and Tom Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoyt_Axton_and_Tom_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>The 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalog_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalog_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Catalog numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalog_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quadraphonic_Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quadraphonic_Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Quadraphonic Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quadraphonic_Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yetnikoff_becomes_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yetnikoff_becomes_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.3</span> <span>Yetnikoff becomes president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yetnikoff_becomes_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dick_Asher_vs_"The_Network"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dick_Asher_vs_"The_Network""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.4</span> <span>Dick Asher vs "The Network"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dick_Asher_vs_"The_Network"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1980s_and_sale_to_Sony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1980s_and_sale_to_Sony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>The 1980s and sale to Sony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1980s_and_sale_to_Sony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1990s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1990s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>The 1990s–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1990s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logos_and_branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logos_and_branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Logos and branding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logos_and_branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Columbia_Records_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Columbia_Records_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Columbia Records artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Columbia_Records_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsidiaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Affiliated labels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Affiliated_labels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Affiliated labels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Columbia_Label_Group_(UK)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_Label_Group_(UK)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Columbia Label Group (UK)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_Label_Group_(UK)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Recording_Company_(ARC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Recording_Company_(ARC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>American Recording Company (ARC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Recording_Company_(ARC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aware_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aware_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aware Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aware_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_Nashville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_Nashville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Columbia Nashville</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_Nashville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recording studios</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recording_studios-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recording studios subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recording_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-7th_Avenue,_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_Avenue,_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>7th Avenue, New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7th_Avenue,_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-52nd_Street,_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#52nd_Street,_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>52nd Street, New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-52nd_Street,_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-30th_Street,_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#30th_Street,_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>30th Street, New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-30th_Street,_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_Square,_Hollywood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_Square,_Hollywood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Columbia Square, Hollywood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_Square,_Hollywood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_Studios,_Nashville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_Studios,_Nashville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Columbia Studios, Nashville</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_Studios,_Nashville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liederkranz_Hall_Studio,_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liederkranz_Hall_Studio,_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Liederkranz Hall Studio, New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liederkranz_Hall_Studio,_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Executives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbia Records</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كولومبيا للتسجيلات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبيا للتسجيلات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8" title="কলাম্বিয়া রেকর্ডস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাম্বিয়া রেকর্ডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Кълъмбия Рекърдс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кълъмбия Рекърдс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="کلمبیا رکوردز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمبیا رکوردز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EB%A0%88%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="컬럼비아 레코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬럼비아 레코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1" title="קולומביה רקורדס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומביה רקורדס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كولومبيا للتسجيلات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولومبيا للتسجيلات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="コロムビア・レコード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロムビア・レコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="โคลัมเบียเรเคิดส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคลัมเบียเรเคิดส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Columbia Records" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="哥伦比亚唱片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥伦比亚唱片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183387#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Columbia_Records" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Columbia_Records" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Columbia_Records" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&oldid=1258606740" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Columbia_Records&id=1258606740&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColumbia_Records"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColumbia_Records"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Columbia_Records&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Columbia_Records" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183387" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American record label</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Record" title="Columbia Record"><i>Columbia Record</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former British record company, see <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Record label</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #dd0038"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Columbia Records</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg/130px-Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg/195px-Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg/260px-Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="634" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo since 1999</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent company</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> (SME)<br />(1991–2004, 2008–present)</li><li><b>Previously</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a><br />(October 5, 1925<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1925-10-05</span>)</span> – March 31, 1931<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1931-03-31</span>)</span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Grigsby-Grunow_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigsby-Grunow Company">Grigsby-Grunow Company</a> <br />(December 1931<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1931-12</span>)</span> – May 1934<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1934-05</span>)</span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" title="American Record Corporation">American Record Corporation</a><br />(June 1934<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1934-06</span>)</span> – December 1938<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1938-12</span>)</span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), Inc.</a><br />(December 17, 1938<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1938-12-17</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-saleclosed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleclosed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYSC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYSC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1988)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a><br />(1988–1991)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony BMG Music Entertainment">Sony BMG Music Entertainment</a><br />(2004–2008)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 22, 1889<span class="noprint">; 135 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1889-01-22</span>)</span> (as Columbia Phonograph Company) in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Easton" title="Edward D. Easton">Edward D. Easton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distributor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Sony Music Entertainment (International)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Recordings" title="Legacy Recordings">Legacy Recordings</a> (reissues)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">New York City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbiarecords.com">columbiarecords<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Columbia Records</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a>, the American division of multinational conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the recorded sound business,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second major company to produce records.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1961 to 1991, its recordings were released outside North America under the name <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records</a> to avoid confusion with <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a>. Columbia is one of Sony Music's four flagship record labels: <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a>, and former longtime rivals, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arista_Records" title="Arista Records">Arista Records</a> as the latter two were originally owned by <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a> before its 2008 relaunch after Sony's acquisition alongside other BMG labels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_(1889–1929)"><span id="Beginnings_.281889.E2.80.931929.29"></span>Beginnings (1889–1929)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings (1889–1929)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg/220px-ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg/330px-ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg/440px-ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>The original home of Columbia in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1889; the company was named after the city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphophone1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graphophone1901.jpg/220px-Graphophone1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graphophone1901.jpg/330px-Graphophone1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Graphophone1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>A Columbia type AT cylinder <a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">graphophone</a> produced in 1898<sup id="cite_ref-guide_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia1116D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Columbia1116D.jpg/220px-Columbia1116D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Columbia1116D.jpg/330px-Columbia1116D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Columbia1116D.jpg/440px-Columbia1116D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The American label of an electrically recorded Columbia disc by <a href="/wiki/Art_Gillham" title="Art Gillham">Art Gillham</a> from the mid-1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded on January 15, 1889, by stenographer, lawyer, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> native <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Easton" title="Edward D. Easton">Edward D. Easton</a> (1856–1915) and a group of investors. It derived its name from the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, where it was headquartered.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_Easton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Easton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first it had a local monopoly on sales and service of Edison <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. As was the custom of some of the regional phonograph companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own, and its catalogue of musical records in 1891 was 10 pages. </p><p>Columbia's ties to Edison were severed in 1894 with the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Phonograph_Company" title="North American Phonograph Company">North American Phonograph Company</a>'s breakup. Thereafter, it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the "XP" record, a molded brown wax record, to use up old stock. Columbia introduced black wax records in 1903. According to one source, they continued to mold brown waxes until 1904 with the highest number being 32601, "Heinie", which is a duet by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Collins_(singer)" title="Arthur Collins (singer)">Arthur Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byron_G._Harlan" title="Byron G. Harlan">Byron G. Harlan</a>. The molded brown waxes may have been sold to <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> for distribution (possibly under Sears' Oxford trademark for Columbia products).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia began selling <a href="/wiki/Disc_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc records">disc records</a>, invented and patented by Victor Talking Machine Company's <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a>, and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their "Toy Graphophone" of 1899, which used small, vertically cut records. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Phonograph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Phonograph Company">Edison Phonograph Company</a> cylinders and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> disc records as one of the top three names in American sound recording. </p><p>In 1903, in order to add prestige to its early catalog of artists, Columbia contracted a number of prominent singers from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York to make a highly touted series of Grand Opera Records. These stars included <a href="/wiki/Marcella_Sembrich" title="Marcella Sembrich">Marcella Sembrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Nordica" title="Lillian Nordica">Lillian Nordica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scotti" title="Antonio Scotti">Antonio Scotti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edouard_de_Reszke" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard de Reszke">Edouard de Reszke</a>, but the technical standard of Columbia's Grand Opera series was not considered to be as high as the results achieved with opera singers during the pre–World War I period by Victor, Edison, England's <a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a> Ltd.) or Italy's <a href="/wiki/Fonotipia_Records" title="Fonotipia Records">Fonotipia Records</a>. After an abortive attempt in 1904 to manufacture discs with the recording grooves stamped into both sides of each disc—not just one—in 1908 Columbia commenced successful mass production of what they called their "Double-Faced" discs, the 10-inch variety initially selling for 65 cents each. Columbia also introduced the internal-horn "<a href="/wiki/Grafonola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafonola">Grafonola</a>" to compete with the extremely popular "<a href="/wiki/Victrola" class="mw-redirect" title="Victrola">Victrola</a>" introduced by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company in 1906. </p><p>During this era, Columbia began to use the "Magic Notes" logo—a pair of sixteenth notes (semiquavers) in a circle—both in the United States and overseas (where this particular logo would never substantially change). </p><p>In 1908, Columbia ceased the recording and manufacturing of wax cylinder records after arranging to issue celluloid cylinder records made by the <a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible Record Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, as "Columbia Indestructible Records". In July 1912, Columbia decided to concentrate exclusively on disc records and ended production of cylinder phonographs, although Indestructible cylinders continued to be sold under the Columbia label for a few more years. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players. Columbia Phonograph relocated to <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>, and Edward Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Dictaphone_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictaphone Corporation">Dictaphone Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_Easton_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Easton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_Phonograph_Company_ownership_(1925–1931)"><span id="Columbia_Phonograph_Company_ownership_.281925.E2.80.931931.29"></span>Columbia Phonograph Company ownership (1925–1931)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Columbia Phonograph Company ownership (1925–1931)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg/220px-Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg/330px-Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg/440px-Columbia_recording_by_Paul_Whiteman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>The British label of an electrically recorded Columbia disc by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1922, Columbia entered receivership.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Grove_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Grove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company was bought by its UK subsidiary, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a>, in 1925 and the label, record numbering system, and recording process changed. On February 25, 1925, Columbia began recording with the electric recording process licensed from <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Late_20s_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Late_20s-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Viva-tonal" records set a benchmark in tone and clarity unequaled on commercial discs during the 78-rpm era. The first electrical recordings were made by <a href="/wiki/Art_Gillham" title="Art Gillham">Art Gillham</a>, the "Whispering Pianist". In a secret agreement with Victor, electrical technology was kept secret to avoid hurting sales of acoustic records. </p><p>Louis Sterling, managing director of the Columbia Graphophone Company, had been the moving force behind bringing Western Electric's recording process, and the British takeover. Originally from New York, Sterling became Chairman of Columbia NY from 1925 until 1931, and oversaw stability and success. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1926, Columbia acquired <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh Records</a> and its growing stable of jazz and blues artists, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Williams_(musician)" title="Clarence Williams (musician)">Clarence Williams</a>. Columbia had already built a catalog of blues and jazz artists, including <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> in their 14000-D Race series. Columbia also had a successful "Hillbilly" series (15000-D) with <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hornsby" title="Dan Hornsby">Dan Hornsby</a> among others. By 1927, the "Sweet Jazz" bandleader <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a> also joined Columbia and recorded forty five 78 rpm's by 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a>, the nation's most popular orchestra leader, left Victor to record for Columbia. During the same year, Columbia executive <a href="/wiki/Frank_Buckley_Walker" title="Frank Buckley Walker">Frank Buckley Walker</a> pioneered some of the first country music or "hillbilly" genre recordings with the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_City_sessions" title="Johnson City sessions">Johnson City sessions</a> in Tennessee, including artists such as <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Horton_Greene" title="Clarence Horton Greene">Clarence Horton Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bowman" title="Charlie Bowman">"Fiddlin'" Charlie Bowman</a>. He followed that with a return to Tennessee the next year, as well as recording sessions in other cities of the South. <a href="/wiki/Moran_and_Mack" class="mw-redirect" title="Moran and Mack">Moran and Mack</a> as The Two Black Crows 1926 recording 'The Early Bird Catches the Worm' sold 2.5 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Selvin" title="Ben Selvin">Ben Selvin</a> became house bandleader and A. & R. director. Other favorites in the Viva-tonal era included <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Etting" title="Ruth Etting">Ruth Etting</a>, Paul Whiteman, <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipana_Troubadours" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipana Troubadours">Ipana Troubadours</a> (a Sam Lanin group), and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(musician)" title="Ted Lewis (musician)">Ted Lewis</a>. Columbia used acoustic recording for "budget label" pop product well into 1929 on the labels Harmony, Velvet Tone (both general purpose labels), and <a href="/wiki/Diva_Records" title="Diva Records">Diva</a> (sold exclusively at <a href="/wiki/W.T._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="W.T. Grant">W.T. Grant</a> stores). When Edison Records folded, Columbia was the oldest surviving record label. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_ownership_separation_(1931–1936)"><span id="Columbia_ownership_separation_.281931.E2.80.931936.29"></span>Columbia ownership separation (1931–1936)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Columbia ownership separation (1931–1936)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The repercussions of the stock market <a href="/wiki/Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash of 1929">Crash of 1929</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> led to the near collapse of the entire recording industry and, in March 1931, J.P Morgan, the major shareholder, steered the Columbia Graphophone Company (along with <a href="/wiki/Odeon_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon records">Odeon records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>, which it had owned since 1926) into a merger with the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a> ("His Master's Voice") to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (<a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Gramophone Company (HMV) was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Victor, and Columbia in America was a subsidiary of UK Columbia, Victor now technically owned its largest rival in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> legislation, EMI had to sell off its US Columbia operation, which continued to release pressings of matrices made in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December, 1931, the U.S. Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc. was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Majestic_Radios#Grigsby-Grunow_years_(1927-1934)" title="Majestic Radios">Grigsby-Grunow Company</a>, the manufacturers of Majestic radios and refrigerators. When Grigsby-Grunow declared bankruptcy in November 1933, Columbia was placed in receivership, and in June 1934, the company was sold<sup id="cite_ref-blyn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blyn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Sacro Enterprises Inc. ("Sacro") for $70,000. Sacro was incorporated a few days before the sale in New York. Public documents do not contain any names. Many suspect that it was a shell corporation set up by Consolidated Films Industries, Inc. ("CFI") to hold the Columbia stock, while its subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" title="American Record Corporation">American Record Corporation</a> ("ARC"), operated the label. This assumption grew out of the ease which CFI later exhibited in selling Columbia in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 3, 1931, CFI made a deal with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers Pictures">Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc.</a> ("WB") to lease <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Records" title="Brunswick Records">Brunswick Record Corporation</a>, which included the trademarks and masters of the Brunswick, <a href="/wiki/Vocalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalion">Vocalion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melotone_Records_(US)" title="Melotone Records (US)">Melotone</a> labels to ARC. WB would receive a portion of the sales of its catalogues, while ARC was free to use the labels for new recordings. Brunswick immediately became the premium $.75 label, Melotone would release new hillbilly and other $.35 dime-store discounted discs, and Vocalion, while re-releasing prior ARC records, would also be the blues-R&B label, and the exclusive outlet for <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills_and_His_Texas_Playboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys">Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys</a>, a phenomenal mid-1930s <a href="/wiki/Western_Swing" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Swing">Western Swing</a> band, which drew 10,000+ customers nightly to dance. Columbia was added in mid-1932, relegated to slower sellers such as the Hawaiian music of <a href="/wiki/Andy_Iona" title="Andy Iona">Andy Iona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irving_Mills" title="Irving Mills">Irving Mills</a> stable of artists and songs, and the still unknown <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>. It tried a marketing ploy, the Columbia "Royal Blue Record", a brilliant blue laminated product with matching label. Royal Blue issues, made from late 1932 through 1935, are particularly popular with collectors for their rarity and musical interest. The Columbia plant in Oakland, California, did Columbia's pressings for sale west of the Rockies and continued using the Royal Blue material for these until about mid-1936. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">southern gospel</a> developed, Columbia had astutely sought to record the artists associated with the emerging genre; for example, Columbia was the only company to record <a href="/wiki/Charles_Davis_Tillman" title="Charles Davis Tillman">Charles Davis Tillman</a>. Most fortuitously for Columbia in its Depression Era financial woes, in 1936 the company entered into an exclusive recording contract with the <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Wagon_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuck Wagon Gang">Chuck Wagon Gang</a>, a hugely successful relationship which continued into the 1970s. A signature group of southern gospel, the Chuck Wagon Gang became Columbia's bestsellers with at least 37 million records,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of them through the aegis of the <i>Mull Singing Convention of the Air</i> sponsored on radio (and later television) by southern gospel broadcaster <a href="/wiki/J._Bazzel_Mull" title="J. Bazzel Mull">J. Bazzel Mull</a> (1914–2006). </p><p>In 1935, Herbert M. Greenspon, an 18-year-old shipping clerk, led a committee to organize the first trade union shop at the main manufacturing factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Elected as president of the Congress of Industrial Unions (CIO) local, Greenspon negotiated the first contract between factory workers and Columbia management. In a career with Columbia that lasted 30 years, Greenspon retired after achieving the position of executive vice president of the company. Columbia also hired talent scout, music writer, producer, and impresario John Hammond in 1937. Alongside his significance as a discoverer, promoter, and producer of jazz, blues, and folk artists during the <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a> era, Hammond had already been of great help to Columbia in 1932–33. Through his involvement in the UK music paper <i><a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a></i>, Hammond had arranged for the struggling US Columbia label to provide recordings for the UK Columbia label, mostly using the specially created Columbia W-265000 matrix series. Hammond recorded <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Venuti" title="Joe Venuti">Joe Venuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolfe_Kahn" title="Roger Wolfe Kahn">Roger Wolfe Kahn</a> and other jazz performers during a time when the economy was bad enough that many of them would not have had the opportunity to enter a studio and play real jazz (a handful of these in this special series were issued in the US). Hammond's work for Columbia was interrupted by his service during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and he had less involvement with the music scene during the <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> era, but when he returned to work as a talent scout for Columbia in the 1950s, his career proved to be of incalculable historical and cultural importance – the list of superstar artists he would discover and sign to Columbia over the course of his career included <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Christian" title="Charlie Christian">Charlie Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Wilson" title="Teddy Wilson">Teddy Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a>, and in the early 1960s Hammond would also exert an enormous cultural effect on the emerging rock music scene thanks to his championing of reissue LPs of the music of blues artists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>. </p><p>By 1937–38, the record business in America was finally recovering from the near-death blow of the Great Depression, at least for RCA Victor and Decca, but privately, there were doubts about the survival of ARC.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1941 court case brought by unhappy shareholders of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.">Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.</a> ("CBS"), Edward Wallerstein, a high executive with RCA Victor from 1932 thru 1938, was asked to comment on ARC. "The chief value was that the record industry had come back tremendously, especially in the case of two other record companies; and the American Record Company, with all its facilities, had not, so far as I could learn, increased its business in any degree at all in the previous six years."<sup id="cite_ref-NYSC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYSC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_takes_over_(1938–1947)"><span id="CBS_takes_over_.281938.E2.80.931947.29"></span>CBS takes over (1938–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CBS takes over (1938–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notesandmike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Notesandmike.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="91" /></a><figcaption>Columbia notes and mic logo</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 17, 1938, the ARC, including the Columbia label in the U.S., was acquired by <a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S. Paley</a> of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. for US$700,000,<sup id="cite_ref-NYSC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYSC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saleclosed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleclosed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ten times the price ARC paid in 1934, which would later spark lawsuits by disgruntled shareholders. (Columbia Records had originally co-founded CBS in 1927 along with New York talent agent <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Judson" title="Arthur Judson">Arthur Judson</a>, but soon cashed out of the partnership leaving only the name; Paley acquired the fledgling radio network in 1928.) On January 3, 1939, Wallerstein left RCA Victor to become president of the CBS phonograph subsidiary, a position he would hold for twelve years. CBS kept the ARC name for three months. then on April 4, it amended the New York Department of State record of "Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc.," naming several of its own employees to directorships, and announced in a press release, "The American Record Co. tag is discarded". Columbia Records was actually reborn on May 22, 1939, as "Columbia Recording Corporation, Inc.", a Delaware corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-StoryColumbia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoryColumbia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NYDOS shows a later incorporation date of April 4, 1947. This corporation changed its name to Columbia Records, Inc. on October 11, 1954, and reverted to Columbia Recording Corporation on January 2, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Columbia trademark remained under Columbia Records, Inc. of Delaware, filed back in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brothers Ike and Leon Levy owned stakes in CBS.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1939, NYC Studios moved from ARC headquarters at 1776 Broadway, to <a href="/wiki/A_%26_R_Recording#Second_studio,_Studios_A-1_and_A-2_—_799_7th_Avenue" title="A & R Recording">799 7th Avenue, 6th&7th flrs, New York City</a> ("Studio A"). Corporate offices, studio and Pressing Plant would also continue at 1473 Barnum Avenue, Bridgeport, CT. John Hammond was hired by Wallerstein as "Associate Director Popular Recording" (at 7th Ave). Another executive from ARC, <a href="/wiki/Art_Satherley" title="Art Satherley">Art Satherley</a>, was not expected to transition over as easily. "It is understood that CBS and the Levys are not interested in retaining American Record's hillbilly department, and that Art Satherly, who has been running this section for many years, will take it out of the company with him". Fortunately, to the delight of many, this did not happen, and Art went on to many more successful years supervising all aspects of Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Hillbilly/Country</a> artists and sessions. </p><p>On August 30, 1939, Columbia replaced its $.75 Brunswick record for a $.50 Columbia label.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunswick was gradually phased out, the final issue being Brunswick 8520, in April 1940. Wallerstein and Paley knew in advance that their course of action would lead to violation of the 1931 Brunswick lease agreement, so they discontinued Vocalion in June 1940, and fired up Okeh. By July, it was releasing new Hillbilly platters by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a> and Bob Wills, and re-issuing past Vocalion discs, using the same catalogue numbers with a leading zero added. When a January 1941 audit found that not more than 150,000 Brunswick records had sold during the period from December 1, 1939, through December 31, 1940, control of the loaned trademarks and catalog of master recordings made prior to December 3, 1931, reverted to Warner Bros. Pictures. </p><p>The Columbia trademark from this point until the late 1950s was two overlapping circles with the Magic Notes in the left circle and a CBS microphone in the right circle. The Royal Blue labels were dropped in favor of a deep red, which caused <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> to claim infringement on its famous <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal_Records" title="RCA Red Seal Records">Red Seal</a> trademark (RCA lost the case). The blue Columbia label was retained for its <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks_Records" title="Columbia Masterworks Records">Columbia Masterworks Records</a> series until it was later changed to a green label before switching to a gray label in the late 1950s, and then to the bronze that is familiar to owners of Columbia/CBS classical and Broadway albums. Columbia Phonograph Company of Canada did not survive the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, so CBS made a distribution deal with <a href="/wiki/Sparton_Records" title="Sparton Records">Sparton Records</a> in 1939 to release Columbia records in Canada under the Columbia name. </p><p>During the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> recorded for Columbia and helped to substantially boost the company's revenue. Sinatra recorded over 200 songs for Columbia which include his most popular songs from his early years. Other popular artists on Columbia at this time included <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> (signed from RCA Victor in 1939), <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford" title="Jimmie Lunceford">Jimmie Lunceford</a> (both signed from Decca), <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Duchin" title="Eddy Duchin">Eddy Duchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Noble" title="Ray Noble">Ray Noble</a> (both moved to Columbia from Brunswick), <a href="/wiki/Kate_Smith" title="Kate Smith">Kate Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Bailey" title="Mildred Bailey">Mildred Bailey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Will_Bradley" title="Will Bradley">Will Bradley</a>. </p><p>In 1947, the company was renamed Columbia Records Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded its Mexican record company, Discos Columbia de Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1948 saw the first classical LP <a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn_Violin_Concerto_(Nathan_Milstein_album)" title="Mendelssohn Violin Concerto (Nathan Milstein album)">Nathan Milstein's recording of the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto</a>. Columbia's new 33 rpm format quickly spelled the death of the classical 78 rpm record and for the first time in nearly fifty years, gave Columbia a commanding lead over <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor_Red_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor Red Seal">RCA Victor Red Seal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_LP_record_(1948–1959)"><span id="The_LP_record_.281948.E2.80.931959.29"></span>The LP record (1948–1959)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The LP record (1948–1959)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia's president Edward Wallerstein was instrumental in steering Paley towards the ARC purchase. He set his talents to his goal of hearing an entire movement of a symphony on one side of an album. Ward Botsford writing for the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Issue of <i>High Fidelity Magazine</i> relates: "He was no inventor—he was simply a man who seized an idea whose time was ripe and begged, ordered, and cajoled a thousand men into bringing into being the now accepted medium of the record business." Despite Wallerstein's stormy tenure, in June 1948, Columbia introduced the Long Playing "microgroove" <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a> format (sometimes written "Lp" in early advertisements), which rotated at 33⅓ <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a>, to be the standard for the gramophone record for forty years. CBS research director Dr. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark">Peter Goldmark</a> played a managerial role in the collaborative effort, but Wallerstein credits engineer <a href="/wiki/William_Savory" title="William Savory">William Savory</a> with the technical prowess that brought the long-playing disc to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-catalog1949_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalog1949-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1940s, Columbia had been experimenting with higher fidelity recordings, as well as longer masters, which paved the way for the successful release of the LPs in 1948. One such record that helped set a new standard for music listeners was the 10" LP reissue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_Frank_Sinatra" title="The Voice of Frank Sinatra">The Voice of Frank Sinatra</a></i>, originally released on March 4, 1946, as an album of four 78 rpm records, which was the first pop album issued in the new LP format. <a href="/wiki/Sinatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinatra">Sinatra</a> was arguably Columbia's hottest commodity and his artistic vision combined with the direction Columbia were taking the medium of music, both popular and classic, were well suited. <i>The Voice of Frank Sinatra</i> was also considered to be the first genuine <i><a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept album</a></i>. Since the term "LP" has come to refer to the 12-inch <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm vinyl disk, the first LP is the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto in E minor played by Nathan Milstein with Bruno Walter conducting the New York Philharmonic (then called the Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra of New York), Columbia ML 4001, found in the Columbia Record Catalog for 1949, published in July 1948. The other "LP's" listed in the catalog were in the 10 inch format starting with ML 2001 for the light classics, CL 6001 for popular songs and JL 8001 for children's records.<sup id="cite_ref-catalog1949_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalog1949-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in Washington DC now holds the Columbia Records Paperwork Archive which shows the Label order for ML 4001 being written on March 1, 1948. One can infer that Columbia was pressing the first LPs for distribution to their dealers for at least 3 months prior to the introduction of the LP on June 21,<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The catalog numbering system has had minor changes ever since. </p><p>Columbia's LPs were particularly well-suited to classical music's longer pieces, so some of the early albums featured such artists as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Philharmonic Orchestra">New York Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Beecham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. The success of these recordings persuaded <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> to begin releasing LPs in 1949. Even before the LP record was officially demonstrated, Columbia offered to share the new speed with rival RCA Victor, who initially rejected it and soon introduced their new competitive 45 RPM record. When it became clear that the LP was the preferred format for classical recordings, RCA Victor announced that the company would begin releasing its own LPs in January 1950. This was quickly followed by the other major American labels. <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> in the U.K. was the first to release LPs in Europe, beginning in 1949. EMI would not fully adopt the LP format until 1955. </p><p>An "original cast recording" of <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_%26_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodgers & Hammerstein">Rodgers & Hammerstein</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)" title="South Pacific (musical)">South Pacific</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Ezio_Pinza" title="Ezio Pinza">Ezio Pinza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> was recorded in 1949. Both conventional metal masters and tape were used in the sessions in New York City. For some reason, the taped version was not used until Sony released it as part of a set of CDs devoted to Columbia's Broadway albums.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, Columbia joined Decca and RCA Victor in specializing in albums devoted to Broadway musicals with members of the original casts. In the 1950s, Columbia also began releasing LPs drawn from the soundtracks of popular films. </p><p>Many album covers put together by Columbia and the other major labels were put together using one piece of cardboard (folded in half) and two paper "slicks", one for the front and one for the back. The front slick bent around the top, bottom, and left sides (the right side is open for the record to be inserted into the cover) and glued the two halves of cardboard together at the top and bottom. The back slick is pasted over the edges of the pasted-on front slick to make it appear that the album cover is one continuous piece. </p><p>Columbia discovered that printing two front cover slicks, one for mono and one for stereo, was inefficient and therefore needlessly costly. Starting in the summer of 1959 with some of the albums released in August, they went to the "paste-over" front slick, which had the stereo information printed on the top and the mono information printed on the bottom. For stereo issues, they moved the front slick down so the stereo information was showing at the top, and the mono information was bent around the bottom to the back and "pasted over" by the back slick. Conversely, for a mono album, they moved the slick up so the mono information showed at the bottom, and the stereo information was pasted over. Soon, other record companies had adopted the paste-over method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG/220px-ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG/330px-ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Columbia used this label for its 45 r.p.m. records from 1951 until 1958.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg/220px-Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg/330px-Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Transitional 1955 promo 45 r.p.m. label showing both the old notes and mike and new walking eye logos</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1951, Columbia US began issuing records in the 45 rpm format RCA Victor had introduced two years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Ted Wallerstein retired as Columbia Records chairman;<sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1970_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1970-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Columbia US also severed its decades-long distribution arrangement with EMI and signed a distribution deal with <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips Records</a> to market Columbia recordings outside North America.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMI continued to distribute Okeh and later Epic label recordings until 1968. EMI also continued to distribute Columbia recordings in Australia and New Zealand. American Columbia was not happy with EMI's reluctance to introduce long playing records.<sup id="cite_ref-Broven2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broven2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia became the most successful non-rock record company in the 1950s after it lured producer and bandleader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a> away from the Mercury label in 1950. Despite its many successes, Columbia remained largely uninvolved in the teenage rock'n'roll market until the mid-1960s, despite a handful of crossover hits, largely because of Miller's frequently expressed loathing of rock'n'roll. (Miller was a classically trained oboist who had been a friend of Columbia executive Goddard Lieberson since their days at the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a> in the 1930s.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199162_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199162-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller quickly signed up Mercury's biggest artist at the time, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a>, and discovered several of the decade's biggest recording stars including <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Boyd" title="Jimmy Boyd">Jimmy Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mitchell" title="Guy Mitchell">Guy Mitchell</a> (whose stage surname was taken from Miller's first name), <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Ray" title="Johnnie Ray">Johnnie Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Lads" title="The Four Lads">The Four Lads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney" title="Rosemary Clooney">Rosemary Clooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kay_Lande" title="Kay Lande">Kay Lande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Conniff" title="Ray Conniff">Ray Conniff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vale" title="Jerry Vale">Jerry Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a>. He also oversaw many of the early singles by the label's top female recording star of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a>. </p><p>In 1953, Columbia formed a new subsidiary label <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1953_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1953-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1954 saw Columbia end its distribution arrangement with Sparton Records and form Columbia Records of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enhance its country music stable, which already included <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Price (musician)">Ray Price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Smith_(musician)" title="Carl Smith (musician)">Carl Smith</a>, Columbia bid $15,000 for <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>'s contract from <a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun Records</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Elvis_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elvis-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presley's manager, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Tom_Parker" title="Colonel Tom Parker">Colonel Tom Parker</a>, turned down their offer and signed Presley with RCA Victor.<sup id="cite_ref-Elvis_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elvis-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Columbia did sign two Sun artists in 1958: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elvis_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elvis-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With 1954, Columbia U.S. decisively broke with its past when it introduced its new, <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a>-style "Walking Eye" logo,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed by Columbia's art director <a href="/wiki/S._Neil_Fujita" title="S. Neil Fujita">S. Neil Fujita</a>. This logo actually depicts a stylus (the legs) on a record (the eye); however, the "eye" also subtly refers to CBS's main business in <a href="/wiki/CBS_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Network">television</a>, and that division's iconic Eye logo. Columbia continued to use the "notes and mike" logo on record labels and even used a promo label showing both logos until the "notes and mike" was phased out (along with the 78 in the US) in 1958. In Canada, Columbia 78s were pressed with the "Walking Eye" logo in 1958. The original Walking Eye was tall and solid; it was modified in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the familiar one still used today (pictured on this page), despite the fact that the Walking Eye was used only sporadically during most of the 1990s. </p><p>Although the big band era had passed, Columbia had <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> under contract for several years, capturing the historic moment when Ellington's band provoked a post-midnight frenzy (followed by international headlines) at the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport Jazz Festival</a>, which proved a boost to a bandleader whose career had stalled. Under new head producer <a href="/wiki/George_Avakian" title="George Avakian">George Avakian</a>, Columbia became the most vital label to the general public's appreciation and understanding (with help from Avakian's prolific and perceptive play-by-play liner notes) of jazz, releasing a series of LP's by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, but also signing to long-term contracts <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, the two modern jazz artists who would in 1959 record albums that remain—more than sixty years later—among the best-selling jazz albums by any label—viz., <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(album)" title="Time Out (album)">Time Out</a></i> by the Brubeck Quartet and, to an even greater extent, <i><a href="/wiki/Kind_of_Blue" title="Kind of Blue">Kind of Blue</a></i> by the Davis Sextet, which, in 2003, appeared as number 12 in <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>'s</i> list of the "500 Greatest Albums Of All Time".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With another producer, <a href="/wiki/Teo_Macero" title="Teo Macero">Teo Macero</a>, a skilled modernist composer himself, Columbia cemented contracts with jazz composer/musicians <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a>, while Macero became a significant figure in Miles Davis career from an explorer of the art of <a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">modal jazz</a> from Davis' sextets 1958 album <i><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(Miles_Davis_album)" title="Milestones (Miles Davis album)">Milestones</a></i> to innovator and avatar of the marriage of jazz with rock and electronic sounds—commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>. </p><p>In 1954, Columbia embraced small-group modern jazz by signing of the Dave Brubeck Quartet, which resulted in the release of the on-location, best-selling jazz album (up to this time), <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Goes_to_College" title="Jazz Goes to College">Jazz Goes to College</a></i>. Contemporaneously with Columbia's first release of modern jazz by a small group, which was also the Brubeck Quartet's debut on the label, was a <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine cover story on the phenomenon of Brubeck's success on college campuses. The humble <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a> demurred, saying that the second <i>Time</i> cover story on a jazz musician (the first featured <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>'s picture) had been earned by <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, not himself. Within two years Ellington's picture would appear on the cover of <i>Time</i>, following his success at the 1956 Newport Jazz Festival. <a href="/wiki/Ellington_at_Newport" title="Ellington at Newport">Ellington at Newport</a>, recorded on Columbia, was also the bandleader-composer-pianist's best-selling album. Moreover, this exclusive trinity of jazz giants featured on the cover of <i>Time</i> magazine were all Columbia artists. (In the early 1960s Columbia jazz artist <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> would be afforded the same honor.) </p><p>Columbia changed distributors in Australia and New Zealand in 1956 when the Australian Record Company picked up distribution of U.S. Columbia product to replace the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> product which ARC lost when EMI bought Capitol. As EMI owned the Columbia trademark at that time, the U.S. Columbia material was issued in Australia and New Zealand on the <a href="/wiki/Coronet_Records" title="Coronet Records">CBS Coronet</a> label. </p><p>In the same year, former Columbia A&R manager <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> was promoted to President of the entire CBS recording division, which included Columbia and Epic, as well as the company's various international divisions and licensees. Under his leadership the corporation's music division soon overtook <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> as the top recording company in the world, boasting a star-studded roster of artists and an unmatched catalogue of popular, jazz, classical and stage and screen soundtrack titles. Lieberson, who had joined Columbia as an A&R manager in 1938, was known for both his personal elegance and his dedication to quality, overseeing the release of many hugely successful albums and singles, as well as championing prestige releases that sold relatively poorly, and even some titles that had limited appeal, such as complete editions of the works of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Webern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton von Webern">Anton von Webern</a>. One of his first major successes was the original Broadway cast album of <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(Broadway_cast_recording)" title="My Fair Lady (Broadway cast recording)">My Fair Lady</a></i>, which sold over 5 million copies worldwide in 1957, becoming the most successful LP ever released up to that time. Lieberson also convinced long-serving CBS President William S. Paley to become the sole backer of the original Broadway production, a $500,000 investment which subsequently earned the company some $32 million in profits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199160–61_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199160–61-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1958, Columbia, in time for the Christmas season, put out a series of "Greatest Hits" packages by such artists as Johnny Mathis, Doris Day, Guy Mitchell, Johnnie Ray, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Stafford" title="Jo Stafford">Jo Stafford</a>, Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Frankie Laine and <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Lads" title="The Four Lads">the Four Lads</a>; months later, it put out another Mathis compilation as well as that of <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a>. Only Mathis' compilations charted, since there were only 25 positions on <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s album charts</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the compilations were so successful that they led to Columbia doing such packages on a widespread basis, usually when an artist's career was in decline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stereo">Stereo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stereo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Columbia began recording in stereo in 1956, stereo LPs did not begin to be manufactured until 1958. One of Columbia's first stereo releases was an abridged and re-structured performance of <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(oratorio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah (oratorio)">Messiah</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Choir">Westminster Choir</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (recorded on December 31, 1956, on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch tape, using an Ampex 300-3 machine).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernstein combined the Nativity and Resurrection sections, and ended the performance with the death of Christ. As with RCA Victor, most of the early stereo recordings were of classical artists, including the New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, and the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a>, who also recorded an abridged <i>Messiah</i> for Columbia. Some sessions were made with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble drawn from leading New York musicians, which had first made recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham in 1949 in Columbia's New York City studios. <a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a> recorded mostly for Epic. When Epic dropped classical music, the roster and catalogue was moved to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks_Records" title="Columbia Masterworks Records">Columbia Masterworks Records</a>. </p><p>Columbia released its first pop stereo albums in the summer of 1958. All of the first dozen or so were stereo versions of albums already available in mono. It was not until September 1958, that Columbia began simultaneous mono/stereo releases. Mono versions of otherwise stereo recordings were discontinued in 1968. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the introduction of the LP, in 1958 Columbia initiated the "Adventures in Sound" series that showcased music from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As far as the catalog numbering system went, there was no correlation between mono and stereo versions for the first few years. Columbia started a new CS 8000 series for pop stereo releases, and figuring the stereo releases as some sort of specialty niche records, didn't bother to link the mono and stereo numbers for two years. Masterworks classical LPs had an MS 6000 series, while showtunes albums on Masterworks were OS 2000. Finally, in 1960, the pop stereo series jumped from 8300 to 8310 to match <i>Lambert, Hendricks & Ross Sing <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Ellington</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Lambert,_Hendricks_%26_Ross" title="Lambert, Hendricks & Ross">Lambert, Hendricks & Ross</a> album issued as CL-1510. From that point, the stereo numbers on pop albums were exactly 6800 higher than the mono; stereo classical albums were the mono number plus 600; and showtunes releases were the mono number MINUS 3600. Only the last two digits in the respective catalog series' matched. </p><p>Pop stereo LPs got into the high 9000s by 1970, when CBS Records revamped and unified its catalog numbering system across all its labels. Masterworks classical albums were in the 7000s, while showtunes stayed in the low 2000s. </p><p>Columbia's engineering department developed a process for emulating stereo from a mono source. They called this process "Electronically Rechanneled for Stereo". In the June 16, 1962, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine (page 5), Columbia announced it would issue "rechanneled" versions of greatest hits compilations that had been recorded in mono, including albums by Doris Day, Frankie Laine, Percy Faith, Mitch Miller, Marty Robbins, Dave Brubeck, Miles Davis, and Johnny Mathis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1960s">The 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outing_of_"deep_groove""><span id="Outing_of_.22deep_groove.22"></span>Outing of "deep groove"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outing of "deep groove""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the latter half of 1961, Columbia started using pressing plants with newer equipment. The "deep groove" pressings were made on older pressing machines, where the groove was an artifact of the metal stamper being affixed to a round center "block" to assure the resulting record would be centered. Newer machines used parts with a slightly different geometry, that only left a small "ledge" where the deep groove used to be. This changeover did not happen all at once, as different plants replaced machines at different times, leaving the possibility that both deep groove and ledge varieties could be original pressings. The changeover took place starting in late 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CBS_Records">CBS Records</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CBS Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBSRecords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1f/CBSRecords.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption>The CBS Records logo used outside of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, CBS ended its arrangement with Philips Records and formed its own international organization, <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records International</a>, in 1962. This subsidiary label released Columbia recordings outside the US and Canada on the CBS label (until 1964 marketed by Philips in Britain).<sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1963_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1963-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recordings could not be released under the Columbia Records name because EMI operated a separate record label by that name, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a>, outside North America. This was the result of legal maneuvers which led to the creation of EMI in the early 1930s. </p><p>While this happened, starting in late 1961, both the mono and the stereo labels of domestic Columbia releases started carrying a small "CBS" at the top of the label. This was not something that changed at a certain date, but rather, pressing plants were told to use up the stock of old (pre-CBS) labels first, resulting in a mixture of labels for some given releases. Some are known with the CBS text on mono albums, and not on stereo of the same album, and vice versa; diggings brought up pressings with the CBS text on one side and not on the other. Many, but certainly not all, of the early numbers with the "ledge" variation (i.e., no deep groove), had the small "CBS".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text would be used on the Columbia labels until June 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia's Mexican unit, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1963_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1963-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the formation of CBS Records International, CBS started establishing its own distribution in the early 1960s, beginning in Australia. In 1960 CBS took over its distributor in Australia and New Zealand, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Record_Company" title="Australian Record Company">Australian Record Company</a> (founded in 1936) including <a href="/wiki/Coronet_Records" title="Coronet Records">Coronet Records</a>, one of the leading Australian independent recording and distribution companies of the day. The CBS Coronet label was replaced by the CBS label with the 'walking eye' logo in 1963. ARC continued trading under that name until the late 1970s when it formally changed its business name to CBS Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitch_Miller_on_television">Mitch Miller on television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mitch Miller on television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, Columbia's music repertoire was given an enormous boost when <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a>, its A&R manager and bandleader, became the host of the variety series <i><a href="/wiki/Sing_Along_with_Mitch" title="Sing Along with Mitch">Sing Along with Mitch</a></i> on NBC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show was based on Miller's 'folksy' but appealing 'chorus' style performance of popular standards. During its four-season run, the series promoted Miller's "Singalong" albums, which sold over 20 million units, and received a 34% audience share when it was cancelled in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bob_Dylan">Bob Dylan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bob Dylan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1961, CBS A&R manager <a href="/wiki/John_Hammond_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hammond (producer)">John Hammond</a> was producing the first Columbia album by folk singer <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Hester" title="Carolyn Hester">Carolyn Hester</a>, who invited a friend to accompany her on one of the recording sessions. It was here that Hammond first met <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, whom he signed to the label, initially as a harmonica player.<sup id="cite_ref-bsn17_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsn17-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dylan's self-titled debut album was released in March 1962 and sold only moderately.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some executives in Columbia dubbed Dylan "Hammond's folly" and suggest that Dylan be dropped from the label.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But John Hammond and Johnny Cash defended Dylan, who over the next four years became one of Columbia's highest earning acts. </p><p>Over the course of the 1960s, Dylan achieved a prominent position in Columbia. His early folk songs were recorded by many acts and became hits for <a href="/wiki/Peter,_Paul_%26_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter, Paul & Mary">Peter, Paul & Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Turtles" title="The Turtles">The Turtles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these cover versions became the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> genre. The Byrds achieved their pop breakthrough with a version of Dylan's "<a href="/wiki/Mr._Tambourine_Man" title="Mr. Tambourine Man">Mr. Tambourine Man</a>". In 1965, Dylan's controversial decision to <a href="/wiki/Electric_Dylan_controversy" title="Electric Dylan controversy">'go electric'</a> and work with rock musicians divided his audience but catapulted him to greater commercial success with his 1965 hit single "<a href="/wiki/Like_a_Rolling_Stone" title="Like a Rolling Stone">Like a Rolling Stone</a>". Following his withdrawal from touring in 1966, Dylan recorded a large group of songs with his backing group <a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a> which reached other artists as 'demo recordings'. These resulted in hits by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mann" title="Manfred Mann">Manfred Mann</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Quinn_the_Eskimo_(The_Mighty_Quinn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)">The Mighty Quinn</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Driscoll" title="Julie Driscoll">Julie Driscoll</a> & <a href="/wiki/Brian_Auger_and_the_Trinity" title="Brian Auger and the Trinity">Brian Auger and the Trinity</a> ("<a href="/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_On_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="This Wheel's On Fire">This Wheel's On Fire</a>"). Dylan's late 1960s albums <i><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Harding" title="John Wesley Harding">John Wesley Harding</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Skyline" title="Nashville Skyline">Nashville Skyline</a></i> became cornerstone recordings of the emergent <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a> genre and influenced The Byrds and <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers" title="The Flying Burrito Brothers">The Flying Burrito Brothers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock_and_roll">Rock and roll</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rock and roll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> arrived in January 1964, Columbia had no rock musicians on its roster except for <a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion</a>, who was signed in 1963 as the label's first major rock star, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_%26_the_Raiders" title="Paul Revere & the Raiders">Paul Revere & the Raiders</a> who were also signed in 1963. The label released a <a href="/wiki/Merseybeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseybeat">merseybeat</a> album, <i>The Exciting New Liverpool Sound</i> (Columbia CL-2172, issued in mono only). <a href="/wiki/Terry_Melcher" title="Terry Melcher">Terry Melcher</a>, son of Doris Day, produced the hard driving "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Make_My_Baby_Blue" title="Don't Make My Baby Blue">Don't Make My Baby Blue</a>" for Frankie Laine, who had gone six years without a hit record. The song reached No. 51 on the pop chart and No. 17 on the easy listening chart.<sup id="cite_ref-bsn17_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsn17-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melcher and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Johnston" title="Bruce Johnston">Bruce Johnston</a> discovered and brought to Columbia <a href="/wiki/The_Rip_Chords" title="The Rip Chords">the Rip Chords</a>, a vocal group consisting of Ernie Bringas and Phil Stewart, and turned it into a rock group through production techniques. The group had hits in "Here I Stand", a remake of the song by <a href="/wiki/Wade_Flemons" title="Wade Flemons">Wade Flemons</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Hey_Little_Cobra" title="Hey Little Cobra">Hey Little Cobra</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-bsn17_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsn17-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia saw the two recordings as a start to getting into rock and roll. Melcher and Johnston recorded several additional singles for Columbia in 1964 as "<a href="/wiki/Bruce_%26_Terry" title="Bruce & Terry">Bruce & Terry</a>" and later as "The Rogues". Melcher produced early albums by <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a> and Paul Revere & the Raiders for Columbia while Johnston produced <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a> for <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ascension_of_Clive_Davis">Ascension of Clive Davis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ascension of Clive Davis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Mitch Miller retired in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1965_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1965-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia was at a turning point. Miller's disdain for rock and roll and pop rock had dominated Columbia's A&R policy. Sales of Broadway soundtracks and Mitch Miller's singalong series were waning. Pretax earnings had flattened to about $5 million annually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label's only significant "pop" acts at the time were Bob Dylan, the Byrds, Paul Revere & the Raiders and <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a>. In its catalogue were other genres: classical, jazz and country, along with a select group of R&B artists, among them <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bsn17_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsn17-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most historians observed that Columbia had problems marketing Franklin as a major talent in the R&B genre, which led to her leaving the label for <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AR_story_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR_story-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Brooklyn-born lawyer <a href="/wiki/Clive_Davis" title="Clive Davis">Clive Davis</a> became president of Columbia. Following the appointment of Davis, the Columbia label became more of a rock music label, thanks mainly to Davis's fortuitous decision to attend the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_International_Pop_Festival" title="Monterey International Pop Festival">Monterey International Pop Festival</a>, where he spotted and signed several leading acts including <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>. Joplin led the way for several generations of female rock and rollers. However, Columbia/CBS still had a hand in traditional pop and jazz and one of its key acquisitions during this period was <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>. She released her first solo album on Columbia in 1963 and remains with the label to this day. Additionally, the label kept Miles Davis on the roster, and his late 1960s recordings, <i><a href="/wiki/In_a_Silent_Way" title="In a Silent Way">In a Silent Way</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bitches_Brew" title="Bitches Brew">Bitches Brew</a></i>, pioneered a <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">fusion of jazz and rock music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A San Francisco group called <a href="/wiki/Moby_Grape" title="Moby Grape">Moby Grape</a> had been gaining popularity on the West Coast, and were signed by Davis in 1967. As a way of introducing them to the world with a splash, they released <a href="/wiki/Moby_Grape_(album)" title="Moby Grape (album)">their debut album</a>, along with five singles from the album, all on the same day, June 6, 1967, 23 years following <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>. The album hit made No. 24 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a>, but the singles barely made a dent in the charts, the best performer being "Omaha", which lasted a mere three weeks on the Hot 100 reaching only No. 88. The other charter, "Hey Grandma", only reached the Bubbling Under chart and faded within a week. Also, there were some complaints about the obscene gesture made to the American flag on the front cover that had to be edited out on the second pressing, not to mention that the group started to decline in sales after that. The return on all the promotional budget for the singles realized nothing. Although the group made two more albums, this particular publicity stunt was never again attempted by Columbia or any other major label.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simon_&_Garfunkel"><span id="Simon_.26_Garfunkel"></span>Simon & Garfunkel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Simon & Garfunkel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arguably the most commercially successful Columbia pop act of this period, other than Bob Dylan, was Simon & Garfunkel. The duo scored a surprise No. 1 hit in 1965 when Columbia producer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Wilson (producer)">Tom Wilson</a>, inspired by the folk-rock experiments of Dylan, The Byrds and others, added drums and bass to the duo's earlier recording of "<a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Silence" title="The Sound of Silence">The Sound of Silence</a>" without their knowledge or approval. Indeed, the duo had already broken up some months earlier, discouraged by the poor sales of their debut LP, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> had relocated to the UK, where he only found out about the single being a hit via the music press. The dramatic success of the song prompted Simon to return to the US; the duo reformed, and they soon became one of the flagship acts of the <a href="/wiki/Folk-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-rock">folk-rock</a> boom of the mid-1960s. Their next album, <i><a href="/wiki/Parsley,_Sage,_Rosemary_and_Thyme" title="Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme">Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme</a></i>, went to No. 4 on the <i>Billboard</i> album chart. The duo subsequently had a Top 20 single, "<a href="/wiki/A_Hazy_Shade_of_Winter" title="A Hazy Shade of Winter">A Hazy Shade of Winter</a>", but progress slowed during 1966–67 as Simon struggled with writer's block and the demands of constant touring. They shot back to the top in 1968 after Simon agreed to write songs for the <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Graduate" title="The Graduate">The Graduate</a></i>. The resulting single, "<a href="/wiki/Mrs._Robinson" title="Mrs. Robinson">Mrs. Robinson</a>", became a smash hit. Both <i>The Graduate</i> soundtrack and Simon & Garfunkel's next studio album, <i><a href="/wiki/Bookends_(album)" title="Bookends (album)">Bookends</a></i>, were major hits on the album chart, with combined total sales in excess of five million copies. Simon and Garfunkel's fifth and final studio album, <i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water" title="Bridge over Troubled Water">Bridge over Troubled Water</a></i> (1970), reached number one in the US album charts in January 1970 and became one of the most successful albums of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-bridge_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridge-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hoyt_Axton_and_Tom_Rush">Hoyt Axton and Tom Rush</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hoyt Axton and Tom Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davis lured artists <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Axton" title="Hoyt Axton">Hoyt Axton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rush" title="Tom Rush">Tom Rush</a> to Columbia in 1969, and both were given what was known as "the pop treatment" by the label. Hoyt Axton had been a folk/blues singer-songwriter since the early 1960s, when he made several albums for <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Records" title="Horizon Records">Horizon</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vee-Jay">Vee-Jay</a>. By the time he joined Columbia, he had mixed successful pop songs like "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenback_Dollar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenback Dollar (page does not exist)">Greenback Dollar</a>", with hard rock songs for <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_Pusher" title="The Pusher">The Pusher</a>", which was used in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a></i> in the same year. When he landed at Columbia, his album <i>My Griffin Is Gone</i> was described as "the poster child for 'overproduced,' full of all kinds of instruments and even strings".<sup id="cite_ref-bsn27_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsn27-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that album, Axton left and joined Capitol Records, where his next albums contained "<a href="/wiki/Joy_to_the_World_(Three_Dog_Night_song)" title="Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song)">Joy to the World</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Never_Been_to_Spain" title="Never Been to Spain">Never Been to Spain</a>", which became hits for <a href="/wiki/Three_Dog_Night" title="Three Dog Night">Three Dog Night</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dunhill_Records" title="Dunhill Records">Dunhill</a>. Axton eventually became a country singer, and founded his own record label, Jeremiah. </p><p> Tom Rush had always been the "storyteller" or "balladeer" type of folk artist, before and after his stint with Columbia, to which Rush was lured from <a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records" title="Elektra Records">Elektra</a>. As with Axton, Rush was given "the treatment" on <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rush_(1970_album)" title="Tom Rush (1970 album)">his self-titled Columbia debut</a>. The multitude of instruments added to his usual solo guitar were all done "tastefully", of course, but was not really on par with Rush's audience expectations. He commented to record label historian Mike Callahan: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, when you're in the studio, they bring out all these "sweeteners" and things they have, and while you're there, you say, yeah, that sounds good. But then you get the album home and you almost can't hear yourself under all that.<sup id="cite_ref-bsn27_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsn27-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Eventually, Rush returned to his usual sound (which he applied to his <a href="/wiki/Wrong_End_of_the_Rainbow" title="Wrong End of the Rainbow">next</a> <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_County_(album)" title="Merrimack County (album)">three</a> <a href="/wiki/Ladies_Love_Outlaws_(Tom_Rush_album)" title="Ladies Love Outlaws (Tom Rush album)">albums</a> for Columbia) and has been playing to appreciative audiences ever since. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1970s">The 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalog_numbers">Catalog numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Catalog numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Columbia album series began in 1951 with album GL-500 (CL-500) and reached an awkward milestone in 1970, when the stereo numbering sequence reached CS-9999, assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a> album <i>Honey Come Back</i>. This presented a catalog numbering system challenge as Columbia had used a four-digit catalog number for 13 years, and CS-10000 seemed cumbersome. Columbia decided to start issuing albums at CS-1000 instead, preserving the four-digit catalog number. However, this resulted in the reuse of numbers previously used in 1957–58, although the prefix was now different. In July 1970, the cataloging department implemented a new system, combining all their labels into a unified catalog numbering system starting with 30000, with the prefix letter indicating the label: C for Columbia, E for <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic</a>, H for Harmony (budget reissue line), M for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Masterworks">Columbia Masterworks</a>, S for movie soundtrack and original Broadway cast albums, Y for <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_Records" title="Odyssey Records">Columbia Odyssey</a>, and Z for every other label that CBS distributed (collectively referred to as CBS Associated). The prefix letter G was also used for two album sets—or the number of records in the set after the label letter, such as KC2.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first CBS album released under the new system was <a href="/wiki/The_Elvin_Bishop_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Elvin Bishop Group">The Elvin Bishop Group</a>'s self-titled album on Fillmore Records, assigned with F 30001 (the earliest Fillmore albums had the 'F' prefix, rather than a 'Z'), while the first actual Columbia release under the system was <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Bernardi" title="Herschel Bernardi">Herschel Bernardi</a>'s <i>Show Stopper</i>, assigned with C 30004.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest catalog number released in the old system was CS-1069, assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street_discography" title="Sesame Street discography">The Sesame Street Book and Record</a></i>. Chronologically, Columbia issued at least one album in this series in August, but by that time, the CBS Consolidated 30000 series, which started issuing albums in July with the new label design, was well underway, having issued nearly 100 albums. The system was later expanded with even more prefix letters (including R and V for <a href="/wiki/Portrait_Records" title="Portrait Records">Portrait</a>, A and W for Special Products, L for <a href="/wiki/Sony_Wonder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Wonder">Sony Wonder</a>, S for <a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Classical">Sony Classical</a>, N for <a href="/wiki/Monument_Records" title="Monument Records">Monument</a>, O for Chaos Recordings, and B for <a href="/wiki/550_Music" title="550 Music">550 Music</a>), which continued until 2005. </p><p>In September 1970, under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Clive_Davis" title="Clive Davis">Clive Davis</a>, Columbia Records entered the West Coast rock market, opening a state-of-the art recording studio (which was located at 827 Folsom St. in San Francisco and later morphed into the <a href="/wiki/Automatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatt">Automatt</a>) and establishing an A&R head and office in San Francisco at <a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco" title="Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco">Fisherman's Wharf</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/George_Daly_(Music_Industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Daly (Music Industry)">George Daly</a>, a producer and artist for <a href="/wiki/Monument_Records" title="Monument Records">Monument Records</a> (who inked a distribution deal with Columbia at the time) and a former bandmate of <a href="/wiki/Nils_Lofgren" title="Nils Lofgren">Nils Lofgren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Buchanan" title="Roy Buchanan">Roy Buchanan</a>. The recording studio operated under CBS until 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quadraphonic_Sound">Quadraphonic Sound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Quadraphonic Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1971 Columbia began producing records in four-channel <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">quadraphonic sound</a>, using the "<a href="/wiki/Stereo_Quadraphonic" title="Stereo Quadraphonic">SQ Quadraphonic</a>" <a href="/wiki/Matrix_decoder" title="Matrix decoder">matrix decoding</a> system. These recordings were backward compatible on conventional two-channel stereo playback systems, but played four-channels of <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround sound</a> when heard with special amplifiers and additional speakers. Artists using this technology covered all genres, including classical music <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, plus popular artists such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">Electric Light Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Conniff" title="Ray Conniff">Ray Conniff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult" title="Blue Öyster Cult">Blue Öyster Cult</a>. RCA had already begun releasing quadraphonic recordings on <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a> starting in 1970, and countered on LP record with the <a href="/wiki/Quadradisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadradisc">Quadradisc</a> system. The RCA process required a special <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">phono cartridge</a> for "discrete" four-channel playback unlike the Columbia "matrix" system. Although the Columbia process was simpler and quite effective, many consumers were confused by competing systems and sales of both were disappointing. Columbia released its last quadraphonic recordings in 1978. Starting in the 1990s multichannel surround sound music surged again with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home cinema</a> systems. Many quadraphonic recordings were reissued in new surround sound formats such as <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/DTS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (company)">DTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>, however, multichannel music still did not reach mass-market acceptance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yetnikoff_becomes_president">Yetnikoff becomes president</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Yetnikoff becomes president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Walter Yetnikoff was promoted to become President of Columbia Records, and his vacated position as President of CBS Records International was filled by Dick Asher. At this point, according to music historian Fredric Dannen, the shy and introverted Yetnikoff began to transform his personality, becoming (in Asher's words) "wild, menacing, crude, and above all, very loud". In Dannen's view, Yetnikoff was probably over-compensating for his naturally sensitive and generous personality, and that he had little hope of being recognised as a "record man" (someone with a musical ear and an intuitive understanding of current trends and artists' intentions) because he was tone-deaf, so he instead determined to become a "colourful character".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199119_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199119-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yetnikoff soon became notorious for his violent temper and regular tantrums: "He shattered glassware, spewed a mixture of Yiddish and barnyard epithets, and had people physically ejected from the CBS building."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199121_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199121-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Columbia Records of Canada was renamed CBS Records Canada Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Columbia label continued to be used by CBS Canada, but the CBS label was introduced for French-language recordings. On May 5, 1979, Columbia Masterworks began <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> in a recording session of <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Petrouchka" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrouchka">Petrouchka</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Philharmonic Orchestra">New York Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a>, in New York (using <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>'s 32-channel multitrack digital recorder). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dick_Asher_vs_"The_Network""><span id="Dick_Asher_vs_.22The_Network.22"></span>Dick Asher vs "The Network"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dick Asher vs "The Network""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Columbia_Records" title="Special:EditPage/Columbia Records">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>CBS Records had a popular roster of musicians. It distributed <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Records" title="Philadelphia International Records">Philadelphia International Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Records" title="Blue Sky Records">Blue Sky Records</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/T-Neck_Records" title="T-Neck Records">T-Neck Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monument_Records" title="Monument Records">Monument Records</a> (from 1971 to 1976). But the music industry was in financial decline. Total sales fell by 11%, the biggest drop since World War II. In 1979, CBS had a pre-tax income of $51 million and sales of over $1 billion. The label laid off hundreds of employees. </p><p>To deal with the crisis, CEO <a href="/wiki/John_Backe" title="John Backe">John Backe</a> promoted <a href="/wiki/Dick_Asher" title="Dick Asher">Dick Asher</a> from Vice President of Business Affairs to Deputy President. Charged with cutting costs and restoring profits, Asher was reportedly reluctant to take on the role. He was worried that Yetnikoff would resent his promotion. But Backe had confidence in Asher's experience. In 1972, Asher had turned the British division of CBS from loss to profit. Backe considered him to be honest and trustworthy, and he appealed to Asher's loyalty to the company. Employees at CBS thought Asher was a bore and an interloper. He cut back on expenses and on perks like limousines and restaurants. His relationship with Yetnikoff deteriorated. </p><p>Asher became increasingly concerned about the huge and rapidly growing cost of hiring independent agents, who were paid to promote new singles to radio station program directors. "Indies" had been used by record labels for many years to promote new releases, but as he methodically delved into CBS Records' expenses, Asher was dismayed to discover that hiring these independent promoters was now costing CBS alone as much as $10 million per year. When Asher took over CBS' UK division in 1972, a freelance promoter might only charge $100 per week, but by 1979 the top American independent promoters had organized themselves into a loose collective known as "The Network", and their fees were now running into the tens millions of dollars per year, Music historian <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Dannen" title="Fredric Dannen">Fredric Dannen</a> estimates that by 1980 the major labels were paying anywhere from to $100,000 to $300,000 <i>per song</i> to the "Network" promoters, and that it was costing the industry as whole as much as $80 million annually. </p><p>During this period, Columbia scored a Top 40 hit with the <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> single "<a href="/wiki/Another_Brick_in_the_Wall" title="Another Brick in the Wall">Another Brick in the Wall</a>", and its parent album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall" title="The Wall">The Wall</a></i> would spend four months at No. 1 on the <i>Billboard</i> LP chart in early 1980, but few in the industry knew that Dick Asher was in fact using the single as a covert experiment to test the extent of the pernicious influence of The Network – by <i>not</i> paying them to promote the new Pink Floyd single. The results were immediate and deeply troubling – not one of the major radio stations in Los Angeles would program the record, despite the fact that the group was in town, performing the first seven concerts on their elaborate <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wall Tour">The Wall Tour</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Sports_Arena" title="Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena">Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena</a> to rave reviews and sold-out crowds. Asher was already worried about the growing power of The Network, and the fact it operated entirely outside the control of the label, but he was profoundly dismayed to realize that "The Network" was in effect a huge <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> racket, and that the operation could well be linked to organized crime – a concern vehemently dismissed by Yetnikoff, who resolutely defended the "indies" and declared them to be "mensches". But Dick Asher now knew that The Network's real power lay in their ability to <i>prevent</i> records from being picked up by radio, and as an experienced media lawyer and a loyal CBS employee, he was also acutely aware that this could become a new <a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">payola</a> scandal which had the potential to engulf the entire CBS corporation, and that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) could even revoke CBS' all-important broadcast licenses if the corporation was found to be involved in any illegality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen19914–27_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen19914–27-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1980s_and_sale_to_Sony">The 1980s and sale to Sony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The 1980s and sale to Sony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of US Columbia remained the same until 1980, when it spun off the classical/Broadway unit, Columbia Masterworks Records, into a separate imprint, CBS Masterworks Records. </p><p>In 1988, the CBS Records Group, including the Columbia Records unit, was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, which re-christened the parent division <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> in 1991. As Sony only had a temporary license on the CBS Records name, it then acquired the rights to the Columbia trademarks (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Graphophone">Columbia Graphophone</a>) outside the U.S., Canada, Spain (trademark owned by <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a>) and Japan (Nippon Columbia) from <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, a firm which generally had not used them since the early 1970s. The CBS Records label was officially renamed Columbia Records on January 1, 1991, worldwide except Spain (where Sony got the rights in 2004 by forming a joint venture with BMG<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBS Masterworks Records was renamed <a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical_Records" title="Sony Classical Records">Sony Classical Records</a>. In December 2006, <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> revived the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_(2006)" title="CBS Records (2006)">CBS Records</a> name for a new minor label closely linked with its television properties (coincidentally, the new CBS Records is currently distributed by another Sony Music division, <a href="/wiki/RED_Distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="RED Distribution">RED Distribution</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1990s–present"><span id="The_1990s.E2.80.93present"></span>The 1990s–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The 1990s–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American <a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">talent manager</a> Will Botwin was recruited in 1996 to serve as a Senior Vice President. In 1998, he was appointed Executive Vice President/General Manager and worked closely with many of the label's established artists, as well as newer performers such as <a href="/wiki/Microdisney" title="Microdisney">Microdisney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_For_Fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Five For Fighting">Five For Fighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Botwin was promoted to President of the Columbia Records Group;<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was appointed Chairman in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he left Columbia to head <a href="/wiki/Red_Light_Management" title="Red Light Management">Red Light Management</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/ATO_Records" title="ATO Records">ATO Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia Records remains a premier subsidiary label of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a>. In 2009, during the re-consolidation of Sony Music, Columbia was partnered with its <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a> sister to form the <a href="/wiki/Columbia/Epic_Label_Group" title="Columbia/Epic Label Group">Columbia/Epic Label Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under which it operated as an imprint. In July 2011, as part of further corporate restructuring, Epic was split from the Columbia/Epic Group as Epic took in multiple artists from Jive Records.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2013, Columbia Records was home to 90 artists such as <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Jauregui" title="Lauren Jauregui">Lauren Jauregui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 2, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Perry_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Perry (music)">Ron Perry</a> was named as the chairman and CEO of Columbia Records.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Business_Journal_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Business_Journal-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2023, Jennifer Mallory was appointed President.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logos_and_branding">Logos and branding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Logos and branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acquisition of rights to the Columbia trademarks by EMI (including the "Magic Notes" logo) presented the company with a dilemma of which logo to use. For much of the 1990s, Columbia released its albums without a logo, just the "COLUMBIA" word mark in the <a href="/wiki/Bodoni" title="Bodoni">Bodoni</a> Classic Bold typeface.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia experimented with bringing back the "Notes and Mic" logo but without the CBS mark on the microphone. That logo is currently used in the "Columbia Jazz" series of jazz releases and reissues.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modified "Magic Notes" logo is found on the logo for <a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Classical">Sony Classical</a>. In mid to late 1999, it was eventually decided that the "Walking Eye" (previously the CBS Records logo outside North America) would be Columbia's logo, with the retained Columbia word mark design, throughout the world except in Japan where <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Columbia" title="Nippon Columbia">Nippon Columbia</a> has the rights to the Columbia trademark to this day and continues to use the "Magic Notes" logo. In Japan, CBS/Sony Records was renamed Sony Records in 1991 and stopped using the "Walking Eye" logo in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Columbia_Records_artists">List of Columbia Records artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of Columbia Records artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbia_Records_artists" title="List of Columbia Records artists">List of Columbia Records artists</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2024, the current Columbia Records roster includes <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa" title="Rosalía">Rosalía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Styles" title="Harry Styles">Harry Styles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miley_Cyrus" title="Miley Cyrus">Miley Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addison_Rae" title="Addison Rae">Addison Rae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennie_(singer)" title="Jennie (singer)">Jennie</a>, <a href="/wiki/JoJo_Siwa" title="JoJo Siwa">JoJo Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dove_Cameron" title="Dove Cameron">Dove Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Cee" title="Central Cee">Central Cee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloe_Bailey" title="Chloe Bailey">Chlöe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halsey_(singer)" title="Halsey (singer)">Halsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ive_(group)" title="Ive (group)">Ive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_the_creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyler, the creator">Tyler, the Creator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharrell_Williams" title="Pharrell Williams">Pharrell Williams</a>, and many more. In October 2012, there were 85 recording artists signed to Columbia Records,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the largest of the three flagship labels owned by Sony Music (followed by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> with 78 artists and <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a> with 43 artists). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemosabe_Records" title="Kemosabe Records">Kemosabe Records</a></li> <li>Small Giant Records</li> <li>CloudBoy Records</li> <li>Signal Records</li> <li>CMV: Columbia Music Video</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushfire_Records" title="Brushfire Records">Brushfire Records</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliated_labels">Affiliated labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Affiliated labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_Label_Group_(UK)"><span id="Columbia_Label_Group_.28UK.29"></span>Columbia Label Group (UK)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Columbia Label Group (UK)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2006, Sony BMG UK split its front-line operations into two separate labels: RCA Label Group, mainly dealing with Pop and R&B and Columbia Label Group, mainly dealing with Rock, Dance and Alternative music (although this remit has widened in recent years). Domestic artists include <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ezra" title="George Ezra">George Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Cee" title="Central Cee">Central Cee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>. Dipesh Parmar is the President of Columba Label Group and Amy Wheatley is the Managing Director. Subsidiary labels include Ministry of Sound Records and Room Two Recordings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Recording_Company_(ARC)"><span id="American_Recording_Company_.28ARC.29"></span>American Recording Company (ARC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: American Recording Company (ARC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During August 1978 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_White" title="Maurice White">Maurice White</a>, founder and leader of the band <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a>, re-launched the <a href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" title="American Record Corporation">American Recording Company</a> (ARC). In addition to White's Earth, Wind & Fire, the Columbia Records-distributed label artist roster included successful R&B and pop singer <a href="/wiki/Deniece_Williams" title="Deniece Williams">Deniece Williams</a>, jazz-fusion group <a href="/wiki/Weather_Report" title="Weather Report">Weather Report</a>, and R&B trio <a href="/wiki/The_Emotions" title="The Emotions">the Emotions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1940s, Columbia has also re-issued thousands of 1930s records issued on ARC labels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aware_Records">Aware Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aware Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, Columbia made an affiliation with unsigned artist promotion label <a href="/wiki/Aware_Records" title="Aware Records">Aware Records</a> to distribute Aware's artists' music. In 2002, Columbia and Aware accepted the option to continue this relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_Nashville">Columbia Nashville</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Columbia Nashville"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, Columbia formed Columbia Nashville, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Nashville" title="Sony Music Nashville">Sony Music Nashville</a>. This gave Columbia Nashville complete autonomy and managerial separation from Columbia in New York City. Columbia had given its <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> department semi-autonomy for many years and through the 1950s, had a 20,000 series catalog for country music singles while the rest of Columbia's output of singles had a 30,000, then 40,000 series catalog number. </p><p>In 2009, Columbia Nashville became part of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Nashville" title="Sony Music Nashville">Sony Music Nashville</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Group_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Group Corporation">Sony Group Corporation</a> umbrella through <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_studios">Recording studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Recording studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia Records operated <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a>, the most notable of which were in New York City, Nashville, Hollywood and San Francisco. Columbia's first recording studio was established in 1913, after the company moved into the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, the tallest building in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, Columbia used this studio to make one of the earliest jazz records, by the <a href="/wiki/Original_Dixieland_Jass_Band" title="Original Dixieland Jass Band">Original Dixieland Jass Band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogan_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogan-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_Avenue,_New_York"><span id="7th_Avenue.2C_New_York"></span><span class="anchor" id="Studio_A"></span> 7th Avenue, New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 7th Avenue, New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, Columbia established <b>Studio A</b> at 799 Seventh Avenue in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-StoryColumbia_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoryColumbia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This studio – well known for its use by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> in the 1960s – was purchased in 1967 by Jack Arnold and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Ramone" title="Phil Ramone">Phil Ramone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A%26R_Recording" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R Recording">A&R Recording</a>, and became Studios A-1 and A-2 for A & R. The building was demolished in 1983 to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Equitable_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable Tower">Equitable Tower</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="52nd_Street,_New_York"><span id="52nd_Street.2C_New_York"></span><span class="anchor" id="Studio_B"></span> 52nd Street, New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 52nd Street, New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CBS_Studio_Building" title="CBS Studio Building">CBS Studio Building</a></div> <p><b>Studio B</b> and <b>Studio E</b> were located in the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Studio_Building" title="CBS Studio Building">CBS Studio Building</a> at 49 East 52nd Street in New York City – on the second and fifth floor, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMONS_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMONS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="30th_Street,_New_York"><span id="30th_Street.2C_New_York"></span>30th Street, New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 30th Street, New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CBS_30th_Street_Studio" title="CBS 30th Street Studio">CBS 30th Street Studio</a></div> <p>In 1948, Columbia built additional new studios at 207 East 30th Street in Manhattan's Murray Hill district, naming them <b>Studio C</b> and <b>Studio D</b>. This complex, nicknamed "The Church" due to it having been built within an 1875 building that was originally constructed as a Christian church, was considered by some in the music industry to be the best-sounding room of its time, and many consider it to have been the greatest recording studio in history.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMONS_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMONS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBS never took up the option to buy the building outright, giving up its lease and closing the studio in 1981. In spite of the building's inherent heritage status and its cultural significance, it was sold to developers in 1985, demolished, and replaced by a high-rise apartment complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_Square,_Hollywood"><span id="Columbia_Square.2C_Hollywood"></span>Columbia Square, Hollywood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Columbia Square, Hollywood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CBS_Columbia_Square" title="CBS Columbia Square">CBS Columbia Square</a></div> <p>In 1961, Columbia Records renovated and repurposed CBS Radio Studio A at the company's Columbia Square complex at 6121 Sunset Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, California. Columbia utilized the studio for recording and mastering services until its closure in 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_Studios,_Nashville"><span id="Columbia_Studios.2C_Nashville"></span>Columbia Studios, Nashville</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Columbia Studios, Nashville"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradley Studios">Bradley Studios</a></div> <p>In 1962, Columbia Records purchased the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradley Studios">Bradley Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> (also known as the Quonset Hut), the first recording studio in what would become Nashville's <a href="/wiki/Music_Row" title="Music Row">Music Row</a> district when first established by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bradley_(guitarist)" title="Harold Bradley (guitarist)">Harold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Bradley" title="Owen Bradley">Owen Bradley</a> in 1954. Renamed <b>Columbia Studios</b>, the company replaced Bradley Studio A with a building containing a newer, larger studio A, mixing and mastering studios, and administrative offices. Columbia operated these studios from 1962 through 1982, when they were converted into office space.<sup id="cite_ref-Skates_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skates-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philanthropist Mike Curb bought the structure in 2006 and restored it; it is now a recording classroom for <a href="/wiki/Belmont_University" title="Belmont University">Belmont University</a>'s Mike Curb College of Entertainment & Music Business.<sup id="cite_ref-Skates_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skates-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liederkranz_Hall_Studio,_New_York"><span id="Liederkranz_Hall_Studio.2C_New_York"></span>Liederkranz Hall Studio, New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Liederkranz Hall Studio, New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia also recorded in the highly respected Liederkranz Hall, at 111 East 58th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues, in New York City, it was built by and formerly belonged to a German cultural and musical society, <a href="/wiki/Liederkranz_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Liederkranz of the City of New York">The Liederkranz Society</a>, and used as a recording studio (<a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor</a> also recorded in Liederkranz Hall in the late 1920s).<sup id="cite_ref-SIMONS_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMONS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The producer Morty Palitz had been instrumental in convincing Columbia Records to begin to use the Liederkranz Hall studio for recording music, additionally convincing the conductor <a href="/wiki/Andre_Kostelanetz" title="Andre Kostelanetz">Andre Kostelanetz</a> to make some of the first recordings in Liederkranz Hall which until then had only been used for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Columbia Symphony Orchestra">CBS Symphony</a> radio shows.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, the large Liederkranz Hall space was physically rearranged to create four television studios.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMONS_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMONS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KAHN2001_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAHN2001-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executives">Executives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Executives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Perry_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Perry (music)">Ron Perry</a> – Chairman & CEO</li> <li>Jenifer Mallory – GM</li> <li>Stephen Russo – EVP & CFO</li> <li>Abou "Bu" Thiam – EVP</li> <li>Edward Wallerstein – Chairman & CEO (1939–1951)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flora" title="Jim Flora">Jim Flora</a>, successor to Alex Steinweiss and legendary illustrator for the label during the 1940s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of record labels">List of record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Steinweiss" title="Alex Steinweiss">Alex Steinweiss</a>, the label's Art Director from 1938 to 1943, inventor of the illustrated album cover and the LP sleeve</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-saleclosed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saleclosed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saleclosed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety132-1938-12/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Denies+Joining+CBS+Subsidiary">"Frank Walker"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. December 21, 1938. p. 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Frank+Walker&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1938-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariety132-1938-12%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DDenies%2BJoining%2BCBS%2BSubsidiary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYSC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYSC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYSC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYSC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppeals1941" class="citation book cs1">Appeals, New York (State) Court of (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDYJG843cN0C&dq=New+York+corporate+filings+Columbia+Phonograph&pg=PA1330"><i>New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Court+of+Appeals.+Records+and+Briefs.&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Appeals&rft.aufirst=New+York+%28State%29+Court+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDYJG843cN0C%26dq%3DNew%2BYork%2Bcorporate%2Bfilings%2BColumbia%2BPhonograph%26pg%3DPA1330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 17, 1955. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1955-09-17&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Sisario2012" class="citation news cs1">Ben Sisario (October 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/books/360-sound-celebrates-columbia-records-125th-anniversary.html">"From One Mine, the Gold of Pop History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+One+Mine%2C+the+Gold+of+Pop+History&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.au=Ben+Sisario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F31%2Fbooks%2F360-sound-celebrates-columbia-records-125th-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114143057/http://www.columbiarecords.com/timeline/#!date=1885-08-06_18:54:22!">"125 Years of Columbia Records – An Interactive Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiarecords.com/timeline/#!date=1885-08-06_18:54:22!">the original</a> on November 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=125+Years+of+Columbia+Records+%E2%80%93+An+Interactive+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiarecords.com%2Ftimeline%2F%23%21date%3D1885-08-06_18%3A54%3A22%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlgramo.html">"Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry: The Gramophone"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emile+Berliner+and+the+Birth+of+the+Recording+Industry%3A+The+Gramophone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fberlhtml%2Fberlgramo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonymusic.com/labels/">"Labels – Sony Music"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Labels+%E2%80%93+Sony+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonymusic.com%2Flabels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guide_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelcorn1976" class="citation book cs1">Hazelcorn, Howard (1976). <i>A Collector's Guide to the Columbia Spring-Wound Cylinder Graphophone</i> (1 ed.). Antique Phonograph Monthly. pp. 10, 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collector%27s+Guide+to+the+Columbia+Spring-Wound+Cylinder+Graphophone&rft.pages=10%2C+13&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Antique+Phonograph+Monthly&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hazelcorn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE_Easton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_Easton_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_Easton_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Edward_Easton">"Edward Easton"</a>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Easton&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FEdward_Easton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilton1998" class="citation web cs1">Bilton, Lynn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intertique.com/Hail%20Columbia.htm">"Hail, Columbia: A fresh book at last gives Edward Easton and his Graphophone company their due"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hail%2C+Columbia%3A+A+fresh+book+at+last+gives+Edward+Easton+and+his+Graphophone+company+their+due&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bilton&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intertique.com%2FHail%2520Columbia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGracyk1904" class="citation web cs1">Gracyk, Tim (October 11, 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173001/http://www.gracyk.com/wax.shtml">"Tim Gracyk's Phonographs, Singers, and Old Records – How Late Did Columbia Use Brown Wax?"</a>. Gracyk.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracyk.com/wax.shtml">the original</a> on October 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tim+Gracyk%27s+Phonographs%2C+Singers%2C+and+Old+Records+%E2%80%93+How+Late+Did+Columbia+Use+Brown+Wax%3F&rft.pub=Gracyk.com&rft.date=1904-10-11&rft.aulast=Gracyk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracyk.com%2Fwax.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Grove-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Grove_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyeKernfeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Rye, Howard; Kernfeld, Barry (2002). Kernfeld, Barry (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-284-6"><bdi>1-56159-284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Grove%27s+Dictionaries+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56159-284-6&rft.aulast=Rye&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Kernfeld%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_Late_20s-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Late_20s_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Tim (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/114"><i>Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s</i></a>, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Corporate+History%3A+Electrical+Recording+and+the+Late+1920s&rft.series=Columbia+Master+Book+Discography%2C+Volume+I&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings+%28DAHR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/guy-lombardo-and-his-royal-canadians-emc">The Canadian Encyclopedia: "Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians" Mookg, Edward B. (6 April 2008 rev. 4 March 2015) on thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrells1978" class="citation book cs1">Murrells, Joseph (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr"><i>The book of golden discs</i></a>. Internet Archive. London : Barrie & Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-214-20512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-214-20512-5"><bdi>978-0-214-20512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+golden+discs&rft.pub=London+%3A+Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-214-20512-5&rft.aulast=Murrells&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofgoldendisc00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Tim (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/115"><i>Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s</i></a>, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Corporate+History%3A+Market+Crash%2C+1929%2C+and+the+Early+1930s&rft.series=Columbia+Master+Book+Discography%2C+Volume+I&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings+%28DAHR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See also</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131">Notes section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalworth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walworth, Julia (2005). "Sir Louis Sterling and his library". <i>Jewish Historical Studies</i>. <b>40</b>. Jewish Historical Society of England: 161. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027031">24027031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Sir+Louis+Sterling+and+his+library&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24027031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walworth&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/616485.stm">"EMI: A Brief History"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 24, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EMI%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.date=2000-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F616485.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blyn-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blyn_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63413337/brooklyn-daily-eagle-ap-6171936/">"Grigsby Radio Holdings Sold"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. June 17, 1936. p. 24 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Grigsby+Radio+Holdings+Sold&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1936-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F63413337%2Fbrooklyn-daily-eagle-ap-6171936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Tim (March 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=21514402&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA335188716&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story. Columbia Records: Pioneer in Recorded Sound: America's Oldest Record Company, 1886 to the Present"</a>. Book Reviews. <i>ARSC Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARSC+Journal&rft.atitle=360+Sound%3A+The+Columbia+Records+Story.+Columbia+Records%3A+Pioneer+in+Recorded+Sound%3A+America%27s+Oldest+Record+Company%2C+1886+to+the+Present&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D21514402%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA335188716%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810135439/http://www.rcenter.org/Home/News/Concerts/ChuckWagonGang.asp">"Solid Gospel series brings Chuck Wagon Gang to Renaissance Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcenter.org/Home/News/Concerts/ChuckWagonGang.asp">the original</a> on August 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solid+Gospel+series+brings+Chuck+Wagon+Gang+to+Renaissance+Center.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcenter.org%2FHome%2FNews%2FConcerts%2FChuckWagonGang.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2012). <i>360 Sound the Columbia Records Story</i>. New York: Chronicle Books. pp. 90–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452107561" title="Special:BookSources/9781452107561"><bdi>9781452107561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=360+Sound+the+Columbia+Records+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=90-95&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781452107561&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoryColumbia-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StoryColumbia_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StoryColumbia_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmorstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Marmorstein, Gary (2007). <i>The label : the story of Columbia Records</i>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon Publishing Group">Avalon Publishing Group</a>. pp. 100–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560257073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560257073"><bdi>978-1560257073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+label+%3A+the+story+of+Columbia+Records&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100-110&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press+Avalon+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1560257073&rft.aulast=Marmorstein&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dos.ny.gov/publicInquiry/#search">"Public Inquiry"</a>. <i>apps.dos.ny.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.dos.ny.gov&rft.atitle=Public+Inquiry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dos.ny.gov%2FpublicInquiry%2F%23search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/eCorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx">"Division of Corporations – Filing"</a>. <i>icis.corp.delaware.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icis.corp.delaware.gov&rft.atitle=Division+of+Corporations+%E2%80%93+Filing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficis.corp.delaware.gov%2FeCorp%2FEntitySearch%2FNameSearch.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/CBS-Reflections-in-a-Bloodshot-Eye-Metz-1975.pdf">CBS reflections in a Bloodshot Eye Metz</a> World Radio History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety135-1939-08/page/n241/mode/2up?q=Brunswick">"Columbia drops its Brunswick label"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. August 30, 1939. p. 241<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Columbia+drops+its+Brunswick+label&rft.pages=241&rft.date=1939-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariety135-1939-08%2Fpage%2Fn241%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DBrunswick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2002655160/">"Columbia Records paperwork collection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Columbia+Records+paperwork+collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2002655160%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 16, 1963. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1963-03-16&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQsEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Kern Holoman <i>The Orchestra: A Very Short Introduction</i> 2012 Page 107 "The first classical LP was the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto with Nathan Milstein, Bruno Walter, and the New York Philharmonic-Symphony, Columbia ML-4001. RCA capitulated in 1950, leaving 45s as the medium of choice for pop singles."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Morton <i>Backstory in Blue: Ellington at Newport '56</i> 2008 Page 49 "1947.. The following year Columbia made what it regarded as record history, introducing the first twelve-inch LP, Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, with violinist Nathan Milstein and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, Bruno Walter ... Within a year and a half of the introduction of the LP, Columbia had sold twice as many Masterworks as RCA was selling of Red Seal. RCA had begun to lose some its artists. Some, like opera tenor (<i>sic</i>), Ezio Pinza, would go to Columbia..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catalog1949-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catalog1949_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catalog1949_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Columbia Record Catalog 1949</i>. Columbia Records Inc. pp. 1–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Record+Catalog+1949&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Columbia+Records+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoC_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/now-see-hear/2019/04/inside-the-archival-box-the-first-long-playing-disc/"><i>The First Long-Playing Disc</i></a> Library of Congress (Congress.gov) (accessdate 21 June 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress Columbia Records Paperwork Box 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sony liner notes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubby.net/worldofcubby/RCR/record_history.html">"Record Collector's Resource: A History of Records"</a>. Cubby.net. February 26, 1917<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+Collector%27s+Resource%3A+A+History+of+Records&rft.pub=Cubby.net&rft.date=1917-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubby.net%2Fworldofcubby%2FRCR%2Frecord_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1970-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1970_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 26, 1970. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970-09-26&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSkEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.45cat.com/record/bbe12043">"Mitch Miller And His Orchestra And Chorus – Mitch Miller – Philips – UK"</a>. 45cat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitch+Miller+And+His+Orchestra+And+Chorus+%E2%80%93+Mitch+Miller+%E2%80%93+Philips+%E2%80%93+UK&rft.pub=45cat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.45cat.com%2Frecord%2Fbbe12043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broven2009-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broven2009_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Broven2009" class="citation book cs1">John Broven (February 26, 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov"><i>Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers</i></a></span>. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5"><bdi>978-0-252-03290-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+Makers+and+Breakers%3A+Voices+of+the+Independent+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Pioneers&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03290-5&rft.au=John+Broven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordmakersbrea0000brov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199162-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199162_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannen1991">Dannen (1991)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1953-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1953_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 19, 1953. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1953-09-19&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAoEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ce_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203002802/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0003271">"Sony Music Entertainment Inc | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sony-music-entertainment-inc-emc">the original</a> on February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Sony+Music+Entertainment+Inc+%26%23124%3B+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsony-music-entertainment-inc-emc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elvis-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elvis_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elvis_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elvis_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorth1992" class="citation book cs1">Worth, Fred (1992). <i>Elvis: His Life from A to Z</i>. Outlet. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06634-8"><bdi>978-0-517-06634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elvis%3A+His+Life+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Outlet&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-517-06634-8&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xiEEAAAAMBAJ_2"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 11, 1954. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xiEEAAAAMBAJ_2/page/n44">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1954-09-11&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_xiEEAAAAMBAJ_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22columbia+representative%22+%2B+billboard+%2B+1961&pg=PA16">"columbia representative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. August 14, 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=columbia+representative&rft.date=1961-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSEEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522columbia%2Brepresentative%2522%2B%252B%2Bbillboard%2B%252B%2B1961%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110317190607/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231/kind-of-blue-miles-davis-19691231">"Kind of Blue"</a>. <i>Rollingstone.com</i>. February 9, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231/kind-of-blue-miles-davis-19691231">the original</a> on March 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rollingstone.com&rft.atitle=Kind+of+Blue&rft.date=2003-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Flists%2F500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231%2Fkind-of-blue-miles-davis-19691231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199160–61-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199160–61_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannen1991">Dannen (1991)</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Randy; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice (October 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1200.html">"Columbia Album Discography, Part 8 (CL 1200 to CL 1299) 1958–1959"</a>. <i>Both Sides Now Publications</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819215009/http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1200.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Both+Sides+Now+Publications&rft.atitle=Columbia+Album+Discography%2C+Part+8+%28CL+1200+to+CL+1299%29+1958%E2%80%931959&rft.date=2015-10-24&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David&rft.au=Eyries%2C+Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsnpubs.com%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolumbia12%2Fcolumbia1200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This stereo LP Box Set (2 LPs) have released first as M2S-603 (MS 6038-9) in 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillboard1958" class="citation magazine cs1">Billboard (January 6, 1958). "Columbia's 1958 Tee-Off Cues Big Product Campaign: Program Set to Tie in with LP Disk's 10th Anniversary Year". <i>Billboard</i>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+1958+Tee-Off+Cues+Big+Product+Campaign%3A+Program+Set+to+Tie+in+with+LP+Disk%27s+10th+Anniversary+Year&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1958-01-06&rft.au=Billboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgerson2017" class="citation book cs1">Borgerson, Janet (2017). <i>Designed for Hi-Fi Living : The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America</i>. Schroeder, Jonathan E., 1962. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 283–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262036238" title="Special:BookSources/9780262036238"><bdi>9780262036238</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958205262">958205262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designed+for+Hi-Fi+Living+%3A+The+Vinyl+LP+in+Midcentury+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=283-297&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958205262&rft.isbn=9780262036238&rft.aulast=Borgerson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Randy; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice (October 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1600.html">"Columbia Album Discography, Part 12 (CL 1600-1699/CS 8400–8499) 1961–1962"</a>. <i>Both Sides Now Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Both+Sides+Now+Publications&rft.atitle=Columbia+Album+Discography%2C+Part+12+%28CL+1600-1699%2FCS+8400%E2%80%938499%29+1961%E2%80%931962&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David&rft.au=Eyries%2C+Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsnpubs.com%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolumbia12%2Fcolumbia1600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1963-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1963_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1963_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eQsEAAAAMBAJ"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 16, 1963. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eQsEAAAAMBAJ/page/n37">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1963-03-16&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_eQsEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Randy; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice (October 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1700.html">"Columbia Album Discography, Part 13 (CL 1700-1799/CS 8500–8598) 1961–1962"</a>. <i>Both Sides Now Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Both+Sides+Now+Publications&rft.atitle=Columbia+Album+Discography%2C+Part+13+%28CL+1700-1799%2FCS+8500%E2%80%938598%29+1961%E2%80%931962&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David&rft.au=Eyries%2C+Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsnpubs.com%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolumbia12%2Fcolumbia1700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Randy; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1800.html">"Columbia Album Discography, Part 14 (CL 1800-1899/CS 8600–8699) 1960–1961"</a>. <i>Both Sides Now Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Both+Sides+Now+Publications&rft.atitle=Columbia+Album+Discography%2C+Part+14+%28CL+1800-1899%2FCS+8600%E2%80%938699%29+1960%E2%80%931961&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David&rft.au=Eyries%2C+Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsnpubs.com%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolumbia12%2Fcolumbia1800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessmanCoxMiller2010" class="citation news cs1">Bessman, Jim; Cox, Tony; Miller, Mitch (August 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128957153">"Remembering Singing Along With Mitch Miller"</a>. <i>Talk of the Nation</i>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130426/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128957153">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talk+of+the+Nation&rft.atitle=Remembering+Singing+Along+With+Mitch+Miller&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft.aulast=Bessman&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Cox%2C+Tony&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D128957153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannen1991">Dannen (1991)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsn17-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsn17_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsn17_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsn17_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsn17_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Randy; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice (November 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia2100.html">"Columbia Album Discography, Part 17 (CL 2100-2199/CS 8900–8999) 1963–1964"</a>. <i>Both Sides Now Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Both+Sides+Now+Publications&rft.atitle=Columbia+Album+Discography%2C+Part+17+%28CL+2100-2199%2FCS+8900%E2%80%938999%29+1963%E2%80%931964&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David&rft.au=Eyries%2C+Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsnpubs.com%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolumbia12%2Fcolumbia2100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/20-things-you-might-not-know-about-bob-dylans-debut-album-764154">"20 Things You Might Not Know About Bob Dylan's Debut Album – NME"</a>. <i>NME</i>. March 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=20+Things+You+Might+Not+Know+About+Bob+Dylan%27s+Debut+Album+%E2%80%93+NME&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fblogs%2Fnme-blogs%2F20-things-you-might-not-know-about-bob-dylans-debut-album-764154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/50-years-ago-today-bob-dylan-released-his-debut-album-20120319">"50 Years Ago Today: Bob Dylan Released His Debut Album"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=50+Years+Ago+Today%3A+Bob+Dylan+Released+His+Debut+Album&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2F50-years-ago-today-bob-dylan-released-his-debut-album-20120319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2009" class="citation news cs1">Willis, Amy (September 17, 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/6201418/Peter-Paul-and-Mary-Top-songs-of-all-time.html">"Peter, Paul and Mary: Top songs of all time"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/6201418/Peter-Paul-and-Mary-Top-songs-of-all-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Peter%2C+Paul+and+Mary%3A+Top+songs+of+all+time&rft.date=2009-09-17&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpicturegalleries%2Fcelebritynews%2F6201418%2FPeter-Paul-and-Mary-Top-songs-of-all-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1965-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1965_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 11, 1965. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1965-12-11&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iIEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19834/m1">"Show 52 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 8] : UNT Digital Library"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Show+52+%E2%80%93+The+Soul+Reformation%3A+Phase+three%2C+soul+music+at+the+summit.+%5BPart+8%26%2393%3B+%3A+UNT+Digital+Library&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc19834%2Fm1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR_story-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AR_story_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsCallahan" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, David; Callahan, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsnpubs.com/atlantic/atlanticstory.html">"Atlantic Records Story"</a>. <i>www.bsnpubs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bsnpubs.com&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Records+Story&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsnpubs.com%2Fatlantic%2Fatlanticstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurek,_Thom" class="citation web cs1">Jurek, Thom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/bitches-brew-r106167/review">"Bitches Brew"</a>. AllMusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bitches+Brew&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.au=Jurek%2C+Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fbitches-brew-r106167%2Freview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bridge-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bridge_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder" class="citation web cs1">Eder, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/bridge-over-troubled-water-mw0000191730">"Bridge Over Troubled Water"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Bridge+Over+Troubled+Water&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fbridge-over-troubled-water-mw0000191730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsn27-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsn27_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsn27_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Randy; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice (November 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia3100.html">"Columbia Album Discography, Part 27 (K)CS 9900–9999 (1969–1970)"</a>. <i>Both Sides Now Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Both+Sides+Now+Publications&rft.atitle=Columbia+Album+Discography%2C+Part+27+%28K%29CS+9900%E2%80%939999+%281969%E2%80%931970%29&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David&rft.au=Eyries%2C+Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsnpubs.com%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolumbia12%2Fcolumbia3100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaldogproductions.net/c/cbs-lps-us.html">"CBS LPs – US unified numbering system"</a>. <i>Global Dog Productions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Dog+Productions&rft.atitle=CBS+LPs+%E2%80%93+US+unified+numbering+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldogproductions.net%2Fc%2Fcbs-lps-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaldogproductions.net/c/cbs-us-30000-30499.html">"LP Discography for CBS Records US combined numbering system 30000-30499"</a>. <i>Global Dog Productions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Dog+Productions&rft.atitle=LP+Discography+for+CBS+Records+US+combined+numbering+system+30000-30499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldogproductions.net%2Fc%2Fcbs-us-30000-30499.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Heather (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ifthesehallscoul00heat"><i>If These Halls Could Talk: A Historical Tour Through San Francisco Recording Studios</i></a></span>. Thomson Course Technology. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ifthesehallscoul00heat/page/n104">90</a>–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59863-141-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59863-141-1"><bdi>1-59863-141-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+These+Halls+Could+Talk%3A+A+Historical+Tour+Through+San+Francisco+Recording+Studios&rft.pages=90-94&rft.pub=Thomson+Course+Technology&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59863-141-1&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fifthesehallscoul00heat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199119-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199119_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannen1991">Dannen (1991)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen199121-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen199121_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannen1991">Dannen (1991)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannen19914–27-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannen19914–27_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannen1991">Dannen (1991)</a>, pp. 4–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oepm.es/Localizador/LocNacExp">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040204010729/http://www.oepm.es/Localizador/LocNacExp">Archived</a> February 4, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/business/cbs-records-changes-name.html">"CBS Records Changes Name"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Reuters. October 16, 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+Records+Changes+Name&rft.date=1990-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fcbs-records-changes-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203071940/http://encore.celebrityaccess.com/index.php?encoreId=53&articleId=19526">"Will Botwin Joins Red Light"</a>. <i>ENCORE</i>. CelebrityAccess. December 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encore.celebrityaccess.com/index.php?encoreId=53&articleId=19526">the original</a> on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENCORE&rft.atitle=Will+Botwin+Joins+Red+Light&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencore.celebrityaccess.com%2Findex.php%3FencoreId%3D53%26articleId%3D19526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026040615/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,82218,00.html">"Sony Music Gets Ready for Black Friday"</a>. Fox News. December 1, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,82218,00.html">the original</a> on October 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sony+Music+Gets+Ready+for+Black+Friday&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C82218%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallo2005" class="citation news cs1">Gallo, Phil (February 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2005/music/markets-festivals/columbia-chair-adjusted-1117917611/">"Columbia chair adjusted"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128120343/https://variety.com/2005/music/markets-festivals/columbia-chair-adjusted-1117917611/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Columbia+chair+adjusted&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2005%2Fmusic%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Fcolumbia-chair-adjusted-1117917611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonymusic.com/sonymusic/sony-music-entertainment-to-be-exclusive-music-provider-for-espns-winter-x-games-13/">"Sony Music Entertainment to be Exclusive Music Provider for ESPN's Winter X Games 13"</a>. <i>Sony Music</i>. October 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sony+Music&rft.atitle=Sony+Music+Entertainment+to+be+Exclusive+Music+Provider+for+ESPN%27s+Winter+X+Games+13&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonymusic.com%2Fsonymusic%2Fsony-music-entertainment-to-be-exclusive-music-provider-for-espns-winter-x-games-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2011" class="citation web cs1">Halperin, Shirley (July 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218065229/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/l-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story">"L.A. Reid's First Week at Epic Has Some Staffers Feeling 'Energized'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Billboard.biz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/l-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story">the original</a> on December 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard.biz&rft.atitle=L.A.+Reid%27s+First+Week+at+Epic+Has+Some+Staffers+Feeling+%27Energized%27&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.biz%2Fbbbiz%2Findustry%2Frecord-labels%2Fl-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiarecords.com/">Columbia Records Music Moving Forward</a>. Columbiarecords.com. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Business_Journal-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Business_Journal_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2018/01/02/sony-names-new-ceo-of-columbia-records.html">Sony names new CEO of Columbia Records</a>", Anthony Noto, <i>New York Business Journal</i>, January 2, 2018, retrieved on January 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/music/news/columbia-records-jenifer-mallory-president-1235507889/">"Jenifer Mallory Named President of Columbia Records"</a>. January 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jenifer+Mallory+Named+President+of+Columbia+Records&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2023%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fcolumbia-records-jenifer-mallory-president-1235507889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990208003842/http://columbiarecords.com/">"Columbia Records Online – USA"</a>. February 8, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbiarecords.com/">the original</a> on February 8, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Records+Online+%E2%80%93+USA&rft.date=1999-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbiarecords.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980115233233/http://www.columbiarecords.com/Jazz/main.html">"Columbia Jazz – Main Nav"</a>. Columbiarecords.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiarecords.com/Jazz/main.html">the original</a> on January 15, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Jazz+%E2%80%93+Main+Nav&rft.pub=Columbiarecords.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiarecords.com%2FJazz%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiarecords.com/artists/">"Columbia Records artists"</a>. <i>Columbia Records</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Records&rft.atitle=Columbia+Records+artists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiarecords.com%2Fartists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ViQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Maurice+White+1978+ARC&pg=PT18"><i>New ARC Columbia Label on debut</i></a>. Vol. 90. Billboard Magazine. August 5, 1978. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+ARC+Columbia+Label+on+debut&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Billboard+Magazine&rft.date=1978-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViQEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DMaurice%2BWhite%2B1978%2BARC%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LyQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Deniece+Williams+ARC+1978&pg=PT25"><i>Maurice White's Prowling for Acts, Building Studios</i></a>. Vol. 91. Billboard Magazine. July 14, 1979. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maurice+White%27s+Prowling+for+Acts%2C+Building+Studios&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Billboard+Magazine&rft.date=1979-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLyQEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DDeniece%2BWilliams%2BARC%2B1978%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmann, Frank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6tghvO0oMC"><i>Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound</i></a>, New York & London : Routledge, 1993 & 2005, Volume 1. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6tghvO0oMC&pg=PA212">p.212</a>, article on "Columbia (Label)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogan-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cogan_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogan2003" class="citation book cs1">Cogan, Jim (2003). <i>Temples of Sound</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books LLC. pp. 181–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-3394-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8118-3394-1"><bdi>0-8118-3394-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Sound&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=181-191&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books+LLC&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8118-3394-1&rft.aulast=Cogan&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc-architecture.com/SCC/SCC019.htm">"The Woolworth Building"</a>, <i>NYC Architecture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMONS-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIMONS_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMONS_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMONS_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMONS_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2004" class="citation book cs1">Simons, David (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiostorieshow00simo"><i>Studio Stories – How the Great New York Records Were Made</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-817-9"><bdi>978-0-87930-817-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studio+Stories+%E2%80%93+How+the+Great+New+York+Records+Were+Made&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-817-9&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiostorieshow00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milner, Greg, <i>Perfecting Sound Forever: The Story of recorded Music</i>, Granta Books, London, 2009 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84708-140-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84708-140-7">978-1-84708-140-7</a>), p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skates-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skates_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skates_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkates2011" class="citation web cs1">Skates, Sarah (June 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicrow.com/2011/06/quonset-hut-hosts-reunion-celebration/">"Quonset Hut Hosts Reunion Celebration"</a>. Music Row<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quonset+Hut+Hosts+Reunion+Celebration&rft.pub=Music+Row&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.aulast=Skates&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicrow.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fquonset-hut-hosts-reunion-celebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liederkranznycity.org/history.asp">"History of The Liederkranz of the City of New York"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727031333/http://www.liederkranznycity.org/history.asp">Archived</a> July 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Liederkranz of the City of New York website. The Liederkranz Club put up a building in 1881 at 111–119 East 58th Street, east of Park Avenue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North, James H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BN6ZNNS3u8cC"><i>New York Philharmonic: the authorized recordings, 1917–2005 : a discography</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. Cf. especially <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BN6ZNNS3u8cC&dq=111+e+58th+st+new+york+city+liederkranz+hall&pg=PR20">p.xx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behncke, Bernhard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vjm.biz/new_page_3.htm">"Leiderkranz Hall – The World's Best Recording Studio?"</a>, <i>VJM's Jazz & Blues Mart</i> magazine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=rca+records+liederkranz&pg=PA6">"Morty Palitz Dies at 53; Spanned 3 Record Decades"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>, December 1, 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAHN2001-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAHN2001_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Kahn" title="Ashley Kahn">Kahn, Ashley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QArFwi9buUC"><i>Kind of Blue: The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece</i></a>, Da Capo Press, 2001. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QArFwi9buUC&dq=liederkranz+hall+columbia+records&pg=PA75">p.75</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannen1991" class="citation book cs1">Dannen, Fredric (1991). <i>Hit Men: Power Brokers and Fast Money Inside The Music Business</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0099813106" title="Special:BookSources/0099813106"><bdi>0099813106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hit+Men%3A+Power+Brokers+and+Fast+Money+Inside+The+Music+Business&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0099813106&rft.aulast=Dannen&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Records" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Cogan, Jim; Clark, William, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hO-KQ4o_B2MC"><i>Temples of sound : inside the great recording studios</i></a>, San Francisco : Chronicle Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-3394-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8118-3394-1">0-8118-3394-1</a>. Cf. chapter on <i>Columbia Studios</i>, pp. 181–192.</li> <li>Hoffmann, Frank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6tghvO0oMC"><i>Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound</i></a>, New York & London : Routledge, 1993 & 2005, Volume 1. Cf. pp. 209–213, article on "Columbia (Label)"</li> <li>Koenigsberg, Allen, <i>The Patent History of the Phonograph, 1877–1912</i>, APM Press, 1990/1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937612-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-937612-10-3">0-937612-10-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Revolution in Sound: A Biography of the Recording Industry</i>. Little, Brown and Company, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-77333-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-77333-6">0-316-77333-6</a>.</li> <li><i>High Fidelity Magazine</i>, ABC, Inc. April 1976, "Creating the LP Record."</li> <li>Rust, Brian, (compiler), <i>The Columbia Master Book Discography</i>, Greenwood Press, 1999.</li> <li>Marmorstein, Gary. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Label:_The_Story_of_Columbia_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="The Label: The Story of Columbia Records">The Label: The Story of Columbia Records</a></i>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press; 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-707-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-707-5">1-56025-707-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ramone" title="Phil Ramone">Ramone, Phil</a>; Granata, Charles L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzTUVHf_ThgC"><i>Making records: the scenes behind the music</i></a>, New York: Hyperion, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6859-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6859-9">978-0-7868-6859-9</a>. Many references to the Columbia Studios, especially when Ramone bought Studio A, 799 Seventh Avenue from Columbia. Cf. especially pp. 136–137.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Marsh" title="Dave Marsh">Dave Marsh</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/360-sound-columbia-records/id566377915?mt=11"><i>360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story Legends and Legacy</i></a>, Free eBook released by Columbia Records that puts a spotlight on the label's 263 greatest recordings from 1890 to 2011.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Columbia_Records" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiarecords.com/">Official website</a></li> <li>Columbia masters in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/index?Matrix%5BCompany%5D=Columbia">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundfountain.org/rem/remcovart.html">See the Profile of Designer Alex Steinweiss</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony_Music_Entertainment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony_Music" title="Template:Sony Music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony_Music" title="Template talk:Sony Music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony_Music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony Music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony_Music_Entertainment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stringer" title="Rob Stringer">Rob Stringer</a></li> <li>Kevin Kelleher</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flagship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records" title="Arista Records">Arista Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Nashville" title="Sony Music Nashville">Nashville</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Columbia_Nashville">Columbia Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Records_Nashville" title="RCA Records Nashville">RCA Records Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provident_Label_Group" title="Provident Label Group">Provident Label Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orchard_(company)" title="The Orchard (company)">The Orchard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Masterworks" title="Sony Masterworks">Sony Masterworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical_Records" title="Sony Classical Records">Sony Classical Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Harmonia_Mundi" title="Deutsche Harmonia Mundi">Deutsche Harmonia Mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Records" title="Portrait Records">Portrait Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Records" title="Milan Records">Milan Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal_Records" title="RCA Red Seal Records">RCA Red Seal Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music#Sony_Music_UK" title="Sony Music">UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Butter_Records" title="Black Butter Records">Black Butter Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syco_Music" title="Syco Music">Syco Music</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relentless_Records" title="Relentless Records">Relentless Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound" title="Ministry of Sound">Ministry of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Records_Japan" title="Epic Records Japan">Epic Records Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioon_Music" title="Kioon Music">Kioon Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariola_Japan" title="Ariola Japan">Ariola Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Music" title="Sacra Music">Sacra Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex_of_America" title="Aniplex of America">Aniplex of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-1_Pictures" title="A-1 Pictures">A-1 Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloverWorks" title="CloverWorks">CloverWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunchyroll LLC">Crunchyroll LLC</a> (co-owned with <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Crunchyroll EMEA</a> <ul><li>Crunchyroll SAS</li> <li>Crunchyroll SA</li> <li>Crunchyroll GmbH</li></ul></li> <li>Crunchyroll Films</li> <li>Crunchyroll Studios</li> <li>Crunchyroll Games LLC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_UK_and_Ireland" title="Crunchyroll UK and Ireland">Crunchyroll UK and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">Crunchyroll Store Australia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_On!_TV" title="Music On! TV">Music On! TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanuts#Ownership" title="Peanuts">Peanuts Worldwide</a> (39%)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Take" title="The First Take">The First Take</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWAL" title="AWAL">AWAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orchard_(company)" title="The Orchard (company)">The Orchard</a> <ul><li>IODA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RED_Music" title="RED Music">RED Music</a></li> <li>Red Essential</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVT_Records" title="TVT Records">TVT Records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_Music_labels" title="List of Sony Music labels">Other labels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Records" title="Alamo Records">Alamo Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_Livre" title="Som Livre">Som Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Inspiration" title="RCA Inspiration">RCA Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonogenic_Records" title="Phonogenic Records">Phonogenic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Records" title="Ultra Records">Ultra Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_Media_Records" title="Century Media Records">Century Media Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Recordings" title="Legacy Recordings">Legacy Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemosabe_Records" title="Kemosabe Records">Kemosabe Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dischi_Ricordi" title="Dischi Ricordi">Dischi Ricordi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Entertainment" title="Robbins Entertainment">Robbins Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somethin%27_Else_(content_agency)" title="Somethin' Else (content agency)">Somethin' Else</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Australia" title="Sony Music Australia">Sony Music Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Mexico" title="Sony Music Mexico">Sony Music Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_India" title="Sony Music India">Sony Music India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music South">Sony Music South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin" title="Sony Music Latin">Sony Music Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Philippines" title="Sony Music Philippines">Sony Music Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Entertainment" title="Volcano Entertainment">Volcano Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/38px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183387#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183387#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183387#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92049888">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8008515">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007346854005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbia Records"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/13422">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/011d1192-6f65-45bd-85c4-0400dd45693e">MusicBrainz label</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbia Records"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/ad6f8706-c95e-443b-8579-8e3ecd27126c">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&oldid=1258606740">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&oldid=1258606740</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_Records" title="Category:Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1889_establishments_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:1889 establishments in New York (state)">1889 establishments in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1889" title="Category:American companies established in 1889">American companies established in 1889</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_country_music_record_labels" title="Category:American country music record labels">American country music record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Manhattan" title="Category:Companies based in Manhattan">Companies based in Manhattan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contemporary_R%26B_record_labels" title="Category:Contemporary R&B record labels">Contemporary R&B record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cylinder_record_producers" title="Category:Cylinder record producers">Cylinder record producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_companies_based_in_New_York_City" title="Category:Entertainment companies based in New York City">Entertainment companies based in New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_record_labels" title="Category:Hip hop record labels">Hip hop record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_jazz_record_labels" title="Category:American jazz record labels">American jazz record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Mass media companies of the United States">Mass media companies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pop_record_labels" title="Category:Pop record labels">Pop record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Record_labels_established_in_1889" title="Category:Record labels established in 1889">Record labels established in 1889</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhythm_and_blues_record_labels" title="Category:Rhythm and blues record labels">Rhythm and blues record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_record_labels" title="Category:Rock record labels">Rock record labels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sony_Music" title="Category:Sony Music">Sony Music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soundtrack_record_labels" title="Category:Soundtrack record labels">Soundtrack record labels</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2021">Use mdy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2017">Articles needing additional references from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 17:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Records&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2jqt7","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.333","walltime":"1.601","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9478,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":195344,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10312,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":320239,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1381.380 1 -total"," 37.78% 521.913 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.89% 150.463 33 Template:Cite_web"," 10.58% 146.214 1 Template:Infobox_record_label"," 9.21% 127.198 11 Template:Cite_news"," 8.83% 121.969 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.23% 113.755 7 Template:Sfnp"," 7.47% 103.184 23 Template:Cite_book"," 6.86% 94.750 4 Template:Fix"," 6.51% 89.961 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.781","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9100309,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAppeals1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Sisario2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessmanCoxMiller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillboard1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgerson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCogan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDannen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwardsCallahan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGracyk1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalperin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazelcorn1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Broven2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurek,_Thom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarmorstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrells1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyeKernfeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkates2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalworth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWattsCallahanEdwardsEyries2015\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorth1992\"] = 1,\n [\"Studio_A\"] = 1,\n [\"Studio_B\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"1/2\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"End date\"] = 3,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Gilliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox record label\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sony Music\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 4,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gr6xb","timestamp":"20241122140754","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Columbia Records","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbia_Records","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183387","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183387","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-04T07:45:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T17:01:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Columbia_Records_Colored_Logo.svg","headline":"American record label owned by Sony"}</script> </body> </html>