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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stories_and_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stories_and_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stories and characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stories_and_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Plots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime_and_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime_and_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Anime and manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime_and_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Radio dramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Web series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subgenres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on other genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western (genre)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9)" title="غرب أمريكي (نوع) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرب أمريكي (نوع)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_western" title="Cine de western – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine de western" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_(%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1)" title="وسترن (ژانر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وسترن (ژانر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Вестэрн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вестэрн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Вэстэрн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэстэрн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Уестърн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уестърн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Вестерн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вестерн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gorllewin_Gwyllt_(genre)" title="Y Gorllewin Gwyllt (genre) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Gorllewin Gwyllt (genre)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(Genre)" title="Western (Genre) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Western (Genre)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestern" title="Vestern – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vestern" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD" title="Γουέστερν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουέστερν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9stern" title="Wéstern – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wéstern" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakera_(%C4%9Denro)" title="Vakera (ĝenro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakera (ĝenro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="وسترن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وسترن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(sjenre)" title="Western (sjenre) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Western (sjenre)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siar-sgeul" title="Siar-sgeul – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siar-sgeul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80%EA%B7%B9" title="서부극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서부극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80)" title="वॅस्टर्न (शैली) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वॅस्टर्न (शैली)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat_(genre)" title="Barat (genre) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barat (genre)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestri_(kvikmyndir)" title="Vestri (kvikmyndir) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestri (kvikmyndir)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesterns" title="Vesterns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vesterns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesternas" title="Vesternas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vesternas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Вестерн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вестерн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Western (genre)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%8A%87" title="西部劇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西部劇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Вестерн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестерн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western (genre)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="چەشنی ڕۆژاوایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەشنی ڕۆژاوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Вестерн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вестерн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multimedia genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Westerns" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Western_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Western (disambiguation)">Western (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_(genre)" title="Special:EditPage/Western (genre)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western%22+genre">"Western" genre</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western%22+genre+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western%22+genre&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western%22+genre+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western%22+genre">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western%22+genre&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westerns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/120px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/180px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/240px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Media</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerns_on_television" title="Westerns on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_Art" title="Western American Art">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_Western" title="Dime Western">Dime novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_subgenres" title="List of Western subgenres">Subgenres</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Australian Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Western">Epic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_romance_literature" title="Western romance literature">Western romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Lists of Western films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_fiction_authors" title="List of Western fiction authors">List of Western fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_television_series" title="List of Western television series">List of Western television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boot_Awards" title="Golden Boot Awards">Golden Boot Awards</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Terms</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Cowboy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Quick draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Western</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> typically <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">set</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> (commonly referred to as the "Old West" or the "Wild West") between the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890, and commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">folk tales</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edgerton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgerton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>The frontier is depicted in Western media as a sparsely populated hostile region patrolled by <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">outlaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a>, and numerous other <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">gunslinger</a> characters. Western narratives often concern the gradual attempts to tame the crime-ridden American West using wider themes of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, freedom, rugged individualism, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, and the national history and identity of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> populations were often portrayed as averse foes or <a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">savages</a>. </p><p>Originating in <a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">vaquero</a> heritage and <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western fiction</a>, the genre popularized the <a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>-<a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> globally.<sup id="cite_ref-History_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the history of the genre, it has seen popular revivals and been incorporated into various subgenres. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stories_and_characters">Stories and characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stories and characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_(genre)" title="Special:EditPage/Western (genre)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The classic Western is a <a href="/wiki/Morality_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Morality drama">morality drama</a>, presenting the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories commonly center on the life of a male <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">drifter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">gunslinger</a> who rides a horse and is armed with a <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>. The male characters typically wear broad-brimmed and high-crowned <a href="/wiki/Stetson" title="Stetson">Stetson</a> hats,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neckerchief" title="Neckerchief">neckerchief</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">bandannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Vest">vests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">cowboy boots</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spur" title="Spur">spurs</a>. While many wear conventional shirts and trousers, alternatives include <a href="/wiki/Buckskins" title="Buckskins">buckskins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">dusters</a>. </p><p>Women are generally cast in secondary roles as <a href="/wiki/Love_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Love interest">love interests</a> for the male lead; or in supporting roles as <a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">saloon</a> girls, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitutes</a> or as the wives of <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>. The wife character often provides a measure of <a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">comic relief</a>. Other recurring characters include <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> of various tribes described as Indians or Red Indians,<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">bounty hunters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)#American_Western" title="Outlaw (stock character)">outlaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">bartenders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gamblers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a> (especially mounted <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>), and settlers (<a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancher">ranchers</a>, and townsfolk). </p><p>The ambience is usually punctuated with a <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">score</a>, including <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spanish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a> folk music such as <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American music</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">rancheras</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a>, desolate landscape of <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a "mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West".<sup id="cite_ref-Cowie_2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowie_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways, wilderness, and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a stock plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution, which is often dispensed through a <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">quick draw</a> duel.<sup id="cite_ref-Agnew_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnew-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dope_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dope-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Willy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG/200px-Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG/300px-Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG/400px-Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger" title="Lone Ranger">Lone Ranger</a>, a famous heroic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lawman" class="extiw" title="wikt:lawman">lawman</a>, was with a cavalry of six Texas Rangers until they all, except for him, were killed. He preferred to remain anonymous, so he resigned and built a sixth grave that supposedly held his body. He fights on as a lawman, wearing a mask, for "Outlaws live in a world of fear. Fear of the mysterious".</figcaption></figure> <p>The Western genre sometimes portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature in the name of civilization or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original, Native American, inhabitants of the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-kimnewman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimnewman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western depicts a society organized around codes of <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honor</a> and personal, direct or private justice–"frontier justice"–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are often played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retribution" class="extiw" title="wikt:retribution">retribution</a> against someone who has wronged them (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film)" title="True Grit (1969 film)">True Grit</a></i> has revenge and retribution as its main themes). This Western depiction of personal justice contrasts sharply with justice systems organized around rationalistic, abstract law that exist in cities, in which <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> is maintained predominantly through relatively impersonal institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Courtroom" title="Courtroom">courtrooms</a>. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a seminomadic wanderer, usually a cowboy or a gunfighter.<sup id="cite_ref-kimnewman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimnewman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A showdown or <a href="/wiki/Duel#Colonial_North_America_and_United_States" title="Duel">duel</a> at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. </p><p>In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the literary descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">knights-errant</a>, who stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian romances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kimnewman_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimnewman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the cowboy or gunfighter of the Western, the knight-errant of the earlier European tales and poetry was wandering from place to place on his horse, fighting villains of various kinds, and bound to no fixed social structures, but only to his own innate code of honor. Like knights-errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsels in distress</a>. Similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the <i><a href="/wiki/Ronin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronin">ronin</a></i> in modern Japanese culture. </p><p>The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, although some notable examples (e.g. the later Westerns of John Ford or <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Unforgiven" title="Unforgiven">Unforgiven</a></i>, about an old <a href="/wiki/Contract_killer" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract killer">contract killer</a>) are more morally ambiguous. Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness, and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Western films generally have specific settings, such as isolated ranches, Native American villages, or small frontier towns with a saloon. Oftentimes, these settings appear deserted and without much structure. Apart from the wilderness, the saloon usually emphasizes that this is the <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>; it is the place to go for music (raucous piano playing), women (often <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitutes</a>), gambling (draw poker or five-card stud), drinking (<a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whiskey</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a> if set in Mexico), brawling, and shooting. In some Westerns, where civilization has arrived, the town has a church, a general store, a bank, and a school; in others, where frontier rules still hold sway, it is, as <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a> said, "where life has no value". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plots">Plots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gruber" title="Frank Gruber">Frank Gruber</a> identified seven basic plots for Westerns:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Union Pacific story: The plot concerns construction of a railroad, a telegraph line, or some other type of modern technology on the wild frontier. Wagon-train stories fall into this category.</li> <li>Ranch story: Ranchers protecting their family ranch from <a href="/wiki/Cattle_rustling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle rustling">rustlers</a> or large landowners attempting to force out the proper owners.</li> <li>Empire story: The plot involves building a ranch empire or an oil empire from scratch, a classic rags-to-riches plot, often involving conflict over resources such as water or minerals.</li> <li>Revenge story: The plot often involves an elaborate chase and pursuit by a wronged individual, but it may also include elements of the classic mystery story.</li> <li>Cavalry and Indian story: The plot revolves around taming the wilderness for White settlers or fighting Native Americans.</li> <li>Outlaw story: The outlaw gangs dominate the action.</li> <li>Marshal story: The lawman and his challenges drive the plot.</li></ul> <p>Gruber said that good writers used dialogue and plot development to develop these basic plots into believable stories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western film</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_train_robbery_still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/240px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/360px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/480px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Justus_D._Barnes" title="Justus D. Barnes">Justus D. Barnes</a> in Western apparel, as "Bronco Billy Anderson", from the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> (1903), the second Western film and the first one shot in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm/250px--The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="712" data-mwtitle="The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903)_-_yt.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903)_-_yt.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903%29_-_yt.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> full film (1903); runtime 00:11:51.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">new frontier</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, these films were called "Wild West dramas", a reference to <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a> like <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill Cody's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in <i>Motion Picture World</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western fiction</a>, and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Western films commonly feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear <a href="/wiki/Stetson" title="Stetson">Stetson</a> hats, <a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">bandannas</a>, spurs, and <a href="/wiki/Buckskins" title="Buckskins">buckskins</a>, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using frontier justice. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_Cooper_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gary_Cooper_2.jpg/220px-Gary_Cooper_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Gary_Cooper_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Vera_Cruz_(film)" title="Vera Cruz (film)">Vera Cruz</a></i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The first films that belong to the Western genre are a series of short single reel silents made in 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Black_Maria" title="Edison's Black Maria">Black Maria</a> studio in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>. These featured veterans of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill"><i>Buffalo Bill's Wild West</i> show</a> exhibiting skills acquired by living in the Old West – they included <a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a> (shooting) and members of the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> (dancing).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short <i><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_by_Indians" title="Kidnapping by Indians">Kidnapping by Indians</a></i>, made by <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_and_Kenyon" title="Mitchell and Kenyon">Mitchell and Kenyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, England, in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> (1903, based on the earlier British film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Daring_Daylight_Burglary" title="A Daring Daylight Burglary">A Daring Daylight Burglary</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>'s film starring <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Broncho Billy Anderson</a>, is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and <a href="/wiki/William_K._Everson" title="William K. Everson">William K. Everson</a> point out (as mentioned above) that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to <i>The Great Train Robbery</i>". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Hart" title="William S. Hart">William S. Hart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western films were enormously popular in the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era (1894–1927). With the advent of sound in 1927–1928, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. An exception was The Big Trail, a 1930 American pre-Code Western early widescreen film shot on location across the American West starring 23-year-old John Wayne in his first leading role and directed by Raoul Walsh. The epic film noted for its authenticity was a financial failure due to Depression era theatres not willing to invest in widescreen technology. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a pulp genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City_(film)" title="Dodge City (film)">Dodge City</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Errol_Flynn" title="Errol Flynn">Errol Flynn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_(1939_film)" title="Jesse James (1939 film)">Jesse James</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_(film)" title="Union Pacific (film)">Union Pacific</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Joel_McCrea" title="Joel McCrea">Joel McCrea</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Destry_Rides_Again" title="Destry Rides Again">Destry Rides Again</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford's</a> landmark Western adventure <i><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)" title="Stagecoach (1939 film)">Stagecoach</a> </i> starring <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>, which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, <i>Stagecoach</i> made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen 10 years earlier as the <a href="/wiki/Leading_actor" title="Leading actor">leading man</a> in director <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a>'s spectacular <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Trail" title="The Big Trail">The Big Trail</a></i>, which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West, including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a>, and the giant <a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">redwoods</a>, due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. After renewed commercial successes in the late 1930s, the popularity of Westerns continued to rise until its peak in the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Robert Aldrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budd_Boetticher" title="Budd Boetticher">Budd Boetticher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delmer_Daves" title="Delmer Daves">Delmer Daves</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>, and others. Some of the popular films during this era include <i><a href="/wiki/Apache_(film)" title="Apache (film)">Apache</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(1950_film)" title="Broken Arrow (1950 film)">Broken Arrow</a></i> (1950), and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Darling_Clementine" title="My Darling Clementine">My Darling Clementine</a></i> (1946).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The changing popularity of the Western genre has influenced worldwide pop culture over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Netflix_Tudum_2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netflix_Tudum_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mens_Health_2022_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mens_Health_2022-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Westerns</a> from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> became popular worldwide; this was due to the success of <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>'s storytelling method.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_2023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_Gray_2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_Gray_2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having been previously pronounced dead, a resurgence of Westerns occurred during the 1990s with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances with Wolves">Dances with Wolves</a></i> (1990), <i><a href="/wiki/Unforgiven" title="Unforgiven">Unforgiven</a></i> (1992), and <i>Geronimo</i> (1993), as Westerns once again increased in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_Buscombe_Pearson_1999_p=520_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby_Buscombe_Pearson_1999_p=520-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Westerns_on_television" title="Westerns on television">Westerns on television</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG/220px-James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG/330px-James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG/440px-James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Garner" title="James Garner">James Garner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kelly_(actor)" title="Jack Kelly (actor)">Jack Kelly</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)" title="Maverick (TV series)">Maverick</a></i> (1957)</figcaption></figure> <p>When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, Television Westerns quickly became an audience favorite.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoggy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoggy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Beginning with rebroadcasts of existing films, a number of movie cowboys had their own TV shows. As demand for the Western increased, new stories and stars were introduced. A number of long-running TV Westerns became classics in their own right, such as: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)" title="The Lone Ranger (TV series)">The Lone Ranger</a></i> (1949–1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Days" title="Death Valley Days">Death Valley Days</a></i> (1952–1970), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Legend_of_Wyatt_Earp" title="The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp">The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp</a></i> (1955–1961), <i><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_(TV_series)" title="Cheyenne (TV series)">Cheyenne</a></i> (1955–1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i> (1955–1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)" title="Maverick (TV series)">Maverick</a></i> (1957–1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Have_Gun_%E2%80%93_Will_Travel" title="Have Gun – Will Travel">Have Gun – Will Travel</a></i> (1957–1963), <i><a href="/wiki/Wagon_Train" title="Wagon Train">Wagon Train</a></i> (1957–1965), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rifleman" title="The Rifleman">The Rifleman</a></i> (1958–1963), <i><a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(TV_series)" title="Rawhide (TV series)">Rawhide</a></i> (1959–1966), <i><a href="/wiki/Bonanza" title="Bonanza">Bonanza</a></i> (1959–1973), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)" title="The Virginian (TV series)">The Virginian</a></i> (1962–1971), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Valley" title="The Big Valley">The Big Valley</a></i> (1965–1969). <i>The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp</i> was the first Western television series written for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eastern_Earps_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eastern_Earps-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> premiering four days before <i>Gunsmoke</i> on September 6, 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_and_Marsh_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_and_Marsh-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 570, 786">: 570, 786 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNeil_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeil-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 351, 927">: 351, 927 </span></sup> </p><p>The peak year for television Westerns was 1959, with 26 such shows airing during primetime. At least six of them were connected in some extent to <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a>: <i>The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson_(TV_series)" title="Bat Masterson (TV series)">Bat Masterson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tombstone_Territory" title="Tombstone Territory">Tombstone Territory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(TV_series)" title="Broken Arrow (TV series)">Broken Arrow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo_(TV_series)" title="Johnny Ringo (TV series)">Johnny Ringo</a></i>, and <i>Gunsmoke</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-guinn_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing costs of American television production weeded out most action half-hour series in the early 1960s, and their replacement by hour-long television shows, increasingly in color.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Traditional Westerns died out in the late 1960s as a result of network changes in <a href="/wiki/Demographic_targeting" title="Demographic targeting">demographic targeting</a> along with pressure from parental television groups. Future entries in the genre would incorporate elements from other genera, such as crime drama and mystery whodunit elements. Western shows from the 1970s included <i><a href="/wiki/Hec_Ramsey" title="Hec Ramsey">Hec Ramsey</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_(1972_TV_series)" title="Kung Fu (1972 TV series)">Kung Fu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)" title="Little House on the Prairie (TV series)">Little House on the Prairie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/McCloud_(TV_series)" title="McCloud (TV series)">McCloud</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Grizzly_Adams" title="The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams">The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams</a></i>, and the short-lived but highly acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/How_the_West_Was_Won_(TV_series)" title="How the West Was Won (TV series)">How the West Was Won</a></i> that originated from a miniseries with the same name. In the 1990s and 2000s, hour-long Westerns and slickly packaged made-for-TV movie Westerns were introduced, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonesome Dove (film)">Lonesome Dove</a></i> (1989) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman" title="Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman">Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman</a></i>. Also, new elements were once again added to the Western formula, such as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">space Western</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)" title="Firefly (TV series)">Firefly</a></i>, created by Joss Whedon in 2002. <i><a href="/wiki/Deadwood_(TV_series)" title="Deadwood (TV series)">Deadwood</a></i> was a critically acclaimed Western series that aired on <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> from 2004 through 2006. <i><a href="/wiki/Hell_on_Wheels_(TV_series)" title="Hell on Wheels (TV series)">Hell on Wheels</a></i>, a fictionalized story of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a>, aired on <a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)" title="AMC (TV channel)">AMC</a> for five seasons between 2011 and 2016. <i><a href="/wiki/Longmire_(TV_series)" title="Longmire (TV series)">Longmire</a></i> is a Western series that centered on <a href="/wiki/Walt_Longmire" title="Walt Longmire">Walt Longmire</a>, a sheriff in fictional Absaroka County, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. Originally aired on the <a href="/wiki/A%26E_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E (TV channel)">A&E</a> network from 2012 to 2014, it was picked up by <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> in 2015 until the show's conclusion in 2017. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)" title="AMC (TV channel)">AMC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vince_Gilligan" title="Vince Gilligan">Vince Gilligan's</a> critically acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> is a much more modern take on the Western genre. Set in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> from 2008 through 2013, it follows <a href="/wiki/Walter_White_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Walter White (Breaking Bad)">Walter White</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cranston" title="Bryan Cranston">Bryan Cranston</a>), a chemistry teacher diagnosed with Stage III Lung Cancer who cooks and sells crystal <a href="/wiki/Meth" class="mw-redirect" title="Meth">meth</a> to provide money for his family after he dies, while slowly growing further and further into the illicit drug market, eventually turning into a ruthless drug dealer and killer. While the show has scenes in a populated suburban neighborhood and nearby <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, much of the show takes place in the desert, where Walter often takes his RV car out into the open desert to cook his meth, and most action sequences occur in the desert, similar to old-fashioned Western movies. The clash between the Wild West and modern technology like cars and cellphones, while also focusing primarily on being a <a href="/wiki/Crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime drama">Crime drama</a> makes the show a unique spin on both genres. Walter's reliance on the desert environment makes the Western-feel a pivotal role in the show, and would continue to be used in the spinoff series <i><a href="/wiki/Better_Call_Saul" title="Better Call Saul">Better Call Saul</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western fiction</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western fiction</a> is a genre of literature set in the American Old West, most commonly between 1860 and 1900. The first critically recognized Western was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virginian_(novel)" title="The Virginian (novel)">The Virginian</a></i> (1902) by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Wister" title="Owen Wister">Owen Wister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other well-known writers of Western fiction include <a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey" title="Zane Grey">Zane Grey</a>, from the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Haycox" title="Ernest Haycox">Ernest Haycox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Short_(writer)" title="Luke Short (writer)">Luke Short</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a>, from the mid 20th century. Many writers better known in other genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmore_Leonard" title="Elmore Leonard">Elmore Leonard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a>, have also written Western novels. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1960s, due in part to the shuttering of many pulp magazines, the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Television_Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Westerns">televised Westerns</a>, and the rise of the spy novel. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and reached a new low in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside of a few Western states, now only carry a small number of Western novels and short-story collections.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary forms that share similar themes include stories of the American frontier, the <a href="/wiki/Gaucho_literature" title="Gaucho literature"><i>gaucho</i> literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and tales of the settlement of the Australian Outback. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_West_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wild_West_1908.jpg/300px-Wild_West_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wild_West_1908.jpg/450px-Wild_West_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wild_West_1908.jpg/600px-Wild_West_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>"As Wild felled one of the redskins by a blow from the butt of his revolver, and sprang for the one with the tomahawk, the chief's daughter suddenly appeared. Raising her hands, she exclaimed, 'Go back, Young Wild West. I will save her!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (1908)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_American_Art" title="Western American Art">Western American Art</a></div> <p>A number of visual artists focused their work on representations of the American Old West. American West-oriented art is sometimes referred to as "Western Art" by Americans. This relatively new category of art includes paintings, sculptures, and sometimes Native American crafts. Initially, subjects included exploration of the Western states and cowboy themes. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles M. Russell">Charles M. Russell</a> are two artists who captured the "Wild West" in paintings and sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Remington <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lorenz_(artist)" title="Richard Lorenz (artist)">Richard Lorenz</a> became the preeminent artist painting in the Western genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Badger_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badger-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some art museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_Center_of_the_West" title="Buffalo Bill Center of the West">Buffalo Bill Center of the West</a> in Wyoming and the <a href="/wiki/Autry_National_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autry National Center">Autry National Center</a> in Los Angeles, feature American Western Art.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anime and manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, the genre tends towards the science-fiction Western – e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i> (1998 anime), <i><a href="/wiki/Trigun" title="Trigun">Trigun</a></i> (1995–2007 manga), and <i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_Star" title="Outlaw Star">Outlaw Star</a></i> (1996–1999 manga). Although contemporary Westerns also appear, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Koya_no_Shonen_Isamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Koya no Shonen Isamu">Koya no Shonen Isamu</a></i>, a 1971 <i><a href="/wiki/Shonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shonen">shonen</a> </i>manga about a boy with a Japanese father and a Native American mother, or <i><a href="/wiki/El_Cazador_de_la_Bruja" title="El Cazador de la Bruja">El Cazador de la Bruja</a></i>, a 2007 anime television series set in modern-day Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Steel_Ball_Run" title="Steel Ball Run">Part 7</a> of the manga series <i><a href="/wiki/JoJo%27s_Bizarre_Adventure" title="JoJo's Bizarre Adventure">JoJo's Bizarre Adventure</a></i> is based in the American Western setting. The story follows racers in a transcontinental horse race, the "Steel Ball Run". <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Kamuy" title="Golden Kamuy">Golden Kamuy</a></i> (2014–2022) shifts its setting to the fallout of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, specifically focusing on <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, and featuring the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> and other local tribes instead of Native Americans, as well other recognizable Western tropes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western comics</a> have included serious entries, (such as the classic comics of the late 1940s and early 1950s (namely <i><a href="/wiki/Kid_Colt,_Outlaw" title="Kid Colt, Outlaw">Kid Colt, Outlaw</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rawhide_Kid" title="Rawhide Kid">Rawhide Kid</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Ryder" title="Red Ryder">Red Ryder</a></i>) or more modern ones as <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_(comics)" title="Blueberry (comics)"><i>Blueberry</i></a>), cartoons, and parodies (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cocco_Bill" title="Cocco Bill">Cocco Bill</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke" title="Lucky Luke">Lucky Luke</a></i>). In the 1990s and 2000s, Western comics leaned towards the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">horror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">science fiction</a> genres, usually involving supernatural monsters, or Christian iconography as in <i>Preacher</i>. More traditional Western comics are found throughout this period, though (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Hex" title="Jonah Hex">Jonah Hex</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Loveless_(comics)" title="Loveless (comics)">Loveless</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Video game Westerns emerged in the 1970s. These games and drew on the imagery of a mythic West portrayed in stories, films, television shows, and other assorted Western-themed toys.<sup id="cite_ref-strong-westerngames_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-westerngames-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When game developers went to the imaginary West to create new experiences, they often drew consciously or unconsciously from Western stories and films. The 1971 text-based, <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe computer</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(1971_video_game)" title="The Oregon Trail (1971 video game)">The Oregon Trail</a></i> was first game to use the West as a setting, where it tasked players to lead a party of settlers moving westward in a covered wagon from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. The game only grew popular in the 1980s and 1990s as an educational game. The first video game Westerns to engage the mass public arrived in <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a> focused on the gunfighter in Westerns based on depictions in television shows, films and <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">Electro-mechanical games</a> such as <i>Dale Six Shooter</i> (1950), and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i>Gun Fight</i> (1970). The first of these games was <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_Fight" title="Gun Fight">Gun Fight</a></i>, an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <i>Western Gun</i> (1975) which featured two players against each other in a duel set on a sparse desert landscape with a few cacti and a moving covered wagon to hide behind. <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(video_game)" title="Outlaw (video game)">Outlaw</a></i> (1976) followed which explicitly framed the shootouts between "good guys" and "outlaws" also borrowing from gunfighter themes and imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-strong-westerngames_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-westerngames-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">console games</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(1978_video_game)" title="Outlaw (1978 video game)">Outlaw</a></i> (1978) for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> and <i>Gun Fight</i> (1978) for the <a href="/wiki/Bally_Astrocade" title="Bally Astrocade">Bally Astrocade</a> were derivative of Midway's <i>Gun Fight</i>. These early video games featured limited <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">graphical capabilities</a>, which had developers create Westerns to the most easily recognizable and popular tropes of the gunfighter shootouts.<sup id="cite_ref-strong-westerngames_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-westerngames-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_dramas">Radio dramas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Radio dramas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">radio dramas</a> were very popular from the 1930s to the 1960s. There were five types of Western radio dramas during this period: anthology programs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Builders_(radio_program)" title="Empire Builders (radio program)">Empire Builders</a></i> and <i>Frontier Fighters</i>; juvenile adventure programs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Ryder_(radio_series)" title="Red Ryder (radio series)">Red Ryder</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy_(radio_program)" title="Hopalong Cassidy (radio program)">Hopalong Cassidy</a></i>; legend and lore like <i>Red Goose Indian Tales</i> and <i>Cowboy Tom's Round-Up</i>; adult Westerns like <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_(radio)" title="Fort Laramie (radio)">Fort Laramie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Gentleman" title="Frontier Gentleman">Frontier Gentleman</a></i>; and soap operas such as <i>Cactus Kate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Some popular shows include <i><a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger#Original_radio_series" title="Lone Ranger">The Lone Ranger</a></i> (first broadcast in 1933), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid#Radio" title="The Cisco Kid">The Cisco Kid</a></i> (first broadcast in 1942), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Sixgun" title="Dr. Sixgun">Dr. Sixgun</a></i> (first broadcast in 1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Have_Gun_%E2%80%93_Will_Travel#Radio_show" title="Have Gun – Will Travel">Have Gun–Will Travel</a></i> (first broadcast in 1958), and <i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke#Radio_series_(1952–1961)" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i> (first broadcast in 1952).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many shows were done live, while others were transcribed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_series">Web series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Web series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westerns have been showcased in short-episodic web series. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/League_of_STEAM" title="League of STEAM">League of STEAM</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Bird_(web_series)" title="Red Bird (web series)">Red Bird</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Traveler_(web_series)" title="Arkansas Traveler (web series)"><i>Arkansas Traveler</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_subgenres" title="List of Western subgenres">List of Western subgenres</a></div> <p>Within the larger scope of the Western genre, there are several recognized subgenres. Some subgenres, such as <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">spaghetti Westerns</a>, maintain standard Western settings and plots, while others take the Western theme and archetypes into different supergenres, such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Western">neo-Westerns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">space Westerns</a>. For a time, Westerns made in countries other than the United States were often labeled by foods associated with the culture, such as spaghetti Westerns (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat pie Western">meat pie Westerns</a> (Australia), ramen Westerns (Asia), and masala Westerns (India).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_genres">Influence on other genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence on other genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being <a href="/wiki/Period_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Period drama">period drama</a> pieces, both the Western and <a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">samurai genre</a> influenced each other in style and themes throughout the years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Magnificent Seven</i> was a remake of <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a>'s film <i>Seven Samurai</i>, and <i>A Fistful of Dollars</i> was a remake of Kurosawa's <i><a href="/wiki/Yojimbo_(movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yojimbo (movie)">Yojimbo</a></i>, which itself was inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Harvest" title="Red Harvest">Red Harvest</a></i>, an American detective novel by <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurosawa was influenced by American Westerns and was a fan of the genre, most especially <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Western was a strong influence on Eastern Bloc cinema, which had its own take on the genre, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Red_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Western">Red Western</a> or Ostern. Generally, these took two forms: either straight Westerns shot in the Eastern Bloc, or action films involving the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi">Basmachi</a> rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many elements of space-travel series and films borrow extensively from the conventions of the Western genre. This is particularly the case in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">space Western</a> subgenre of science fiction. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hyams" title="Peter Hyams">Peter Hyams</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Outland_(film)" title="Outland (film)">Outland</a></i> transferred the plot of <i>High Noon</i> to Io, moon of Jupiter. More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)" title="Firefly (TV series)">Firefly</a></i> used an explicitly Western theme for its portrayal of frontier worlds. <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> shows such as <i>Cowboy Bebop</i>, <i>Trigun</i> and <i>Outlaw Star</i> have been similar mixes of science-fiction and Western elements. The science fiction Western can be seen as a subgenre of either Westerns or science fiction. Elements of Western films can be found also in some films belonging essentially to other genres. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Kelly%27s_Heroes" title="Kelly's Heroes">Kelly's Heroes</a></i> is a war film, but its action and characters are Western-like. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wayne_in_Wake_of_the_Red_Witch_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/John_Wayne_in_Wake_of_the_Red_Witch_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> (1948)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The character played by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a> films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not_(film)" title="To Have and Have Not (film)">To Have and Have Not</a></i>—an individual bound only by his own private code of honor—has a lot in common with the classic Western hero. In turn, the Western has also explored noir elements, as with films such as <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory_(film)" title="Colorado Territory (film)">Colorado Territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pursued" title="Pursued">Pursued</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many of <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s books, the settlement of other planets is depicted in ways explicitly modeled on American settlement of the West. For example, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_in_the_Sky" title="Tunnel in the Sky">Tunnel in the Sky</a></i>, settlers set out to the planet New Canaan, via an <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_teleporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar teleporter">interstellar teleporter</a> portal across the galaxy, in <a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagons</a>, their captain sporting mustaches and a little goatee and riding a <a href="/wiki/Palomino" title="Palomino">Palomino</a> horse—with Heinlein explaining that the colonists would need to survive on their own for some years, so horses are more practical than machines.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>'s <i>The Dark Tower</i> is a series of seven books that meshes themes of Westerns, <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a>, science fiction, and horror. The protagonist <a href="/wiki/Roland_of_Gilead" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland of Gilead">Roland Deschain</a> is a gunslinger whose image and personality are largely inspired by the Man with No Name from Sergio Leone's films. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> fantasy genre has been described as having been derived from the cowboy hero, only powered up to omnipotence in a primarily urban setting. </p><p>The Western genre has been parodied on a number of occasions, famous examples being <i><a href="/wiki/Support_Your_Local_Sheriff!" title="Support Your Local Sheriff!">Support Your Local Sheriff!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_Ballou" title="Cat Ballou">Cat Ballou</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rustler%27s_Rhapsody" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustler's Rhapsody">Rustler's Rhapsody</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> films use many elements of a Western, and Lucas has said he intended for <i>Star Wars</i> to revitalize cinematic mythology, a part the Western once held. The <a href="/wiki/Jedi" title="Jedi">Jedi</a>, who take their name from <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a>, are modeled after samurai, showing the influence of Kurosawa. The character <a href="/wiki/Han_Solo" title="Han Solo">Han Solo</a> dressed like an archetypal gunslinger, and the <a href="/wiki/Mos_Eisley" title="Mos Eisley">Mos Eisley</a> cantina is much like an Old West saloon.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Lebowski" title="The Big Lebowski">The Big Lebowski</a></i>, which plucked actor <a href="/wiki/Sam_Elliott" title="Sam Elliott">Sam Elliott</a> out of the Old West and into a Los Angeles bowling alley, and <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Cowboy" title="Midnight Cowboy">Midnight Cowboy</a></i>, about a Southern-boy-turned-gigolo in New York (who disappoints a client when he does not measure up to Gary Cooper), transplanted Western themes into modern settings for both purposes of parody and homage.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommixgunslinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tommixgunslinger.jpg/220px-Tommixgunslinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tommixgunslinger.jpg/330px-Tommixgunslinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tommixgunslinger.jpg/440px-Tommixgunslinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a> in <i>Mr. Logan, U.S.A.</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1919</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dime_Western" title="Dime Western">Dime Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_computer_and_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Western computer and video games">List of Western computer and video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_fiction_authors" title="List of Western fiction authors">List of Western fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Lists of Western films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_television_series" title="List of Western television series">List of Western television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubinCasper2013" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Joan Shelley; Casper, Scott E., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMN9xAEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976435-8"><bdi>978-0-19-976435-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+American+Cultural+and+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976435-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMN9xAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2014" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Matthew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1larBgAAQBAJ"><i>Myth of the Western: New Perspectives on Hollywood's Frontier Narrative</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748685592" title="Special:BookSources/9780748685592"><bdi>9780748685592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+of+the+Western%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Hollywood%27s+Frontier+Narrative&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780748685592&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1larBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317070422/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mexico-tradition-vaquero-cowboy">"Vaqueros: The First Cowboys of the Open Range"</a>. <i>History</i>. August 15, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mexico-tradition-vaquero-cowboy">the original</a> on March 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Vaqueros%3A+The+First+Cowboys+of+the+Open+Range&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fmexico-tradition-vaquero-cowboy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser_2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_2023_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2023" class="citation web cs1">Fraser, Kristopher (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwd.com/pop-culture/culture-news/cowboy-core-latest-trend-internet-beyonce-1235516158/">"Cowboy Core Fashion Is Trending: Beyoncé, Harry Styles & More Create Buzz Around Western-inspired Looks"</a>. <i>WWD</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329031206/https://wwd.com/pop-culture/culture-news/cowboy-core-latest-trend-internet-beyonce-1235516158/">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWD&rft.atitle=Cowboy+Core+Fashion+Is+Trending%3A+Beyonc%C3%A9%2C+Harry+Styles+%26+More+Create+Buzz+Around+Western-inspired+Looks&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Kristopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwd.com%2Fpop-culture%2Fculture-news%2Fcowboy-core-latest-trend-internet-beyonce-1235516158%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2013" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, Gary R. (September 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUbcAAAAQBAJ"><i>Westerns: The Essential 'Journal of Popular Film and Television' Collection</i></a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76508-8"><bdi>978-1-135-76508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westerns%3A+The+Essential+%27Journal+of+Popular+Film+and+Television%27+Collection&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76508-8&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUbcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butts_2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butts_2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2004" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Dennis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1RsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA340">"Shaping boyhood: British Empire builders and adventurers"</a>. In Hunt, Peter (ed.). <i>International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature</i>. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 340–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-32566-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-32566-4"><bdi>0-203-32566-4</bdi></a>. <q>By the 1840s, of course, adults were already reading tales of adventure involving Red Indians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shaping+boyhood%3A+British+Empire+builders+and+adventurers&rft.btitle=International+Companion+Encyclopedia+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=340-351&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-203-32566-4&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1RsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowie_2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowie_2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie2004" class="citation book cs1">Cowie, Peter (2004). <i>John Ford and the American West</i>. New York: Harry Abrams Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4976-8"><bdi>978-0-8109-4976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ford+and+the+American+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+Abrams+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-4976-8&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnew-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agnew_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agnew, Jeremy. December 2, 2014. <i>The Creation of the Cowboy Hero: Fiction, Film and Fact</i>, p. 88, McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7839-2">978-0-7864-7839-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dope-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dope_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2004" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Cecil (June 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2514/did-western-gunfighters-really-face-off-one-on-one">"Did Western gunfighters really face off one-on-one?"</a>. Straight Dope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818074443/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2514/did-western-gunfighters-really-face-off-one-on-one/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+Western+gunfighters+really+face+off+one-on-one%3F&rft.pub=Straight+Dope&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2Fread%2F2514%2Fdid-western-gunfighters-really-face-off-one-on-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span> June 25, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willy_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135032/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wild-bill-hickok-fights-first-western-showdown">"Wild Bill Hickok fights first western showdown"</a>. History.com. July 21, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wild-bill-hickok-fights-first-western-showdown">the original</a> on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Bill+Hickok+fights+first+western+showdown&rft.pub=History.com&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fwild-bill-hickok-fights-first-western-showdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimnewman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimnewman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimnewman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimnewman_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Newman, Kim</a> (1990). <i>Wild West Movies</i>. Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+West+Movies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gruber, Frank <i>The Pulp Jungle</i> Sherbourne Press, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/10top10/">"America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930120028/http://www.afi.com/10top10/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+10+Greatest+Films+in+10+Classic+Genres&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F10top10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan" class="citation book cs1">McMahan, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oA47uwEACAAJ"><i>Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema</i></a>. Continuum. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4023-9"><bdi>978-1-5013-4023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice+Guy+Blach%C3%A9%3A+Lost+Visionary+of+the+Cinema&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-4023-9&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoA47uwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1970" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Henry Nash (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utTWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth</i></a>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgin+Land%3A+The+American+West+as+Symbol+and+Myth&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Henry+Nash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutTWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2014" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (November 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 8, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-9211-4</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he principal archetype of the genre, the Western hero, is analyzed within the context of his various personas: the chivalrous cowboy, the honorable marshal, the lone crusader, and the rebel outlaw... He is more comfortable living in the open fronteir than in the cities, and most importantly, he does not conform to the laws and customs of civilized society. He answers only to his own code of honor and enforces his own personal brand of justice... [W]riters established the cowboy hero as the legendary icon of the West. They dressed him in chaps and a ten-gallon hat, straddled him atop a horse, armed him with a revolver, and set him loose on the Western plains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+the+Western%3A+How+the+American+Psyche+Plays+Out+on+Screen&rft.pages=8%2C+12&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE0-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/00694139/">"Sioux ghost dance"</a>. Library of Congress. 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122211341/https://www.loc.gov/item/00694139/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sioux+ghost+dance&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F00694139%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023">"World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 31, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122035528/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+first+Western+movie+%27filmed+in+Blackburn%27&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-lancashire-50211023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online">"Kidnapping by Indians"</a>. <i>BFI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122035537/https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=Kidnapping+by+Indians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.bfi.org.uk%2Ffree%2Ffilm%2Fwatch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeninEverson1962" class="citation book cs1">Fenin, George N.; Everson, William K. (1962). <i>The Western: From Silents to Cinerama</i>. New York City: Bonanza Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-163-70021-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-163-70021-1"><bdi>978-1-163-70021-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western%3A+From+Silents+to+Cinerama&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-1-163-70021-1&rft.aulast=Fenin&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rft.au=Everson%2C+William+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html">"Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 21, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015012015/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bronco+Billy+Anderson+Is+Dead+at+88&rft.date=1971-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F21%2Farchives%2Fbronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/10/magazine/11schatz.html,"><i>New York Times Magazine</i></a> (November 10, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2008" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (September 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2"><i>Indick, William. The Psychology of the Western. Pg. 2 McFarland, Aug 27, 2008</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786434602" title="Special:BookSources/9780786434602"><bdi>9780786434602</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405115818/https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indick%2C+William.+The+Psychology+of+the+Western.+Pg.+2+McFarland%2C+Aug+27%2C+2008.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft.isbn=9780786434602&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylSQBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwestern%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bfilm%2Bgenre%2Bmore%2Bcombined%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittell2014" class="citation web cs1">Gittell, Noah (June 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/">"Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721110308/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Superheroes+Replaced+Cowboys+at+the+Movies.+But+It%27s+Time+to+Go+Back+to+Cowboys.&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Gittell&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Fthe-return-of-the-western%2F372871%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreyBrandMulfordRaine2020" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Zane; Brand, Max; Mulford, Clarence E.; Raine, William MacLeod; Bower, B. M. (September 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2F0DEAAAQBAJ"><i>Essential Western Novels - Volume 10</i></a>. Tacet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96987-750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96987-750-0"><bdi>978-3-96987-750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Western+Novels+-+Volume+10&rft.pub=Tacet+Books&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.isbn=978-3-96987-750-0&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Zane&rft.au=Brand%2C+Max&rft.au=Mulford%2C+Clarence+E.&rft.au=Raine%2C+William+MacLeod&rft.au=Bower%2C+B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2F0DEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netflix_Tudum_2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Netflix_Tudum_2021_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/why-are-westerns-still-popular">"Why Are Westerns Still Popular?"</a>. <i>Netflix Tudum</i>. December 27, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194519/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/why-are-westerns-still-popular">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Netflix+Tudum&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Westerns+Still+Popular%3F&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netflix.com%2Ftudum%2Farticles%2Fwhy-are-westerns-still-popular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mens_Health_2022-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mens_Health_2022_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41830004/modern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity/">"Why Everyone Suddenly Loves Westerns Again"</a>. <i>Men's Health</i>. December 15, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315200031/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41830004/modern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Why+Everyone+Suddenly+Loves+Westerns+Again&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.menshealth.com%2Fentertainment%2Fa41830004%2Fmodern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler_2023-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_2023_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2023" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Nancy (January 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italysegreta.com/spaghetti-westerns-and-sergio-leone/">"Inventing America: Spaghetti Westerns and Sergio Leone"</a>. <i>Italy Segreta</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194521/https://italysegreta.com/spaghetti-westerns-and-sergio-leone/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italy+Segreta&rft.atitle=Inventing+America%3A+Spaghetti+Westerns+and+Sergio+Leone&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitalysegreta.com%2Fspaghetti-westerns-and-sergio-leone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_Gray_2019-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_Gray_2019_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2019" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Tim (January 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2019/vintage/features/sergio-leone-clint-eastwood-1203097936/">"Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Westerns Made a Fistful of Dollars and Clint Eastwood a Star"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194519/https://variety.com/2019/vintage/features/sergio-leone-clint-eastwood-1203097936/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Sergio+Leone%27s+Spaghetti+Westerns+Made+a+Fistful+of+Dollars+and+Clint+Eastwood+a+Star&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Fvintage%2Ffeatures%2Fsergio-leone-clint-eastwood-1203097936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busby_Buscombe_Pearson_1999_p=520-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Busby_Buscombe_Pearson_1999_p=520_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusbyBuscombePearson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Busby, Mark; Buscombe, Edward; Pearson, Roberta E. (1999). "Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western". <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>30</b> (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971437">10.2307/971437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3810">0043-3810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971437">971437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Back+in+the+Saddle+Again%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Western&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=520&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0043-3810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971437&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Buscombe%2C+Edward&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Roberta+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kollin, Susan (1999). "Theorizing the Western". <i>Western American Literature</i>. <b>34</b> (2). Project Muse: 238–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwal.1999.0081">10.1353/wal.1999.0081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-7142">1948-7142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166137254">166137254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Theorizing+the+Western&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=238-250&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166137254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1948-7142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwal.1999.0081&rft.aulast=Kollin&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoggy-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoggy_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoggy1995" class="citation book cs1">Yoggy, Gary A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSzuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Riding the Video Range: The Rise and Fall of the Western on Television</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0021-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0021-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-0021-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riding+the+Video+Range%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Western+on+Television&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0021-8&rft.aulast=Yoggy&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSzuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Eastern_Earps-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Eastern_Earps_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurris2005" class="citation news cs1">Burris, Joe (May 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/05/10/the-eastern-earps/">"The Eastern Earps"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216151656/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-05-10/features/0505100100_1_wyatt-earp-genealogy-indentured">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+Earps&rft.date=2005-05-10&rft.aulast=Burris&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F2005%2F05%2F10%2Fthe-eastern-earps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_and_Marsh-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_and_Marsh_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksMarsh2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooks_(historian)" title="Tim Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Tim</a>; Marsh, Earle F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8KztFy6QYwC"><i>The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4"><bdi>978-0-345-49773-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Directory+to+Prime+Time+Network+and+Cable+TV+Shows%2C+1946-Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-345-49773-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Earle+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8KztFy6QYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeil-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNeil_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1996" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Alex (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dctkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Total Television: the Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-02-4916-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-02-4916-8"><bdi>0-14-02-4916-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307172219/https://books.google.com/books?id=dctkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Television%3A+the+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Programming+from+1948+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-14-02-4916-8&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdctkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guinn-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guinn_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinn2012" class="citation book cs1">Guinn, Jeff (May 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yOCfoJu6a0C"><i>The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral-And How It Changed the American West</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5425-0"><bdi>978-1-4391-5425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Gunfight%3A+The+Real+Story+of+the+Shootout+at+the+O.K.+Corral-And+How+It+Changed+the+American+West&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-5425-0&rft.aulast=Guinn&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yOCfoJu6a0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisseloff1995" class="citation book cs1">Kisseloff, Jeff (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8JkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920-1961</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-86470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-86470-6"><bdi>978-0-670-86470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Box%3A+An+Oral+History+of+Television%2C+1920-1961&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-670-86470-6&rft.aulast=Kisseloff&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8JkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091323/http://www.local-iq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3019&Itemid=56">"Local IQ - Contemporary Western: An interview with Vince Gilligan"</a>. April 3, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.local-iq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3019&Itemid=56">the original</a> on April 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+IQ+-+Contemporary+Western%3A+An+interview+with+Vince+Gilligan&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.local-iq.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D3019%26Itemid%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wildwestliving.com/blogs/news/wild-west-literature">"Classic Wild West Literature"</a>. June 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Wild+West+Literature&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwildwestliving.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fwild-west-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh,_Stephen2007" class="citation book cs1">McVeigh, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdyqBgAAQBAJ"><i>The American Western</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748629442" title="Special:BookSources/9780748629442"><bdi>9780748629442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Western&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780748629442&rft.au=McVeigh%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdyqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuscombe,_Edward1984" class="citation news cs1">Buscombe, Edward (1984). "Painting the Legend: Frederic Remington and the Western". <i>Cinema Journal</i>. pp. 12–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=Painting+the+Legend%3A+Frederic+Remington+and+the+Western&rft.pages=12-27&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Buscombe%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badger-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Badger_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNmxCkmkam0C&dq=Richard+Lorenz+artist&pg=PA156"><i>Wisconsin : a guide to the Badger State</i></a>. New York: Duell, Sloan Pearce. 1941. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-048-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-048-3"><bdi>978-1-60354-048-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405204157/https://books.google.com/books?id=qNmxCkmkam0C&dq=Richard+Lorenz+artist&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+%3A+a+guide+to+the+Badger+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Duell%2C+Sloan+Pearce&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-1-60354-048-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNmxCkmkam0C%26dq%3DRichard%2BLorenz%2Bartist%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetzmann,_William_H.1986" class="citation book cs1">Goetzmann, William H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXTGMAEACAAJ"><i>The West of the Imagination</i></a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393023701" title="Special:BookSources/9780393023701"><bdi>9780393023701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+of+the+Imagination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780393023701&rft.au=Goetzmann%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXTGMAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strong-westerngames-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strong-westerngames_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong-westerngames_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong-westerngames_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaucier2024" class="citation web cs1">Saucier, Jeremy (July 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713044228/https://www.museumofplay.org/web/20240713044228/https://www.museumofplay.org/blog/gunfighter-gaming-a-history-of-the-video-game-western-part-i-1971-to-1979/">"Gunfighter Gaming: A History of the Video Game Western Part I (1971 to 1979)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Strong" title="The Strong">The Strong</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofplay.org/blog/gunfighter-gaming-a-history-of-the-video-game-western-part-i-1971-to-1979/">the original</a> on July 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunfighter+Gaming%3A+A+History+of+the+Video+Game+Western+Part+I+%281971+to+1979%29&rft.pub=The+Strong&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Saucier&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofplay.org%2Fblog%2Fgunfighter-gaming-a-history-of-the-video-game-western-part-i-1971-to-1979%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchSiegel2013" class="citation book cs1">French, Jack; Siegel, David S. (November 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfLaAQAAQBAJ"><i>Radio Rides the Range: A Reference Guide to Western Drama on the Air, 1929-1967</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7146-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-7146-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Rides+the+Range%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+Western+Drama+on+the+Air%2C+1929-1967&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7146-1&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Siegel%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfLaAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319172946/http://www.otrwesterns.com/">"Old Time Radio Westerns"</a>. <i>otrwesterns.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otrwesterns.com">the original</a> on March 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=otrwesterns.com&rft.atitle=Old+Time+Radio+Westerns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otrwesterns.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves2022" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Derham (October 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6CYEAAAQBAJ"><i>Australian Westerns in the Fifties: Kangaroo, Hopalong Cassidy on Tour, and Whiplash</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-12883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-12883-7"><bdi>978-3-031-12883-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405172843/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6CYEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Westerns+in+the+Fifties%3A+Kangaroo%2C+Hopalong+Cassidy+on+Tour%2C+and+Whiplash&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft.isbn=978-3-031-12883-7&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Derham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6CYEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929002901/http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=srhonorsprog">"Cowboys and Shoguns: The American Western, Japanese Jidaigeki, and Cross-Cultural Exchange"</a>. <i>Digitalcommons.uri.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=srhonorsprog">the original</a> on September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digitalcommons.uri.edu&rft.atitle=Cowboys+and+Shoguns%3A+The+American+Western%2C+Japanese+Jidaigeki%2C+and+Cross-Cultural+Exchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.uri.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1109%26context%3Dsrhonorsprog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr2007" class="citation web cs1">Kehr, Dave (January 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/23/movies/homevideo/23dvd.html?_r=0">"New DVDs: 'Films of Kenneth Anger' and 'Samurai Classics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006083737/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/23/movies/homevideo/23dvd.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+DVDs%3A+%27Films+of+Kenneth+Anger%27+and+%27Samurai+Classics%27&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft.aulast=Kehr&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F23%2Fmovies%2Fhomevideo%2F23dvd.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrogan" class="citation web cs1">Crogan, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003194402/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/9/kurosawa.html">"Translating Kurosawa"</a>. <i>Senses of Cinema</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/9/kurosawa.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senses+of+Cinema&rft.atitle=Translating+Kurosawa&rft.aulast=Crogan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sensesofcinema.com%2Fcontents%2Fcteq%2F00%2F9%2Fkurosawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Justine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103145347/http://www.moongadget.com/origins/kurosawa.html">"Star Wars Origins"</a>. Far Cry from the Original Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moongadget.com/origins/kurosawa.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Wars+Origins&rft.pub=Far+Cry+from+the+Original+Site&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moongadget.com%2Forigins%2Fkurosawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span> December 14, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerRiper2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Cynthia J.; Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHNBAgAAQBAJ"><i>International Westerns: Re-Locating the Frontier</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 379–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9288-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9288-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-9288-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Westerns%3A+Re-Locating+the+Frontier&rft.pages=379-384&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-9288-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+J.&rft.au=Riper%2C+A.+Bowdoin+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHNBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeuel2015" class="citation book cs1">Meuel, David (January 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ytzBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Noir Western: Darkness on the Range, 1943-1962</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 39, 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1974-3"><bdi>978-1-4766-1974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Noir+Western%3A+Darkness+on+the+Range%2C+1943-1962&rft.pages=39%2C+45-46&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1974-3&rft.aulast=Meuel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ytzBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2013" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Ronald (November 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZkXAgAAQBAJ"><i>Houses of Noir: Dark Visions from Thirteen Film Studios</i></a>. McFarland. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0460-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-0460-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+of+Noir%3A+Dark+Visions+from+Thirteen+Film+Studios&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0460-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZkXAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein2005" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Robert A. (March 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPSP1e8xCNQC"><i>Tunnel in the Sky</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-0551-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-0551-8"><bdi>978-1-4165-0551-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunnel+in+the+Sky&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-0551-8&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPSP1e8xCNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRollins2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, John E.; Rollins, Peter (November 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pdTBKaum_UC"><i>Hollywood's West: The American Frontier in Film, Television, and History</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 218–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2354-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-2354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood%27s+West%3A+The+American+Frontier+in+Film%2C+Television%2C+and+History&rft.pages=218-230&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2354-7&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Rollins%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pdTBKaum_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickman2015" class="citation news cs1">Wickman, Forrest (December 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/cover_story/2015/12/star_wars_is_a_pastiche_how_george_lucas_combined_flash_gordon_westerns.html">"Star Wars Is a Postmodern Masterpiece"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203055643/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/cover_story/2015/12/star_wars_is_a_pastiche_how_george_lucas_combined_flash_gordon_westerns.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Star+Wars+Is+a+Postmodern+Masterpiece&rft.date=2015-12-13&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Wickman&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fcover_story%2F2015%2F12%2Fstar_wars_is_a_pastiche_how_george_lucas_combined_flash_gordon_westerns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2009" class="citation web cs1">Silva, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213203944/http://blogs.amctv.com/future-of-classic/2009/05/cowboys-in-non-westerns.php">"Future of the Classic"</a>. Not From 'Round Here... Cowboys Who Pop Up Outside the Old West. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.amctv.com/future-of-classic/2009/05/cowboys-in-non-westerns.php">the original</a> on December 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+of+the+Classic&rft.pub=Not+From+%27Round+Here...+Cowboys+Who+Pop+Up+Outside+the+Old+West&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.amctv.com%2Ffuture-of-classic%2F2009%2F05%2Fcowboys-in-non-westerns.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+%28genre%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buscombe, Edward, and Christopher Brookeman. <i>The <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a> Companion to the Western</i> (A. Deutsch, 1988)</li> <li>Everson, William K. <i>A Pictorial History of the Western Film</i> (New York: Citadel Press, 1969)</li> <li>Kitses, Jim. <i>Horizons West: The Western from John Ford to Clint Eastwood</i> (British Film Institute, 2007).</li> <li>Lenihan, John H. <i>Showdown: Confronting Modern America in the Western Film</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1980)</li> <li>Nachbar, John G. <i>Focus on the Western</i> (Prentice Hall, 1974)</li> <li>Simmon, Scott. <i>The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half Century</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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data-mwtitle="Western(genre)-060526.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Western%28genre%29-060526.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Western%28genre%29-060526.ogg/Western%28genre%29-060526.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Western(genre)-060526.ogg" title="File:Western(genre)-060526.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 22 May 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-05-22</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westernamericanliterature.com/western-film-and-tv/">Articles on Western film and TV in <i>Western American Literature</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/40705">Special issue of <i>Western American Literature</i> on Global Westerns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401113349/http://www.imdb.com/genre/western">Most Popular Westerns</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901053348/http://www.westernwriters.org/">Western Writers of America website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630053638/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101308/print">"The Western"</a>, <i>St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture</i>, 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914004019/https://mises.org/daily/4930/I-Watch-Westerns">I Watch Westerns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewildbunchfilmfestival.com/">Film Festival for the Western Genre website</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.westfilmscriptc" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.westfilmscriptc">Western Filmscript Collection</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<br />and <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<br />and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<br />and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_frontier" title="Category:American frontier">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">American folklore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_storytelling" title="Alaska Native storytelling">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_oral_narratives" title="Salishan oral narratives">Salishan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%27er_Rabbit" title="Br'er Rabbit">Br'er Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Fink" title="Mike Fink">Mike Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Jones" title="Casey Jones">Casey Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Pitcher" title="Molly Pitcher">Molly Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_V%C3%A4rml%C3%A4nning" title="Ola Värmlänning">Ola Värmlänning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiomatic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_Joe" title="Average Joe">Average Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooter_Brown" title="Cooter Brown">Cooter Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Robinson_(mythical_person)" title="Jack Robinson (mythical person)">Jack Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hide" title="Sam Hide">Sam Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agropelter" title="Agropelter">Agropelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axehandle_hound" title="Axehandle hound">Axehandle hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball-tailed_cat" title="Ball-tailed cat">Ball-tailed cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belled_buzzard" title="Belled buzzard">Belled buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_cat" title="Cactus cat">Cactus cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(folklore)" title="Champ (folklore)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungavenhooter" title="Dungavenhooter">Dungavenhooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur-bearing_trout" title="Fur-bearing trout">Fur-bearing trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillygaloo" title="Gillygaloo">Gillygaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glawackus" title="Glawackus">Glawackus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofus_bird" title="Goofus bird">Goofus bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumberoo" title="Gumberoo">Gumberoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidebehind" title="Hidebehind">Hidebehind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodag" title="Hodag">Hodag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_snake" title="Hoop snake">Hoop snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugag" title="Hugag">Hugag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackalope" title="Jackalope">Jackalope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Devil" title="Jersey Devil">Jersey Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_snake" title="Joint snake">Joint snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidehill_gouger" title="Sidehill gouger">Sidehill gouger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snallygaster" title="Snallygaster">Snallygaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipe_hunt" title="Snipe hunt">Snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_snake_(folklore)" title="Snow snake (folklore)">Snow snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splintercat" title="Splintercat">Splintercat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squonk" title="Squonk">Squonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teakettler" title="Teakettler">Teakettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampus_cat" title="Wampus cat">Wampus cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghosts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Witch" title="Bell Witch">Bell Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ghosts of the American Civil War">Ghosts of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_ghost" title="Lincoln's ghost">Lincoln's ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Llorona" title="La Llorona">La Llorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ghost_(folklore)" title="Red Ghost (folklore)">Red Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lady#United_States" title="White Lady">White Lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_Monster" title="Bear Lake Monster">Bear Lake Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodstopping" title="Bloodstopping">Bloodstopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire_story" title="Campfire story">Campfire story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_gold" title="Confederate gold">Confederate gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatman_(urban_legend)" title="Goatman (urban legend)">Goatman (urban legend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_whale_hoax" title="Great Salt Lake whale hoax">Great Salt Lake whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madstone_(folklore)" title="Madstone (folklore)">Madstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Brown_vampire_incident" title="Mercy Brown vampire incident">Mercy Brown vampire incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothman" title="Mothman">Mothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_Monster" title="North Shore Monster">North Shore Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailypo" title="Tailypo">Tailypo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westerns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboys</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">Vaqueros</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Africans" title="Flying Africans">Flying Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Remus" title="Uncle Remus">Uncle Remus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary folk heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bulltop_Stormalong" title="Alfred Bulltop Stormalong">Alfred Bulltop Stormalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Christmas" title="Annie Christmas">Annie Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_at_the_Bat" title="Casey at the Bat">Casey at the Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordwood_Pete" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordwood Pete">Cordwood Pete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febold_Feboldson" title="Febold Feboldson">Febold Feboldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichabod_Crane" title="Ichabod Crane">Ichabod Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Magarac" title="Joe Magarac">Joe Magarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Morgan" title="Kemp Morgan">Kemp Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mose_Humphrey" title="Mose Humphrey">Mose Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Pete" title="Ole Pete">Ole Pete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Beaver" title="Tony Beaver">Tony Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windwagon_Smith" title="Windwagon Smith">Windwagon Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_genre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_(genre)" title="Template:Western (genre)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_(genre)" title="Template talk:Western (genre)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_(genre)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western (genre)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_genre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western genre</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_subgenres" title="List of Western subgenres">Western subgenres</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Australian Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Western">Epic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a 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