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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Victorian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1901"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="أدب فنتازي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب فنتازي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="কল্পনা সাহিত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কল্পনা সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantaziya_%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat%C4%B1" title="Fantaziya ədəbiyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fantaziya ədəbiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AE-ho%C3%A0n_b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kî-hoàn bûn-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kî-hoàn bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_fant%C3%A0stica" title="Literatura fantàstica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura fantàstica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy-Literatur" title="Fantasy-Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fantasy-Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_fant%C3%A1stica" title="Literatura fantástica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura fantástica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_dans_la_litt%C3%A9rature" title="Fantasy dans la littérature – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fantasy dans la littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%ED%83%80%EC%A7%80_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="판타지 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판타지 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆենտեզի գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆենտեզի գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_phantasticae" title="Litterae phantasticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae phantasticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഭ്രമാത്മക സാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭ്രമാത്മക സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="幻想文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="幻想文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastisk_litteratur" title="Fantastisk litteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fantastisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy-litteratur" title="Fantasy-litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fantasy-litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_fantastic%C4%83" title="Literatura fantastică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatura fantastică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_literat%C3%BAra" title="Fantasy literatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fantasy literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وێژەی فەنتازیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژەی فەنتازیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasiakirjallisuus" title="Fantasiakirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fantasiakirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனவுருப்புனைவு இலக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனவுருப்புனைவு இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="บันเทิงคดีแนวจินตนิมิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันเทิงคดีแนวจินตนิมิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastik_edebiyat" title="Fantastik edebiyat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fantastik edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фентезійна література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фентезійна література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="فنطاسی ادب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فنطاسی ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="奇幻文学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奇幻文学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="奇幻文學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奇幻文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="奇幻文學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇幻文學" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Literature set in an imaginary universe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fantasy book" redirects here. For the 1947–1951 magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Book" title="Fantasy Book"><i>Fantasy Book</i></a>. For the 1981–1987 magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Book_(1981_magazine)" title="Fantasy Book (1981 magazine)"><i>Fantasy Book</i> (1981 magazine)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curdie_went_on_after_her,_flashing_his_torch_about..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Curdie_went_on_after_her%2C_flashing_his_torch_about..jpg/220px-Curdie_went_on_after_her%2C_flashing_his_torch_about..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Curdie_went_on_after_her%2C_flashing_his_torch_about..jpg/330px-Curdie_went_on_after_her%2C_flashing_his_torch_about..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Curdie_went_on_after_her%2C_flashing_his_torch_about..jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from 1920 edition of <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Goblin" title="The Princess and the Goblin">The Princess and the Goblin</a></i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_artists" title="List of science fiction and fantasy artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Fantasy anime and manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_webcomics" title="Category:Fantasy webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Genre studies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Early history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_systems_in_games" title="Magic systems in games">Magic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Fantasy worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">Campaign settings</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Parody</a>‎</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslamp_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaslamp fantasy">Gaslamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost story</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenmo_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenmo fiction">Shenmo fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Dragon_Ball" title="Cultural impact of Dragon Ball"><i>Dragon Ball</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom"><i>Shrek</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom"><i>My Little Pony</i> fandom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_awards" title="Category:Fantasy awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_genres" title="Category:Fantasy genres">Subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_television_series" title="Category:Fantasy television series">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_tropes" title="Category:Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Fantasy" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Fantasy">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="vampire, face of little green man, feather pen (quill) and fire-breathing dragon – to the right of that are scripted words "Speculative (over) Fiction"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png/200px-Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png/300px-Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternate_history_fiction" title="List of alternate history fiction">List of alternate history fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternate_history_writers" title="Category:Alternate history writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantasy art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Early history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superheroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Science fiction anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_artists" title="Category:Science fiction artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Science_fiction_awards" title="Outline of science fiction">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_editors" title="List of science fiction editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Genres_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_organizations" title="Category:Science fiction organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_podcast" title="Science fiction podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Horror anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction_awards" title="Category:Horror fiction awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_genres" title="Category:Horror genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">List of Japanese SF writers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/15px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/22px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/29px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template talk:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fantasy literature</b> is literature set in an <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginary universe">imaginary universe</a>, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">Magic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">magical creatures</a> are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy literature may be directed at both children and adults. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a> is considered a genre of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> and is distinguished from the genres of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> by the absence of scientific or macabre themes, respectively, though these may overlap. Historically, most works of fantasy were in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">written form</a>, but since the 1960s, a growing segment of the genre has taken the form of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">fantasy television programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a>, video games, music and art. </p><p>Many fantasy novels originally written for children and adolescents also attract an adult audience. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History of fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Early history of fantasy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stories involving magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature. <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a> is replete with fantastical stories and characters, the best known (and perhaps the most relevant to modern fantasy) being the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (Greek) and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (Roman).<sup id="cite_ref-taproot_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taproot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> has had great influence on the fantasy genre. In the Christian Platonic tradition, the reality of other worlds, and an overarching structure of great metaphysical and moral importance, has lent substance to the fantasy worlds of modern works.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 490</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430 BC</span>), <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">elements</a> are often used in fantasy works as personifications of the forces of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has a long tradition of fantastical stories and characters, dating back to <a href="/wiki/Vedic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic mythology">Vedic mythology</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i> (<i>Fables of Bidpai</i>), which some scholars believe was composed around the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on older oral traditions, including "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was influential in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. It used various animal <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a> and magical tales to illustrate the central Indian principles of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. Talking animals endowed with human qualities have now become a staple of modern fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Baital_Pachisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baital Pachisi">Baital Pachisi</a></i> (<i>Vikram and the Vampire</i>), a collection of various fantasy tales set within a <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> is, according to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Burton" title="Isabel Burton">Isabel Burton</a>, "the germ which culminated in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i>, and which also inspired the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Ass" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Ass">Golden Ass</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, (2nd century A.D). <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">Decamerone</a></i> (c.1353) the <i><a href="/wiki/Pentamerone" title="Pentamerone">Pentamerone</a></i> (1634, 1636) and all that class of facetious fictitious literature."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">The Book of One Thousand and One Nights</a> (Arabian Nights)</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> has been influential in the West since it was translated from the Arabic into French in 1704 by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Galland" title="Antoine Galland">Antoine Galland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many imitations were written, especially in France.<sup id="cite_ref-arabianNights2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabianNights2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fornaldarsaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornaldarsaga">Fornaldarsagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse saga">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, both of which are based on ancient <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> influenced the German Romantics, as well as <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nordic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> has also had deep influence on the fantasy genre; although it was unknown for centuries and so not developed in medieval legend and romance, several fantasy works have retold the tale, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Champlin_Gardner_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Champlin Gardner Jr.">John Gardner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Grendel" title="Grendel">Grendel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic folklore</a> and legend has been an inspiration for many fantasy works.<sup id="cite_ref-celtic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> tradition has been particularly influential, owing to its connection to King Arthur and its collection in a single work, the epic <a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-celtic_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One influential retelling of this was the fantasy work of <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Walton" title="Evangeline Walton">Evangeline Walton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian Cycle</a> have also been plentifully mined for fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-celtic_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its greatest influence was, however, indirect. Celtic folklore and mythology provided a major source for the Arthurian cycle of <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>. Although the subject matter was heavily reworked by the authors, these romances developed marvels until they became independent of the original folklore and fictional, an important stage in the development of fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_13th_century">From the 13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From the 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romance or <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> that reworked <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, and history to suit the readers' and hearers' tastes, but by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> they were out of fashion, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> famously <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesqued</a> them in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>. Still, <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">the modern image of "medieval"</a> is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre, and the word <i>medieval</i> evokes knights, distressed damsels, dragons, and other romantic tropes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> romance continued to be popular, and the trend was to more fantastic fiction. The English <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Malory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Malory">Sir Thomas Malory</a> (c.1408–1471) was written in prose, and the work dominates the Arthurian literature.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthurian motifs have appeared steadily in literature from its publication, though the works have been a mix of fantasy and non-fantasy works.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it and the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Amadis_de_Gaula" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadis de Gaula">Amadis de Gaula</a></i> (1508), which was also written in prose, spawned many imitators, and the genre was popularly well-received. It later produced such masterpieces of Renaissance poetry as <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</a>'s <i>Orlando furioso</i> and <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a>'s <i>Gerusalemme Liberata</i>. Ariosto's tale in particular was a source text for many fantasies of adventure.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Straparola" title="Giovanni Francesco Straparola">Giovanni Francesco Straparola</a> wrote and published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Facetious_Nights_of_Straparola" title="The Facetious Nights of Straparola">The Facetious Nights of Straparola</a></i> (1550–1555), a collection of stories of which many are literary <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a> wrote and published the <i><a href="/wiki/Pentamerone" title="Pentamerone">Pentamerone</a></i>, which was the first collection of stories to contain solely what would later be known as fairy tales. The two works include the oldest recorded form of many well-known (and some more obscure) European fairy tales.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the beginning of a tradition that would both influence the fantasy genre and be incorporated in it, as many works of <a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">fairytale fantasy</a> appear to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a work on <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> (1493–1541) identified four types of beings with the four elements of alchemy: <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnomes</a> (earth elementals); <a href="/wiki/Ondine_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondine (mythology)">undines</a> (water); <a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">sylphs</a> (air); and <a href="/wiki/Salamander_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamander (legendary creature)">salamanders</a> (fire).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these beings are found in folklore as well as alchemy, and their names are often used interchangeably with similar beings from folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary fairy tales, such as those written by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> (1628–1703) and <a href="/wiki/Madame_d%27Aulnoy" title="Madame d'Aulnoy">Madame d'Aulnoy</a> (c.1650 – 1705), became very popular early in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. Many of Perrault's tales became fairy tale staples and were influential to later fantasy. When d'Aulnoy termed her works <i>contes de fée</i> (fairy tales), she invented the term that is now generally used for the genre, thus distinguishing such tales from those involving no marvels.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach influenced later writers who took up the folk fairy tales in the same manner during the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SpragueP9-11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpragueP9-11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several fantasies aimed at an adult readership were also published in 18th century France, including <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">contes philosophique</a>" <i>The Princess of Babylon</i> (1768) and <i>The White Bull</i> (1774).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era, however, was notably hostile to fantasy. Writers of the new types of fiction such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Richardson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Fielding</a> were realistic in style, and many early realistic works were critical of fantastical elements in fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, fantasy literature became extraordinarily popular and fueled <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian</a> sentiment during the <a href="/wiki/1590s_in_England" title="1590s in England">1590s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topics that were written about included "<a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairylands</a> in which the sexes traded places [and] men and immortals mingl[ing]".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, a movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, was a dramatic reaction to rationalism, challenging the priority of reason and promoting the importance of imagination and spirituality. Its success in rehabilitating imagination was of fundamental importance to the evolution of fantasy, and its interest in medieval <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a> provided many motifs to modern fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romantics invoked the medieval romance as a model for the works they wanted to produce, in contrast to the realism of the Enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first literary results of this trend was the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a>, a genre that began in Britain with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> (1764) by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>. That work is considered the predecessor to both modern fantasy and modern <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SpragueP9-11_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpragueP9-11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another noted Gothic novel which also contains a large amount of <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a>-influenced fantasy elements is <i><a href="/wiki/Vathek" title="Vathek">Vathek</a></i> (1786) by <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Beckford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Beckford">William Thomas Beckford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg/220px-Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg/330px-Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg/440px-Brothers_Grimm_Blow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>The Grimm brothers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the later part of the Romantic period, folklorists collected folktales, epic poems, and ballads, and released them in printed form. The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> were inspired by the movement of <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> in their 1812 collection <i><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm's Fairy Tales">Grimm's Fairy Tales</a></i>, and they in turn inspired other collectors. Frequently their motivation stemmed not merely from Romanticism, but from <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>, in that many were inspired to save their own country's folklore. Sometimes, as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>, they compiled existing folklore into an epic to match other nation's, and sometimes, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">The Poems of Ossian</a></i>, they fabricated folklore that should have been there. These works, whether fairy tale, ballads, or folk epics, were a major source for later fantasy works.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Moorcock_p_35_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Moorcock_p_35-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romantic interest in medievalism also resulted in a revival of interest in the literary fairy tale. The tradition begun with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Straparola" title="Giovanni Francesco Straparola">Giovanni Francesco Straparola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">précieuses</a> was taken up by the German Romantic movement. The German author <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué</a> created medieval-set stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Undine_(novella)" title="Undine (novella)">Undine</a></i> (1811) and <i>Sintram and his Companions</i> (1815), which would later inspire British writers such as <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a>'s tales, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Pot" title="The Golden Pot">The Golden Pot</a></i> (1814) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King" title="The Nutcracker and the Mouse King">The Nutcracker and the Mouse King</a></i> (1816) were notable additions to the canon of German fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a>'s collection <i>Phantasus</i> (1812–1817) contained several short fairy tales, including "The Elves".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the main writers of Romantic-era fantasy were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a> with <i>Smarra</i> (1821) and <i>Trilby</i> (1822)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> who penned such stories as "Omphale" (1834) and "<a href="/wiki/One_of_Cleopatra%27s_Nights_and_Other_Fantastic_Romances" title="One of Cleopatra's Nights and Other Fantastic Romances">One of Cleopatra's Nights</a>" (1838) as well as the novel <i>Spirite</i> (1866).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_era">Victorian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Victorian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fantasy literature was popular in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian times</a>, with the works of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, William Morris, George MacDonald, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lutwidge Dodgson">Charles Dodgson</a> reaching wider audiences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> took a new approach to fairy tales by creating original stories told in a serious fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrickettP66-67-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this origin, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River</a></i> (1851), a fairy tale that included complex levels of characterization and created in the Southwest Wind an irascible but kindly character similar to <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>'s later <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrickettP66-67-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of modern fantasy literature began with George MacDonald, author of such novels as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Goblin" title="The Princess and the Goblin">The Princess and the Goblin</a></i> (1868) and <i><a href="/wiki/Phantastes" title="Phantastes">Phantastes</a></i> (1868), the latter of which is widely considered to be the first fantasy novel written for adults. MacDonald also wrote one of the first critical essays about the fantasy genre, "The Fantastic Imagination", in his book <i>A Dish of Orts</i> (1893).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scholes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald was a major influence on both Tolkien and <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and a poet who wrote several fantastic romances and novels in the latter part of the 19th century, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well_at_the_World%27s_End" title="The Well at the World's End">The Well at the World's End</a></i> (1896). Morris was inspired by the medieval sagas, and his writing was deliberately archaic in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterP2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterP2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris's work represented an important milestone in the history of fantasy, as while other writers wrote of foreign lands or of <a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">dream worlds</a>, Morris was the first to set his stories in an entirely <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">invented world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_Carter_p_39_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin_Carter_p_39-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> also contributed to the development of fantasy with their writing of horror stories.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilde also wrote a large number of children's fantasies, collected in <i>The Happy Prince and Other Stories</i> (1888) and <i>A House of Pomegranates</i> (1891).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a> developed the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_World_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost World (genre)">lost world</a> subgenre with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="King Solomon's Mines">King Solomon's Mines</a></i> (1885), which presented a fantastical Africa to a European audience still unfamiliar with the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterP64_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterP64-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writers, including <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Merritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Merritt">Abraham Merritt</a>, further developed the style. </p><p>Several classic <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile fantasy">children's fantasies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> (1865),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1900), as well as the work of <a href="/wiki/E._Nesbit" title="E. Nesbit">E. Nesbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Stockton" title="Frank R. Stockton">Frank R. Stockton</a> were also published around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> noted that in the earlier part of the 20th century, fantasy was more accepted in juvenile literature, and therefore a writer interested in fantasy often wrote for that audience, despite using concepts and themes that could form a work aimed at adults.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, the terminology for the genre was not settled. Many fantasies in this era were termed fairy tales, including <a href="/wiki/Max_Beerbohm" title="Max Beerbohm">Max Beerbohm</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Hypocrite" title="The Happy Hypocrite">The Happy Hypocrite</a>" (1896) and MacDonald's <i>Phantastes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1923 that the term "fantasist" was used to describe a writer (in this case, Oscar Wilde) who wrote fantasy fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "fantasy" was not developed until later; as late as J.R.R. Tolkien's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937), the term "fairy tale" was still being used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1901">After 1901</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After 1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important factor in the development of the fantasy genre was the arrival of magazines devoted to fantasy fiction. The first such publication was the German magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Orchideengarten" title="Der Orchideengarten">Der Orchideengarten</a></i> which ran from 1919 to 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, the first English-language fantasy fiction magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i>, was created.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other similar magazines eventually followed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> was deeply influenced by Edgar Allan Poe and to a somewhat lesser extent, by Lord Dunsany; with his <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a> stories, he became one of the most influential writers of fantasy and horror in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite MacDonald's future influence, and Morris' popularity at the time, it was not until around the start of the 20th century that fantasy fiction began to reach a large audience, with authors such as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a> (1878–1957) who, following Morris's example, wrote fantasy novels, but also in the short story form.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterP2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterP2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was particularly noted for his vivid and evocative style.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterP2_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterP2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style greatly influenced many writers, not always happily; <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, in her essay on style in fantasy "From Elfland to Poughkeepsie", wryly referred to Lord Dunsany as the "First Terrible Fate that Awaiteth Unwary Beginners in Fantasy", alluding to young writers attempting to write in Lord Dunsany's style.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/S._T._Joshi" title="S. T. Joshi">S. T. Joshi</a>, "Dunsany's work had the effect of segregating fantasy—a mode whereby the author creates his own realm of pure imagination—from supernatural horror. From the foundations he established came the later work of <a href="/wiki/E._R._Eddison" title="E. R. Eddison">E. R. Eddison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Peake" title="Mervyn Peake">Mervyn Peake</a>, and J. R. R. Tolkien.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain in the aftermath of World War I, a notably large number of fantasy books aimed at an adult readership were published, including <i>Living Alone</i> (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Stella_Benson" title="Stella Benson">Stella Benson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-re_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_to_Arcturus" title="A Voyage to Arcturus">A Voyage to Arcturus</a></i> (1920) by <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay_(novelist)" title="David Lindsay (novelist)">David Lindsay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_into_Fox" title="Lady into Fox">Lady into Fox</a></i> (1922) by <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-re_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lud-in-the-Mist" title="Lud-in-the-Mist">Lud-in-the-Mist</a></i> (1926) by <a href="/wiki/Hope_Mirrlees" title="Hope Mirrlees">Hope Mirrlees</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-re_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lolly_Willowes" title="Lolly Willowes">Lolly Willowes</a></i> (1926) by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Townsend_Warner" title="Sylvia Townsend Warner">Sylvia Townsend Warner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-re_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/E._R._Eddison" title="E. R. Eddison">E. R. Eddison</a> was another influential writer who wrote during this era. He drew inspiration from Northern sagas, as Morris did, but his prose style was modeled more on Tudor and Elizabethan English, and his stories were filled with vigorous characters in glorious adventures.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_Carter_p_39_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin_Carter_p_39-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eddison's most famous work is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worm_Ouroboros" title="The Worm Ouroboros">The Worm Ouroboros</a></i> (1922), a long heroic fantasy set on an imaginary version of the planet Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary critics of the era began to take an interest in "fantasy" as a genre of writing, and also to argue that it was a genre worthy of serious consideration. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a> devoted a chapter of his book <i>English Prose Style</i> (1928) to discussing "Fantasy" as an aspect of literature, arguing it was unjustly considered suitable only for children: "The Western World does not seem to have conceived the necessity of Fairy Tales for Grown-Ups".<sup id="cite_ref-scholes_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(novel)" title="The Sword in the Stone (novel)">The Sword in the Stone</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a> introduced one of the most notable works of <a href="/wiki/Comic_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic fantasy">comic fantasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major contribution to the genre after World War II was <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Peake" title="Mervyn Peake">Mervyn Peake</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Groan" title="Titus Groan">Titus Groan</a></i> (1946), the book that launched the <a href="/wiki/Gormenghast_(series)" title="Gormenghast (series)">Gormenghast series</a>. <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> played a large role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954–55).<sup id="cite_ref-Maggio_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maggio-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon polytheism">Anglo-Saxon myths</a>, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, as well as William Morris's romances and <a href="/wiki/E._R._Eddison" title="E. R. Eddison">E. R. Eddison</a>'s 1922 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worm_Ouroboros" title="The Worm Ouroboros">The Worm Ouroboros</a></i>. Tolkien's close friend <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i> (1950–56) and a fellow English professor with a similar array of interests, also helped to publicize the fantasy genre. <a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Moomins#List_of_books" title="Moomins">The Moomins</a></i>, was also a strong contributor to the popularity of fantasy literature in the field of children and adults.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanderson,_Erikson,_Brooks,_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sanderson%2C_Erikson%2C_Brooks%2C_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg/220px-Sanderson%2C_Erikson%2C_Brooks%2C_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sanderson%2C_Erikson%2C_Brooks%2C_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg/330px-Sanderson%2C_Erikson%2C_Brooks%2C_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sanderson%2C_Erikson%2C_Brooks%2C_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg/440px-Sanderson%2C_Erikson%2C_Brooks%2C_Reeve_and_Kahn_-_Lucca_Comics_%26_Games_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Fantasy writers <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson" title="Brandon Sanderson">Brandon Sanderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Erikson" title="Steven Erikson">Steven Erikson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Brooks" title="Terry Brooks">Terry Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Reeve" title="Philip Reeve">Philip Reeve</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Kahn (page does not exist)">Joshua Kahn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games" title="Lucca Comics & Games">Lucca Comics & Games</a> 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition established by these predecessors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has continued to thrive and be adapted by new authors. The <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">influence of J.R.R. Tolkien's fiction</a> has—particularly over the genre of <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a>—prompted a reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the idea of fantasy literature as a distinct genre first became prevalent in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:Reinders_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> China has long had pre-genre stories with fantastical elements, including <i><a href="/wiki/Zhiguai_xiaoshuo" title="Zhiguai xiaoshuo">zhiguai</a></i>, ghost stories, and miracle tales, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:Reinders_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>It is not uncommon for fantasy novels to be ranked on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>The New York Times</i> Best Seller list</a>, and some have been at number one on the list, including most recently, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson" title="Brandon Sanderson">Brandon Sanderson</a> in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2013-07-07_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2013-07-07-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Rothfuss" title="Patrick Rothfuss">Patrick Rothfuss</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYTBSL_2011-03-20_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBSL_2011-03-20-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Goodkind" title="Terry Goodkind">Terry Goodkind</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolism often plays a significant role in fantasy literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Some argue that fantasy literature and its archetypes fulfill a function for individuals and society and the messages are continually updated for current societies.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, in her essay "From Elfland to Poughkeepsie", presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a>, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, "olden-day" style, saying that it was a dangerous trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. She warns writers away from trying to base their style on that of masters such as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._R._Eddison" title="E. R. Eddison">E. R. Eddison</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasizing that language that is too bland or simplistic creates the impression that the fantasy setting is simply a modern world in disguise, and presents examples of clear, effective fantasy writing in brief excerpts from <a href="/wiki/Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien">Tolkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Walton" title="Evangeline Walton">Evangeline Walton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> observed that many writers use archaic language for its sonority and to lend color to a lifeless story.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Moorcock_p_35_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Moorcock_p_35-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Peters writes that in various forms of <a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">fairytale fantasy</a>, even the villain's language might be inappropriate if vulgar.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Masked_man.svg/32px-Masked_man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Masked_man.svg/48px-Masked_man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Masked_man.svg/64px-Masked_man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="255" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Fantasy">Fantasy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of fantasy novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-taproot-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taproot_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Taproot texts", p 921 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrickett1979" class="citation book cs1">Prickett, Stephen (1979). <i>Victorian Fantasy</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-17461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-17461-9"><bdi>0-253-17461-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Fantasy&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-253-17461-9&rft.aulast=Prickett&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Elemental" p 313-4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs1888">Jacobs 1888</a>, Introduction, page xv; <a href="#CITEREFRyder1925">Ryder 1925</a>, Translator's introduction, quoting Hertel: "the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive/Monograph36.pdf">Doris Lessing, <i>Problems, Myths and Stories</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509185027/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive/Monograph36.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London: Institute for Cultural Research Monograph Series No. 36, 1999, p 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Matthews (2002). <i>Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination</i>, p. 8-10. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93890-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93890-2">0-415-93890-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Burton" title="Isabel Burton">Isabel Burton</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/goth/vav/vav02.htm">Preface</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521214449/http://www.sacred-texts.com/goth/vav/vav02.htm">Archived</a> 21 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> (1870), <i>Vikram and The Vampire</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Swordsmen_and_Sorcerers" title="Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers">Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers</a>: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy</i>, p 10 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9">0-87054-076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabianNights2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arabianNights2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Arabian fantasy", p 52 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nordic_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Nordic fantasy", p 692 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Beowulf", p 107 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celtic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celtic_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celtic_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celtic_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Celtic fantasy", p 275 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Moorcock, <i>Wizardry & Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy</i> p 101 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932265-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-932265-07-4">1-932265-07-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Manlove, <i>Christian Fantasy: from 1200 to the Present</i> p 12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-00790-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-00790-X">0-268-00790-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis, C. S.</a> (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discarded_Image" title="The Discarded Image">The Discarded Image</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47735-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47735-2"><bdi>0-521-47735-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discarded+Image&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-47735-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Grant_(author)" title="John Grant (author)">John Grant</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">John Clute</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i>, "Malory, (Sir) Thomas" p 621, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Arthur" p 60-1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Ariosto, Lodovico" p 60-1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Swann Jones, <i>The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination</i>, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-0950-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-0950-9">0-8057-0950-9</a>, p38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Sprague de Camp, <i>Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy</i>, p 11 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9">0-87054-076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carole B. Silver, <i>Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness</i>, p 38 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512199-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512199-6">0-19-512199-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discarded_Image" title="The Discarded Image">The Discarded Image</a></i>, p135 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47735-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47735-2">0-521-47735-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Zipes, <i>The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm</i>, p 858, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97636-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97636-X">0-393-97636-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpragueP9-11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpragueP9-11_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpragueP9-11_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Swordsmen_and_Sorcerers" title="Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers">Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers</a>: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy</i>, p 9-11 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9">0-87054-076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Brian Stableford</a>, <i>The A to Z of Fantasy Literature</i>, p xx, Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6">0-8108-6829-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a>, ed. <i>Realms of Wizardry</i> p xiii–xiv Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchama2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)#DVDs_and_books" title="A History of Britain (TV series)"><i>A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?</i></a> (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Worldwide" title="BBC Worldwide">BBC Worldwide</a>. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2"><bdi>978-0-563-48714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain+1%3A+3000+BC-AD+1603+At+the+Edge+of+the+World%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=390&rft.edition=Paperback+2003&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-563-48714-2&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Romanticism", p 821 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Romance", p 821 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, <i>The A to Z of Fantasy Literature</i>, p 40, Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6">0-8108-6829-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Moorcock_p_35-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Moorcock_p_35_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Moorcock_p_35_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Moorcock, <i>Wizardry & Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy</i> p 35 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932265-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-932265-07-4">1-932265-07-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Brian Stableford</a>, "Undine", (pp. 1992–1994). in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_N._Magill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank N. Magill (page does not exist)">Frank N. Magill</a>, ed. <i>Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature</i>, Vol 4. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, Inc., 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-450-8">0-89356-450-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Mike Ashley</a>, "Fouqué, Friedrich (Heinrich Karl),(Baron) de la Motte",(p. 654-5) in <i>St. James Guide To Fantasy Writers</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/David_Pringle" title="David Pringle">David Pringle</a>. St. James Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-205-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-205-5">1-55862-205-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veronica Ortenberg, <i>In Search of the Holy Grail: The Quest for the Middle Ages</i>, (38–9) Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-383-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-383-2">1-85285-383-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penrith Goff, "E.T.A. Hoffmann", (pp.111–120) in E. F. Bleiler, <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. P Haase, "Ludwig Tieck" (pp.83–90), in E. F. Bleiler, <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Rottensteiner, <i>The Fantasy Book:an illustrated history from Dracula to Tolkien</i> (p. 137) Collier Books, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-053560-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-053560-0">0-02-053560-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Richard Oliver, <i>Charles Nodier:Pilot of Romanticism</i>. (p. 134-37) Syracuse University Press, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, <i>The A to Z of Fantasy Literature</i> (p. 159), Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6">0-8108-6829-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, "Théophile Gautier", (pp. 45–50) in E. F. Bleiler, <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrickettP66-67-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrickett1979" class="citation book cs1">Prickett, Stephen (1979). <i>Victorian Fantasy</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-17461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-17461-9"><bdi>0-253-17461-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Fantasy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-253-17461-9&rft.aulast=Prickett&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George MacDonald, "The Fantastic Imagination". Reprinted in Boyer, Robert H. and Zahorski, Kenneth J. <i>Fantasists on Fantasy</i>. New York: Avon Discus, 1984. pp. 11–22, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-86553-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-86553-X">0-380-86553-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholes-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholes_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholes_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholes1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Scholes" title="Robert Scholes">Scholes, Robert</a> (1987). "Boiling Roses". In Slusser, George E.; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). <i>Intersections: Fantasy and Science Fiction</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080931374X" title="Special:BookSources/080931374X"><bdi>080931374X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boiling+Roses&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+Fantasy+and+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=080931374X&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_K._Wolfe" title="Gary K. Wolfe">Gary K. Wolfe</a>, "George MacDonald", pp. 239–246 in Bleiler, E. F., ed. <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterP2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarterP2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarterP2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarterP2_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin Carter, ed. <i>Realms of Wizardry</i> p 2 Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin_Carter_p_39-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lin_Carter_p_39_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lin_Carter_p_39_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin Carter, ed. <i>Kingdoms of Sorcery</i>, p 39 Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Prickett, <i>Victorian Fantasy</i> p 98-9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-17461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-17461-9">0-253-17461-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. Elkins, "Oscar Wilde" in E. F. Bleiler, ed. <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. (pp.345–350). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterP64-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarterP64_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin Carter, ed. <i>Realms of Wizardry</i> p 64 Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J.R._Pfeiffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.R. Pfeiffer (page does not exist)">J.R. Pfeiffer</a>, "Lewis Carroll", p 247-54, in <a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">E. F. Bleiler</a>, <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror</i>. Scribner's, New York, 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, <i>The A to Z of Fantasy Literature</i>, p 70-3, Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6829-6">0-8108-6829-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. S. Lewis, "On Juvenile Tastes", p 41, <i>Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-667897-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-667897-7">0-15-667897-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.R. Irwin, <i>The Game of the Impossible</i>, p 92-3, University of Illinois Press, Urbana Chicago London, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term was referenced in a supplement to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. See Michael W. McClintock, "High Tech and High Sorcery: Some Discriminations Between Science Fiction and Fantasy", in George E. Slusser, and Eric S. Rabkin, ed., <i>Intersections: Fantasy and Science Fiction</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080931374X" title="Special:BookSources/080931374X">080931374X</a> (pp.26–35.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Orchideengarten, Der". in: M.B. Tymn and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Mike Ashley</a>, <i>Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines</i>. Westport: Greenwood, 1985. pp. 866. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X">0-313-21221-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(author)" title="Robert Weinberg (author)">Robert Weinberg</a>, <i>The Weird Tales Story</i>, Wildside Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58715-101-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58715-101-4">1-58715-101-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Unknown". in: M.B. Tymn and Mike Ashley, <i>Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines</i>. Westport: Greenwood, 1985. pp. 694–698. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X">0-313-21221-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas D. Clareson, "Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" in M.B. Tymn and Mike Ashley, <i>Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines</i>. Westport: Greenwood, 1985. (pp. 377–391). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X">0-313-21221-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Sprague de Camp, <i>Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy</i>, p. 79 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-076-9">0-87054-076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ursula K. Le Guin, "From Elfland to Poughkeepsie", pp. 78–79 <i>The Language of the Night</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-05205-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-05205-2">0-425-05205-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2010" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Danel (29 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyVgu1qElAC&dq=Dunsany%27s+work+had+the+effect+of+segregating+fantasy&pg=PR15"><i>21st-Century Gothic: Great Gothic Novels Since 2000</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810877290" title="Special:BookSources/9780810877290"><bdi>9780810877290</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712072254/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyVgu1qElAC&dq=Dunsany%27s+work+had+the+effect+of+segregating+fantasy&pg=PR15">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st-Century+Gothic%3A+Great+Gothic+Novels+Since+2000&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-12-29&rft.isbn=9780810877290&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Danel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOyVgu1qElAC%26dq%3DDunsany%2527s%2Bwork%2Bhad%2Bthe%2Beffect%2Bof%2Bsegregating%2Bfantasy%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-re-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-re_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-re_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-re_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-re_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, " Re-Enchantment in the Aftermath of War", in Stableford, <i> Gothic Grotesques: Essays on Fantastic Literature</i>. Wildside Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-0339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-0339-1">978-1-4344-0339-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"David Lindsay" by Gary K. Wolfe, (pp. 541–548) in E. F. Bleiler, ed. <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17808-7">0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.L. Chapman, "Lud-in-the-Mist", in Frank N. Magill, ed. <i>Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature</i>, Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, Inc., 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-450-8">0-89356-450-8</a>. pp. 926–931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a>, <i>Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy</i> (p.39), ABC-CLIO, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313335915" title="Special:BookSources/0313335915">0313335915</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Moorcock, <i>Wizardry & Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy</i> p 47 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932265-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-932265-07-4">1-932265-07-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin Carter, ed. <i>Kingdoms of Sorcery</i>, p 121-2 Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maggio-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maggio_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSirangelo_MaggioFritsch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sirangelo Maggio, Sandra; Fritsch, Valter Henrique (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.unincor.br/index.php/recorte/article/view/326/pdf_1">"There and Back Again: Tolkien's <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in the Modern Fiction"</a>. <i>Recorte: Revista Eletrônica</i>. <b>8</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081536/http://revistas.unincor.br/index.php/recorte/article/view/326/pdf_1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recorte%3A+Revista+Eletr%C3%B4nica&rft.atitle=There+and+Back+Again%3A+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings+in+the+Modern+Fiction&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sirangelo+Maggio&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+Valter+Henrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.unincor.br%2Findex.php%2Frecorte%2Farticle%2Fview%2F326%2Fpdf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26529309">"Tove Jansson: Love, war and the Moomins | BBC News"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413015545/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26529309">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tove+Jansson%3A+Love%2C+war+and+the+Moomins+%7C+BBC+News&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26529309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fornet-Ponse, Thomas. Tolkien's Influence on Fantasy: Interdisziplinäres Seminar Der DTG 27. Bis 29. April 2012, Jena = Tolkiens Einfluss Auf Die Moderne Fantasy. Vol. 9. Düsseldorf: Scriptorium Oxoniae., n.d. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Reinders-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Reinders_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Reinders_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinders2024" class="citation book cs1">Reinders, Eric (2024). <i>Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation</i>. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a> Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350374645" title="Special:BookSources/9781350374645"><bdi>9781350374645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Tolkien+in+Chinese%3A+Religion%2C+Fantasy%2C+and+Translation&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Fantasy+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350374645&rft.aulast=Reinders&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/17/books/brandon-sanderson-tops-best-sellers-with-words-of-radiance.html">Brandon Sanderson tops best sellers list with Words of Radiance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818040340/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/17/books/brandon-sanderson-tops-best-sellers-with-words-of-radiance.html">Archived</a> 18 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> April 17, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_2013-07-07-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2013-07-07_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2013-07-07/hardcover-fiction/list.html">"Best-Seller Lists: Hardcover Fiction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 7 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712043155/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2013-07-07/hardcover-fiction/list.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Best-Seller+Lists%3A+Hardcover+Fiction&rft.date=2013-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbest-sellers-books%2F2013-07-07%2Fhardcover-fiction%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTBSL_2011-03-20-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTBSL_2011-03-20_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawes.com/2011/2011-03-20.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' 'The New York Times ' ' Best Seller list: March 20, 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hawes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005093043/http://www.hawes.com/2011/2011-03-20.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27+%27The+New+York+Times+%27+%27+Best+Seller+list%3A+March+20%2C+2011&rft.pub=Hawes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawes.com%2F2011%2F2011-03-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-31/overview.html">"New York Times bestseller list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203555/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-31/overview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+bestseller+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbest-sellers-books%2F2011-07-31%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawes.com/2006/2006-08-06.pdf">"Hawes' archive of <i>New York Times</i> bestsellers — Week of January 23, 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051431/http://www.hawes.com/2006/2006-08-06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawes%27+archive+of+New+York+Times+bestsellers+%E2%80%94+Week+of+January+23%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawes.com%2F2006%2F2006-08-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130629202403/http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6039-7">"Indick, William. Ancient Symbology in Fantasy Literature: A Psychological Study. Jefferson: McFarland &, 2012. Print"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6039-7">the original</a> on 29 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indick%2C+William.+Ancient+Symbology+in+Fantasy+Literature%3A+A+Psychological+Study.+Jefferson%3A+McFarland+%26%2C+2012.+Print.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcfarlandpub.com%2Fbook-2.php%3Fid%3D978-0-7864-6039-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ursula K. Le Guin, "From Elfland to Poughkeepsie", p 74-5 <i>The Language of the Night</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-05205-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-05205-2">0-425-05205-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ursula K. Le Guin, "From Elfland to Poughkeepsie", pp. 78–80 <i>The Language of the Night</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-05205-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-05205-2">0-425-05205-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alec Austin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020624/epic_fantasy.shtml">"Quality in Epic Fantasy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040720/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020624/epic_fantasy.shtml">Archived</a> 2014-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The generic features of historical fantasy literature, as a mode of inverting the real (including nineteenth-century ghost stories, children's stories, city comedies, classical dreams, stories of highway women, and Edens) are discussed in <i>Writing and Fantasy</i>, ed. Ceri Sullivan and Barbara White (London: Longman, 1999)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1888" class="citation cs2">Jacobs, Joseph (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earliestenglishv00doniuoft"><i>The earliest English version of the Fables of Bidpai</i></a>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+English+version+of+the+Fables+of+Bidpai&rft.place=London&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearliestenglishv00doniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyder1925" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Ryder" title="Arthur W. Ryder">Ryder, Arthur W. (transl)</a> (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The Panchatantra</i></a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7224-080-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7224-080-5"><bdi>81-7224-080-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panchatantra&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=81-7224-080-5&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.+%28transl%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPanchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder%2FPanchatantra%2520-%2520Arthur%2520W%2520Ryder%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantasy+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban 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