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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Post-Soviet period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Organizational structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizational structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1997_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1997 organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 2020 organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unit_26165" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_26165"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Unit 26165 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_26165-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_29155" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_29155"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Unit 29155 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_29155-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_35555" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_35555"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Unit 35555 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_35555-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_54777" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_54777"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Unit 54777 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_54777-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_74455" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_74455"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Unit 74455 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_74455-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SATCOM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SATCOM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 SATCOM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SATCOM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GRU_illegals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GRU_illegals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 GRU illegals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GRU_illegals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Special Forces of the Main Directorate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Activities by country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activities by country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Czech Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.15 Moldova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.16 Montenegro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands_and_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands_and_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.17 The Netherlands and Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands_and_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_attempt_to_infiltrate_International_Criminal_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_attempt_to_infiltrate_International_Criminal_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.17.1 Alleged attempt to infiltrate International Criminal Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_attempt_to_infiltrate_International_Criminal_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.18 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.19 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.20 Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.21 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.22 Slovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.23 Slovenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.24 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.25 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.26 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.27 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.28 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.29 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.30 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.30.1 Electoral interference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.31 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">GRU (Russian Federation)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مديرية المخابرات الرئيسية (روسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مديرية المخابرات الرئيسية (روسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F_K%C9%99%C5%9Ffiyyat_%C4%B0dar%C9%99si_(Rusiya)" title="Baş Kəşfiyyat İdarəsi (Rusiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baş Kəşfiyyat İdarəsi (Rusiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="РФ Ҡораллы Көстәре Генераль штабының Баш идаралығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="РФ Ҡораллы Көстәре Генераль штабының Баш идаралығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Главно разузнавателно управление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Главно разузнавателно управление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departament_Central_d%27Intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia" title="Departament Central d'Intel·ligència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Departament Central d'Intel·ligència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glawnoje_Raswedywatelnoje_Uprawlenije" title="Glawnoje Raswedywatelnoje Uprawlenije – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glawnoje Raswedywatelnoje Uprawlenije" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luure_Peavalitsus" title="Luure Peavalitsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luure Peavalitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorio_Principal_del_Alto_Estado_Mayor_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_la_Federaci%C3%B3n_de_Rusia" title="Directorio Principal del Alto Estado Mayor de las Fuerzas Armadas de la Federación de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Directorio Principal del Alto Estado Mayor de las Fuerzas Armadas de la Federación de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اداره اصلی اطلاعات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره اصلی اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Russie)" title="GRU (Russie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GRU (Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADomh-Sti%C3%BArth%C3%B3ireacht_Fhoireann_Ghinear%C3%A1lta_Fh%C3%B3rsa%C3%AD_Armtha_Ch%C3%B3naidhm_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Príomh-Stiúrthóireacht Fhoireann Ghinearálta Fhórsaí Armtha Chónaidhm na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Príomh-Stiúrthóireacht Fhoireann Ghinearálta Fhórsaí Armtha Chónaidhm na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%B4%9D%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아 정보총국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 정보총국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գլխավոր հետախուզական վարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխավոր հետախուզական վարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_obavje%C5%A1tajna_uprava_(Rusija)" title="Glavna obavještajna uprava (Rusija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glavna obavještajna uprava (Rusija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direktorat_Intelijen_Utama" title="Direktorat Intelijen Utama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Direktorat Intelijen Utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavnoe_razvedyvatel%27noe_upravlenie" title="Glavnoe razvedyvatel'noe upravlenie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glavnoe razvedyvatel'noe upravlenie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99" title="המינהל הראשי של המטה הכללי הרוסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המינהל הראשי של המטה הכללי הרוסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="რუსეთის გენშტაბის მთავარი სამმართველო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის გენშტაბის მთავარი სამმართველო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felder%C3%ADt%C5%91_F%C5%91csoportf%C5%91n%C3%B6ks%C3%A9g_(Oroszorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Felderítő Főcsoportfőnökség (Oroszország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felderítő Főcsoportfőnökség (Oroszország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GROe" title="GROe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GROe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%82%E8%AC%80%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%A8%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E7%B7%8F%E5%B1%80" title="ロシア連邦軍参謀本部情報総局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア連邦軍参謀本部情報総局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Russland)" title="GRU (Russland) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GRU (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Zarz%C4%85d_Wywiadowczy" title="Główny Zarząd Wywiadowczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Główny Zarząd Wywiadowczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diretoria_Principal_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_(R%C3%BAssia)" title="Diretoria Principal de Inteligência (Rússia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diretoria Principal de Inteligência (Rússia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Rusia)" title="GRU (Rusia) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GRU (Rusia)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4" title="Главное управление Генерального штаба ВС РФ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Главное управление Генерального штаба ВС РФ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Rusi)" title="GRU (Rusi) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="GRU (Rusi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%A3_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="ГРУ (Руска Федерација) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ГРУ (Руска Федерација)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU" title="GRU – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GRU" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Головне управління Генерального штабу ЗС Російської Федерації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головне управління Генерального штабу ЗС Російської Федерації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_quan_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o_Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_Nga" title="Cơ quan Tình báo Quân đội Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ quan Tình báo Quân đội Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian military intelligence agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Russian GRU. For the Soviet GRU, see <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU (Soviet Union)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Гла́вное управле́ние Генера́льного шта́ба Вооружённых сил Росси́йской Федера́ции Glavnoje upravlenije General'nogo shtaba Vooruzhonnykh sil Rossiyskoy Federatsii</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg/225px-Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg/300px-Emblem_of_the_GRU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="496" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the G.U. of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png/150px-%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png/225px-%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png/300px-%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%A8_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="431" /></a> Flag of the G.U. of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1992; 32 years ago (1992-05-07)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU (Soviet Union)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Grizodubovoy Street 3, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">Classified</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">Classified</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Admiral <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kostyukov" title="Igor Kostyukov">Igor Kostyukov</a>, Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Svyazinformsoyuz Company</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Directorate for Space Intelligence[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Intelligence Directorate of the Main Staff of the Russian Air Force</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Directorate_of_the_Main_Staff_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Intelligence Directorate of the Main Staff of the Russian Navy">Intelligence Directorate of the Main Staff of the Russian Navy</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">GRU Special Forces Units</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://structure.mil.ru/structure/ministry_of_defence/details.htm?id=9711@egOrganization">Ministry of Defense Website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> formerly the Main Intelligence Directorate,<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a> and still commonly known by its previous abbreviation GRU,<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-gu-4">[1]</a> is the foreign <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> agency of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>. The GRU controls the military intelligence service and maintains <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">its own special forces units</a>. Unlike Russia's other <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">security and intelligence agencies</a> – such as the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> (SVR), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB), and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a> (FSO) – whose heads report directly to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">president of Russia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies of Russia</a>), the director of the GRU is subordinate to the Russian military command, reporting to the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Minister of Defence (Russia)">Minister of Defence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the General Staff</a>. The directorate is reputedly Russia's largest foreign-intelligence agency,<a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a> and is distinguished among its counterparts for its willingness to execute riskier "complicated, high stakes operations".<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> According to unverified statements by <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lunev" title="Stanislav Lunev">Stanislav Lunev</a>, a defector from the GRU, in 1997 the agency deployed six times as many agents in foreign countries as the SVR, and commanded some 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> troops.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Intelligence Directorate (Soviet Union)">Main Intelligence Directorate (Soviet Union)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_early_history">Origins and early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Federation_General_staff_GRU_big_emblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/The_Russian_Federation_General_staff_GRU_big_emblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>GRU Official emblem (until 2009) with motto engraved: "Greatness of the Motherland in your glorious deeds"</figcaption></figure> The first Russian body for military intelligence dates from 1810, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> raging across Europe, when <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of War of the Russian Empire">War Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a> proposed to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> the formation of the Expedition for Secret Affairs under the War Ministry (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Экспедиция секретных дел при военном министерстве); two years later, it was renamed the Special Bureau (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Особая канцелярия). In 1815, the Bureau became the First Department under the General Chief of Staff. In 1836, the intelligence functions were transferred to the Second Department under the General Chief of Staff. After many name-changes through the years, in April 1906, the Military intelligence was carried out by the Fifth Department under the General Chief of Staff of the War Ministry. The GRU's first predecessor in Soviet Russia was established by the secret order signed on 5 November 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Jukums_V%C4%81cietis" title="Jukums Vācietis">Jukums Vācietis</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (RKKA), and by <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Sklyansky" title="Ephraim Sklyansky">Ephraim Sklyansky</a>, deputy to <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, the civilian leader of the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-redstarfounded-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> (Since 2006, the Russian Federation has officially observed the date of 5 November as the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia#List_of_other_public_holidays,_commemorative_and_professional_days" title="Public holidays in Russia">professional holiday</a> of military intelligence in Russia.)<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 4]</a> The military <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">human intelligence</a> service thus established was originally known as the Registration Agency (Registrupravlenie, or Registrupr; Russian: Региструпр) of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Aralov" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Aralov">Simon Aralov</a> was its first head.<a href="#cite_note-redstarfounded-9">[6]</a> Its early history was marked by a series of reorganisations influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a>, the consolidation and restablisation of the Soviet Union, and the general reorganisation of the Red Army; this included changes to its name, status, and responsibilities.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Throughout most of the interwar period, the men and women who worked for Red Army Intelligence called it either the Fourth Department, the Intelligence Service, the Razvedupr, or the RU. […] As a result of the re-organisation [in 1926], carried out in part to break up Trotsky's hold on the army, the Fourth Department seems to have been placed directly under the control of the State Defense Council (Gosudarstvennaia komissiia oborony, or GKO), the successor of the RVSR. Thereafter its analysis and reports went directly to the GKO and the Politburo, apparently even bypassing the Red Army Staff.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Raymond W. Leonard<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The first head of the Fourth Directorate was <a href="/wiki/Yan_Karlovich_Berzin" title="Yan Karlovich Berzin">Yan Karlovich Berzin</a>, who remained in the post from March 1924 until April 1935 (in 1938, he was arrested and executed as a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyite</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalinist purges</a>). Military intelligence was known for its fierce independence from the rival <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">"internal intelligence organizations"</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>; however, public statements of Soviet military intelligence veterans state the Fourth Directorate, and later GRU, had always been operationally subordinate to the KGB.<a href="#cite_note-mlechin-14">[10]</a> Military intelligence was headquartered in a small and nondescript complex west of the Kremlin, whereas the NKVD was in the very centre of Moscow, next to the building that housed <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs</a> at the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsky_Most" title="Kuznetsky Most">Kuznetsky Most</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[11]</a> Consequently, Soviet military intelligence came to be known in Soviet diplomats' <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a> as distant neighbours (Russian: дальние соседи) as opposed to the near neighbours of the NKVD/KGB.<a href="#cite_note-mlechin-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> The GRU was created under its current name and form by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in February 1942, less than a year after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany</a>. From April 1943 the GRU handled human intelligence exclusively outside the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> In addition to operations against the Axis powers, GRU is credited with having infiltrated the British nuclear weapon programme and up to 70 American government and scientific institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[11]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the GRU, like many of its Western rivals, maintained <a href="/wiki/Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">rezidenturas</a>, or resident spies, worldwide; these included both "legal" agents, based at Soviet embassies with <a href="/wiki/Official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Official cover">official diplomatic cover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">"illegal"</a> officers <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">without cover</a>. It also maintained a <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT) <a href="/wiki/Lourdes_SIGINT_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourdes SIGINT Station">station in Lourdes</a>, Cuba and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-bloc countries</a>. Though less well known than the KGB, with which it shared a fierce rivalry, GRU is known to have been involved in several high-profile episodes; this included opening backchannel negotiations with the U.S. government during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> and contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo scandal</a> that partly contributed to the fall of a British administration.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[11]</a> GRU was distinguished for its "closer ties with revolutionary movements and terrorist groups, greater experience with weapons and explosives, and even tougher training for recruits"; new recruits were allegedly shown footage of a traitorous officer being fed into a crematorium alive.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[11]</a> The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era, though it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> defector, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Agabekov" title="Georges Agabekov">Georges Agabekov</a>, and described in detail in the 1939 autobiography, I Was Stalin's Agent, by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a>, the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> GRU became widely known in Russia, and outside narrow confines of the Western <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">intelligence community</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, due partly to the writings of "<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rezun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Rezun">Vladimir Rezun</a>), a GRU officer who defected to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> in 1978 and wrote about his experiences in the Soviet military and intelligence services. According to Suvorov, even the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, the country's de facto leader, needed to undergo a security screening to enter GRU headquarters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_period">Post-Soviet period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet period">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a> in December 1991, the GRU continued as an important part of Russia's intelligence services, especially since it was the only one to more or less maintain operational and institutional continuity:<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-20">[16]</a> the KGB had been dissolved after aiding a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coup attempt of 1991">failed coup in 1991</a> against the then Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. It is now succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> (SVR) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB). Evidencing its growing strategic profile, in 2006 the GRU moved to a new headquarters complex at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoroshovskoye_Shosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoroshovskoye Shosse (page does not exist)">Khoroshovskoye Shosse</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Хорошёвское шоссе">ru</a>], which cost 9.5 billion rubles to build and incorporates 70,000 square meters.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> In April 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> fired then-GRU head <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Korabelnikov" title="Valentin Korabelnikov">Valentin Korabelnikov</a>, who had headed the GRU since 1997, reportedly over Korabelnikov's objections to proposed reforms.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Pursuant to these reforms, the following year, the official name of the unit was changed from "GRU" to the "Main Directorate of the Russian General Staff", or "G.U."; however, "GRU" continues to be commonly used in media.<a href="#cite_note-gu-4">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-meduza-24">[20]</a> The GRU underwent severe reductions in funding and personnel following the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>, during which it failed to discover the more advanced anti-aircraft weapons obtained by Georgia. However, it continued to play a key role in several Russian operations, including in <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">Russia's intervention</a> in eastern Ukraine in 2014 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[11]</a> GRU agents were also implicated in numerous cyberwarfare operations across the West, including in the U.S., France, and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[11]</a> Many of its successes took place during the tenure of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sergun" title="Igor Sergun">Igor Sergun</a>, who headed the service from late 2011 until his death in early January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Sergun's sudden death shortly after the restoration of the GRU's influence led to speculations of foul play by Russian adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> The tenure of Sergun's successor, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Korobov" title="Igor Korobov">Igor Korobov</a>, was marked by what some news media<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> construed as multiple high-profile setbacks, such as the thwarted <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_coup_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin coup plot">2016 coup d'état attempt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, the failed <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">2018 Salisbury poisoning</a>, and an unprecedented number of disclosed GRU agents.<a href="#cite_note-guardknewlot-29">[25]</a> Korobov died on 21 November 2018, "after a serious and prolonged illness", according to the official Defence Ministry statement.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tass-Died-31">[27]</a> His death provoked speculations and unverified reports of him having fallen ill in October that year following a harsh dressing-down from President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardknewlot-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcskripaldied-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> However, former CIA station-chief Daniel Hoffman cautioned in 2017 that some of the Russian intelligence's recent operations that appeared to be botched might have been intended for discovery.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> Similarly, in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Eerik-Niiles_Kross" title="Eerik-Niiles Kross">Eerik-Niiles Kross</a>, a former Estonian intelligence official, opined that GRU's apparent sloppiness "has become part of the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>. It's not that they have become that much more aggressive. They want to be felt. It's part of the game."<a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz20191008-36">[32]</a> On 2 November 2018, while marking the GU's 100th anniversary, President Putin proposed restoring the agency's former name: Главное разведывательное управление (GRU).<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organizational structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997_organization">1997 organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1997 organization">edit</a>]</div> The GRU is organized into numerous directorates, directions, and sections.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-38">[34]</a> According to the data available in open sources in 1997, the structure of the Main Directorate consists of at least 12 known directorates and several other auxiliary departments. <ul><li>The First Directorate is responsible for intelligence in Europe.</li> <li>The Second Directorate is geographically responsible for the Western Hemisphere.</li> <li>The Third Directorate is geographically responsible for Asia.</li> <li>The Fourth Directorate is geographically responsible for Africa and the Middle East.</li> <li>The Fifth Directorate is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Military_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Military operations">military operations</a> intelligence, including naval and air force intelligence.</li> <li>The Sixth Directorate is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT) and space intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> It uses over 20 different types of aircraft, a fleet of 60 SIGINT collection vessels, satellites, and ground stations to collect signals intelligence. Together with <a href="/wiki/FAPSI" title="FAPSI">FAPSI</a>, the GRU operates SIGINT collection facilities in over 60 diplomatically protected facilities throughout the world. These agencies also operate ground collection facilities within former Soviet states' territory.</li> <li>The Seventh Directorate is responsible specifically for <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.</li> <li>The Eighth Directorate deals with special purpose administration.</li> <li>The Ninth Directorate is responsible for military technology.</li> <li>The Tenth Directorate is the department of <a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economics</a>.</li> <li>The Eleventh Directorate is the department of strategic doctrines and arms.</li> <li>The Twelfth Directorate is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information warfare</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_organization">2020 organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2020 organization">edit</a>]</div> The American <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, based on interviews with various experts, gives the following organization of the GRU, although it acknowledges that the organization's true structure is "a closely guarded secret."<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> 4 Regional Directorates: <ul><li>First Directorate: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>Second Directorate: <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Third Directorate: <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li>Fourth Directorate: <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li></ul> 11 Mission-Specific Directorates: <ul><li>Fifth Directorate: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Intelligence">Operational Intelligence</a></li> <li>Sixth Directorate: <a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">Electronic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a> <ul><li>GRU <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyber capabilities</a>, Unit 26165 (allegedly the hacking group <a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a>/<a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">APT</a>28/STRONTIUM), and Unit 74455 (allegedly the <a href="/wiki/Sandworm_(hacker_group)" title="Sandworm (hacker group)">Sandworm Team</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Seventh Directorate: <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li>Eighth Directorate: Russian <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a>)</li> <li>Ninth Directorate: <a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military technology</a></li> <li>Tenth Directorate: Military economy</li> <li>Eleventh Directorate: <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Strategic doctrine</a></li> <li>Twelfth Directorate: <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information Operations</a> (separate from American <a href="/wiki/Information_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Information operations">information operations</a>)</li> <li>Space Intelligence Directorate</li> <li>Operational and Technical Directorate</li> <li>External Relations Department</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units">Units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Units">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unit_26165">Unit 26165</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unit 26165">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unit_26165" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 26165">Unit 26165</a></div> Unit 26165, also known as Fancy Bear, STRONTIUM, and APT28, is a <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyber operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hacking group</a>. Unit 26165 was originally created during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as the 85th Main Special Service Center, responsible for <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> has accused Unit 26165 of also being involved in the attempted 2018 <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">OPCW</a> hack<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> and targeting its investigation into the 2014 downing of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (MH17), for which the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Criminal_investigation" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Dutch investigation</a> blames <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian Ukrainian separatists</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-air missiles">surface-to-air missiles</a> by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unit_29155">Unit 29155</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unit 29155">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unit_29155" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 29155">Unit 29155</a></div> Unit 29155 is tasked with foreign assassinations and other covert activities aimed at destabilizing European countries.<a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz20191008-36">[32]</a> The Unit is thought to have operated in secret since at least 2008, though its existence only became publicly known in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz20191008-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz-2-44">[40]</a> It is commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Vladimirovich_Averyanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Vladimirovich Averyanov (page does not exist)">Andrei Vladimirovich Averyanov</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100742758" class="extiw" title="d:Q100742758">d</a>] and based at the headquarters of the 161st Special Purpose Specialist Training Center in eastern Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz20191008-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz-2-44">[40]</a> Its membership included decorated veterans from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">war in Afghanistan</a> and Russia's <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">most recent series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">wars in Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Ukraine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014 Russian annexation of Crimea</a>, the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisonings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arms_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms dealer">arms dealer</a> Emilian Grebev (also spelled Emilyan), the <a href="/wiki/2016_Montenegrin_coup_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Montenegrin coup allegations">2016 Montenegro coup attempt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">poisoning of Russian defector Sergei Skripal</a>. Unit 29155 operatives have also been tracked to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> during the time (early 2018) other GRU units hacked the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (then investigating <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">state-sponsored doping by Russian Olympians</a>) and attempted to hack the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (then investigating the <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a> by Russia-backed <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and evidence in the Skripal case).<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> has also investigated the travel of Unit 29155 member Denis Sergeev (who has also used the name Sergei Fedotov) to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in 2017 around the time of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 Catalan independence referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> The unit is also accused of being behind the alleged <a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a> where <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> militants were paid to kill American troops, although the program's existence is uncertain, unproven, and unverified.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> The FBI, <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_and_Infrastructure_Security_Agency" title="Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency">CISA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> concluded that cyber actors linked to the GRU's 161st Specialist Training Center (Unit 29155) had conducted cyber operations targeting global entities for espionage, sabotage, and reputational harm since at least 2020. Starting on January 13, 2022, these actors deployed the WhisperGate malware against several Ukrainian organizations. The advisory detailed the tactics and techniques used by Unit 29155 and offered further analysis of WhisperGate.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unit_35555">Unit 35555</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unit 35555">edit</a>]</div> Unit 35555 is a socio-psychological research laboratory linked to supporting Wagner and other private military companies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unit_54777">Unit 54777</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unit 54777">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unit_54777" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 54777">Unit 54777</a></div> Unit 54777, alternately called the 72nd Special Service Center,<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> is one of the GRU's primary <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-WapoDec28-50">[46]</a> Unit 54777 retains several <a href="/wiki/Front_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organizations">front organizations</a>, including InfoRos and the Institute of the Russian Diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-WapoDec28-50">[46]</a> The unit originated from Soviet <a href="/wiki/GLAVPUR" class="mw-redirect" title="GLAVPUR">GLAVPUR</a> (Glavnoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie, or the Main Political Department) and was created in early 1990s and notably employed colonel Aleksandr Viktorovich Golyev, whose memoirs were published in 2020 along with other GRU documents. In the 1990s, the unit focused on pro-Soviet disinformation in <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">newly split republics</a> such as Lithuania and Chechnya. In later years the unit covered a broad range of activities from running NGOs targeting Russian expatriates in Western countries (InfoRos, Institute of the Russian Diaspora, World Coordinating Council of Russian Compatriots Living Abroad, Foundation for Supporting and Protecting the Rights of Compatriots Living Abroad) and manipulating public opinion in Russia and abroad in preparation for armed conflicts such as in Georgia, Donbas or Syria.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unit_74455">Unit 74455</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unit 74455">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unit_74455" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 74455">Unit 74455</a></div> Unit 74455, also known as the Sandworm Team or the Main Center for Technologies, used various fictitious online identities (<a href="/wiki/DCLeaks" title="DCLeaks">DCLeaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a>) to coordinate the release of the politically sensitive stolen documents with <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> for "maximum political impact" starting on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a>. Its guilt has been reported by American media and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Intelligence Committee</a> investigation. In October 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> indicted six Unit 74455 GRU officers for multiple cyberattacks, including the <a href="/wiki/December_2015_Ukraine_power_grid_cyberattack" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack">December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">2017 Macron e-mail leaks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petya_(malware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petya (malware)">2017 NotPetya attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony#Hacking_of_computer_systems" title="2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony">2018 Winter Olympics hack</a> (for which the GRU attempted to frame <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>), several 2018 attacks on Skripal case investigators, and a 2018–2019 <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattack</a> campaign against <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> media and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Georgian Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SATCOM">SATCOM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: SATCOM">edit</a>]</div> Since the mid-1970s the GRU has maintained a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite communications">satellite communications</a> interception post near Andreyevka, located approximately 80 kilometres (50 miles) from <a href="/wiki/Spassk-Dalny" title="Spassk-Dalny">Spassk-Dalny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GRU_illegals">GRU illegals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: GRU illegals">edit</a>]</div> According to a Western assessment of the GRU seen by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> in the autumn of 2018, the GRU had a long-running program to run "illegal" spies, i.e. those who work <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">without diplomatic cover</a> and who live under an assumed identity in foreign countries for years.<a href="#cite_note-gu-4">[1]</a> The assessment said: "It plays an increasingly important role in Russia's development of Information Warfare (both defensive and offensive). It is an aggressive and well-funded organization which has the direct support of – and access to – President Vladimir Putin, allowing freedom in its activities and leniency with regards to diplomatic and legislative scrutiny."<a href="#cite_note-gu-4">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> alleges that the GRU, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a> (its civilian foreign intelligence counterpart), makes use of both <a href="/wiki/Official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Official cover">legal</a> (intelligence officers with diplomatic protection/official government roles) and illegal operatives.<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> The "Havana syndrome," which affected U.S. diplomats and spies worldwide, was possibly linked to GRU’s Unit 29155, as reported by the Insider. Symptoms included migraines and dizziness. Investigations suggested incidents might have occurred as early as 2016, with potential prior events in Frankfurt, Germany. The U.S. Congress passed the Havana Act in 2021 to provide aid to affected personnel and families.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate">Special Forces of the Main Directorate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Special Forces of the Main Directorate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></div> Commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a>, it was formed in 1949. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the Spetsnaz GRU remained intact as part of the Russian GRU until 2010, when it was reassigned to other agencies. In 2013, however, the decision was reversed and Spetsnaz GRU units were reassigned to GRU divisions and placed under GRU authority again.<a href="#cite_note-McDermott-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> GRU officers train at a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a> military academy at 50 Narodnoe Opolchenie Street, with intelligence agents receiving additional training at the Cherepovets Higher Military School of Radio Electronics.<a href="#cite_note-meduza-24">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/A.F._Mozhaysky_Military-Space_Academy" title="A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy">A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy</a> has also been used to train GRU officers.<a href="#cite_note-meduza-24">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_by_country">Activities by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Activities by country">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>: "Though sometimes compared to the US <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a>, [the GRU's] activities encompass those performed by nearly all joint US military intelligence agencies as well as other national US organizations. The GRU gathers <a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">human intelligence</a> through military attaches and foreign agents. It also maintains significant signals intelligence (<a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a>) and imagery reconnaissance (<a href="/wiki/IMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">IMINT</a>) and satellite imagery capabilities."<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Soviet GRU Space Intelligence Directorate had put more than 130 SIGINT satellites into orbit. GRU and KGB SIGINT network employed about 350,000 specialists.<a href="#cite_note-Mitrokhin-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Russian_state's_illicit_activity_in_Austria" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria–Russia relations § Russian state's illicit activity in Austria</a></div> On 9 November 2018 Austrian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a> said that a 70-year-old retired army colonel, identified only as "Martin M." was believed to have spied for Russia for years. The officer in question, whose name was not disclosed and who might have been approached under a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a>, was reported to have been engaged in selling official secrets to his GRU handlers from 1992 until September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> In July 2019, Austria's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Austria)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Austria)">Ministry of the Interior</a> confirmed that the colonel's handler was a Moscow-born GRU officer Igor Egorovich Zaytsev, a Russian national, for whom an international arrest warrant had been issued.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> An investigation by <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(Bulgarian_newspaper)" title="Capital (Bulgarian newspaper)">Capital</a> identified GRU officer <a href="/wiki/Denis_Vyacheslavovich_Sergeev" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Vyacheslavovich Sergeev">Denis Vyacheslavovich Sergeev</a> (using the alias Sergey Vyacheslavovich Fedotov) as a suspect in the 2015 poisoning of Bulgarian arms dealer Emiliyan Gebrev (Емилиян Гебрев) in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, following an attack that mirrored the techniques used in the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> That attack has been specifically tied to <a href="/wiki/Unit_29155" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 29155">Unit 29155</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwirtz-2-44">[40]</a> Three individuals were charged in absentia by the Bulgarians in January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-rfe3-71">[67]</a> In March 2021, six Bulgarian nationals alleged to be members of a GRU spy ring operating in Bulgaria were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> The GRU received intelligence from <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Delisle" title="Jeffrey Delisle">Jeffrey Delisle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, leading to the expulsion of several Russian Embassy staffers, including the defence attaché to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Migración Colombia">Migración Colombia</a> confirmed the expulsion of two Russian diplomats accused of espionage.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> One of the assailants was identified as Aleksandr Nikolayevich Belousov who, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">National Intelligence Directorate</a> of Colombia, is a GRU officer that had been credited by the Russian Embassy in Bogotá as a secretary.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Nikolayevich, along with an <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a> officer, had reportedly tried to gather intelligence on the country's electricity infrastructure on behalf of Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Maduro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Maduro">Maduro</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Czech Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Vrb%C4%9Btice_ammunition_warehouses_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Vrbětice ammunition warehouses explosions">2014 Vrbětice ammunition warehouses explosions</a></div> On 17 April 2021, the Czech Republic announced its intelligence agencies had concluded that GRU officers, namely members of Russian military intelligence GRU's <a href="/wiki/Unit_29155" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 29155">unit 29155</a>, were involved in two massive ammunition depot explosions in <a href="/wiki/Vrbetice" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrbetice">Vrbetice</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Vlachovice_(Zl%C3%ADn_District)" title="Vlachovice (Zlín District)">Vlachovice</a>), near the Czech-Slovak border, in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-exp18-79">[75]</a> The explosions killed two persons and "inflicted immense material damage, seriously endangered and disrupted the lives of many local residents", according to the Czech prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-exp18-79">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, Deniss Metsavas, a <a href="/wiki/Lasnam%C3%A4e" title="Lasnamäe">Lasnamäe</a>-born member of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Land_Forces" title="Estonian Land Forces">Estonian Land Forces</a>, was targeted with a <a href="/wiki/Honey_trapping" title="Honey trapping">honey trapping</a> operation while visiting <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>. He was subsequently blackmailed into providing information to GRU handlers. His father, Pjotr Volin, was also recruited by GRU agents as leverage against Deniss, and would serve as a courier for classified information.<a href="#cite_note-AtlanticJune26-80">[76]</a> In May 2017, Russian citizen Artem Zinchenko was convicted of spying on Estonia for the GRU.<a href="#cite_note-MoscowTimes-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janes-82">[78]</a> In 2018, Zinchenko was <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">traded</a> back to Russia in exchange for Raivo Susi, an Estonian imprisoned for espionage. In 2022, Zinchenko fled Russia to seek <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in Estonia, citing personal opposition to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> On 5 September 2018, Major Deniss Metsavas and Pjotr Volin were charged with giving classified information to the GRU<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The two were convicted in February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-AtlanticJune26-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> In September 2018, Finnish police ran a large scale operation against numerous sites owned by Airiston Helmi Oy company that over years accumulated land plots and buildings close to nationally significant key straits, ports, oil refineries and other strategic locations as well as two Finnish Navy vessels. The security operation was run in parallel in multiple locations, involving Finnish National Bureau of Investigation, local police, Tax Administration, Border Guard, and Finnish Defence Forces. During the operation, a no-fly zone was declared over Turku Archipelago where key objects were located. While official cause given for the raid was multi-million euro money laundering and tax fraud, media speculated that the company had been a cover for GRU preparing infrastructure for a surprise attack on Finnish locations in case of a conflict situation.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> Viktor Ilyushin, a GRU operative working as an Air Force deputy attaché, was expelled from France in 2014 for attempted espionage of the staff of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meduza-24">[20]</a> In August 2015, a GRU unit posing as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> supporters called CyberCaliphate took <a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a> offline for approximately 18 hours.<a href="#cite_note-WapoDec28-50">[46]</a> GRU's APT – <a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a> used fake <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> accounts to pose as associates of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>'s campaign staff, with the goal of interfering with the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 French presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersFR-89">[85]</a> Georgy Petrovich Roshka, a member of the GRU's Unit 26165 was involved in the theft of Macron's emails, and subsequent distribution via <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meduza-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-rfe-90">[86]</a> In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> reported that the joint effort by British, Swiss, French and U.S. intelligence agencies had discovered an apparent "rear base" of GRU in southeastern France, which was presumably used by GRU for the clandestine operations carried out throughout Europe. Investigators had identified 15 agents – all of them members of GRU's <a href="/wiki/Unit_29155" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 29155">Unit 29155</a> – who visited <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a> of France from 2014 to 2018, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mishkin" title="Alexander Mishkin">Alexander Petrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Chepiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Chepiga">Ruslan Boshirov</a>, who are believed to be behind <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">the poisoning</a> of the former GRU colonel and British double agent <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Skripal" title="Sergei Skripal">Sergei Skripal</a> in Salisbury in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-dwsavoie-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Georgia">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/2006_Georgian%E2%80%93Russian_espionage_controversy" title="2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy">2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy</a>, four officers working for the GRU Alexander Savva, Dmitry Kazantsev, Aleksey Zavgorodny and Alexander Baranov were arrested by the Counter-Intelligence Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia and were accused of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>. This spy network was managed from Armenia by GRU Colonel Anatoly Sinitsin. A few days later the arrested officers were handed over to Russia through the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> unit No. 48427, an airborne unit, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-montenegro-95">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> The 2015 <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> hack was attributed by German intelligence to the GRU.<a href="#cite_note-Germany1-96">[92]</a> In 2020, Germany issued an arrest warrant for Dmitry Badin, a GRU officer and Unit 26165/<a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a> member also accused of involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic National Committee cyber attacks">2015–2016 DNC hacks</a> in the United States, alleging he played a leading role in the Bundestag hack.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> In 2018, German officials reported a key data network used by the <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellery" title="German Chancellery">Chancellery</a>, ministries, and Parliament had been breached. German media attributed the attack to a Russian Government-sponsored hacking group, either Snake/Ouroborus or Fancy Bear.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> In February 2021, Germany charged German citizen Jens F., a worker whose company maintained Bundestag electrical equipment, with espionage, accusing him of providing the building's floor plans to GRU operatives in the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Berlin" title="Embassy of Russia, Berlin">Russian embassy</a> in 2017. The suspect was a former army officer allegedly linked to the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> In September 2021, the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">foreign ministry</a> warned Russia against the continuation of a pre-election <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattack</a> campaign targeting German legislators, claiming it had "reliable information" linking the <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter_(hacker_group)" title="Ghostwriter (hacker group)">Ghostwriter</a> group behind the attacks to the GRU. The <a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_General_(Germany)" title="Public Prosecutor General (Germany)">prosecutor general</a> later opened an investigation into the affair.<a href="#cite_note-Germany1-96">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, Yukihisa Miyanaga was arrested for providing military secrets from the Defense Agency to Colonel Yuriy N. Koslov, stationed at the Soviet Embassy.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> 1st Lt. Eiichi Kashii and Warrant Officer Tsunetoshi Oshima were also arrested for passing secrets to Miyanaga.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> In September 2000, Japan expelled Captain Viktor Bogatenkov, a military attaché at the Russian Embassy in Tokyo, on allegations of espionage.<a href="#cite_note-jt-102">[98]</a> Bogatenkov was a GRU agent who received classified information from <a href="/wiki/Shigehiro_Hagisaki" title="Shigehiro Hagisaki">Shigehiro Hagisaki</a> (萩嵜繁博), a researcher at the National Institute for Defense Studies.<a href="#cite_note-jt-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Latvia">edit</a>]</div> In early 2018, an investigation by Russian opposition site <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mbk</a>.media alleged then-<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank#Bilateral_diplomacy" title="Diplomatic rank">first secretary</a> of the Russian Embassy in Latvia Roman Tatarka was a GRU operative and former classmate of <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Chepiga" title="Anatoly Chepiga">Anatoly Chepiga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In October 2018, Latvia's Constitution Protection Bureau accused Russia of conducting a years-long <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> campaign targeting "state institutions, including the foreign and defense sectors."<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, GRU officer Sergey Moiseyenko recruited <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Lithuanian Air Force</a> officer Sergej Pusin to conduct espionage on Lithuanian and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military operations. Pusin additionally passed personal files on various military officers. Moiseyenko was arrested in 2014 and sentenced to 10.5 years in prison, but was <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> and returned to Russia by President <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Nausėda</a> as part of a trilateral <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a> with <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Russia in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> In March 2022, General <a href="/wiki/Glen_D._VanHerck" title="Glen D. VanHerck">Glen VanHerck</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">United States Northern Command</a> testified that "the largest portion of the GRU members is in Mexico right now" seeking "opportunities to...influence [and access the] U.S." Mexican President <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" class="mw-redirect" title="López Obrador">López Obrador</a> downplayed the allegation, emphasizing Mexican sovereignty and stating his country "[did not] get involved in [espionage]."<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Moldova">edit</a>]</div> In June 2017, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> expelled five Russian GRU operatives with <a href="/wiki/Official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Official cover">diplomatic cover</a> from the Russian Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, as they were believed to be attempting to recruit fighters from <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> to fight in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">conflict with Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersMoldova-110">[106]</a> Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Karasin" title="Grigory Karasin">Grigory Karasin</a> rejected the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersMoldova-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Montenegro">edit</a>]</div> The two Russian nationals indicted by Montenegrin prosecution as the organisers of the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_coup_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin coup plot">attempted coup d'état</a> in Montenegro in October 2016 are believed to be GRU officers.<a href="#cite_note-skylinked-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-murkypolitico-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> One of them, Eduard Vadimovich Shishmakov ("Shirokov") had been officially identified as GRU in October 2014, when Shishmakov, who then held the position of a deputy military attaché at the Russian embassy in Poland, was declared <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-skylinked-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands_and_Switzerland">The Netherlands and Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The Netherlands and Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> In mid-September 2018 the Swiss press reported that two men allegedly working for the GRU had been arrested in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, the Netherlands in the spring that year, after the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Salisbury poisoning incident</a>, for planning to hack the computer systems of the <a href="/wiki/Spiez_Laboratory" title="Spiez Laboratory">Spiez Laboratory</a>, a Swiss institute analyzing chemical weapon attacks for the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW).<a href="#cite_note-upi-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In early October 2018, the government of the Netherlands announced they had arrested four GRU operatives on 13 April: Aleksei Morenets, Evgenii Serebriakov, Oleg Sotnikov, and Aleksey Minin.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The Russians allegedly attempted to launch a major "close access" cyberattack<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> against the headquarters of the OPCW in the Hague and also intended to travel onwards to the Spiez laboratory in Switzerland, which was testing <a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok</a> samples from Salisbury at the time.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Investigation conducted by <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a> outlets in the aftermath of the Dutch government's revelations that used Russian road police databases led to identification of further 305 GRU officers whose private cars were registered at GRU headquarters in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> GRU officer Denis Vyacheslavovich Sergeev has also been documented as operating in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_attempt_to_infiltrate_International_Criminal_Court">Alleged attempt to infiltrate International Criminal Court</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Alleged attempt to infiltrate International Criminal Court">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vladimirovich_Cherkasov" title="Sergey Vladimirovich Cherkasov">Sergey Vladimirovich Cherkasov</a></div> In June 2022, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a> stated that GRU intelligence officer Sergey Vladimirovich Cherkasov, under the alias of Viktor Muller Ferreira, was denied entry to the Netherlands after arriving for an internship with the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>. The AIVD described Cherkasov as a deep-cover <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">illegal</a>, publishing a document he is alleged to have written in 2010 reminding himself of his cover identity. As Ferreira, Cherkasov is alleged to have attended university in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, building a cover identity for years as a Brazilian national with an interest in international affairs. AIVD head <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Akerboom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Akerboom (page does not exist)">Erik Akerboom</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Akerboom" class="extiw" title="nl:Erik Akerboom">nl</a>] described the attempted infiltration as a "long-term, multi-year GRU operation that cost a lot of time, energy and money," calling it a "high-level threat."<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcc-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> In December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">Norwegian Police Security Service</a> (PST) stated that hackers linked to <a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a> and the GRU's 85th Special Services Center (GTsSS) were likely responsible for a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>'s email system earlier in the year. The Russian Embassy in Norway denied the claims.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> In October 2022, the PST arrested and charged Russian citizen Mikhail Valerievich Mikushin with "illegal espionage against state secrets." Mikushin had posed as a Brazilian academic named Jose Assis Giammaria and was, at the time of his arrest, researching <a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Norway" title="Arctic policy of Norway">Norwegian Arctic policy</a> and hybrid threats at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> investigator <a href="/wiki/Christo_Grozev" title="Christo Grozev">Christo Grozev</a> identified Mikushin as a GRU colonel while the Russian embassy in Norway denied any knowledge of Mikushin, calling his arrest a part of "spy mania."<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> In June 2014, Poland <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">expelled</a> Russian deputy <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attaché</a> Eduard Shishmakov (alias Eduard Shirokov) and three other Russian citizens accused of spying over a <a href="/wiki/Wprost#Role_in_the_2014_government_bugging_scandal" title="Wprost">2014 wiretap scandal</a> involving the publication of wiretapped conversations between senior Polish officials. Shishmakov, an accused GRU operative, later became a key suspect in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Montenegrin_coup_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Montenegrin coup allegations">2016 Montenegrin coup allegations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> In October 2014, Poland arrested two alleged GRU spies. Polish Lt. Col. Zbigniew J. worked for the GRU for "several years" feeding information on unit morale and troop movements while lawyer-lobbyist Stanisław Szypowski influenced governmental circles and sought a job in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Economy (Poland)">Economy Ministry</a> while providing information on the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">energy sector</a>. Both met with GRU operatives under <a href="/wiki/Official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Official cover">official cover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and were monitored by Polish counterintelligence.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> In July 2019, a Warsaw court sentenced former Economy Ministry employee Marek W. to three years in prison for passing classified information on the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">energy sector</a> to the GRU from 2015 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> In May 2020, Polish journalists, supported by former intelligence officials, accused the GRU of conducting a 700-email bomb threat campaign against Polish schools as part of a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid warfare</a> strategy. Polish and Russian intelligence services did not comment on the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> In March 2022, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Agency_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Security Agency (Poland)">Internal Security Agency</a> (ABW) arrested reporter Pablo Gonzalez, whom they identified as "an agent of the [GRU]," as he planned to cross the Polish-Ukrainian border. Gonzalez, a Spanish citizen of Russian origin, was found with two passports of different names and detained on suspicion of espionage. The ABW accused Gonzalez of "[carrying] out activities for Russia using his journalistic status" and traveling to worldwide zones of conflict and political instability.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> In January 2023, Warsaw authorities arrested a Russian and a Belarusian national. The <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Poland)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Poland)">SKW</a>, Poland's military <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> agency, accused the pair of spying on Polish military facilities for the GRU since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatar">Qatar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Qatar">edit</a>]</div> On 13 February 2004, in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, two Russian men <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Zelimkhan_Yandarbiyev" title="Assassination of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev">assassinated Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev</a>, an exiled leader of <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen rebels</a> and former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ichkeria" title="President of Ichkeria">President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car-bombing</a>. Yandarbiyev's son was also killed.<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-qatar-139">[135]</a> Anatoly V. Belashkov and Vasily A. Bogachyov, thought to be GRU members, were found guilty of the murder by a Qatari criminal court, which said the men had acted under direct orders from the Russian leadership.<a href="#cite_note-qatar-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-qatarguardian-141">[137]</a> A third suspected GRU agent, posted as <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank#Bilateral_diplomacy" title="Diplomatic rank">first secretary</a> of the Russian Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, was arrested but released to his <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>. Those sentenced were sent to Russia to serve their sentences but disappeared shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kozak" title="Dmitry Kozak">Dmitry Kozak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> administration, reportedly served in the GRU. Two Chechens, <a href="/wiki/Said-Magomed_Kakiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Said-Magomed Kakiev">Said-Magomed Kakiev</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulim_Yamadayev" title="Sulim Yamadayev">Sulim Yamadayev</a> were commanders of <a href="/wiki/Special_Battalions_Vostok_and_Zapad" title="Special Battalions Vostok and Zapad">Special Battalions Vostok and Zapad</a> ("East" and "West") that were controlled by the GRU. The battalions each included close to a thousand fighters until their disbandment in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Approximately 300 commandos, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officers</a> and other GRU personnel died during the fighting in Chechnya.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> GRU detachments from <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> independently of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> GRU officers have also been accused of creating criminal <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korolkov-145">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> In early 2022, Slovakia arrested four Slovak nationals described as a "Russian spying network [seeking] information about NATO and Ukraine." Two were charged with spying and bribery, with Slovak authorities alleging <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">undercover</a> GRU officers at the Russian Embassy paid tens of thousands of euros for the "highly sensitive" information about Slovakia, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Armed_Forces" title="Slovak Armed Forces">Slovak military</a>, and NATO.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> The men charged were a Slovak military academy rector and disinformation blogger; the other two were released without charge.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit</a>]</div> In January 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency</a> arrested and charged two individuals in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> with espionage on behalf of the GRU and using false documents. Both were reportedly operating under assumed identities with ties to Argentina. Media variously described those charged as either a husband and wife<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> or two men.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> According to reporting by <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> and the Civica Media Foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a> is investigating a GRU group known as <a href="/wiki/GRU_Unit_29155" title="GRU Unit 29155">Unit 29155</a> and its operations in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Pais-152">[148]</a> GRU members Denis Sergeev, Alexey Kalinin and Mikhail Opryshko are reported to have been operating in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> around the time of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 Catalan independence referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pais-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In late 2021, Swedish authorities arrested brothers Peyman and Payam Kia for aggravated espionage on behalf of the GRU. Peyman had worked with the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">Swedish Security Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</a>; both brothers were jailed in January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> In late 2022, elite police arrested Russian-born Swedish citizen Sergey Skvortsov, accusing him of nearly 10 years of "gross illegal intelligence activities against Sweden and against a foreign power" (later identified as the United States) on behalf of the GRU. Skvortsov reportedly worked to illegally transfer Western technology to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a></div> The Sixth Directorate was responsible for maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Center_S" title="Center S">Center S</a> covert listening post in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> prior to its loss to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The Sixth Directorate also operates a signals intelligence listening post at <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmeimim (air base)">Hmeimim Air Base</a> near <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> In 2015 GRU special forces soldiers have reportedly appeared in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> GRU officials have also visited <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, near the border with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> In 2018 the Turkish government published CCTV videos from assassination of a Chechen commander Abdulvahid Edelgiriev, who was killed in 2015 in Istanbul,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> claiming the perpetrator was the same person as <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Chepiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Chepiga">Anatoliy Chepiga</a> ("Ruslan Boshirov") from Skripal assassination in UK.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Spetsnaz GRU</a> were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meduza-24">[20]</a> During the November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait incident</a>, the GRU's Unit 54777 sent <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messages</a> to Ukrainian men in the border region calling on them to report for military service.<a href="#cite_note-WapoDec28-50">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a> and private <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a> firms allege that the GRU hacked the <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a> of Ukrainian energy company <a href="/wiki/Burisma" title="Burisma">Burisma</a>, a key player in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS1-40">[36]</a> Spetsnaz GRU are involved in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. Their first reported casualty was Captain Alexey Gluschak, killed in action <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">in Mariupol</a> on 8 March.<a href="#cite_note-WashEx14.3.22-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></div> In September 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> formally named two Russian nationals, Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov (the names used by the men when entering the UK), as suspected perpetrators of the assassination attempt of the former GRU officer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Skripal" title="Sergei Skripal">Sergei Skripal</a> and his daughter in March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-BBCcharges-167">[163]</a> As part of the charge announcement Scotland Yard released a detailed track of the individuals' 48 hours in the UK. This covered their arrival in the UK at <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a>, trip to Salisbury the day before the attack, trip to Salisbury on the day of the attack and return to Moscow via <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> The two men stayed both nights in the City Stay Hotel on <a href="/wiki/Bow_Road" title="Bow Road">Bow Road</a>, East London and <a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a> was found in their room after police sealed it off on 4 May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> British Prime Minister Theresa May told the Commons the same day that the suspects were part of the G.U. intelligence service (formerly known as GRU) and the assassination attempt was not a rogue operation and was "almost certainly" approved at a senior level of the Russian state.<a href="#cite_note-BBCcharges-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> As a side effect of the Skripal poisoning investigation, Russian and Western media reported conclusions made by <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a> outlets that claimed that GRU operatives were issued Russian foreign travel passports with certain characteristics that would allow their tentative identification.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Through further research, in the autumn of 2018, "Boshirov" was publicly exposed as <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Chepiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Chepiga">Anatoliy Chepiga</a>, a decorated GRU officer,<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> and "Petrov" as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mishkin" title="Alexander Mishkin">Alexander Mishkin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> GRU officer <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lunev" title="Stanislav Lunev">Stanislav Lunev</a>, who defected to the U.S. in 1992 while he was posted in Washington under the cover of a TASS news agency correspondent, in the 1990s publicized his claims that small nuclear weapons that could be fit into a knapsack or a briefcase or suitcase had been secretly pre-positioned in the U.S. and other countries around the world to be used for <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> by Russia's agents in the event of war.<a href="#cite_note-Lunev-178">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Congressman</a> <a href="/wiki/Curt_Weldon" title="Curt Weldon">Curt Weldon</a> pursued these claims publicly while admitting that they had been found largely spurious by the FBI.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> Searches of the areas identified by Lunev – who admitted he had never planted any weapons in the US – have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons".<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_interference">Electoral interference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Electoral interference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/220px--Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="784" data-mwtitle="Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm/Grand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGrand_Jury_Indicts_12_Russian_Intelligence_Officers_for_Hacking_Offenses_Related_to_2016_Election.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>United States Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein" title="Rod Rosenstein">Rod Rosenstein</a> announcing in 2018 a grand jury indictment of 12 Russian intelligence officers for hacking offenses related to the 2016 U.S. presidential election</figcaption></figure> On 29 December 2016 the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> sanctioned the nine entities and individuals, including the GRU as well as the FSB, for their alleged activities to disrupt and spread disinformation during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHelectionsSanctions-181">[177]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">United States State Department</a> also declared 35 Russian diplomats and officials <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a> and denied Russian government officials access to two Russian-owned installations in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHelectionsSanctions-181">[177]</a> On 13 July 2018, an indictment to several GRU Staffers was issued.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> GRU Unit 26165 and Unit 74455 are alleged to be behind the <a href="/wiki/DCLeaks" title="DCLeaks">DCLeaks</a> website, and were indicted for obtaining access and distributing information from data about 500,000 voters from a state election board website as well as the email accounts of <a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" title="John Podesta">John Podesta</a>, Hillary Clinton, and volunteers and employees of the United States Presidential Campaign of Hillary Clinton, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Committee_email_leak" title="2016 Democratic National Committee email leak">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC).<a href="#cite_note-NYT180713-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indictment180713-184">[180]</a> According to information leaked by <a href="/wiki/Reality_Winner" title="Reality Winner">Reality Winner</a>, the GRU attempted to hack the voting machine manufacturer <a href="/wiki/VR_Systems" title="VR Systems">VR Systems</a>, as well as local election officials.<a href="#cite_note-int1-185">[181]</a> In July 2018 Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein" title="Rod Rosenstein">Rod Rosenstein</a> released an indictment returned by a grand jury charging twelve GRU officers with conspiring to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">interfere</a> in the 2016 elections.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> VP Tom Burt, a GRU-run group dubbed Strontium (alternatively known as APT28, Sofacy, and Pawn Storm, and Fancy Bear)<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> has been engaged in <a href="/wiki/Phishing#CITEREFrajput2023" title="Phishing">spear phishing attacks</a> against at least three campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 midterm elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> On 19 November 2021, the Coordinating Council of Russian Compatriots in the United States (CCORC) or (KCOPC) closed and on 9 March 2022 Elena Branson was accused of working as a foreign agent by the FBI.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> In August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a>, citing a US official, reported that personnel of GRU were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi</a>-controlled parts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">militia's attacks on merchant ships</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Directors">edit</a>]</div> The Head of the Russian Military Intelligence is a military officer. He is the primary military intelligence adviser to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Russia)">Russian Minister of Defense</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the Russian General Staff</a> and to a certain extent also answers to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> if ordered so. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_(2016-02-02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_%282016-02-02%29.jpg/220px-Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_%282016-02-02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_%282016-02-02%29.jpg/330px-Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_%282016-02-02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_%282016-02-02%29.jpg/440px-Sergey_Shoigu_and_Igor_Korobov_%282016-02-02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>6th GRU chief <a href="/wiki/Igor_Korobov" title="Igor Korobov">Igor Korobov</a> (right) and Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a> in February 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Kostykov_(official_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Igor_Kostykov_%28official_portrait%29.jpg/175px-Igor_Kostykov_%28official_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Igor_Kostykov_%28official_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The current and 7th GRU chief <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kostyukov" title="Igor Kostyukov">Igor Kostyukov</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Head</th> <th>Term</th> <th>Presidents served under </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yevgeny_Timokhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yevgeny Timokhin (page does not exist)">Yevgeny Timokhin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" class="extiw" title="ru:Тимохин, Евгений Леонидович (генерал)">ru</a>]</td> <td>November 1991 – August 1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Ladygin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fyodor Ladygin (page does not exist)">Fyodor Ladygin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ладыгин, Фёдор Иванович">ru</a>]</td> <td>August 1992 – May 1997</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Korabelnikov" title="Valentin Korabelnikov">Valentin Korabelnikov</a></td> <td>May 1997 – 24 April 2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shlyakhturov" title="Aleksandr Shlyakhturov">Aleksandr Shlyakhturov</a></td> <td>24 April 2009 – 25 December 2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Igor_Sergun" title="Igor Sergun">Igor Sergun</a></td> <td>26 December 2011 – 3 January 2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Igor_Korobov" title="Igor Korobov">Igor Korobov</a></td> <td>2 February 2016 – 21 November 2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kostyukov" title="Igor Kostyukov">Igor Kostyukov</a></td> <td>22 November 2018 – present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu delivering a speech on Military Intelligence Day"><img alt="Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu delivering a speech on Military Intelligence Day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg/120px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg/180px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg/240px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu delivering a speech on Military Intelligence Day</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wreath laying ceremony for past GRU agents"><img alt="Wreath laying ceremony for past GRU agents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg/120px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg/180px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg/240px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wreath#Wreath_laying_ceremonies" title="Wreath">Wreath laying</a> ceremony for past GRU agents</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian military leaders saluting a monument commemorating the GRU"><img alt="Russian military leaders saluting a monument commemorating the GRU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg/120px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg/180px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg/240px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian military leaders saluting a monument commemorating the GRU</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5th GRU chief Igor Sergun with Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov"><img alt="5th GRU chief Igor Sergun with Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg/120px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg/180px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg/240px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th GRU chief <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sergun" title="Igor Sergun">Igor Sergun</a> with Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu congratulates a GRU employee"><img alt="Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu congratulates a GRU employee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg/120px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg/180px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg/240px-Sergey_Shoigu_in_GRU_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu congratulates a GRU employee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President Vladimir Putin addresses the GRU on its 100th anniversary"><img alt="President Vladimir Putin addresses the GRU on its 100th anniversary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg/120px-Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg/180px-Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg/240px-Solemn_event_on_the_occasion_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_GRU_-_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">President Vladimir Putin addresses the GRU on its 100th anniversary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GRU_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo used by the Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces"><img alt="Logo used by the Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GRU_emblem.svg/120px-GRU_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GRU_emblem.svg/180px-GRU_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GRU_emblem.svg/240px-GRU_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="276" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo used by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem in the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces"><img alt="Emblem in the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg/120px-Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg/180px-Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg/240px-Emblem_in_GRU_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem in the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great emblem of the 16th Guards Special Purpose Brigade"><img alt="Great emblem of the 16th Guards Special Purpose Brigade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg/97px-Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg/145px-Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg/194px-Great_emblem_of_the_16th_Guards_Special_Purpose_Brigade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great emblem of the 16th Guards Special Purpose Brigade</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Dossier" title="Farewell Dossier">Farewell Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Directorate_of_the_Main_Staff_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Intelligence Directorate of the Main Staff of the Russian Navy">Intelligence Directorate of the Main Staff of the Russian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Trepper" title="Leopold Trepper">Leopold Trepper</a>, an organizer of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy">spy</a> ring <a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Orchestra (spy)">Rote Kapelle</a> (Red Orchestra) prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li>Nuclear <a href="/wiki/Suitcase_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Suitcase bomb">suitcase bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatutinki" title="Vatutinki">Vatutinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_files_leak" title="Vulkan files leak">Vulkan files leak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Russian: Гла́вное управле́ние Генера́льного шта́ба Вооружённых сил Росси́йской Федера́ции, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Glavnoje upravlenije General'nogo shtaba Vooruzhonnykh sil Rossiyskoy Federatsii </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> (Russian: Гла́вное разве́дывательное управле́ние, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈɡlavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Russian: ГРУ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɡɨ̞rɨ̞ˈu]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[gru]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Russian: День военного разведчика </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gu-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gu_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gu_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gu_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gu_4-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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The Economist. 11 September 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=What+is+the+GRU%3F&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2018%2F09%2F11%2Fwhat-is-the-gru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/09/11/what-is-the-gru">What is the GRU?</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, 11 September 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukaz_r/razvedka41.php">Военная разведка: 1941–1945</a> (tr, "Military intelligence: 1941–1945") hrono.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20090319/165389424.html">Главное разведывательное управление Генштаба ВС России. Справка</a>. (tr. "Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. Reference") <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>, 19 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Leonard, Secret Soldiers of the Revolution, p.xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2009" class="citation news cs1">Solovyov, Dmitry (24 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230070746/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-medvedev-intelligence-idUSTRE53N21920090424">"Russia's Medvedev sacks military spy chief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 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The Kremlin said Medvedev had signed a decree to dismiss General Valentin Korabelnikov, who has directed Russia's military intelligence service since 1997.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Medvedev+sacks+military+spy+chief&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-medvedev-intelligence-idUSTRE53N21920090424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230054037/http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2006/11/article/putin-arrives-in-style-at-military-spy-base/200972.html">"Putin Arrives in Style at Military Spy Base"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cryptome.org/eyeball/gru/gru-eyeball.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GRU+Headquarters+%E2%80%93+Russian+MilIntel+Eyeball&rft.date=2008-08-10&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcryptome.org%2Feyeball%2Fgru%2Fgru-eyeball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230075215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8016371.stm">"Russia military spy boss 'sacked'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8016371.stm">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>Gen Korabelnikov had been the head of military intelligence for 12 years and was a four-star general. Analysts say the 63-year-old was one of the main opponents of the planned military reforms, which could see the Russian armed forces shrink from 1.3 million serving men and women to one million. The majority of those cuts would come from the officer corps, which could see the loss of around 200,000 posts, including many generals. Some of the proposed reforms were said to have included the disbanding of several GRU-controlled army special forces (Spetsnaz) brigades and the redistribution of the command of some GRU structures to the SVR. Gen Korabelnikov is reported to have submitted his resignation in protest last November.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+military+spy+boss+%27sacked%27&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8016371.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meduza-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meduza_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduza_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduza_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduza_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduza_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduza_24-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurovsky2018" class="citation news cs1">Turovsky, Daniil (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/en/feature/2018/11/06/what-is-the-gru-who-gets-recruited-to-be-a-spy-why-are-they-exposed-so-often">"What is the GRU? 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Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stratfor&rft.atitle=A+Mysterious+Death+Raises+Questions+in+Russia&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Diary&rft.aufirst=Geopolitical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratfor.com%2Fgeopolitical-diary%2Fmysterious-death-raises-questions-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalibnan2016" class="citation news cs1">Yalibnan (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalibnan.com/2016/03/04/russias-military-intelligence-chief-killed-in-secret-operation-in-lebanon/">"Russian military intelligence chief killed in secret operation in Lebanon, report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ya_Libnan" title="Ya Libnan">Ya Libnan</a>. 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The Guardian. 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Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cisa.gov&rft.atitle=Russian+Military+Cyber+Actors+Target+US+and+Global+Critical+Infrastructure&rft.date=2024-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisa.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fcybersecurity-advisories%2Faa24-249a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idelreal.org/a/32412817.html">"Не только "Вагнер". Как воюют российские наемники в других "подразделениях""</a>. RFE/RL (in Russian). 18 May 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%22%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%22.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%8E%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%22%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%22&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idelreal.org%2Fa%2F32412817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WapoDec28-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WapoDec28_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WapoDec28_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WapoDec28_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WapoDec28_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroianovskiNakashimaHarris2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Troianovski" title="Anton Troianovski">Troianovski, Anton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Nakashima" title="Ellen Nakashima">Nakashima, Ellen</a>; Harris, Shane (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/how-russias-military-intelligence-agency-became-the-covert-muscle-in-putins-duels-with-the-west/2018/12/27/2736bbe2-fb2d-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html">"How Russia's military intelligence agency became the covert muscle in Putin's duels with the West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229141356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/how-russias-military-intelligence-agency-became-the-covert-muscle-in-putins-duels-with-the-west/2018/12/27/2736bbe2-fb2d-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Russia%27s+military+intelligence+agency+became+the+covert+muscle+in+Putin%27s+duels+with+the+West&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.aulast=Troianovski&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.au=Nakashima%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Harris%2C+Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fhow-russias-military-intelligence-agency-became-the-covert-muscle-in-putins-duels-with-the-west%2F2018%2F12%2F27%2F2736bbe2-fb2d-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.4freerussia.org/aquarium-leaks-inside-the-gru-s-psychological-warfare-program/">"Aquarium Leaks. Inside the GRU's Psychological Warfare Program | Free Russia Foundation"</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquarium+Leaks.+Inside+the+GRU%27s+Psychological+Warfare+Program+%7C+Free+Russia+Foundation&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.4freerussia.org%2Faquarium-leaks-inside-the-gru-s-psychological-warfare-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/six-russian-gru-officers-charged-connection-worldwide-deployment-destructive-malware-and">"Six Russian GRU Officers Charged in Connection with Worldwide Deployment of Destructive Malware and Other Disruptive Actions in Cyberspace"</a>. DOJ Office of Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DOJ+Office+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Six+Russian+GRU+Officers+Charged+in+Connection+with+Worldwide+Deployment+of+Destructive+Malware+and+Other+Disruptive+Actions+in+Cyberspace&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fsix-russian-gru-officers-charged-connection-worldwide-deployment-destructive-malware-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall1993" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Desmond (1993). Signals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era: Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813016378" title="Special:BookSources/9789813016378"><bdi>9789813016378</bdi></a>. <q>1. Andreyevka SATCOM Station, Russia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signals+Intelligence+in+the+Post-cold+War+Era%3A+Developments+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789813016378&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAid2012" class="citation news cs1">Aid, Matthew (29 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230051343/http://www.matthewaid.com/post/28265448095/russias-andreyevka-sigint-station">"Russia's Andreyevka SIGINT Station"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matthewaid.com/post/28265448095/russias-andreyevka-sigint-station">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>The station is located in the Maritime Province of the Russian Far East near the tiny village of Andreyevka (Google Earth transliterates the name as Andreevka) at the following geographic coordinates: 44-30-30N 133-28-28E. [...] Built during the mid-1970s by the Soviets, a former senior NSA official mentioned it to me in the late 1980s as being "the biggest and baddest of the Sov's SIGINT stations". At the station's peak during the Cold War, it was jointly manned by several hundred KGB and GRU (Soviet military intelligence) SIGINTers. Today, the station is owned and operated solely by the GRU, and it would appear that the station has not been upgraded with new equipment in quite some time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Andreyevka+SIGINT+Station&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft.aulast=Aid&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matthewaid.com%2Fpost%2F28265448095%2Frussias-andreyevka-sigint-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAid2012" class="citation news cs1">Aid, Matthew (12 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230053053/http://www.matthewaid.com/post/22907404770/soviet-eavesdropping-station-identified">"Soviet Eavesdropping Station Identified"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matthewaid.com/post/22907404770/soviet-eavesdropping-station-identified">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>Andreyevka SATCOM Station: 44-30-30N 133-28-28E Some of these stations are still apparently active (the largest of which is the Andreyevka station near Vladivostok), although to what degree they are still working COMSAT targets cannot be determined from imagery available on Google Maps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Soviet+Eavesdropping+Station+Identified&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft.aulast=Aid&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matthewaid.com%2Fpost%2F22907404770%2Fsoviet-eavesdropping-station-identified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2024" class="citation news cs1">Perry, Michael (31 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/russian-military-intelligence-unit-may-be-linked-havana-syndrome-insider-reports-2024-04-01/">"Russian military intelligence unit may be linked to 'Havana syndrome', Insider reports"</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+military+intelligence+unit+may+be+linked+to+%27Havana+syndrome%27%2C+Insider+reports&rft.date=2024-03-31&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Frussian-military-intelligence-unit-may-be-linked-havana-syndrome-insider-reports-2024-04-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott-57"><a href="#cite_ref-McDermott_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2010" class="citation news cs1">McDermott, Roger (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37119&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=484&no_cache=1">"Bat or Mouse? The Strange Case of Reforming Spetsnaz"</a>. Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Bat+or+Mouse%3F+The+Strange+Case+of+Reforming+Spetsnaz&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fprograms%2Fedm%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D37119%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D484%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/gru/ops.htm">"Operations of the Main Intelligence Administration (GRU) Glavnoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravlenie – Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operations+of+the+Main+Intelligence+Administration+%28GRU%29+Glavnoye+Razvedyvatelnoye+Upravlenie+%E2%80%93+Russia+%2F+Soviet+Intelligence+Agencies&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Frussia%2Fgru%2Fops.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrokhin-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrokhin_59-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a> (2000). The <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a>: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7">0-14-028487-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/spionageverdacht-pensionierter-bundesheer-oberst-m-weiter-in-u-haft/400488409">Verdacht Russen-Spion: Pensionierter Bundesheer Oberst M. weiter in U-Haft</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kurier" title="Kurier">Kurier</a>, 9 May 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-russia-spy/austrian-court-orders-release-of-suspected-russian-spy-pending-trial-idUSKCN1NI1HB">Austrian court orders release of suspected Russian spy pending trial</a> Reuters, 13 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2018/11/kremlin-spy-mystery-vienna-austria-putin-colony/">A Kremlin Spy Mystery in Vienna Shakes the World Capital of Espionage</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">Observer</a>, 13 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/austrian-colonel-spied-for-moscow-for-decades-says-vienna/">Austrian colonel spied for Moscow for decades, says Vienna: If true it ‘will not improve the relationship between Russia and EU,’ says Kurz.</a> politico.eu, 9 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/grossfahndung-nach-russischem-spion-in-oesterreich/400561301">Großfahndung nach russischem Spion in Österreich: Er soll für den russischen Militärgeheimdienst tätig gewesen sein – offenbar als Führungsoffizier des mutmaßlichen Salzburger Spionage-Oberst.</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurier" title="Kurier">Kurier</a>, 25 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArciga2019" class="citation web cs1">Arciga, Julia (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/austria-launches-manhunt-for-alleged-russian-spy-in-secret-gru-operation">"Austria Launches Manhunt for Alleged Russian Spy"</a>. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Austria+Launches+Manhunt+for+Alleged+Russian+Spy&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.aulast=Arciga&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Faustria-launches-manhunt-for-alleged-russian-spy-in-secret-gru-operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitsanakis" class="citation news cs1">Fitsanakis, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intelnews.org/2020/06/11/01-2802/">"Austrian court finds unnamed retired Army colonel guilty of spying for Russia"</a>. intelNews. <q>Martin M. reportedly served in peacekeeping missions in the Golan Heights and Cyprus before being posted at one of the Austrian Armed Forces' two headquarters, located in the western city of Salzburg. It was around that time, say prosecutors, that the unnamed man began spying for Russia. Starting in 1992, he was in regular contact with his Russian handler, who was known to him only as "Yuri".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Austrian+court+finds+unnamed+retired+Army+colonel+guilty+of+spying+for+Russia&rft.aulast=Fitsanakis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintelnews.org%2F2020%2F06%2F11%2F01-2802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellingcat_Investigation_Team2019" class="citation news cs1">Bellingcat Investigation Team (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/02/07/third-skripal-suspect-linked-to-2015-bulgaria-poisoning/">"Third Skripal Suspect Linked to 2015 Bulgaria Poisoning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Third+Skripal+Suspect+Linked+to+2015+Bulgaria+Poisoning&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.au=Bellingcat+Investigation+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-and-europe%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2Fthird-skripal-suspect-linked-to-2015-bulgaria-poisoning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2019/01/25/3380442_otrova_orujiia_ili_voinata_za_dunarit/">"Отрова, оръжия, или войната за "Дунарит""</a> [Poison, weapons, or the war for Dunarit]. <a href="/wiki/Capital_(Bulgarian_newspaper)" title="Capital (Bulgarian newspaper)">Capital</a> (in Bulgarian). 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capital&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%22%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%22&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capital.bg%2Fpolitika_i_ikonomika%2Fbulgaria%2F2019%2F01%2F25%2F3380442_otrova_orujiia_ili_voinata_za_dunarit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakuszitzky" class="citation news cs1">Rakuszitzky, Moritz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/02/14/third-suspect-in-skripal-poisoning-identified-as-denis-sergeev-high-ranking-gru-officer/">"Third Suspect in Skripal Poisoning Identified as Denis Sergeev, High-Ranking GRU Officer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Third+Suspect+in+Skripal+Poisoning+Identified+as+Denis+Sergeev%2C+High-Ranking+GRU+Officer&rft.aulast=Rakuszitzky&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-and-europe%2F2019%2F02%2F14%2Fthird-suspect-in-skripal-poisoning-identified-as-denis-sergeev-high-ranking-gru-officer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellingcat_Investigation_Team2019" class="citation news cs1">Bellingcat Investigation Team (21 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/02/21/the-search-for-denis-sergeev-photographing-a-ghost/">"The Search for Denis Sergeev: Photographing a Ghost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Denis+Sergeev%3A+Photographing+a+Ghost&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.au=Bellingcat+Investigation+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-and-europe%2F2019%2F02%2F21%2Fthe-search-for-denis-sergeev-photographing-a-ghost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfe3-71"><a href="#cite_ref-rfe3_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-charges-three-russians-gebrev-poisoning-in-absentia/30393608.html">"Bulgaria Charges Three Russians In Absentia Over Attempted Murders In 2015"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+Charges+Three+Russians+In+Absentia+Over+Attempted+Murders+In+2015&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fbulgaria-charges-three-russians-gebrev-poisoning-in-absentia%2F30393608.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitsanakis2021" class="citation news cs1">Fitsanakis, Joseph (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intelnews.org/2021/03/22/01-2971/">"Bulgaria confirms arrest of six-member spy-ring allegedly working for Russia"</a>. intelNews. <q>On Friday, 19 March, the Bulgarian government confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">BNT</a> report, saying that six Bulgarian citizens had been charged with espionage on behalf of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, known commonly as GRU. The GRU is Russia's foremost military intelligence agency. The six alleged spies reportedly gave Moscow secrets about Bulgarian military affairs, as well as information concerning the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+confirms+arrest+of+six-member+spy-ring+allegedly+working+for+Russia&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Fitsanakis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintelnews.org%2F2021%2F03%2F22%2F01-2971%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_General_Prosecutor_of_Bulgaria2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Prosecutor_of_Bulgaria" title="Office of the General Prosecutor of Bulgaria">Office of the General Prosecutor of Bulgaria</a> (19 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blUe9Heb0jk">"Разкрита група за шпионство 19.03.2021г"</a> [Spy group revealed on 19 March 2021.] (in Bulgarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/blUe9Heb0jk">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+19.03.2021%D0%B3.&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft.au=Office+of+the+General+Prosecutor+of+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DblUe9Heb0jk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseMooreBaluja2012" class="citation news cs1">Chase, Steven; Moore, Oliver; Baluja, Tamara (6 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230044456/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-expels-russian-diplomats-in-wake-of-charges-against-canadian/article1359125/">"Ottawa expels Russian diplomats in wake of charges against Canadian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-expels-russian-diplomats-in-wake-of-charges-against-canadian/article1359125/">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>The Harper government has expelled staff at Russia's embassy in the wake of charges filed against a Canadian military intelligence officer for allegedly passing secrets to a foreign power, The Globe and Mail has learned. [...] A Russian embassy official acknowledged the following three staffers have recently left Canada, saying, however, that all departures were routine: Lieutenant Colonel Dmitry V. Fedorchatenko, assistant defence attaché. Konstantin Kolpakov, attaché. Mikhail Nikiforov, with the administrative and technical staff. The embassy did not provide a clear explanation for the fourth name now gone from Canada's official list of diplomatic, consular and foreign government representatives: Tatiana Steklova, who had been described as "administrative and technical staff".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Ottawa+expels+Russian+diplomats+in+wake+of+charges+against+Canadian&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Moore%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Baluja%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa-expels-russian-diplomats-in-wake-of-charges-against-canadian%2Farticle1359125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton2012" class="citation news cs1">Payton, Laura (20 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230044820/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/spying-mystery-deepens-with-lack-of-information-1.1274453">"Spying mystery deepens with lack of information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/spying-mystery-deepens-with-lack-of-information-1.1274453">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>Initial media reports said up to four Russian Embassy staff had been removed from a list of embassy and diplomatic staff recognized by Canada. CBC News has confirmed that two have had their credentials revoked since news broke of the naval officer's arrest, while two diplomats left the country a month or more before the arrest this week of Canadian Sub.-Lt. Jeffrey Paul Delisle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spying+mystery+deepens+with+lack+of+information&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fspying-mystery-deepens-with-lack-of-information-1.1274453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-russia/colombia-confirms-exit-of-russian-officials-local-media-alleges-spying-idUSKBN28W2A5">"Colombia confirms exit of Russian officials, local media alleges spying"</a>. Reuters. 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Colombia+confirms+exit+of+Russian+officials%2C+local+media+alleges+spying&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-colombia-russia%2Fcolombia-confirms-exit-of-russian-officials-local-media-alleges-spying-idUSKBN28W2A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2020/12/22/por-espionaje-dos-diplomaticos-rusos-fueron-expulsados-de-colombia/">"Por espionaje, dos diplomáticos rusos fueron expulsados de Colombia"</a> [For espionage, two Russian diplomats were expelled from Colombia]. 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Por+espionaje%2C+dos+diplom%C3%A1ticos+rusos+fueron+expulsados+de+Colombia&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fcolombia%2F2020%2F12%2F22%2Fpor-espionaje-dos-diplomaticos-rusos-fueron-expulsados-de-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/exclusivo-estos-dos-diplomaticos-rusos-estaban-haciendo-espionaje-en-colombia/202056/">"Exclusivo: Estos dos diplomáticos rusos estaban haciendo espionaje en Colombia"</a> [Exclusive: These two Russian diplomats were doing espionage in Colombia]. 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exclusivo%3A+Estos+dos+diplom%C3%A1ticos+rusos+estaban+haciendo+espionaje+en+Colombia&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semana.com%2Fnacion%2Farticulo%2Fexclusivo-estos-dos-diplomaticos-rusos-estaban-haciendo-espionaje-en-colombia%2F202056%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exp18-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exp18_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exp18_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-czech-republic-depot-blast-expulsions-skripal-poisoning/31209093.html">"Czech Republic Expels 18 Russian Diplomats Over Depot Blast; Searches For Skripal Poisoning Suspects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Czech+Republic+Expels+18+Russian+Diplomats+Over+Depot+Blast%3B+Searches+For+Skripal+Poisoning+Suspects&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-czech-republic-depot-blast-expulsions-skripal-poisoning%2F31209093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtlanticJune26-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AtlanticJune26_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AtlanticJune26_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630021556/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/06/estonia-russia-deniss-metsavas-spy/592417/">"The Hero Who Betrayed His Country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic (magazine)">The Atlantic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/06/estonia-russia-deniss-metsavas-spy/592417/">the original</a> on 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Hero+Who+Betrayed+His+Country&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2019%2F06%2Festonia-russia-deniss-metsavas-spy%2F592417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoscowTimes-81"><a href="#cite_ref-MoscowTimes_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513211640/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/estonia-sentences-russian-spy-to-five-years-in-prison-57931">"Estonia Sentences Russian Spy to Five Years in Prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 8 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/estonia-sentences-russian-spy-to-five-years-in-prison-57931">the original</a> on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017. <q>Zinchenko has lived in Estonia on a residence permit since 2013. The Estonian court determined that he was recruited by Russia's Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) in 2009, and spent the next four years collecting information about troop movements in Estonia, and about objects of national importance. [...] Zinchenko reportedly passed sensitive information to members of the GRU on multiple occasions, both by means of special communication and in person, on visits to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Estonia+Sentences+Russian+Spy+to+Five+Years+in+Prison&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Festonia-sentences-russian-spy-to-five-years-in-prison-57931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janes-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Janes_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Bruce (9 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/article/70188/tallinn-jails-gru-agent-spying-on-estonian-and-nato-forces">"Tallinn jails GRU agent spying on Estonian and NATO forces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2017. <q>Artem Zinchenko, a Russian citizen legally resident in Estonia since 2013, was convicted on 8 May of espionage for Russia's GRU military intelligence organisation. Recruited in 2009 and arrested in January 2017, Zinchenko was sentenced to five years for spying on locations, equipment, and manoeuvres of Estonian and NATO forces and critical infrastructure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tallinn+jails+GRU+agent+spying+on+Estonian+and+NATO+forces&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Farticle%2F70188%2Ftallinn-jails-gru-agent-spying-on-estonian-and-nato-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Michael (17 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-ex-russian-spy-flees-to-the-nato-country-that-captured-him-delivering-another-embarrassing-blow-to-moscow-010049616.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAH0SGzf1odkYEwIEhK5tZ9l3HcIfVMJCiEpghxVchnOUc5PayoLtNYzh_tBk0rc4Fe9OdVyC7k7GR2tYqdLNj8uSeJsbj8kBsln1XNsDxvWZShe1kjDtla6D3VymhnD5wsUvqCaaum_r1HpmyOkv0HOjJ-hlX8S0_-RMNSGAxzjG">"Exclusive: Ex-Russian spy flees to the NATO country that captured him, delivering another embarrassing blow to Moscow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Ex-Russian+spy+flees+to+the+NATO+country+that+captured+him%2C+delivering+another+embarrassing+blow+to+Moscow&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fexclusive-ex-russian-spy-flees-to-the-nato-country-that-captured-him-delivering-another-embarrassing-blow-to-moscow-010049616.html%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAH0SGzf1odkYEwIEhK5tZ9l3HcIfVMJCiEpghxVchnOUc5PayoLtNYzh_tBk0rc4Fe9OdVyC7k7GR2tYqdLNj8uSeJsbj8kBsln1XNsDxvWZShe1kjDtla6D3VymhnD5wsUvqCaaum_r1HpmyOkv0HOjJ-hlX8S0_-RMNSGAxzjG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Kuczyński, Grzegorz (18 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warsawinstitute.org/former-russian-spy-seeks-asylum-in-estonia/">"Former Russian Spy Seeks Asylum In Estonia"</a>. Warsaw Institute. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warsaw+Institute&rft.atitle=Former+Russian+Spy+Seeks+Asylum+In+Estonia&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft.aulast=Kuczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarsawinstitute.org%2Fformer-russian-spy-seeks-asylum-in-estonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/estonia-arrests-army-officer-his-father-on-suspicion-of-spying-for-russia/29473872.html">"Estonia Arrests Army Officer, His Father on Suspicion of Spying For Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estonia+Arrests+Army+Officer%2C+His+Father+on+Suspicion+of+Spying+For+Russia&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Festonia-arrests-army-officer-his-father-on-suspicion-of-spying-for-russia%2F29473872.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris-RotmanNakashima2018" class="citation news cs1">Ferris-Rotman, Amie; Nakashima, Ellen (1 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/estonia-knows-a-lot-about-battling-russian-spies-and-the-west-is-paying-attention-/2018/10/31/7c963774-d649-11e8-aeb7-ddcad4a0a54e_story.html">"Estonia knows a lot about battling Russian spies, and the West is paying attention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Estonia+knows+a+lot+about+battling+Russian+spies%2C+and+the+West+is+paying+attention&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.aulast=Ferris-Rotman&rft.aufirst=Amie&rft.au=Nakashima%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Festonia-knows-a-lot-about-battling-russian-spies-and-the-west-is-paying-attention-%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2F7c963774-d649-11e8-aeb7-ddcad4a0a54e_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporalfrisk.com/2018/09/23/a-dawn-raid-in-the-archipelago/amp/">"A Dawn Raid in the Archipelago"</a>. Corporal Frisk. 22 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corporal+Frisk&rft.atitle=A+Dawn+Raid+in+the+Archipelago&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporalfrisk.com%2F2018%2F09%2F23%2Fa-dawn-raid-in-the-archipelago%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus.postimees.ee/6412087/masshtabnaya-policeyskaya-operaciya-v-finlyandii-nitochki-neozhidanno-priveli-v-svyazannuyu-s-estoncami-firmu">"Масштабная полицейская операция в Финляндии: ниточки неожиданно привели в связанную с эстонцами фирму"</a> [Large-scale police operation in Finland: the strings unexpectedly led to a company associated with Estonians]. Rus.Postimees.ee (in Russian). Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rus.Postimees.ee&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frus.postimees.ee%2F6412087%2Fmasshtabnaya-policeyskaya-operaciya-v-finlyandii-nitochki-neozhidanno-priveli-v-svyazannuyu-s-estoncami-firmu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersFR-89"><a href="#cite_ref-ReutersFR_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenn2017" class="citation news cs1">Menn, Joseph (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727064504/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-france-facebook-spies-exclusive-idUSKBN1AC0EI">"Exclusive: Russia used Facebook to try to spy on Macron campaign – sources"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-france-facebook-spies-exclusive-idUSKBN1AC0EI">the original</a> on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Russia+used+Facebook+to+try+to+spy+on+Macron+campaign+%E2%80%93+sources&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Menn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-cyber-france-facebook-spies-exclusive-idUSKBN1AC0EI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfe-90"><a href="#cite_ref-rfe_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/investigative-report-on-the-trail-of-the-12-indicted-russian-intelligence-officers/29376821.html">"Investigative Report: On The Trail of the 12 Indicted Russian Intelligence Officers"</a>. Translated by Coalson, Robert. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Investigative+Report%3A+On+The+Trail+of+the+12+Indicted+Russian+Intelligence+Officers&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Finvestigative-report-on-the-trail-of-the-12-indicted-russian-intelligence-officers%2F29376821.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwsavoie-91"><a href="#cite_ref-dwsavoie_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/russia-posted-gru-agents-in-french-alps-for-eu-ops-report/a-51548648">"Russia posted GRU agents in French Alps for EU ops – report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DW_News" title="DW News">DW News</a>. 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+posted+GRU+agents+in+French+Alps+for+EU+ops+%E2%80%93+report&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Frussia-posted-gru-agents-in-french-alps-for-eu-ops-report%2Fa-51548648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollorou2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Follorou, Jacques (4 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/12/04/la-haute-savoie-camp-de-base-d-espions-russes_6021648_3210.html">"La Haute-Savoie, camp de base d'espions russes spécialisés dans les assassinats ciblés"</a> [Haute-Savoie, a base camp for Russian spies specializing in targeted assassinations]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=La+Haute-Savoie%2C+camp+de+base+d%27espions+russes+sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9s+dans+les+assassinats+cibl%C3%A9s&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft.aulast=Follorou&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2019%2F12%2F04%2Fla-haute-savoie-camp-de-base-d-espions-russes_6021648_3210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetriashvili2006" class="citation web cs1">Petriashvili, Diana (28 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074541/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav092906a.shtml">"Tbilisi Claims Russian Troop Movements in Response to Spy Dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EurasiaNet" class="mw-redirect" title="EurasiaNet">EurasiaNet</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav092906a.shtml">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>A Tbilisi city court 29 September ordered two Russian officers arrested in the Georgian capital, Dmitri Kazantsyev and Alexander Savva, and seven Georgian citizens to be held in pre-trial detention. The Russian consul in Georgia, Valeri Vasiliyev, told Rustavi-2 television that a lawyer for the officers had not been allowed into the courtroom. The Georgian Interior Ministry did not immediately comment on the allegation. The court also passed the same ruling for Konstantin Pichugin, who has been accused of espionage, but who is believed to be inside Russia's regional military headquarters, which remained surrounded by police for a second day. Moscow has refused to surrender Pichugin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+Claims+Russian+Troop+Movements+in+Response+to+Spy+Dispute&rft.pub=EurasiaNet&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft.aulast=Petriashvili&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Finsight%2Farticles%2Feav092906a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074155/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=13657">"Georgia Arrests Russian "Intelligence Operatives""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Civil_Georgia" title="Civil Georgia">Civil Georgia</a>. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=13657">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>Georgia's counter-intelligence service arrested four Russian military intelligence (GRU – Glavnoye Razvedovatelnoye Upravlenie) officers and eleven citizens of Georgia who were cooperating with Russian intelligence services, Georgian Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili said on 27 September [...] He said that two Russian intelligence operatives were arrested in Tbilisi – GRU colonel Alexander Sava, who was allegedly the chief of the group operating in Georgia, and Dimitri Kazantsev. Two others – Alexander Zavgorodny and Alexander Baranov – were arrested in Batumi, the Georgian Interior Minister said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Georgia+Arrests+Russian+%22Intelligence+Operatives%22&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D13657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-montenegro-95"><a href="#cite_ref-montenegro_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakuszitzkyRomeinDobrokhotov2018" class="citation news cs1">Rakuszitzky, Moritz; Romein, Daniel; Dobrokhotov, Roman (22 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2018/11/22/second-gru-officer-indicted-montenegro-coup-unmasked/">"Second GRU Officer Indicted in Montenegro Coup Unmasked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">bellingcat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Second+GRU+Officer+Indicted+in+Montenegro+Coup+Unmasked&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.aulast=Rakuszitzky&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft.au=Romein%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Dobrokhotov%2C+Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-and-europe%2F2018%2F11%2F22%2Fsecond-gru-officer-indicted-montenegro-coup-unmasked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany1-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Germany1_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germany1_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/russians-hacking-german-election/a-59137152">"Germany investigates suspected Russian cyberattacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a>. 9 September 2021. 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Retrieved 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Poland+convicts+former+gov%27t+employee+of+spying+for+Russia&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fecc4b2177a284c46a179c7e4b549cd2d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2020" class="citation news cs1">Day, Matt (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/investigation-uncovers-web-of-russian-agents-behind-string-of-bomb-threats-12630">"Investigation uncovers web of Russian agents behind string of bomb threats"</a>. The First News. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+First+News&rft.atitle=Investigation+uncovers+web+of+Russian+agents+behind+string+of+bomb+threats&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstnews.com%2Farticle%2Finvestigation-uncovers-web-of-russian-agents-behind-string-of-bomb-threats-12630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/poland-spanish-journalist-spying-russia/31736502.html">"Poland Arrests Spanish Journalist on Charges of Spying For Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poland+Arrests+Spanish+Journalist+on+Charges+of+Spying+For+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fpoland-spanish-journalist-spying-russia%2F31736502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/4/poland-detains-spanish-journalist-suspected-of-spying-for-russia">"Poland detains Spanish journalist suspected of spying for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poland+detains+Spanish+journalist+suspected+of+spying+for+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F4%2Fpoland-detains-spanish-journalist-suspected-of-spying-for-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Martin (5 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therecord.media/alleged-russian-and-belarusian-gru-spies-charged-in-poland/">"Alleged Russian and Belarusian GRU spies charged in Poland"</a>. The Record. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=Alleged+Russian+and+Belarusian+GRU+spies+charged+in+Poland&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherecord.media%2Falleged-russian-and-belarusian-gru-spies-charged-in-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/poland-russia-belarus-spying-gru/32207632.html">"Russian, Belarusian Arrested In Poland On Espionage Charges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Russian%2C+Belarusian+Arrested+In+Poland+On+Espionage+Charges&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fpoland-russia-belarus-spying-gru%2F32207632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qatar-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qatar_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qatar_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyters2004" class="citation news cs1">Myters, Steven Lee (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/world/qatar-court-convicts-2-russians-in-top-chechen-s-death.html">"Qatar Court Convicts 2 Russians in Top Chechen's Death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+Court+Convicts+2+Russians+in+Top+Chechen%27s+Death&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.aulast=Myters&rft.aufirst=Steven+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Fqatar-court-convicts-2-russians-in-top-chechen-s-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt2004" class="citation news cs1">Parfitt, Tom (27 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1465597/Widow-refuses-to-show-mercy-to-Russians-on-trial-for-Chechen-leaders-killing.html">"Widow refuses to show mercy to Russians on trial for Chechen leader's killing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1465597/Widow-refuses-to-show-mercy-to-Russians-on-trial-for-Chechen-leaders-killing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Widow+refuses+to+show+mercy+to+Russians+on+trial+for+Chechen+leader%27s+killing&rft.date=2004-06-27&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1465597%2FWidow-refuses-to-show-mercy-to-Russians-on-trial-for-Chechen-leaders-killing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qatarguardian-141"><a href="#cite_ref-qatarguardian_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2010" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/russian-general-yuri-ivanov">"Mystery over Russian general found dead on Turkish beach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mystery+over+Russian+general+found+dead+on+Turkish+beach&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F01%2Frussian-general-yuri-ivanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Nick Paton (13 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230162828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/13/worlddispatch.russia">"Land of the warlords"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/13/worlddispatch.russia">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>Sulim Yamadayev: heads 1000 strong East battalion, controlled by the Chief Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the Russian military. Dislikes Kadyrov [...] Said Magomed Kakiev: commander of 900-strong "West" battalion, also under GRU control. Dislikes Kadyrov.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Land+of+the+warlords&rft.date=2006-06-13&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Nick+Paton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fjun%2F13%2Fworlddispatch.russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230043220/http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2003/7/article/spies-still-everywhere-gru-says/237124.html">"Spies Still Everywhere, GRU Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 17 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2003/7/article/spies-still-everywhere-gru-says/237124.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>GRU commando units operate in the armed forces to provide field intelligence and carry out special operations, such as the penetration and elimination of enemy units. The military actively employs GRU commandoes in Chechnya, where they have proven to be about the most able of all military units. More than 300 commandos, intelligence officers and other GRU personnel have died in fighting in Chechnya, Korabelnikov said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Spies+Still+Everywhere%2C+GRU+Says&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.themoscowtimes.com%2Fsitemap%2Ffree%2F2003%2F7%2Farticle%2Fspies-still-everywhere-gru-says%2F237124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2006" class="citation news cs1">McGregor, Andrew (26 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073103/https://jamestown.org/program/chechen-troops-accompany-russian-soldiers-in-lebanon/">"Chechen Troops Accompany Russian Soldiers in Lebanon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/chechen-troops-accompany-russian-soldiers-in-lebanon/">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>In a surprise move, the Russian Defense Ministry assigned security responsibility for its team of military engineers in Lebanon to two detachments of Chechen troops [...] The East and West battalions of Chechen troops are controlled by the Russian military intelligence (GRU) and do not report directly to the Chechen government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chechen+Troops+Accompany+Russian+Soldiers+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fchechen-troops-accompany-russian-soldiers-in-lebanon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korolkov-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Korolkov_145-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2007.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2007/01n/n01n-s00.shtml">Special services are making teams for extrajudicial punishment (Russian)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229124525/http://2007.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2007/01n/n01n-s00.shtml">Archived</a> 2012-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Igor Korolkov, <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a>, 11 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrtranslations.blogspot.com/2007/02/spare-organs.html">English translation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2022/03/14/slovakia-expels-three-russian-diplomats-for-alleged-spying-and-bribery">"Slovakia charges two suspects with spying for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Slovakia+charges+two+suspects+with+spying+for+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2022%2F03%2F14%2Fslovakia-expels-three-russian-diplomats-for-alleged-spying-and-bribery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/slovakia-charges-two-people-with-espionage-russia-2022-03-15/">"Slovakia charges two people with espionage for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Slovakia+charges+two+people+with+espionage+for+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fslovakia-charges-two-people-with-espionage-russia-2022-03-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Maček, Sebastijan (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/slovenia-arrests-two-russians-on-suspicion-of-espionage/">"Slovenia arrests two Russians on suspicion of espionage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Slovenia+arrests+two+Russians+on+suspicion+of+espionage&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Ma%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Sebastijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fslovenia-arrests-two-russians-on-suspicion-of-espionage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/law-enforcement-slovenia-ljubljana-espionage-9b0679c1f35682fc9c427a60ec6b8764">"Report: Slovenian authorities hold 2 alleged Russian spies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Slovenian+authorities+hold+2+alleged+Russian+spies&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Flaw-enforcement-slovenia-ljubljana-espionage-9b0679c1f35682fc9c427a60ec6b8764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macaubusiness.com/slovenia-detains-two-suspected-russian-spies/">"Slovenia detains two suspected Russian spies"</a>. Macau Business. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macau+Business&rft.atitle=Slovenia+detains+two+suspected+Russian+spies&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macaubusiness.com%2Fslovenia-detains-two-suspected-russian-spies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/slovenia-arrests-two-men-suspected-spying-russia-newspaper-2023-01-30/">"Slovenia arrests two men suspected on spying for Russia -newspaper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Slovenia+arrests+two+men+suspected+on+spying+for+Russia+-newspaper&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fslovenia-arrests-two-men-suspected-spying-russia-newspaper-2023-01-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonsecaSahuquillo2019" class="citation news cs1">Fonseca, Óscar López; Sahuquillo, María R. (27 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/12/27/inenglish/1577438583_199403.html">"Three suspected Russian spies traveled to Barcelona in 2016 and 2017"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Three+suspected+Russian+spies+traveled+to+Barcelona+in+2016+and+2017&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar+L%C3%B3pez&rft.au=Sahuquillo%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2019%2F12%2F27%2Finenglish%2F1577438583_199403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2023/01/21/two-brothers-in-sweden-jailed-on-charges-of-spying-for-russia">"Two brothers in Sweden jailed on charges of spying for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+brothers+in+Sweden+jailed+on+charges+of+spying+for+Russia&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2023%2F01%2F21%2Ftwo-brothers-in-sweden-jailed-on-charges-of-spying-for-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/brothers-found-guilty-spying-russia-sweden-2023-01-19/">"Brothers found guilty of spying for Russia in Sweden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 19 January 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brothers+found+guilty+of+spying+for+Russia+in+Sweden&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbrothers-found-guilty-spying-russia-sweden-2023-01-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Hivert, Anne-Franciose (4 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/09/04/trial-of-russian-infiltrator-sergei-skvortsov-opens-in-stockholm_6122639_4.html">"Trial of Russian infiltrator Sergei Skvortsov opens in Stockholm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Trial+of+Russian+infiltrator+Sergei+Skvortsov+opens+in+Stockholm&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft.aulast=Hivert&rft.aufirst=Anne-Franciose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F09%2F04%2Ftrial-of-russian-infiltrator-sergei-skvortsov-opens-in-stockholm_6122639_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/sweden-russia-spying-skvortsov-496be077e09976f1f411bfff10ce3708">"Sweden charges man arrested last year in predawn raid with spying for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 28 August 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Sweden+charges+man+arrested+last+year+in+predawn+raid+with+spying+for+Russia&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsweden-russia-spying-skvortsov-496be077e09976f1f411bfff10ce3708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2016" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Michael (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150902042722/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/01/russia-puts-boots-on-the-ground-in-syria.html">"Russia Puts Boots on the Ground in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">The Daily Caller</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/01/russia-puts-boots-on-the-ground-in-syria.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2015. <q>In October 2014, the Free Syrian Army sacked a Russian listening post in Tel al-Hara, south of the Quneitra border crossing with Israel. Its location was key. A YouTube video showed a Syrian officer giving the rebels a guided tour of the office building attached to the facility. Documents hanging on the wall, in both Arabic and Russian, including the symbols for Syrian intelligence and 6th Directorate of Russia's military intelligence agency (GRU), and photos showed spies from both countries hard at work deciphering intercepts. Maps displayed rebel positions; they also showed coordinates of Israel Defense Force units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Caller&rft.atitle=Russia+Puts+Boots+on+the+Ground+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F09%2F01%2Frussia-puts-boots-on-the-ground-in-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitsanakis2014" class="citation web cs1">Fitsanakis, Joseph (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011071225/http://intelnews.org/2014/10/09/01-1571/">"Secret Russian spy base in Syria seized by Western-backed rebels"</a>. intelNews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelnews.org/2014/10/09/01-1571/">the original</a> on 11 October 2014. <q>At some point in the video, the seal of Syrian intelligence is clearly visible, placed next to the seal of the GRU's 6th Directorate, the branch of Russian military intelligence that is tasked with collecting signals intelligence (SIGINT).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Russian+spy+base+in+Syria+seized+by+Western-backed+rebels&rft.pub=intelNews&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Fitsanakis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelnews.org%2F2014%2F10%2F09%2F01-1571%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOryx2014" class="citation news cs1">Oryx (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409230208/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/10/06/captured-russian-spy-facility-reveals-the-extent-of-russian-aid-to-the-assad-regime-2/">"Captured Russian Spy Facility Reveals the Extent of Russian Aid to the Assad Regime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">bellingcat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/10/06/captured-russian-spy-facility-reveals-the-extent-of-russian-aid-to-the-assad-regime-2/">the original</a> on 9 April 2015. <q>The Russian operator of Center S was the Osnaz GRU, responsible for radio electronic intelligence within Russia's Armed Forces. Although not much is known about this unit, its logos can be seen below. "Части особого назначения" – Osnaz GRU and "Военная радиоэлектронная разведка" – Military Radio Electronic Intelligence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Captured+Russian+Spy+Facility+Reveals+the+Extent+of+Russian+Aid+to+the+Assad+Regime&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.au=Oryx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2Fmena%2F2014%2F10%2F06%2Fcaptured-russian-spy-facility-reveals-the-extent-of-russian-aid-to-the-assad-regime-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews" class="citation news cs1">Matthews, Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230034115/http://www.newsweek.com/erdogan-putin-love-485039">"Erdogan and Putin: Strongmen in love"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/erdogan-putin-love-485039">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>The electronic intelligence was gathered, according to the report, by a Russian listening station at Hmemim Airport near Latakia, Syria, operated by the Sixth Directorate of GRU military intelligence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Erdogan+and+Putin%3A+Strongmen+in+love&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Ferdogan-putin-love-485039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsvetkova2015" class="citation web cs1">Tsvetkova, Maria (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230063624/http://www.businessinsider.com/new-photos-suggest-russias-operation-in-syria-stretches-well-beyond-its-air-campaign-2015-11">"New photos suggest Russia's operation in Syria stretches well beyond its air campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/new-photos-suggest-russias-operation-in-syria-stretches-well-beyond-its-air-campaign-2015-11">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>CIT also published screenshots from the Instagram page of Ilya Gorelykh, who it said had served in Russia's GRU special forces in the past [...] In late October 2015, it showed he had uploaded pictures from Aleppo, one of which showed him holding an assault rifle while wearing civilian clothes. Another image of him posing in camouflage with three other armed men was apparently taken in Homs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=New+photos+suggest+Russia%27s+operation+in+Syria+stretches+well+beyond+its+air+campaign&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Tsvetkova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fnew-photos-suggest-russias-operation-in-syria-stretches-well-beyond-its-air-campaign-2015-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230063743/http://ruslanleviev.livejournal.com/44827.html">"Beyond the airstrikes: Russia's activities on the ground in Syria"</a>. 8 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruslanleviev.livejournal.com/44827.html#ayas">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>We believe that Russia's operation in Syria is a "hybrid war", not unlike the one seen in Ukraine. Apart from the airstrikes, Russia provides Assad forces with surface-to-surface rocket systems, combat vehicles, equipment, advisors, artillery support and spotters. More importantly, recently there have been more and more reports of Russian soldiers, vehicles and "volunteers" being spotted close to the frontlines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+airstrikes%3A+Russia%27s+activities+on+the+ground+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruslanleviev.livejournal.com%2F44827.html%23ayas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgence_France-Presse2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> (22 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230064559/http://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/turkey-alarmed-by-russian-build-up-on-syria-border">"Turkey alarmed by "Russian build-up" on Syria border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/turkey-alarmed-by-russian-build-up-on-syria-border">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. <q>Top Russian military officials, including figures from the GRU military intelligence service, had already visited Qamishli, it added.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Turkey+alarmed+by+%22Russian+build-up%22+on+Syria+border&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft.au=Agence+France-Presse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-alarmed-by-russian-build-up-on-syria-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38294204">"Have Russian hitmen been killing with impunity in Turkey?"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=United+States+of+America+vs.+Viktor+Borisovich+Netyksho%2C+Boris+Alekseyevich+Antonov%2C+Dmitriy+Sergeyevich+Badin%2C+Ivan+Sergeyevich+Yermakov%2C+Aleksey+Viktorovich+Lukashev%2C+Sergey+Aleksandrovich+Morgachev%2C+Nikolay+Yuryevich+Kozachek%2C+Pavel+Vyacheslavovich+Yershov%2C+Artem+Andreyevich+Malyshev%2C+Aleksandr+Vladimirovich+Osadchuk%2C+Aleksey+Aleksandrovich+Potemkin%2C+and+Anatoliy+Sergeyevich+Kovalev&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fint.nyt.com%2Fdata%2Fdocumenthelper%2F80-netyksho-et-al-indictment%2Fba0521c1eef869deecbe%2Foptimized%2Ffull.pdf%3Faction%3Dclick%26module%3DIntentional%26pgtype%3DArticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-int1-185"><a href="#cite_ref-int1_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Micah (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2018/07/18/mueller-indictment-russian-hackers/">"What Mueller's Latest Indictment Reveals About Russian and U.S. Spycraft"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=What+Mueller%27s+Latest+Indictment+Reveals+About+Russian+and+U.S.+Spycraft&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2018%2F07%2F18%2Fmueller-indictment-russian-hackers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/deputy-attorney-general-rod-j-rosenstein-delivers-remarks-announcing-indictment-twelve">Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein Delivers Remarks Announcing the Indictment of Twelve Russian Intelligence Officers for Conspiring to Interfere in the 2016 Presidential Election Through Computer Hacking and Related Offenses</a> The U.S. Department of Justice, 13 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc-187"><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkie2018" class="citation web cs1">Wilkie, Christina (13 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/13/5-key-takeaways-from-mueller-indictment-of-russian-election-hackers.html">"5 key takeaways from the latest indictment in Mueller's Russia probe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 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Analysts traced them to a group Microsoft has nicknamed Strontium, which is closely tracked by every major threat intelligence company and is widely accepted to be run by the GRU, Russia's military intelligence agency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Russians+Who+Hacked+The+DNC+Have+Targeted+At+Least+Three+2018+Campaigns%2C+Microsoft+Says&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fkevincollier%2Fthe-russians-who-hacked-the-dnc-have-targeted-at-least&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/fbi-investigating-russian-diaspora-group">"FBI Investigating Russian Diaspora Group. PROBED: Is the Coordinating Council of Russian Compatriots of the U.S. just a cultural group? Or something more?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. 7 June 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ksors.org/?p=19792">the original</a> on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%AF%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A1+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%AF%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98&rft.pub=KCOPC&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fksors.org%2F%3Fp%3D19792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309051936/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5080477">"Совет организаций российских соотечественников в США приостановил работу из-за расследования ФБР"</a> [Council of Organizations of Russian Compatriots in the United States Suspended Work Due to FBI Investigation]. <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a> (in Russian). 19 November 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5080477">the original</a> on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kommersant&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A4%D0%91%D0%A0&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F5080477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309051722/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5250014">"Минюст США обвинил главу совета российской диаспоры в работе "российским агентом""</a> [The US Department of Justice accused the head of the council of the Russian diaspora of working as a "Russian agent"]. <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a> (in Russian). 9 March 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5250014">the original</a> on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kommersant&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5+%22%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%22&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F5250014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-russian-military-advising-houthis-inside-yemen-us-intelligence-suggests">"Exclusive: US intelligence suggests Russian military is advising Houthis inside Yemen"</a>. Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240803021048/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-russian-military-advising-houthis-inside-yemen-us-intelligence-suggests">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+US+intelligence+suggests+Russian+military+is+advising+Houthis+inside+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fexclusive-russian-military-advising-houthis-inside-yemen-us-intelligence-suggests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bowen, Andrew S. (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46616">Russian Military Intelligence: Background and Issues for Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306232719/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46616">Archived</a> 6 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Congressional Research Service. Washington, D.C.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2015" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxRhCgAAQBAJ&q=978-0-00-750374-2">The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945</a> (Paperback). London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2"><bdi>978-0-00-750374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War%3A+Spies%2C+Codes+and+Guerrillas+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-00-750374-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxRhCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D978-0-00-750374-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Russian+Federation%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Suvorov, Viktor (1984). Inside Soviet Military Intelligence.</li> <li>Suvorov, Viktor (1986). Inside the Aquarium.</li> <li>Suvorov, Viktor (1988). Spetsnaz: The Inside Story of the Soviet Special Forces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Main_Intelligence_Directorate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Main Intelligence Directorate">Main Intelligence Directorate</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://structure.mil.ru/structure/ministry_of_defence/details.htm?id=9711@egOrganization">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115782#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Defense">Russian Ministry of Defense</a> website</li> <li>Story by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Turovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Turovsky (page does not exist)">Daniel Turovsky</a>, translation by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rothrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Rothrock">Kevin Rothrock</a>. 6 November 2018, [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://meduza.io/en/feature/2018/11/06/what-is-the-gru-who-gets-recruited-to-">https://meduza.io/en/feature/2018/11/06/what-is-the-gru-who-gets-recruited-to-</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li> <li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li> <li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Externa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Externa (page does not exist)">SIE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Research_Department_(International)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Research Department (International) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Agence nationale de sécurité">ANS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">DI</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spéciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">INIS</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li> <li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_surveillance_du_territoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale de la surveillance du territoire">DGST</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Security_and_Counterintelligence" title="Administration for Security and Counterintelligence">UBK</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">SIS (MI6)</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_e_Seguran%C3%A7a_de_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência e Segurança de Estado (page does not exist)">SINSE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Information_Branch" title="Information Branch">ISF IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li> <li>Macau: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADcia_Judici%C3%A1ria_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polícia Judiciária (Macau) (page does not exist)">DS</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PSS</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretar%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Inteligencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (page does not exist)">SNI</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Peru)" title="National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru)">DINI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_renseignements_(Togo)" title="Agence nationale des renseignements (Togo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Presidency_of_General_Directorate_of_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Presidency of General Directorate of Security (page does not exist)">İB</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (MI5)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a> (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_centrale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction centrale de la sécurité de l'armée (page does not exist)">DCSA</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Militar (page does not exist)">SIM</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligência Estratégica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">DCIM</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_la_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale des études et de la documentation">DGED</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li> <li>Russia: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">GRU</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_and_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Commission (page does not exist)">AFISC</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">ONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">MIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Spetssvyaz</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li> <li>UAE: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Centre_for_Geospatial_Data_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (page does not exist)">MaCGDI</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TsVTI GRU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li> <li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Fiji Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria (page does not exist)">UIF</a></li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Financial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Financial Intelligence (page does not exist)">GDOFI</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li>Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>)</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces">Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Minister of Defence (Russia)">Minister of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the General Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy">Commander-in-Chief of the Navy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Aerospace_Forces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Aerospace_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Air_Force" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force">Commander of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_and_Missile_Defence_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commander of the Russian Aerospace and Missile Defence Forces (page does not exist)">Commander of the Missile Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Russian_Space_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commander of the Russian Space Forces (page does not exist)">Commander of the Space Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Military" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_military_bases_abroad" title="List of Russian military bases abroad">Bases abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military budget of the Russian Federation">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_bands" title="Russian military bands">Bands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_emblems_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Awards and emblems</a></li> <li>General Staff buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Moscow)" title="General Staff Building (Moscow)">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Building_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_(Russia)" title="Main Building of the Ministry of Defense (Russia)">Main Building of the Ministry of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry_of_Russia" title="Arms industry of Russia">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia" title="Military-Industrial Commission of Russia">Military-Industrial Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Ural_Military_District" title="Volga–Ural Military District">Volga–Ural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volga_Military_District" title="Volga Military District">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Military_District" title="Ural Military District">Ural</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Special_Region" title="Kaliningrad Special Region">Kaliningrad Special Region</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Military_District_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Military District (Russia)">Northern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Severomorsk" title="Severomorsk">Severomorsk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets of the Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Flotilla" title="Arctic Ocean Flotilla">Arctic Ocean Flotilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Flotilla" title="Kamchatka Flotilla">Kamchatka Flotilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation%27s_armed_forces_1994%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation's armed forces 1994–2010">Armed Forces 1994–2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ground_Forces_troops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces">Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Missile_Troops_and_Artillery" title="Russian Missile Troops and Artillery">Missile Troops and Artillery‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops" title="Russian Engineer Troops">Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Signal_Troops" title="Russian Signal Troops">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Tank_Troops" title="Russian Tank Troops">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_NBC_Protection_Troops" title="Russian NBC Protection Troops">NBC Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographic_Service_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Topographic Service of the Russian Armed Forces">Topographic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Ensign of the Russian Navy">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Troops_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy">Coastal Troops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry" title="Russian Naval Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Commando Frogmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Aviation" title="Russian Naval Aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Hydrographic_Service" title="Russian Hydrographic Service">Hydrography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Aerospace Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-Range_Aviation" title="Long-Range Aviation">Long-Range Aviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_and_Missile_Defense_Forces" title="Air and Missile Defense Forces">Air and Missile Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Space Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Radio-Technical_Troops" title="Russian Radio-Technical Troops">Radio-Technical Troops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Special Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_(Russia)" title="Special Operations Forces (Russia)">Special Operations Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Special Forces of the Main Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Reserve of the Supreme High Command">Reserve of the Supreme High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BARS_(Russia)" title="BARS (Russia)">BARS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Airborne Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Electronic_Warfare_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Electronic Warfare Troops (page does not exist)">Electronic Warfare Troops</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logistical_Support_troops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logistical_Support_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces">Logistical Support</a> troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Road_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Road Troops (page does not exist)">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops" title="Russian Railway Troops">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Departments in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Operational_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Organizational-Mobilizational_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Management_Center" title="National Defense Management Center">National Defense Management Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Military-Political_Directorate_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Band_Service_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Band Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Russia)" title="Military Police (Russia)">Main Directorate of Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Chief_Directorate" title="12th Chief Directorate">12th Chief Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Agency_of_Automobiles_and_Tanks_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation">Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Military_Medical_Directorate_(Russia)" title="Main Military Medical Directorate (Russia)">Main Military Medical Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Television_and_Radio_Studio_of_the_Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Central Television and Radio Studio of the Russian Ministry of Defence">Central Television and Radio Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Rear of the Russian Armed Forces">Rear of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces' equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Russian military aircraft">Air Forces' equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Russian Navy ships">Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Future of the Russian Navy">Future of the Russian Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Cadet Corps (Russia)">Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Naval Cadet Corps (Russia)">Naval Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_departments_of_civilian_universities_(Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_area)" title="Military departments of civilian universities (Soviet Union and post-Soviet area)">Military departments of civilian universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military education in the Soviet Union">Military academies in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_Russia" title="Military academies in Russia">Military academies in Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suvorov_Military_School" title="Suvorov Military School">Suvorov Military School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_training_centers_of_civilian_universities_(Russia)" title="Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)">Military training centers of civilian universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Template:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Template talk:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic National Committee cyber attacks">DNC cyber attacks</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR RF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_Bear" title="Cozy Bear">Cozy Bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee cyber attacks">DCCC cyber attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_election_leaks" title="2016 United States election leaks">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Committee_email_leak" title="2016 Democratic National Committee email leak">DNC email leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podesta_emails" title="Podesta emails">Podesta emails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCLeaks" title="DCLeaks">DCLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">Fake news websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_Black_Lives_Matter" title="Russia and Black Lives Matter">Russia and BLM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Timelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical_timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Topical timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Topical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">before July 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections_(July_2016_%E2%80%93_election_day)" title="Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016 – election day)">July 2016 – election day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-election_transition_following_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)">Jan–Jun 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)">Jul–Dec 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2018)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)">Jan–Jun 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)">Jul–Dec 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2019)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2019)">Jan–Jun 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2019)">Jul–Dec 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(2020%E2%80%932022)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (2020–2022)">2020–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timelines_related_to_Donald_Trump_and_Russian_interference_in_United_States_elections" title="Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections">Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-election events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessing_Russian_Activities_and_Intentions_in_Recent_US_Elections" title="Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections">Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey" title="Dismissal of James Comey">Dismissal of James Comey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_investigation_origins_counter-narrative" title="Russia investigation origins counter-narrative">Russia investigation origins counter-narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation" title="Durham special counsel investigation">Durham special counsel investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Mueller special counsel investigation">Mueller special counsel investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_teams_involved_in_the_Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Legal teams involved in the Mueller special counsel investigation">Legal teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_charges_brought_in_the_Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Criminal charges brought in the Mueller special counsel investigation">list of charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Flynn" title="United States v. Flynn">United States v. Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_Paul_Manafort" title="Trials of Paul Manafort">Trials of Paul Manafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_report" title="Mueller report">Mueller report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barr_letter" title="Barr letter">Barr letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia" title="Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia">Trump business projects in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_Moscow" title="Trump Tower Moscow">Trump Tower Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_meeting" title="Trump Tower meeting">Trump Tower meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Reactions to the Mueller special counsel investigation">Reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunes_memo" title="Nunes memo">Nunes memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_v._Russian_Federation" title="Democratic National Committee v. Russian Federation">DNC lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018 interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election">Senate Intelligence Committee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020 interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_files_leak" title="Vulkan files leak">Vulkan files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_papers" title="Kremlin papers">Kremlin papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russian disinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare by Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Russian web brigades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Hack_America" title="The Plot to Hack America">The Plot to Hack America</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Kremlin_Candidate%3F" title="Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?">Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwar:_How_Russian_Hackers_and_Trolls_Helped_Elect_a_President" title="Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President">Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Roulette_(Isikoff_and_Corn_book)" title="Russian Roulette (Isikoff and Corn book)">Russian Roulette</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_Russia_report" title="Intelligence and Security Committee Russia report">Intelligence and Security Committee report</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_British_politics" title="Russian interference in British politics">Russian interference in British politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">2017 Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_European_politics" title="Russian interference in European politics">Russian interference in European politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115782#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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