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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_SD_and_SS_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_SD_and_SS_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Growth of SD and SS power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_SD_and_SS_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SD_and_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SD_and_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>SD and Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SD_and_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Case_Green"_and_the_Sudetenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Case_Green"_and_the_Sudetenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>"Case Green" and the Sudetenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Case_Green"_and_the_Sudetenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrigue_against_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrigue_against_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Intrigue against Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrigue_against_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasks_and_general_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasks_and_general_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tasks and general structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasks_and_general_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_SD's_relationship_with_the_Einsatzgruppen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_SD's_relationship_with_the_Einsatzgruppen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The SD's relationship with the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_SD's_relationship_with_the_Einsatzgruppen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inland-SD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland-SD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inland-SD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland-SD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ausland-SD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ausland-SD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ausland-SD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ausland-SD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Security forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infiltration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infiltration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Infiltration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infiltration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uniforms and insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Informational notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicherheitsdienst</i></span></i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers_SS" title="Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشرطة الأمنية الألمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشرطة الأمنية الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99hl%C3%BCk%C9%99sizlik_xidm%C9%99ti_(SD)" title="Təhlükəsizlik xidməti (SD) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təhlükəsizlik xidməti (SD)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%85)" title="Служба бяспекі (Трэці рэйх) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Служба бяспекі (Трэці рэйх)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85)" title="Служба бясьпекі (Трэці райх) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Служба бясьпекі (Трэці райх)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%94_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="СД (служба за сигурност) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="СД (служба за сигурност)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst_(SS)" title="Sicherheitsdienst (SS) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst (SS)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers_SS" title="Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اس‌دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AD%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88%EA%B5%AD" title="SS전국지도자 보안국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SS전국지도자 보안국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94" title="אס דה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אס דה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_(%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9)" title="SD (ナチス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SD (ナチス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%A1%D0%94)" title="Служба безопасности (СД) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Служба безопасности (СД)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Зихерхајтсдинст – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зихерхајтсдинст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sicherheitsdienst" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">SS Security Service</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS</i> (SD)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_(SD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_%28SD%29.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_%28SD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_%28SD%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_%28SD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_%28SD%29.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Sicherheitsdienst_des_Reichsf%C3%BChrers-SS_%28SD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="1085" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">SD sleeve insignia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1931</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><i>Ic-Dienst</i> 1931</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Occupied Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Niederkirchnerstra%C3%9Fe" title="Niederkirchnerstraße">Prinz-Albrecht-Straße</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">6,482 <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> February 1944</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199244_fn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199244_fn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> 1931–45</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, 1931–1942</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, 1942–1943 (acting)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>, 1943–1945</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><img alt="Schutzstaffel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicherheitsdienst</i></span></b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈzɪçɐhaɪtsˌdiːnst]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg\/De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg/De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg" title="File:De-Sicherheitsdienst.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, "Security Service"), full title <i><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS</i></span></b></i> ("Security Service of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i>"), or <b>SD</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization and the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> (formed in 1933) was considered its <a href="/wiki/Sister_organization" title="Sister organization">sister organization</a> through the integration of SS members and operational procedures. The SD was administered as an independent SS office between 1933 and 1939. That year, the SD was transferred over to the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (<i>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</i>; RSHA), as one of its seven departments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first director, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, intended for the SD to bring every single individual within the Third Reich's reach under "continuous supervision".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–167_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–167-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Germany's defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the tribunal at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> officially declared that the SD was a criminal organisation, along with the rest of Heydrich's RSHA (including the Gestapo) both individually and as branches of the SS in the collective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression"_(1946)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression"_(1946)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich">assassinated in 1942</a>; his successor, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>, was convicted of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> at the Nuremberg trials, sentenced to death and hanged in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012410–411_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012410–411-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SD, one of the oldest security organizations of the SS, was first formed in 1931 as the <i>Ic-Dienst</i> (Intelligence Service<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) operating out of a single apartment and reporting directly to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>. Himmler appointed a former junior naval officer, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, to organise the small agency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201156–57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201156–57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office was renamed <i>Sicherheitsdienst</i> (SD) in the summer of 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SD became more powerful after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took control of Germany in 1933 and the SS started infiltrating all leading positions of the security apparatus of the Reich. Even before Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, the SD was a veritable "watchdog" over the SS and over members of the Nazi Party and played a critical role in consolidating political-police powers into the hands of Himmler and Heydrich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199265_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199265-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_SD_and_SS_power">Growth of SD and SS power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth of SD and SS power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683,_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98683%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Once Hitler was appointed Chancellor by German President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, he quickly made efforts to manipulate the aging president. On 28 February 1933, Hitler convinced Hindenburg to <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">declare a state of emergency</a> which suspended all civil liberties throughout Germany, due at least in part to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> on the previous night. Hitler assured Hindenburg throughout that he was attempting to stabilize the tumultuous political scene in Germany by taking a "defensive measure against Communist acts of violence endangering the state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990191–194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990191–194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wasting no time, Himmler set the SD in motion as they began creating an extensive card-index of the Nazi regime's political opponents, arresting labor organizers, socialists, Jewish leaders, journalists, and communists in the process, sending them to the newly established prison facility near Munich, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDistelJakusch197846_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDistelJakusch197846-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler's SS and SD made their presence felt at once by helping rid the regime of its known political enemies and its perceived ones, as well. As far as Heydrich and Himmler were concerned, the SD left their mission somewhat vaguely defined so as to "remain an instrument for all eventualities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996127_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996127-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such eventuality would soon arise. </p><p>For a while, the SS competed with the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA) for influence within Germany. Himmler distrusted the SA and came to deplore the "rabble-rousing" brownshirts (despite once having been a member) and what he saw as indecent sexual deviants amid its leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200147–51_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200147–51-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one pretext to secure additional influence for Himmler's SS and Heydrich's SD in "protecting" Hitler and securing his absolute trust in their intelligence collection abilities, involved thwarting a plot from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>'s SA using subversive means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne200193–131_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne200193–131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 April 1934 <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> handed over control of the <i>Geheime Staatspolizei</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>) to Himmler. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events further extended Himmler's control of the security mechanism of the Reich, which by proxy also strengthened the surveillance power of Heydrich's SD, as both entities methodically infiltrated every police agency in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200160–63_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200160–63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the SD was made the sole "party information service" on 9 June 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001129_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001129-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under pressure from the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i> (German armed forces) <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> (whose members viewed the enormous armed forces of the SA as an existential threat) and with the collusion of Göring, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, the Gestapo and SD, Hitler was led to believe that Röhm's SA posed a serious conspiratorial threat requiring a drastic and immediate solution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200167–78_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200167–78-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its part, the SD provided fictitious information that there was an assassination plot on Hitler's life and that an SA putsch to assume power was imminent since the SA were allegedly amassing weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008113_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, reports were coming into the SD and Gestapo that the vulgarity of the SA's behavior was damaging the party and was even making <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> less palatable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulva1984582–600_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulva1984582–600-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 1934 the SS and Gestapo acted in coordinated mass arrests that continued for two days. The SS took one of its most decisive steps in eliminating its competition for command of security within Germany and established itself firmly in the Nazi hierarchy, making the SS and its intelligence organ, the SD, responsible only to the Führer. The purge became known as the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>, with up to 200 people killed in the action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008309–313_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008309–313-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the brutal crushing of the SA and its leadership sent a clear message to everyone that opposition to Hitler's regime could be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000521–522_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000521–522-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It struck fear across the Nazi leadership as to the tangible concern of the reach and influence of Himmler's intelligence collection and policing powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger198965–66_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger198965–66-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SD_and_Austria">SD and Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SD and Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the autumn of 1937, Hitler secured <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s support to annex <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> (Mussolini was originally apprehensive of the Nazi takeover of Austria) and informed his generals of his intentions to invade both Austria and <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeller2007228_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller2007228-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Getting Mussolini to approve political intrigue against Austria was a major accomplishment, as the Italian <i>Duce</i> had expressed great concern previously in the wake of an Austrian SS unit's <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">attempt to stage a coup</a> not more than three weeks after the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_Purge" class="mw-redirect" title="Röhm Purge">Röhm affair</a>, an episode that embarrassed the SS, enraged Hitler, and ended in the assassination of Austrian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> on 25 July 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200181_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200181-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, to facilitate the incorporation of Austria into the greater Reich, the SD and Gestapo went to work arresting people immediately, using lists compiled by Heydrich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDederichs200682_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDederichs200682-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich's SD and Austrian SS members received financing from Berlin to harass Austrian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">von Schuschnigg</a>'s government all throughout 1937. One section of the SD that was nothing more than a front for subversive activities against Austria ironically promoted "German-Austrian peace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001135_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001135-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the events leading to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschlu%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Anschluß">Anschluß</a></i> and even after the Nazis marched into Austria on 12 March 1938, Heydrich – convinced that only his SD could pull off a peaceful union between the two German-speaking nations – organized demonstrations, conducted clandestine operations, ordered <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a> attacks, distributed propaganda materials, encouraged the intimidation of opponents, and had his SS and SD personnel round up prominent anti-Nazis, most of whom ended up in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001134–140_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001134–140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coordinated efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">SiPo</a> and Heydrich's SD during the first days of the <i>Anschluß</i> effectively eliminated all forms of possible political, military and economic resistance within Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangerbein200322_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangerbein200322-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the annexation became official, the Austrian police were immediately subordinated to Heydrich's SD, the SS and Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machinations by the SD, the Gestapo, and the SS helped to bring Austria fully into Hitler's grasp and on 13 March 1938, he signed into law the union with Austria as tears streamed down his face.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest2002548_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest2002548-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Case_Green"_and_the_Sudetenland"><span id=".22Case_Green.22_and_the_Sudetenland"></span>"Case Green" and the Sudetenland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Case Green" and the Sudetenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concomitant to its machinations against Austria, the SD also became involved in subversive activities throughout Czechoslovakia. Focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> with its 3 million ethnic Germans and the disharmony there which the Czech government could not seem to remedy, Hitler set Heydrich's SD in motion in what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Fall_Gr%C3%BCn_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia)">"Case Green"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141–142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141–142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passed off as a mission to liberate <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a> from alleged Czech persecution, Case Green was in fact a contingency plan to outright invade and destroy the country, as Hitler intended to "wipe Czechoslovakia off the map."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017403_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017403-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This operation was akin to earlier SD efforts in Austria; however, unlike Austria, the Czechs fielded their own Secret Service, against which Heydrich had to contend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once "Case Green" began, Heydrich's SD spies began covertly gathering intelligence, even going so far as having SD agents use their spouses and children in the cover scheme. The operation covered every conceivable type of intelligence data, using a myriad of cameras and photographic equipment, focusing efforts on important strategic locations like government buildings, police stations, postal services, public utilities, logistical routes, and above all, airfields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144–145_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144–145-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler worked out a sophisticated plan to acquire the Sudetenland, including manipulating Slovak nationalists to vie for independence and the suppression of this movement by the Czech government. Under directions from Heydrich, SD operative <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Naujocks" title="Alfred Naujocks">Alfred Naujocks</a> was re-activated to engage in sabotage activities designed to incite a response from the Slovaks and the Czechs, a mission that ultimately failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001281–282_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001281–282-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1938 a directive from the SD head office indicated that Hitler issued an order at <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCterbog" title="Jüterbog">Jueterbog</a> to his generals to prepare for the invasion of Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To hasten a presumed heavy response from the French, British, and Czechs, Hitler then upped the stakes and claimed that the Czechs were slaughtering Sudeten Germans. He demanded the unconditional and prompt cession of the Sudetenland to Germany in order to secure the safety of endangered ethnic Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest2002554–557_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest2002554–557-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, early plots by select members of the German General Staff emerged, plans which included ridding themselves of Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990366–384_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990366–384-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually a diplomatic showdown pitting Hitler against the governments of Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, and France, whose tepid reaction to the Austrian Anschluss had precipitated this crisis to some degree, ensued. The Sudetenland Crisis came to an end when <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> and Hitler signed the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> on 29 September 1938, effectively ceding the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121–125_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121–125-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Involvement in international affairs by the SD certainly did not end there and the agency remained active in foreign operations to such a degree that the head of the Reich Foreign Ministry office, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, complained of their meddling, since Hitler would apparently make decisions based on SD reports without consulting him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001283_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001283-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitman" title="Richard Breitman">Richard Breitman</a>, there was animosity between the SS leadership and Ribbentrop's Foreign Office atop their "jurisdictional disputes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman1991222_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman1991222-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrigue_against_Poland">Intrigue against Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intrigue against Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from its participation in diminishing the power of the SA and its scheme to kill Röhm, the SD took part in international intrigue, first by activities in Austria, again in Czechoslovakia, and then by helping provoke the "reactive" war against Poland. Code-named "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a>" and part of Hitler's plan to justify an attack upon Poland, the SD's clandestine activity for this mission included faking a Polish attack against "innocent Germans" at a German radio station in <a href="/wiki/Gleiwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleiwitz">Gleiwitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005748_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005748-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SD took concentration-camp inmates condemned to die, and fitted them with Polish Army uniforms which <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Jost" title="Heinz Jost">Heinz Jost</a> had acquired from Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i> (military intelligence).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading this mission and personally selected by Heydrich was SS veteran <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Naujocks" title="Alfred Naujocks">Alfred Naujocks</a>, who later reported during a War Criminal proceeding that he brought a Polish-speaking German along so he could broadcast a message in Polish from the German radio station "under siege" to the effect that it was time for an all out confrontation between Germans and Poles. To add documented proof of this attack, the SD operatives placed the fictitious Polish troops (killed by lethal injection, then shot for appearance) around the "attacked" radio station with the intention of taking members of the press to the site of the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990518–520_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990518–520-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately in the wake of the staged incidents on 1 September 1939, Hitler proclaimed from the Reichstag in a famous radio address that German soldiers had been "returning" fire since 5:45 in the morning, setting the Second World War in Europe into motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz2007170_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz2007170-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasks_and_general_structure">Tasks and general structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tasks and general structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway,_March_1945..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway%2C_March_1945..jpg/220px-German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway%2C_March_1945..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway%2C_March_1945..jpg/330px-German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway%2C_March_1945..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway%2C_March_1945..jpg/440px-German_passport_extended_by_the_SD_in_Norway%2C_March_1945..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>German passport extended by the SD in Norway, March 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The SD was tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi leadership and the neutralization of such opposition, whether internal or external. To fulfill this task, the SD developed an organization of agents and informants throughout the Reich and later throughout <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">the occupied territories</a>, all part of the development of an extensive SS state and a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian regime">totalitarian regime</a> without parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970350–362_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970350–362-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization consisted of a few hundred full-time agents and several thousand informants. Historian George C. Browder writes that SD regiments were comparable to SS regiments, in that: </p> <blockquote><p>SD districts (<i>Bezirke</i>) emerged covering several Party circuits (<i>Kreis</i>) or an entire district (<i>Gau</i>). Below this level, SD sub-districts (<i>Unterbezirke</i>) slowly developed. They were originally to cover a single <i>Kreis</i>, and, in turn, to be composed of wards (<i>Revier</i>), but such an ambitious network never emerged. Eventually, the SD-sub-districts acquired the simple designation of 'outposts' (<i>Aussenstellen</i>) as the lowest level-office in the field structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996109_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996109-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The SD was mainly an information-gathering agency, while the Gestapo—and to a degree the Criminal Police (<i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kriminalpolizei</a></i> or Kripo)—was the executive agency of the political-police system. The SD and Gestapo did have integration through SS members holding dual positions in each branch. Nevertheless, there was some jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Criminal Police kept a level of independence since its structure had been longer-established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–187_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–187-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part and parcel of its intelligence operations, the SD carefully tracked foreign opinion and criticism of Nazi policies, censoring when necessary and likewise publishing hostile political cartoons in the SS weekly magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005238_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005238-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional task assigned to the SD and the Gestapo involved keeping tabs on the morale of the German population at large,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall1997183–187_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall1997183–187-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which meant they were charged to "carefully supervise the political health of the German ethnic body" and once any symptoms of "disease and germs" appeared, it was their job to "remove them by every appropriate means".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei1993103_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei1993103-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular reports—including opinion polls, press dispatches, and information bulletins were established. These were monitored and reviewed by the head of the Inland-SD, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a> (responsible for intelligence and security within Germany) and by the former Heidelberg professor and SD member <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_H%C3%B6hn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Höhn (page does not exist)">Reinhard Höhn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_H%C3%B6hn" class="extiw" title="de:Reinhard Höhn">de</a>]</span>. This activity aimed to control and assess the "life domain" or <i>Lebensgebiet</i> of the German population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–108_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–108-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gathered information was then distributed by the SD through secret internal political reports entitled <i>Meldungen aus dem Reich</i> (reports from the Reich) to the upper echelons of the Nazi Party, enabling Hitler's régime to evaluate the general morale and attitude of the German people so they could be manipulated by the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a> machine in timely fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–116_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–116-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> were passed in 1935, the SD reported that the measures against the Jews were well received by the German populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005190_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005190-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, the police were divided into the <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i> (Orpo or Order Police) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo or Security Police).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orpo consisted mainly of the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schutzpolizei</a></i> (urban police), the <i><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></i> (rural police) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeindepolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Gemeindepolizei (Nazi Germany)">Gemeindepolizei</a></i> (municipal police). The SiPo was composed of the Kripo and the Gestapo. Heydrich became Chief of the SiPo and continued as Chief of the SD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continued escalation of antisemitic policies in the spring of 1937 from the SD's Department of Jewish Affairs (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Abteilung II/112: Juden</i>) – staffed by members like <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hagen" title="Herbert Hagen">Herbert Hagen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a> – led to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">removal (<i>Entfernung</i>) of Jews from Germany</a>; regardless of concerns about where they were headed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201068–69_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201068–69-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolf Eichmann's original task (in his capacity as deputy for the Jewish Affairs department within the SD) was at first to remove any semblance of "Jewish influence from all spheres of public life", which included the encouragement of wholesale Jewish emigration. Official bureaucratization increased apace with numerous specialized offices formed, aiding towards the overall persecution of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999106–107_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999106–107-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Gestapo and the SD had parallel duties, Heydrich tried to reduce any confusion or related territorial disputes through a decree on 1 July 1937, clearly defining the SD's areas of responsibility as those dealing with "learning (<i>Wissenschaft</i>), art, party and state, constitution and administration, foreign lands, Freemasonry and associations" whereas the "Gestapo's jurisdiction was Marxism, treason, and emigrants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199266–67_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199266–67-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the SD was responsible for matters related to "churches and sects, pacifism, the Jews, right-wing movements", as well as "the economy, and the Press", but the SD was instructed to "avoid all matters which touched the 'state police executive powers' (<i>staatspolizeiliche Vollzugsmaßnahmen</i>) since these belonged to the Gestapo, as did all individual cases."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199267_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199267-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, the SD was made the intelligence organization for the State as well as for the Nazi Party,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall199777_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall199777-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting the Gestapo and working with the General and Interior Administration. As such, the SD came into immediate, fierce competition with German military intelligence, the <i>Abwehr,</i> which was headed by Admiral Canaris. The competition stemmed from Heydrich and Himmler's intention to absorb the <i>Abwehr</i> and Admiral Canaris' view of the SD as an amateur upstart. Canaris refused to give up the autonomy that his military intelligence organ possessed. Additional problems also existed, like the racial exemption for members of the <i>Abwehr</i> from the Nazi Aryan-screening process, and then there was competition for resources which occurred throughout Nazi Germany's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200111–25_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200111–25-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 1939, the SiPo became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) under Heydrich:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>SD-Inland became <i>Amt</i> (department) III (internal intelligence – within Germany) under <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a></li> <li>the Gestapo became <i>Amt</i> IV under <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li> <li>the Kripo became <i>Amt</i> V under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nebe" title="Arthur Nebe">Arthur Nebe</a></li> <li>SD-Ausland became <i>Amt</i> VI (foreign intelligence – outside Germany) under <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a></li></ul> <p>From February 1944 forward, the sections of the <i>Abwehr</i> were incorporated into <i>Amt</i> VI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968172–187_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968172–187-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_SD's_relationship_with_the_Einsatzgruppen"><span id="The_SD.27s_relationship_with_the_Einsatzgruppen"></span>The SD's relationship with the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The SD's relationship with the Einsatzgruppen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg/200px-Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg/300px-Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg/400px-Heydrich-Endlosung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Follow-up letter from <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> to the German diplomat <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(diplomat)" title="Martin Luther (diplomat)">Martin Luther</a> asking for administrative assistance in the implementation of the Final Solution genocide, 26 February 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The SD was the overarching agency under which the <i>Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD</i>, also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i>, was subordinated; this was one of the principal reasons for the later war-crimes indictment against the organization by the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Einsatzgruppen's</i> part in the Holocaust has been well documented. Its mobile killing units were active in the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> (the plan for <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>) in the territories overrun by the Nazi war machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009113,_123–124_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009113,_123–124-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This SD subsidiary worked closely with the Wehrmacht in persecuting Jews, communists, partisans, and other groups, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with the invasion of Poland throughout the campaign in the East, the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> ruthlessly killed anyone suspected of being an opponent of the regime, either real or imagined.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men of the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo, and Waffen-SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010185_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010185-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1941, Göring gave written authorisation to SD Chief Heydrich to ensure a government-wide cooperative effort in the implementation of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution to the Jewish question</a> in territories under German control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An SD headquarter's memorandum indicated that the SD was tasked to accompany military invasions and assist in pacification efforts. The memo explicitly stated: </p> <blockquote><p>The SD will, where possible, follow up immediately behind the troops as they move in and, as in the Reich, will assume responsibility for the security of political life. Within the Reich, security measures are the responsibility of the Gestapo with SD cooperation. In occupied territory, measures will be under the direction of a senior SD commander; Gestapo officials will be allotted to individual <i>Einsatzstäbe</i>. It will be necessary to make available for special deployment a unit of <i>Verfügungstruppe</i> or <i>Totenkopf</i> [Death Head] formations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968176–177_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968176–177-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Correspondingly, SD affiliated units, including the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> followed German troops into Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Lithuania, as well as Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritz201194–98_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz201194–98-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since their task included cooperating with military leadership and vice versa, suppression of opposition in the occupied territories was a joint venture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWette200796–97_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWette200796–97-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2012153_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2012153-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were territorial disputes and disagreement about how some of these policies were to be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968178–187_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968178–187-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, by June 1941, the SS and the SD task forces were systematically shooting Jewish men of military age, which soon turned to "gunning down" old people, women, and children in the occupied areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei2008155_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2008155-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 January 1942, Heydrich chaired a meeting, now called the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, to discuss the implementation of the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008696–697_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008696–697-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facilities such as Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz have their origins in the planning actions undertaken by Heydrich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1968127_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1968127-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich remained chief of the Security Police (SiPo) and the SD (through the RSHA) until his assassination in 1942, after which Ernst Kaltenbrunner was named chief by Himmler on 30 January 1943, and remained there until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012149_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012149-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SD was declared a criminal organization after the war and its members were <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">tried as war criminals at Nuremberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever their original purpose, the SD and SS were ultimately created to identify and eradicate internal enemies of the State, as well as to pacify, subjugate, and exploit conquered territories and peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer2012162_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2012162-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SS Security Service, known as the SS <i>SD-Amt</i>, became the official security organization of the Nazi Party in 1934. Consisting at first of paid agents and a few hundred unpaid informants scattered across Germany, the SD was quickly professionalized under Heydrich, who commissioned National Socialist academics and lawyers to ensure that the SS and its Security Service in particular, operated "within the framework of National Socialist ideology."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012130_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012130-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich was given the power to select men for the SS Security Service from among any SS subdivisions since Himmler considered the organization of the SD as important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996116_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996116-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1939, the SD was divided into two departments, the interior department (<i>Inland-SD</i>) and the foreign department (<i>Ausland-SD</i>), and placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134–135_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134–135-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland-SD">Inland-SD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inland-SD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Interior Security Service (<i>Inland-SD</i>), responsible for intelligence and security within Germany, was known earlier as Department II and later, when placed under the Reich Security Main Office, as its Department III. It was originally headed by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Behrends" title="Hermann Behrends">Hermann Behrends</a> and from September 1939 by Otto Ohlendorf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135,_141_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135,_141-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was within this organization that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> began working out the details for the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution to the Jewish Question</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Department III was divided into the following sections: </p> <ul><li>Section A (Law and Legal Structures)</li> <li>Section B (Race and Ethnic Matters)</li> <li>Section C (Cultural and Religious Matters)</li> <li>Section D (Industry and Commerce)</li> <li>Section E (High Society)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008355–356_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008355–356-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ausland-SD">Ausland-SD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ausland-SD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foreign Security Service (<i>Ausland-SD</i>), responsible for intelligence activities beyond the boundaries of Germany, was known earlier as Department III and later, after September 1939, as Department VI of the Reich Security Main Office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerries200721,_80_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerries200721,_80-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was nominally commanded by Heydrich, but run by his chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Jost" title="Heinz Jost">Heinz Jost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012136_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012136-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1942 Jost was fired and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a>, a deputy of Heydrich. After the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a> in 1944, Department VI took over the functions of the Military Intelligence Service (<i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i>). Department VI was divided into the following sections: </p> <ul><li>Section A (Organization and Administration)</li> <li>Section B (Espionage in the West)</li> <li>Section C (Espionage in the Soviet Union and Japan)</li> <li>Section D (Espionage in the American sphere)</li> <li>Section E (Espionage in Eastern Europe)</li> <li>Section F (Technical Matters)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008357–358_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008357–358-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_forces">Security forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Security forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07,_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen,_Razzia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07%2C_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen%2C_Razzia.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07%2C_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen%2C_Razzia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07%2C_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen%2C_Razzia.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07%2C_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen%2C_Razzia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07%2C_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen%2C_Razzia.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-067-07%2C_Sicherheitsdienst_in_Polen%2C_Razzia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>SD personnel during a <a href="/wiki/%C5%81apanka" title="Łapanka">łapanka</a> (random arrest) in occupied Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>The SD and the SiPo were the main sources of officers for the <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a> in occupied territories. SD-SiPo led battalions were typically placed under the command of the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leaders</a>, reporting directly to the RSHA in Berlin. The SD also maintained a presence at all <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and supplied personnel, on an as-needed basis, to such special action troops as the <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116–117_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116–117-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, all members of the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> wore the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014120–121_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014120–121-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SD-SiPo was the primary agency, in conjunction with the <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i>, assigned to maintain order and security in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Nazi ghettos</a> established by the Germans throughout occupied Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2004278_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2004278-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 December 1941, the same day as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the first extermination camp was opened at Chelmno near Lodz by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a>, the SD and SiPo commander in occupied <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (Posen). Damzog had personally selected the staff for the killing centre and later supervised the daily operation of the camp, which was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995136–140,_286–289_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995136–140,_286–289-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a span of approximately 15 months, 150,000 people were killed there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDederichs2006115_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDederichs2006115-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infiltration">Infiltration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Infiltration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the book <i>Piercing the Reich</i>, the SD was infiltrated in 1944 by a former Russian national who was working for the Americans. The agent's parents had fled the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>, and he had been raised in Berlin, and then moved to Paris. He was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jolis" title="Albert Jolis">Albert Jolis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">Seventh Army</a> detachment. The mission was codenamed RUPPERT.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPersico1979103–107_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPersico1979103–107-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How extensive the SD's knowledge was about the early plots to kill Hitler by key members of the military remains a contested subject and a veritable unknown. According to British historian <a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">John Wheeler-Bennett</a>, "in view of the wholesale destruction of Gestapo archives it is improbable that this knowledge will ever be forthcoming. That the authorities were aware of serious 'defeatism' is certain, but it is doubtful whether they suspected anyone of outright treason."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1954475_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1954475-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the nature of the intelligence operations assigned to the SD, there were clear delineations between what constituted a full member (<i>Mitglied</i>) of the SD and those who were considered "associates" (<i>Mitarbeiter</i>) with a further subset for clerical support personnel (typists, file clerks, etc.) who were connoted as V-persons (<i>Vertrauensleute</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996131_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996131-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All SD personnel, whether simply associates or full members were required to swear an oath of secrecy, had to meet all the requirements for SS membership, were assigned SD code numbers (<i>Chiffre Nummer</i>) and if they were "above the level of V-person" they had to carry "an SD identification card."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996133–134_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996133–134-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of early SD members were relatively young, but the officers were typically older by comparison; nevertheless, the average age of an SD member was approximately 2 years older than the average Nazi Party member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKater1983141,_261_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKater1983141,_261-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like the Nazi revolution in general, membership in the SS and the SD appealed more to the impressionable youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler198959–79_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler198959–79-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most SD members were Protestant by faith, had served in the military, and generally had a significant amount of education, representing "an educated elite" in the general sense – with about 14 percent of them earning doctorate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996136–138_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996136–138-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich viewed the SD as spiritual-elite leaders within the SS and the "cream of the cream of the NSDAP."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDederichs200653_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDederichs200653-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian George C. Browder, "SD men represented no pathological or psychically susceptible group. Few were wild or extreme Nazi fanatics. In those respects they were 'ordinary men'. Yet in most other respects, they were an extraordinary mix of men, drawn together by a unique mix of missions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996174_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996174-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with members of the Gestapo, SD personnel were "regarded with a mixture of fear and foreboding," and people wanted as little to do with them as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992143_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992143-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belonging to the security apparatus of Nazi Germany obviously had its advantages but it was also fraught with occupationally related social disadvantages as well, and if post-war descriptions of the SD by historians are any indication, membership therein implied being a part of a "ubiquitous secret society" which was "sinister" and a "messenger of terror" not just for the German population, but within the "ranks of the Nazi Party itself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001210_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001210-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniforms_and_insignia">Uniforms and insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uniforms and insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel">Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel</a></div> <p>The SD used <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS-ranks</a>. When in uniform they wore the grey <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> uniform with army and <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i> rank insignia on the shoulder straps, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. The right collar patch was black without the <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sig_runes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sig_runes.svg/16px-Sig_runes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sig_runes.svg/24px-Sig_runes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sig_runes.svg/32px-Sig_runes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> runes. The branch color of the SD was green. The SD sleeve diamond (SD <i>Raute</i>) insignia was worn on the lower left sleeve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SDInsigna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SD diamond. Here with white piping, as used by members of the Gestapo when in uniform (if members of the SS).[109]"><img alt="SD diamond. Here with white piping, as used by members of the Gestapo when in uniform (if members of the SS).[109]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SDInsigna.jpg/87px-SDInsigna.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SDInsigna.jpg/130px-SDInsigna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/SDInsigna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SD diamond. Here with white piping, as used by members of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> when in uniform (if members of the SS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199242–43_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199242–43-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37,_Polen,_Verhaftung_von_Juden,_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SD men in Poland 1939. The SD men are wearing army shoulder straps, akin to the Waffen-SS,[110] except for the Rottenführer in the front seat, who is wearing the older shoulder straps of the Allgemeine SS."><img alt="SD men in Poland 1939. The SD men are wearing army shoulder straps, akin to the Waffen-SS,[110] except for the Rottenführer in the front seat, who is wearing the older shoulder straps of the Allgemeine SS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37%2C_Polen%2C_Verhaftung_von_Juden%2C_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37%2C_Polen%2C_Verhaftung_von_Juden%2C_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37%2C_Polen%2C_Verhaftung_von_Juden%2C_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37%2C_Polen%2C_Verhaftung_von_Juden%2C_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37%2C_Polen%2C_Verhaftung_von_Juden%2C_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-380-0069-37%2C_Polen%2C_Verhaftung_von_Juden%2C_SD-M%C3%A4nner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SD men in Poland 1939. The SD men are wearing army shoulder straps, akin to the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199237–39_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199237–39-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for the <i><a href="/wiki/Rottenf%C3%BChrer" title="Rottenführer">Rottenführer</a></i> in the front seat, who is wearing the older shoulder straps of the <i>Allgemeine SS</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SDJacke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="M43 field tunic, with SS rank insignia and SD diamond on lower part of sleeve"><img alt="M43 field tunic, with SS rank insignia and SD diamond on lower part of sleeve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/SDJacke.jpg/101px-SDJacke.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/SDJacke.jpg/151px-SDJacke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/SDJacke.jpg/202px-SDJacke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">M43 field tunic, with SS rank insignia and SD diamond on lower part of sleeve</div> </li> </ul> <table align="left" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left" width="300"><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left" width="200"><i>Rank insignia</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left" width="300"><i>Sicherheitsdienst</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Reichskriminaldirektor</b></i> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Oberfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/SS-Oberfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="73" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><i><b>SS-Oberführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Regierungs und Kriminaldirektor</b></i></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Standartenfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/SS-Standartenfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="70" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><i><b>SS-Standartenführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Oberregierungs und Kriminalrat</b></i></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="68" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><i><b>SS-Obersturmbannführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Regierungs und Kriminalrat</b></i></td> <td rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Sturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/SS-Sturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td rowspan="3"><i><b>SS-Sturmbannführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminaldirektor</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalrat </b></i> <br /><small>with more than three years at this grade</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><i>Kriminalkommissar</i> </b></td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Obersturmfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/SS-Obersturmfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="72" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i><b>SS-Hauptsturmführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalinspektor</b></i></td> <td><i><b>SS-Obersturmführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><i>Kriminalobersekretär</i> </b></td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg/100px-SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg/150px-SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg/200px-SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><i><b>SS-Untersturmführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalsekretär</b></i></td> <td><i><b>SS-Hauptscharführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminaloberassistent</b></i></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/100px-SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/150px-SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/200px-SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><i><b>SS-Oberscharführer</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalassistent</b></i></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/100px-SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/150px-SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/200px-SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><i><b>SS-Scharführer</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">List of SS personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bolivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bolivar">Operation Bolivar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Informational notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Ic" abbreviation in German military staff structures designated "military intelligence"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the Sudetenland Crisis, the SD then took part in operations against Poland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on the creation of this organization, see: Browder, George C. <i>Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD</i>. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2004, [1990].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the end of March 1941, Hitler communicated his intention to 200 senior Wehrmacht officers about his decision to eradicate political criminals in the occupied regions, a task many of them were only too happy to hand-over to Himmler's <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> and SiPo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001354–356_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001354–356-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Klemperer, one of the few Jews who survived the Nazi regime through his marriage to a German, claims that the real enemy of the Nazis was always the Jew, no matter who or what actually stood before them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemperer2000176–177_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemperer2000176–177-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From September 1939, the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> came under the overall command of the RSHA. See: Nuremberg Trial, Vol. 20, Day 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twenty-four <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> commanders (men with the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms) were tried after the war, becoming infamous for their brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2003274_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2003274-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">So severe were the interior policies of the Nazis under the watchful eye of the Department III, that when slave labor was brought into Germany to supplement the workforce during the war, German citizens who showed any kindness to foreign workers by giving them food or clothing were often punished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2008102–103_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2008102–103-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many leading men in the SD had broad-ranging responsibilities across the network of interlocking Nazi agencies charged with the Reich's security; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a> proves a telling example in this regard, as he was not only an SD functionary, he was also an "<i>Einsatzgruppen</i>-organizer," the head of the military government in France, and "the Reich Plenipotentiary in Denmark."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor20084_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor20084-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The SD also maintained local offices in Germany's cities and larger towns. The small offices were known as <i>SD-Unterabschnitte</i>, and the larger offices were referred to as <i>SD-Abschnitte</i>. All SD offices answered to a local commander known as the <i>Inspektor des Sicherheitspolizei und SD</i> who, in turn, was under the dual command of the RSHA and local <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leaders</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199244_fn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199244_fn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1992">Gellately 1992</a>, p. 44 fn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012140–144_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, pp. 140–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–167-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–167_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression"_(1946)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression"_(1946)_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression"_(1946)">"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression" (1946)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012410–411-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012410–411_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, pp. 410–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201156–57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201156–57_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199265-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199265_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1992">Gellately 1992</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990191–194-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990191–194_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 191–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDistelJakusch197846-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDistelJakusch197846_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDistelJakusch1978">Distel & Jakusch 1978</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996127-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996127_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200147–51-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200147–51_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 47–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne200193–131-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne200193–131_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöhne2001">Höhne 2001</a>, pp. 93–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200160–63-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200160–63_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 60–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001129-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001129_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200167–78-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200167–78_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 67–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008113-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008113_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelarue2008">Delarue 2008</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulva1984582–600-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulva1984582–600_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulva1984">Kulva 1984</a>, pp. 582–600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008309–313-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008309–313_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 309–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000521–522-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000521–522_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2000">Kershaw 2000</a>, pp. 521–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger198965–66-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger198965–66_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReitlinger1989">Reitlinger 1989</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller2007228-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeller2007228_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeller2007">Beller 2007</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200181-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200181_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDederichs200682-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDederichs200682_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDederichs2006">Dederichs 2006</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001135-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001135_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001134–140-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001134–140_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 134–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangerbein200322-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangerbein200322_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangerbein2003">Langerbein 2003</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest2002548-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest2002548_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFest2002">Fest 2002</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141–142-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001141–142_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017403-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017403_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144–145-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford2001144–145_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001281–282-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001281–282_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöhne2001">Höhne 2001</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReitlinger1989">Reitlinger 1989</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest2002554–557-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest2002554–557_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFest2002">Fest 2002</a>, pp. 554–557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990366–384-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990366–384_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 366–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121–125-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121–125_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, pp. 121–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001283-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001283_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöhne2001">Höhne 2001</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman1991222-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman1991222_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreitman1991">Breitman 1991</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005748-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005748_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 748.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990518–520-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990518–520_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 518–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz2007170-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz2007170_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenz2007">Benz 2007</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970350–362-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970350–362_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, pp. 350–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996109-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996109_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134,_135_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, pp. 134, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–187-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968166–187_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, pp. 166–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005238-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005238_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2005">Koonz 2005</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall1997183–187-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall1997183–187_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWall1997">Wall 1997</a>, pp. 183–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei1993103-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei1993103_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei1993">Frei 1993</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–108-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–108_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngrao2013">Ingrao 2013</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–116-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngrao2013107–116_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngrao2013">Ingrao 2013</a>, pp. 107–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005190-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2005190_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2005">Koonz 2005</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201068–69-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201068–69_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999106–107-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999106–107_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1999">Johnson 1999</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199266–67-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199266–67_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1992">Gellately 1992</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199267-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199267_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1992">Gellately 1992</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall199777-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall199777_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWall1997">Wall 1997</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandford200111–25-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandford200111–25_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandford2001">Blandford 2001</a>, pp. 11–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> 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2000</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010185-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010185_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968176–177-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968176–177_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz201194–98-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritz201194–98_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritz2011">Fritz 2011</a>, pp. 94–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWette200796–97-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWette200796–97_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWette2007">Wette 2007</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2012153-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2012153_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller2012">Müller 2012</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968178–187-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968178–187_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, pp. 178–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2008155-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei2008155_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei2008">Frei 2008</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008696–697-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008696–697_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 696–697.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1968127-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1968127_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1968">Wright 1968</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012149-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012149_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2003274-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2003274_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes2003">Rhodes 2003</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2012162-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer2012162_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer2012">Mayer 2012</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012130-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012130_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996116-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996116_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134–135-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012134–135_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135,_141-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135,_141_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, pp. 135, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2008102–103-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2008102–103_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2008">Stephenson 2008</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012135_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008355–356-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008355–356_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelarue2008">Delarue 2008</a>, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerries200721,_80-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerries200721,_80_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoerries2007">Doerries 2007</a>, pp. 21, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012136-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012136_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008357–358-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008357–358_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelarue2008">Delarue 2008</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116–117-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989116–117_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReitlinger1989">Reitlinger 1989</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014120–121-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014120–121_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamsStolle2014">Dams & Stolle 2014</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor20084-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor20084_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregor2008">Gregor 2008</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2004278-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2004278_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpielvogel2004">Spielvogel 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995136–140,_286–289-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995136–140,_286–289_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedlander1995">Friedlander 1995</a>, pp. 136–140, 286–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDederichs2006115-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDederichs2006115_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDederichs2006">Dederichs 2006</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPersico1979103–107-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPersico1979103–107_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPersico1979">Persico 1979</a>, pp. 103–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1954475-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1954475_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1954">Wheeler-Bennett 1954</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996131-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996131_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996133–134-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996133–134_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKater1983141,_261-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKater1983141,_261_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKater1983">Kater 1983</a>, pp. 141, 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler198959–79-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler198959–79_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegler1989">Ziegler 1989</a>, pp. 59–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996136–138-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996136–138_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, pp. 136–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDederichs200653-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDederichs200653_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDederichs2006">Dederichs 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996174-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996174_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowder1996">Browder 1996</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992143-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992143_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1992">Gellately 1992</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001210-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001210_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöhne2001">Höhne 2001</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1992">Mollo 1992</a>, pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199242–43-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199242–43_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1992">Mollo 1992</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199237–39-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199237–39_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1992">Mollo 1992</a>, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1992">Mollo 1992</a>, pp. 38–39, 54.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeller2007" class="citation book cs1">Beller, Steven (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00stev"><i>A Concise History of Austria</i></a></span>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52147-886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52147-886-1"><bdi>978-0-52147-886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Austria&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52147-886-1&rft.aulast=Beller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2007" class="citation book cs1">Benz, Wolfgang (2007). <i>A Concise History of the Third Reich</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52025-383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52025-383-4"><bdi>978-0-52025-383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52025-383-4&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlandford2001" class="citation book cs1">Blandford, Edmund L. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ssintelligencena0000blan"><i>SS Intelligence: The Nazi Secret Service</i></a></span>. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78581-398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78581-398-9"><bdi>978-0-78581-398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS+Intelligence%3A+The+Nazi+Secret+Service&rft.place=Edison%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-78581-398-9&rft.aulast=Blandford&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fssintelligencena0000blan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracher1970" class="citation book cs1">Bracher, Karl-Dietrich (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germandictatorsh00brac"><i>The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism</i></a></span>. New York: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001JZ4T16">B001JZ4T16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Dictatorship%3A+The+Origins%2C+Structure%2C+and+Effects+of+National+Socialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001JZ4T16%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Bracher&rft.aufirst=Karl-Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermandictatorsh00brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitman1991" class="citation book cs1">Breitman, Richard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architectofgenoc00rich"><i>The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39456-841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39456-841-6"><bdi>978-0-39456-841-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architect+of+Genocide%3A+Himmler+and+the+Final+Solution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-39456-841-6&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitectofgenoc00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowder1990" class="citation book cs1">Browder, George C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofnaz00geor"><i>Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD</i></a>. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81311-697-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81311-697-6"><bdi>978-0-81311-697-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Nazi+Police+State%3A+The+Formation+of+Sipo+and+SD&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-81311-697-6&rft.aulast=Browder&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofnaz00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowder1996" class="citation book cs1">Browder, George C (1996). <i>Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19820-297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19820-297-4"><bdi>978-0-19820-297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Enforcers%3A+The+Gestapo+and+the+SS+Security+Service+in+the+Nazi+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19820-297-4&rft.aulast=Browder&rft.aufirst=George+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow"><i>The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942</i></a>. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1"><bdi>0-8032-1327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution+%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Comprehensive+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8032-1327-1&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffinalso00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchheim1968" class="citation book cs1">Buchheim, Hans (1968). "The SS – Instrument of Domination". In Krausnik, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.). <i>Anatomy of the SS State</i>. New York: Walker and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00211-026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00211-026-6"><bdi>978-0-00211-026-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+SS+%E2%80%93+Instrument+of+Domination&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+SS+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-00211-026-6&rft.aulast=Buchheim&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2017" class="citation book cs1">Childers, Thomas (2017). <i>The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3"><bdi>978-1-45165-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-45165-113-3&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamsStolle2014" class="citation book cs1">Dams, Carsten; Stolle, Michael (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gestapopowerterr0000dams"><i>The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich</i></a></span>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19966-921-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19966-921-9"><bdi>978-0-19966-921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+Power+and+Terror+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19966-921-9&rft.aulast=Dams&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft.au=Stolle%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgestapopowerterr0000dams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDederichs2006" class="citation book cs1">Dederichs, Mario R. (2006). <i>Heydrich: The Face of Evil</i>. Newbury: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-803-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-803-5"><bdi>978-1-85367-803-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heydrich%3A+The+Face+of+Evil&rft.place=Newbury&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-803-5&rft.aulast=Dederichs&rft.aufirst=Mario+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelarue2008" class="citation book cs1">Delarue, Jacques (2008). <i>The Gestapo: A History of Horror</i>. New York: Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-246-5"><bdi>978-1-60239-246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+A+History+of+Horror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-246-5&rft.aulast=Delarue&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDistelJakusch1978" class="citation book cs1">Distel, Barbara; Jakusch, Ruth (1978). <i>Concentration Camp Dachau, 1933–1945'<span></span></i>. Munich: Comité International de Dachau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87490-528-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87490-528-2"><bdi>978-3-87490-528-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camp+Dachau%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%27&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Dachau&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-87490-528-2&rft.aulast=Distel&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Jakusch%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerries2007" class="citation book cs1">Doerries, Reinhard R. (2007). <i>Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied interrogations of Walter Schellenberg</i>. Portland: Frank Cass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41544-932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41544-932-8"><bdi>978-0-41544-932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Last+Chief+of+Foreign+Intelligence%3A+Allied+interrogations+of+Walter+Schellenberg&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-41544-932-8&rft.aulast=Doerries&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest2002" class="citation book cs1">Fest, Joachim (2002) [1974]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler00joac"><i>Hitler</i></a></span>. Orlando, FL: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15602-754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15602-754-0"><bdi>978-0-15602-754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler&rft.place=Orlando%2C+FL&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-15602-754-0&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitler00joac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrei1993" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Norbert (1993). <i>National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State, 1933–1945</i>. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63118-507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63118-507-9"><bdi>978-0-63118-507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Socialist+Rule+in+Germany%3A+The+F%C3%BChrer+State%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-63118-507-9&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrei2008" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Norbert (2008). "Auschwitz and the Germans: History, Knowledge, and Memory". In Neil Gregor (ed.). <i>Nazism, War and Genocide</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-806-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+and+the+Germans%3A+History%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Memory&rft.btitle=Nazism%2C+War+and+Genocide&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-806-5&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Friedlander" title="Henry Friedlander">Friedlander, Henry</a> (1995). <i>The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-208-1"><bdi>978-0-80782-208-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Nazi+Genocide%3A+From+Euthanasia+to+the+Final+Solution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-80782-208-1&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz2011" class="citation book cs1">Fritz, Stephen G. (2011). <i>Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East</i>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81313-416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81313-416-1"><bdi>978-0-81313-416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostkrieg%3A+Hitler%27s+War+of+Extermination+in+the+East&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-81313-416-1&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellately1992" class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert (1992). <i>The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19820-297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19820-297-4"><bdi>978-0-19820-297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo+and+German+Society%3A+Enforcing+Racial+Policy%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19820-297-4&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2011). <i>Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11575-8"><bdi>978-0-300-11575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Hangman%3A+The+Life+of+Heydrich&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11575-8&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor2008" class="citation book cs1">Gregor, Neil (2008). "Nazism–A Political Religion". In Neil Gregor (ed.). <i>Nazism, War and Genocide</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-806-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nazism%E2%80%93A+Political+Religion&rft.btitle=Nazism%2C+War+and+Genocide&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-806-5&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöhne2001" class="citation book cs1">Höhne, Heinz (2001) [1969]. <i>The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14139-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14139-012-3"><bdi>978-0-14139-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Death%27s+Head%3A+The+Story+of+Hitler%27s+SS&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14139-012-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6hne&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrao2013" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Christian (2013). <i>Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine</i>. Malden, MA: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74566-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74566-026-4"><bdi>978-0-74566-026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believe+and+Destroy%3A+Intellectuals+in+the+SS+War+Machine&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-74566-026-4&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1999" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Eric (1999). <i>Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04908-0"><bdi>978-0-465-04908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Terror%3A+The+Gestapo%2C+Jews%2C+and+Ordinary+Germans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04908-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKater1983" class="citation book cs1">Kater, Michael H. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazipartysocialp0000kate"><i>The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67460-655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67460-655-5"><bdi>978-0-67460-655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Party%3A+A+Social+Profile+of+Members+and+Leaders%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-67460-655-5&rft.aulast=Kater&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazipartysocialp0000kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2000) [1999]. <i>Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393320350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393320350"><bdi>978-0393320350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0393320350&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. <i>Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis</i>. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393322521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393322521"><bdi>978-0393322521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0393322521&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemperer2000" class="citation book cs1">Klemperer, Victor (2000). <i>Language of the Third Reich: LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii</i>. New York and London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82649-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82649-130-5"><bdi>978-0-82649-130-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+LTI%3A+Lingua+Tertii+Imperii&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-82649-130-5&rft.aulast=Klemperer&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonz2005" class="citation book cs1">Koonz, Claudia (2005). <i>The Nazi Conscience</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-067401-842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-067401-842-6"><bdi>978-067401-842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-067401-842-6&rft.aulast=Koonz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulva1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulva, Otto Dov (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1984_4_4_kulka.pdf">"Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze und die deutsche Bevölkerung im Lichte geheimer NS-Lage und Stimmungsberichte"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>32</b> (1). Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH: <span class="nowrap">582–</span>624. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913102031/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1984_4_4_kulka.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Die+N%C3%BCrnberger+Rassengesetze+und+die+deutsche+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+im+Lichte+geheimer+NS-Lage+und+Stimmungsberichte&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E582-%3C%2Fspan%3E624&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kulva&rft.aufirst=Otto+Dov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifz-muenchen.de%2Fheftarchiv%2F1984_4_4_kulka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangerbein2003" class="citation book cs1">Langerbein, Helmut (2003). <i>Hitler's Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-285-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-285-0"><bdi>978-1-58544-285-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Death+Squads%3A+The+Logic+of+Mass+Murder&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-285-0&rft.aulast=Langerbein&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2010). <i>Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2012). <i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2012" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Arno (2012). <i>Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History</i>. New York: Verso Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-777-1"><bdi>978-1-84467-777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Did+the+Heavens+Not+Darken%3F%3A+The+%22Final+Solution%22+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Verso+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-777-1&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2009" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2009). <i>The SS: 1923–1945</i>. London: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-49-5"><bdi>978-1-906626-49-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+1923%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-49-5&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1992" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Andrew (1992). <i>Uniforms of the SS. Vol. 5. Sicherheitsdienst und Sicherheitspolizei 1931–1945</i>. London: Windrow & Greene. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-87200-462-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-87200-462-4"><bdi>978-1-87200-462-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+SS.+Vol.+5.+Sicherheitsdienst+und+Sicherheitspolizei+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Windrow+%26+Greene&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-87200-462-4&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2012). <i>Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935–1945</i>. München: Oldenburg Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-48671-298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-48671-298-8"><bdi>978-3-48671-298-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Wehrmacht%2C+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenburg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-48671-298-8&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression"_(1946)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judorg.asp">"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression"</a>. <i>Yale Law School—The Avalon Project</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+School%E2%80%94The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2Fjudorg.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersico1979" class="citation book cs1">Persico, Joseph E. (1979). <i>Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II</i>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-55490-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-55490-1"><bdi>0-670-55490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piercing+the+Reich%3A+The+Penetration+of+Nazi+Germany+by+American+Secret+Agents+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-670-55490-1&rft.aulast=Persico&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitlinger1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Reitlinger" title="Gerald Reitlinger">Reitlinger, Gerald</a> (1989). <i>The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80351-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80351-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+Alibi+of+a+Nation%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80351-2&rft.aulast=Reitlinger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2003" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (2003). <i>Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust</i>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-37570-822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-37570-822-0"><bdi>978-0-37570-822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Death%3A+The+SS-Einsatzgruppen+and+the+Invention+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-37570-822-0&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1990) [1959]. <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. New York: MJF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1"><bdi>978-1-56731-163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-56731-163-1&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2004" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson (2004). <i>Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13189-877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13189-877-6"><bdi>978-0-13189-877-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Nazi+Germany%3A+A+History&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-13189-877-6&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Jill (2008). "Germans, Slavs, and the Burden of Work in Rural Southern Germany during the Second World War". In Neil Gregor (ed.). <i>Nazism, War and Genocide</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-806-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans%2C+Slavs%2C+and+the+Burden+of+Work+in+Rural+Southern+Germany+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Nazism%2C+War+and+Genocide&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-806-5&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall1997" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Donald D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyworld00wall"><i>Nazi Germany and World War II</i></a>. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31409-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31409-360-8"><bdi>978-0-31409-360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+World+War+II&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=West+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-31409-360-8&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazigermanyworld00wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2012" class="citation book cs1">Weale, Adrian (2012). <i>Army of Evil: A History of the SS</i>. New York: Caliber Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0"><bdi>978-0-451-23791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+Evil%3A+A+History+of+the+SS&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Caliber+Printing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23791-0&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). <i>Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II</i>. New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-92963-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-92963-191-9"><bdi>978-1-92963-191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Foreign+Policy+1933%E2%80%931939%3A+The+Road+to+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-92963-191-9&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1954" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nemesisofpowerge00whee"><i>Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DL1S0">B0007DL1S0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nemesis+of+Power%3A+The+German+Army+in+Politics+1918%E2%80%931945.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007DL1S0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnemesisofpowerge00whee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWette2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette, Wolfram</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a></i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67402-577-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67402-577-6"><bdi>978-0-67402-577-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wehrmacht%3A+History%2C+Myth%2C+Reality&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-67402-577-6&rft.aulast=Wette&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2001). <i>Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography (Vol. 1)</i>. Church Stretton: Ulric. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9537577-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9537577-5-7"><bdi>0-9537577-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhard+Heydrich%3A+The+Biography+%28Vol.+1%29&rft.place=Church+Stretton&rft.pub=Ulric&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9537577-5-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2003). <i>Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 2—Enigma</i>. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-6-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-6-3"><bdi>978-0-9537577-6-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhard+Heydrich%3A+The+Biography%2C+Volume+2%E2%80%94Enigma&rft.place=Church+Stretton&rft.pub=Ulric+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9537577-6-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1968" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Gordon (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ordealoftotalwa00wrig"><i>The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0613140-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-0613140-8-0"><bdi>0-0613140-8-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ordeal+of+Total+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-0613140-8-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fordealoftotalwa00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1989" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Herbert (1989). <i>Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925–1939</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60636-1"><bdi>978-0-691-60636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%27s+New+Aristocracy%3A+The+SS+Leadership%2C+1925%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-60636-1&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicherheitsdienst" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicherheitsdienst&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sicherheitsdienst" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schutzstaffel_(SS)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SS_organizations" title="Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SS_organizations" title="Template talk:SS organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SS_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schutzstaffel_(SS)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> (SS-TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.3em 2.2em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS insignia"><img alt="SS insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_and_police_leader" title="SS and police leader">SS and police leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_and_commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Units and commands of the Schutzstaffel">SS commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands" title="Allgemeine-SS regional commands">Allgemeine-SS regional commands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Joseph Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Main departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Command Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Office" title="SS Main Office">SS Main Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Medical_Corps" title="SS Medical Corps">SS Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_F%C3%BChrungshauptamt" title="SS Führungshauptamt">Head Operational Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">Economics and Administration Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Court_Main_Office" title="SS Court Main Office">Courts Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Personnel_Main_Office" title="SS Personnel Main Office">Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideological institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools" title="SS-Junker Schools">SS-Junker Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Police and security services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Uniformed police (Orpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schutzpolizei (Schupo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Criminal police (Kripo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Secret State Police (Gestapo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">State Security Police (SiPo)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SS Security Service (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Customs Border Guards (ZGS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Führer protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Begleitkommando_des_F%C3%BChrers" title="SS-Begleitkommando des Führers">SS-Begleitkommando des Führers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst">Reichssicherheitsdienst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units" title="List of Waffen-SS units">Waffen-SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions (Greece)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions" title="List of Waffen-SS divisions">Waffen-SS divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">SS-Verfügungstruppe</a> (SS-VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">Leibstandarte (LSSAH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">SS Division Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Panzer_Division_Totenkopf" title="3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf">SS Division Totenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Polizei_Panzergrenadier_Division" title="4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division">SS Polizei Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">SS Division Wiking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Foreign SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_SS" title="Austrian SS">Austrian SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-SS">Germanic-SS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Germaansche SS in Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen">Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanske_SS_Norge" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanske SS Norge">Germanske SS Norge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schalburg_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schalburg Corps">Schalburg Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Free_Corps" title="British Free Corps">British Free Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS">Finnish Volunteer Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">SS-controlled enterprises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostindustrie" title="Ostindustrie">Ostindustrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Equipment_Works" title="German Equipment Works">German Equipment Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klinker-Zement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klinker-Zement (page does not exist)">Klinker-Zement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_(water)" title="Apollinaris (water)">Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattoni">Mattoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenquell" title="Sudetenquell">Sudetenquell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Loibl_GmbH" title="Anton Loibl GmbH">Anton Loibl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Einsatzgruppen_and_Einsatzkommandos76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Einsatzgruppen" title="Template:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Einsatzgruppen" title="Template talk:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Einsatzgruppen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Einsatzgruppen_and_Einsatzkommandos76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommandos</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of <br /><i>Einsatzgruppen</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humbert_Achamer-Pifrader" title="Humbert Achamer-Pifrader">Humbert Achamer-Pifrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bierkamp" title="Walther Bierkamp">Walther Bierkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_B%C3%B6hme_(SS_officer)" title="Horst Böhme (SS officer)">Horst Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ehrlinger" title="Erich Ehrlinger">Erich Ehrlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fuchs" title="Wilhelm Fuchs">Wilhelm Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Jost" title="Heinz Jost">Heinz Jost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nebe" title="Arthur Nebe">Arthur Nebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Panzinger" title="Friedrich Panzinger">Friedrich Panzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Seetzen" title="Heinrich Seetzen">Heinrich Seetzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Walter_Stahlecker" title="Franz Walter Stahlecker">Franz Walter Stahlecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of<br /><i>Einsatzkommandos</i>,<br /><i>Sonderkommandos</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Bast" title="Gerhard Bast">Gerhard Bast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Batz" title="Rudolf Batz">Rudolf Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Biberstein" title="Ernst Biberstein">Ernst Biberstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Blume_(SS_officer)" title="Walter Blume (SS officer)">Walter Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Bock" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock">Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bradfisch" title="Otto Bradfisch">Otto Bradfisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Braune" title="Werner Braune">Werner Braune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Buchardt" title="Friedrich Buchardt">Friedrich Buchardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Isselhorst" title="Erich Isselhorst">Erich Isselhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_J%C3%A4ger" title="Karl Jäger">Karl Jäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Klingelh%C3%B6fer" title="Waldemar Klingelhöfer">Waldemar Klingelhöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%BCgler" title="Wolfgang Kügler">Wolfgang Kügler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Lange" title="Rudolf Lange">Rudolf Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Nosske" title="Gustav Adolf Nosske">Gustav Adolf Nosske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schulz" title="Erwin Schulz">Erwin Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Six" title="Franz Six">Franz Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Steimle" title="Eugen Steimle">Eugen Steimle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Strauch" title="Eduard Strauch">Eduard Strauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Weiss_(Nazi_official)" title="Martin Weiss (Nazi official)">Martin Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Becker" title="August Becker">August Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Fendler" title="Lothar Fendler">Lothar Fendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Hamann" title="Joachim Hamann">Joachim Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Haussmann" title="Emil Haussmann">Emil Haussmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schubert_(SS_officer)" title="Heinz Schubert (SS officer)">Heinz Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Widmann" title="Albert Widmann">Albert Widmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antanas_Impulevi%C4%8Dius" title="Antanas Impulevičius">Antanas Impulevičius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konr%C4%81ds_Kal%C4%93js" title="Konrāds Kalējs">Konrāds Kalējs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Klimaitis" title="Algirdas Klimaitis">Algirdas Klimaitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a></i> (RSHA)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_SS_Cavalry_Division_Florian_Geyer" title="8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer">8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderdienst" title="Sonderdienst">Sonderdienst</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Non-German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs <i>Kommando</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann"><i>Rollkommando</i> Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_TDA_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian TDA Battalions">TDA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutsk affair">Slutsk Affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi-Liiva" title="Kalevi-Liiva">Kalevi-Liiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Riga_synagogues" title="Burning of the Riga synagogues">Burning of the Riga synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_massacres" title="Jelgava massacres">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils_Ghetto" title="Daugavpils Ghetto">Pogulianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">Liepāja (Šķēde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas June 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas 29 October 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort_massacres_of_November_1941" title="Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941">Ninth Fort November 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland" title="German AB-Aktion in Poland"><i>AB-Aktion</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gully_of_Petrushino" title="Gully of Petrushino">Gully of Petrushino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zmievskaya_Balka" title="Zmievskaya Balka">Zmievskaya Balka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobytsky_Yar" title="Drobytsky Yar">Drobytsky Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobycz_Ghetto" title="Drohobycz Ghetto">Drohobycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Einsatzgruppen" title="List of Einsatzgruppen">List of Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">The Black Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_trial" title="Einsatzgruppen trial">Einsatzgruppen trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Report" title="Jäger Report">Jäger Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book-Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Prosecution Book-Poland">Special Prosecution Book-Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_reports" title="Einsatzgruppen reports">Einsatzgruppen reports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ranks,_uniforms_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks,_uniforms,_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks,_uniforms,_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template talk:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks,_uniforms,_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ranks,_uniforms_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ranks, uniforms and insignia of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Sturmabteilung" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk#Uniform_and_emblems" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls#Uniform_and_emblems" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_ranks_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany">Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wehrmacht17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geheime_Feldpolizei#Ranks" title="Geheime Feldpolizei">Geheime Feldpolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Waffen-SS" title="Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS#Ranks" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></i></li> <li>(see also <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Esoteric insignia of the Schutzstaffel">Esoteric insignia of the SS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany_paramilitary_ranks" title="Nazi Germany paramilitary ranks">Nazi Paramilitary ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Sturmabteilung" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">National Socialist Flyers Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Sports_Association" title="German Air Sports Association">German Air Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Motor Corps">National Socialist Motor Corps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Ranks and insignia of the Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsarbeitsdienst" title="Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst">Reich Labour Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Red_Cross" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm#Ranks" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_Organisation_Todt" title="Ranks and insignia of Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Hitler_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Services" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Women's Auxiliary Services">Women's Auxiliary Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsbahn" title="Ranks and insignia of the Reichsbahn">Reichsbahn</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahnschutzpolizei" title="Bahnschutzpolizei">Bahnschutzpolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Kriminalpolizei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Zollgrenzschutz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Ordnungspolizei" title="Ranks and insignia of the Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_police_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative police in Nazi Germany">Administrative police</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Gendarmerie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feuerschutzpolizei" title="Feuerschutzpolizei">Feuerschutzpolizei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luftschutzpolizei" title="Luftschutzpolizei">Luftschutzpolizei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postschutz" title="Postschutz">Postschutz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Technische_Nothilfe" title="Technische Nothilfe">Technische Nothilfe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Rosenberg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">RMBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter_Rosenberg_Taskforce#Ranks" title="Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce">Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Speer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Transportflotte_Speer" title="Transportflotte Speer">Transportflotte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legion_Speer" title="Legion Speer">Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transportkorps_Speer" title="Transportkorps Speer">Transportkorps</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Forest_Society_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Forest Society (Nazi Germany)">Forest Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forest_Protection_Command" title="Forest Protection Command">Forstschutzkommando</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_J%C3%A4gerschaft" title="Deutsche Jägerschaft">Deutsche Jägerschaft</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborationist forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">DNSAP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vichy France <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_mobile_de_r%C3%A9serve#Ranks" title="Groupe mobile de réserve">Groupe mobile de réserve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice#Ranks" title="Milice">Milice française</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirden#Ranks_and_rank_insignia" title="Hirden">Rikshirden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statspolitiet" title="Statspolitiet">Statspolitiet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades#Ranks" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic" title="Military ranks of the Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Police" title="Blue Police">Blue Police</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Legion#Rank_insignia" title="Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Home_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Home Defence">Byelorussian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army#Ranks" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Sturmbrigade_RONA#Ranks_from_May,_1943_to_June,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Sturmbrigade RONA">RONA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men#Organization" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzstaffel_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Einsatzstaffel (Independent State of Croatia)">Einsatzstaffel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Military ranks of the Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Protective_Corps#Rank_insignia" title="Russian Protective Corps">Russian Protective Corps in Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Slovakia_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military ranks of Slovakia (1939-1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Government_Army_(Bohemia_and_Moravia)#Ranks" title="Government Army (Bohemia and Moravia)">Vládní vojsko</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Corps colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Corps colours of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Corps colours of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_(Waffen-SS)" title="Corps colours (Waffen-SS)">Waffen-SS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_of_the_Sturmabteilung" title="Corps colours of the Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany">Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_decorations_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Political decorations of the Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Wehrmacht_and_Heer_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="List of flags of the Wehrmacht and Heer (1933–1945)"><i>Wehrmacht</i> and <i>Heer</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="List of flags of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_German_Navy_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="List of flags of the German Navy (1935–1945)">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blutfahne" title="Blutfahne">Blutfahne</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10162996-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84235330">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122108722">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122108722">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei. Schutzstaffel. 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