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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kingdom of Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom of Yugoslavia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_Alexander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Alexander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>King Alexander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Alexander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1934–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1934–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1934–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1934–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FPR_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FPR_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>FPR Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-FPR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle FPR Yugoslavia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-FPR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yugoslav–Soviet_split_and_the_Non-Alignment_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav–Soviet_split_and_the_Non-Alignment_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Yugoslav–Soviet split and the Non-Alignment Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav–Soviet_split_and_the_Non-Alignment_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SFR_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>SFR Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle SFR Yugoslavia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_tensions_and_economic_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_tensions_and_economic_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethnic tensions and economic crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_tensions_and_economic_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Breakup</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breakup-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Breakup subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Yugoslav Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>New states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession,_1992–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession,_1992–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Succession, 1992–2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession,_1992–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession,_2006–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession,_2006–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Succession, 2006–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession,_2006–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugo-nostalgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugo-nostalgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Yugo-nostalgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugo-nostalgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yugoslavia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joego-Slawi%C3%AB" title="Joego-Slawië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joego-Slawië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslawien" title="Jugoslawien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jugoslawien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ዩጎስላቪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩጎስላቪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geugoslafia" title="Geugoslafia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Geugoslafia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="يوغوسلافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوغوسلافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Եուկոսլաւիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եուկոսլաւիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqoslaviya" title="Yuqoslaviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuqoslaviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="যুগোস্লাভিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুগোস্লাভিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Югаславія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Югаславія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Югаславія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Югаславія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslawien" title="Jugoslawien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jugoslawien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavija" title="Jugoslavija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yougoslavia" title="Yougoslavia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yougoslavia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugosl%C3%A0via" title="Iugoslàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iugoslàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugosl%C3%A1vie" title="Jugoslávie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jugoslávie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwgoslafia" title="Iwgoslafia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iwgoslafia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavien" title="Jugoslavien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jugoslavien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DD%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="يوݣوسلاڤيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يوݣوسلاڤيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslawien" title="Jugoslawien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jugoslawien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugos%C5%82owja%C5%84ska" title="Jugosłowjańska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jugosłowjańska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaavia" title="Jugoslaavia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jugoslaavia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γιουγκοσλαβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιουγκοσλαβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavio" title="Jugoslavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jugoslavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="یوگسلاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوگسلاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yougoslavie" title="Yougoslavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yougoslavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joegoslaavje" title="Joegoslaavje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joegoslaavje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavie" title="Jugoslavie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jugoslavie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_I%C3%BAgslaiv" title="An Iúgslaiv – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iúgslaiv" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Yugoslaavey" title="Yn Yugoslaavey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Yugoslaavey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9goslaibhia" title="Iùgoslaibhia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iùgoslaibhia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugoslavia" title="Iugoslavia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="युगोस्लाविया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युगोस्लाविया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="유고슬라비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유고슬라비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հարավսլավիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավսլավիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="यूगोस्लाविया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूगोस्लाविया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhos%C5%82owjanska" title="Juhosłowjanska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Juhosłowjanska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugusulaviaq" title="Yugusulaviaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Yugusulaviaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAg%C3%B3slav%C3%ADa" title="Júgóslavía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Júgóslavía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="יוגוסלביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוגוסלביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಯುಗೊಸ್ಲಾವಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುಗೊಸ್ಲಾವಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იუგოსლავია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუგოსლავია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yougoslavi" title="Yougoslavi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yougoslavi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugosilaviya" title="Yugosilaviya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yugosilaviya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BBgoslavya" title="Yûgoslavya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yûgoslavya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D" title="ຢູໂກສະລາເວຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູໂກສະລາເວຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugoslavia" title="Iugoslavia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidsl%C4%81vija" title="Dienvidslāvija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidslāvija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslawien" title="Jugoslawien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jugoslawien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavija" title="Jugoslavija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugoslavia" title="Iugoslavia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joegoslavi%C3%AB" title="Joegoslavië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Joegoslavië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoszl%C3%A1via" title="Jugoszlávia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jugoszlávia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Југославија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Југославија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iog%C3%B4slavia" title="Iogôslavia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iogôslavia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="യുഗോസ്ലാവിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുഗോസ്ലാവിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="युगोस्लाव्हिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युगोस्लाव्हिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იუგოსლავია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუგოსლავია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="يوجوسلاڤيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوجوسلاڤيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="یوگوسلاوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یوگوسلاوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugosl%C3%A1bia" title="Jugoslábia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jugoslábia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Югослав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Югослав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ယူဂိုဆလားဗီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူဂိုဆလားဗီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joegoslavi%C3%AB" title="Joegoslavië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joegoslavië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavie" title="Jugoslavie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jugoslavie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="युगोस्लाभिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युगोस्लाभिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ユーゴスラビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーゴスラビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iogoslavia" title="Iogoslavia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iogoslavia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslaviya" title="Yugoslaviya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yugoslaviya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਯੂਗੋਸਲਾਵੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਗੋਸਲਾਵੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یوگوسلاویا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوگوسلاویا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یوګسلاویا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یوګسلاویا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="យូហ្គោស្លាវី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យូហ្គោស្លាវី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugos%C5%82awia" title="Jugosławia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jugosławia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugosl%C3%A1via" title="Jugoslávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jugoslávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslaviya" title="Yugoslaviya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yugoslaviya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugoslavia" title="Iugoslavia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuquslawya" title="Yuquslawya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuquslawya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Югославія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Югославія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugosl%C3%A0via" title="Iugoslàvia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iugoslàvia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavie" title="Yugoslavie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yugoslavie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugosllavia" title="Jugosllavia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jugosllavia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="යුගෝස්ලාවියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුගෝස්ලාවියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="يوگوسلاويا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوگوسلاويا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhosl%C3%A1via" title="Juhoslávia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juhoslávia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavija" title="Jugoslavija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Югославїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Югославїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugos%C5%82awijo" title="Jugosławijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jugosławijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslaafiya" title="Yugoslaafiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yugoslaafiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یووگۆسلاڤیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یووگۆسلاڤیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Југославија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Југославија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavija" title="Jugoslavija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavien" title="Jugoslavien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jugoslavien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="யுகோசுலாவியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுகோசுலாவியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="యుగోస్లేవియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యుగోస్లేవియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศยูโกสลาเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศยูโกสลาเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Югославия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavya" title="Yugoslavya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yugoslavya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Югославія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Югославія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="یوگوسلاویہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوگوسلاویہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavia" title="Jugoslavia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavii" title="Jugoslavii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jugoslavii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_T%C6%B0" title="Nam Tư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Tư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yougoslaveye" title="Yougoslaveye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yougoslaveye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南斯拉夫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joegosloavi%C3%AB" title="Joegosloavië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Joegosloavië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南斯拉夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavija" title="Jugoslavija – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36704#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yugoslavia&params=44_49_N_20_27_E_type:country_source:kolossus-hewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">20°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.817°N 20.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.817; 20.450</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1918–1992 country in Southeast Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country that existed until 1992. For the self-proclaimed successor state, called "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" until 2003, see <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yugoslavia (disambiguation)">Yugoslavia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Yugoslavia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn">Jugoslavija</i></span><br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">Југославија</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1918–1992<br />1941–1945: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia#Axis_invasion_and_dismemberment_of_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Axis occupation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1918%E2%80%931941).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Flag of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1946-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Top: Flag (1918–41)<br /><span class="nowrap">Bottom: Flag (1946–92)</span></a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="664" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_(1963%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="738" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Yugoslavia">Top: Coat of arms<br />(1918–41)<br />Bottom: Emblem<br />(1963–92)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br />"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>" (1919–1941)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="Himna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Himna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Himna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg/Himna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=bs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bs" label="bosanski ‪(bs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=ka&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ka" label="ქართული ‪(ka)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimna_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>"<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">Hey, Slavs</a>" (1945–1992)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Hey,_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Hey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg/Hey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Hey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHey%2C_Slavs_1930s_instrumental.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yugoslavia during the Interwar period (top) and the Cold War (bottom)"><img alt="Yugoslavia during the Interwar period (top) and the Cold War (bottom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yugoslavia_location_map.svg/250px-Yugoslavia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yugoslavia_location_map.svg/375px-Yugoslavia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yugoslavia_location_map.svg/500px-Yugoslavia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="521" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Yugoslavia during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> (top) and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yugoslavia&params=44_49_N_20_27_E_type:city_source:kolossus-hewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">20°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.817°N 20.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.817; 20.450</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croato-Slovene" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croato-Slovene">Serbo-Croato-Slovene</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(before 1944)</span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(de facto; from 1944)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Yugoslavia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Hereditary monarchy</a><br />(1918–1941)<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal republic</a><br />(1945–1992) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Details</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1929, 1931–1939)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">royal dictatorship</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929–1931)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1941)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1945)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist government</a> presiding over <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">liberated territories</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943–1945)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1948)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948–1990)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1992)</span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Admitted to the UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia#Deposition_and_exile" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Abolition of monarchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Disintegration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,522,438<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1965 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19,489,605<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,441,297<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1985 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,121,383<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,532,279<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:YU" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:YU">YU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">.yu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kingdom_of_Montenegro_Flag.png/20px-Kingdom_of_Montenegro_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kingdom_of_Montenegro_Flag.png/30px-Kingdom_of_Montenegro_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kingdom_of_Montenegro_Flag.png/40px-Kingdom_of_Montenegro_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="863" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Fiume</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yugoslavia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Land of the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> that existed from 1918 to 1992. It <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">came into existence</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> from the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> with the provisional <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a>, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I of Serbia</a> was its <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia#Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">first sovereign</a>. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Ambassadors" title="Conference of Ambassadors">Conference of Ambassadors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official name of the state was changed to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> on 3 October 1929. </p><p>The kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Yugoslavia">occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in April 1941. In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> was proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan resistance</a>. In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">King Peter II</a>, then living <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile" title="Yugoslav government-in-exile">in exile</a>, recognised it as the legitimate government. After a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">communist government</a> was elected in November 1945, the monarchy was abolished, and the country was renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. It acquired the territories of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>. Partisan leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> ruled the country from 1944 as prime minister and later as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">president</a> until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">his death</a> in 1980. In 1963, the country was renamed for the final time, as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (SFRY). </p><p>The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the socialist republics of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. Within Serbia were the two socialist autonomous provinces, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, which following the adoption of <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> were largely equal to the other members of the federation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an economic and political crisis and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a> following <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Tito's death</a> in 1980, Yugoslavia <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">broke up</a> along its republics' borders, at first into five countries, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>. From 1993 to 2017, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> tried political and military leaders from the former Yugoslavia for <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars#War_crimes" title="Yugoslav Wars">war crimes</a>, genocide, and other crimes committed during those wars. </p><p>After the breakup, the republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a> formed a reduced federative state, the <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FRY). This state aspired to the status of sole <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">legal successor</a> to the SFRY, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. Eventually, it accepted the opinion of the <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Arbitration_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Arbitration Committee">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a> about shared succession<sup id="cite_ref-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2003 its official name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. This state <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro">dissolved</a> when <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> each became independent states in 2006, with <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> having an <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">ongoing dispute</a> over its <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> in 2008. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>The concept of <i>Yugoslavia</i>, as a common state for all <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> peoples, emerged in the late 17th century and gained prominence through the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian Movement">Illyrian Movement</a> of the 19th century. The name was created by the combination of the Slavic words <i lang="sh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jug#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:jug">jug</a></i> ("south") and <i lang="sh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Slaven#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Slaven">Slaveni</a></i>/<i lang="sh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sloven#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sloven">Sloveni</a></i> (Slavs). Moves towards the formal <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">creation of Yugoslavia</a> accelerated after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Declaration" title="Corfu Declaration">Corfu Declaration</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a> and the government of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banovine_Jugoslavia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Banovine_Jugoslavia.png/210px-Banovine_Jugoslavia.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Banovine_Jugoslavia.png/315px-Banovine_Jugoslavia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Banovine_Jugoslavia.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Banovinas</a> of Yugoslavia, 1929–39. After 1939 the Sava and Littoral banovinas were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina of Croatia</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The country was formed in 1918 immediately after World War I as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by union of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was commonly referred to at the time as a "<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a> state".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">King Alexander I</a> renamed the country to <i>Yugoslavia</i> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Alexander">King Alexander</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></div> <p>On 20 June 1928, Serb deputy <a href="/wiki/Puni%C5%A1a_Ra%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Puniša Račić">Puniša Račić</a> shot at five members of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peasant_Party" title="Croatian Peasant Party">Croatian Peasant Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">National Assembly</a>, resulting in the death of two deputies on the spot and that of leader <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a> a few weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet200673_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200673-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 January 1929, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Yugoslavia">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a> got rid of the <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">banned national political parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">assumed executive power</a>, and renamed the country Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions. He imposed a <a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">new constitution</a> and relinquished his dictatorship in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Alexander's policies later encountered opposition from other European powers stemming from developments in Italy and Germany, where Fascists and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> rose to power, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> became absolute ruler. None of these three regimes favored the policy pursued by Alexander I. In fact, Italy and Germany wanted to revise the international treaties signed after World War I, and the Soviets were determined to regain their positions in Europe and pursue a more active international policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexander attempted to create a centralised Yugoslavia. He decided to abolish Yugoslavia's historic regions, and new internal boundaries were drawn for provinces or banovinas.<sup id="cite_ref-DoniaFine1994_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoniaFine1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banovinas were named after rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-DoniaFine1994_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoniaFine1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many politicians were jailed or kept under police surveillance. During his reign, communist movements were restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> during an official visit to France in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Vlado_Chernozemski" title="Vlado Chernozemski">Vlado Chernozemski</a>, an experienced marksman from <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mihailov" title="Ivan Mihailov">Ivan Mihailov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> with the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>, a Croatian fascist revolutionary organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Peter II</a> and a regency council headed by his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prince Paul of Yugoslavia">Prince Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1934–1941"><span id="1934.E2.80.931941"></span>1934–1941</h3></div> <p>The international political scene in the late 1930s was marked by growing intolerance between the principal figures, by the aggressive attitude of the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regimes, and by the certainty that the order set up after World War I was losing its strongholds and its sponsors their strength. Supported and pressured by <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Croatian leader <a href="/wiki/Vladko_Ma%C4%8Dek" title="Vladko Maček">Vladko Maček</a> and his party managed the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina of Croatia</a> (Autonomous Region with significant internal self-government) in 1939.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The agreement specified that Croatia was to remain part of Yugoslavia, but it was hurriedly building an independent political identity in international relations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prince Paul submitted to fascist pressure and signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> in Vienna on 25 March 1941, hoping to continue keeping Yugoslavia out of the war. However, this was at the expense of popular support for Paul's regency. Senior military officers were also opposed to the treaty and launched a coup d'état when the king returned on <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">27 March</a>. Army General <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Simovi%C4%87" title="Dušan Simović">Dušan Simović</a> seized power, arrested the Vienna delegation, exiled Prince Paul, and ended the regency, giving 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">King Peter</a> full powers. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> then decided to attack Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, followed immediately by an invasion of Greece where <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> had previously been repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/150px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/225px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/300px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Filipović">Stjepan Filipović</a> shouting "Death to fascism, freedom to the people!" shortly before his execution (1942)</figcaption></figure> <p>At 5:12 a.m. on 6 April 1941, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungarian</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German Air Force (<i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>) bombed <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and other major Yugoslav cities. On 17 April, representatives of Yugoslavia's various regions signed an armistice with Germany in Belgrade, ending eleven days of resistance against the invading German forces.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 300,000 Yugoslav officers and soldiers were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> occupied Yugoslavia and split it up. The <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> satellite state, ruled by the fascist militia known as the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> that came into existence in 1929, but was relatively limited in its activities until 1941. German troops occupied <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> as well as part of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, while other parts of the country were occupied by <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Hungary, and Italy. From 1941 to 1945, the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> regime <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">persecuted and murdered</a> around 300,000 Serbs, along with at least 30,000 Jews and Roma;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hundreds of thousands of Serbs were also expelled and another 200,000-300,000 were forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the start, the Yugoslav resistance forces consisted of two factions: the communist-led <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> and the royalist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, with the former receiving Allied recognition at the Tehran conference (1943). The heavily pro-Serbian Chetniks were led by <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihajlovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Draža Mihajlović">Draža Mihajlović</a>, while the pan-Yugoslav oriented Partisans were led by <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Partisans initiated a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> campaign that developed into the largest resistance army in occupied Western and Central Europe. The Chetniks were initially supported by the exiled royal government and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, but they soon focused increasingly on combating the Partisans rather than the occupying Axis forces. By the end of the war, the Chetnik movement transformed into a collaborationist Serb nationalist militia completely dependent on Axis supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chetniks also <a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">persecuted and killed</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an estimated 50,000-68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians).<sup id="cite_ref-Geiger_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiger-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly mobile Partisans, however, carried on their guerrilla warfare with great success. Most notable of the victories against the occupying forces were the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neretva">Neretva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sutjeska">Sutjeska</a>. </p><p>On 25 November 1942, the <a href="/wiki/AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AVNOJ">Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a> was convened in <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. The council reconvened on 29 November 1943, in <a href="/wiki/Jajce" title="Jajce">Jajce</a>, also in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, establishing a federation (this date was celebrated as Republic Day after the war).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> were able to expel the Axis from Serbia in 1944 and the rest of Yugoslavia in 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> provided limited assistance with the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and withdrew after the war was over. In May 1945, the Partisans met with Allied forces outside former Yugoslav borders, after also taking over <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and parts of the southern Austrian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>. However, the Partisans withdrew from Trieste in June of the same year under heavy pressure from Stalin, who did not want a confrontation with the other Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western attempts to reunite the Partisans, who denied the supremacy of the old government of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, and the émigrés loyal to the king led to the <a href="/wiki/Tito-%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito-Šubašić Agreement">Tito-Šubašić Agreement</a> in June 1944; however, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a> Josip Broz Tito was in control and was determined to lead an independent communist state, starting as a prime minister. He had the support of Moscow and London and led by far the strongest Partisan force with 800,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official Yugoslav post-war estimate of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">victims</a> in Yugoslavia during World War II is 1,704,000. Subsequent data gathering in the 1980s by historians <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Žerjavić">Vladimir Žerjavić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogoljub_Ko%C4%8Dovi%C4%87" title="Bogoljub Kočović">Bogoljub Kočović</a> showed that the actual number of dead was about 1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FPR_Yugoslavia">FPR Yugoslavia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>On 11 November 1945, <a href="/wiki/1945_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">elections</a> were held with only the Communist-led <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_of_Working_People" title="Socialist Alliance of Working People">People's Front</a> appearing on the ballot, securing all 354 seats. On 29 November, while still in exile, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Yugoslavia">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Peter II</a> was deposed by Yugoslavia's <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>, and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-Jes_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jes-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he refused to abdicate. Marshal Tito was now in full control, and all opposition elements were eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 January 1946, the new <a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution of the Soviet Union</a>, established <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Federal_units" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">six republics</a>, an autonomous province, and an autonomous district that were a part of Serbia. The federal capital was Belgrade. The policy focused on a strong central government under the control of the Communist Party, and on recognition of the multiple nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flags of the republics used versions of the red flag or <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colors" title="Pan-Slavic colors">Slavic tricolor</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">red star</a> in the centre or in the canton.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td style="width:7em; font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td style="width:6em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1946%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <th rowspan="6" style="width:4em; background:#fff;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_(1946-1990)_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg/400px-Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg/600px-Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg/800px-Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:29px; top:46px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">SR Slovenia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:109px; top:69px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:144px; top:146px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">SR Bosnia and <br />Herzegovina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:212px; top:213px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">SR<br />Montenegro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:304px; top:289px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">SR Macedonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:165px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">SAP<br />Vojvodina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:284px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">SAP<br />Kosovo</a></div> </div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(1947%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_(1946%E2%80%932009).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic of Montenegro</a> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Titograd</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_(1945%E2%80%931993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a></span></span></dd></dl> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Priština</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd></dl> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovenia_(1945%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tito's regional goal was to <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">expand south</a> and take control of Albania and parts of Greece. In 1947, negotiations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria led to the <a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1947)" title="Bled agreement (1947)">Bled agreement</a>, which proposed to form a close relationship between the two Communist countries, and enable Yugoslavia to start a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war in Greece</a> and use Albania and Bulgaria as bases. Stalin vetoed this agreement and it was never realised. The break between Belgrade and Moscow was now imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yugoslavia solved the national issue of nations and nationalities (national minorities) in a way that all nations and nationalities had the same rights. However, most of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">German minority</a> of Yugoslavia, most of whom had collaborated during the occupation and had been recruited to German forces, were expelled towards Germany or Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav–Soviet_split_and_the_Non-Alignment_Movement"><span id="Yugoslav.E2.80.93Soviet_split_and_the_Non-Alignment_Movement"></span>Yugoslav–Soviet split and the Non-Alignment Movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div> <p>The country distanced itself from the Soviets in 1948 (cf. <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro</a>) and started to build its own way to socialism under the political leadership of Josip Broz Tito.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the constitution was <a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">heavily amended</a> to replace the emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a> and adopted <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a> at its <a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia">congress the previous year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the Communist European Countries had deferred to Stalin and rejected the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> aid in 1947. Tito, at first went along and rejected the Marshall plan. However, in 1948 Tito broke decisively with Stalin on other issues, making Yugoslavia an independent communist state. Yugoslavia requested American aid. American leaders were internally divided, but finally agreed and began sending money on a small scale in 1949, and on a much larger scale 1950–53. The American aid was not part of the Marshall plan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tito criticised both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> nations and, together with India and other countries, started the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in 1961, which remained the official affiliation of the country until it dissolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SFR_Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/150px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/225px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/300px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3927" /></a><figcaption>Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 April 1963, the nation changed its official name to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> and Josip Broz Tito was named <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">President for life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the SFRY, each republic and province had its own constitution, supreme court, parliament, president and prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Notes_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Notes-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the top of the Yugoslav government were the President (Tito), the federal Prime Minister, and the federal Parliament (a collective Presidency was formed after Tito's death in 1980).<sup id="cite_ref-US_Notes_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Notes-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also important were the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party</a> general secretaries for each republic and province, and the general secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Notes_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Notes-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tito was the most powerful person in the country, followed by republican and provincial premiers and presidents, and Communist Party presidents. Slobodan Penezić Krcun, Tito's chief of secret police in Serbia, fell victim to a dubious traffic incident after he started to complain about Tito's politics. Minister of the interior <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a> lost all of his titles and rights after a major disagreement with Tito regarding state politics. Some influential ministers in government, such as <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stane_Dolanc" title="Stane Dolanc">Stane Dolanc</a>, were more important than the Prime Minister.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>First cracks in the tightly governed system surfaced when <a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade">students in Belgrade and several other cities joined</a> the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">protests of 1968</a>. President Josip Broz Tito gradually stopped the protests by giving in to some of the students' demands and saying that "students are right" during a televised speech. However, in the following years, he dealt with the leaders of the protests by sacking them from university and Communist party posts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more severe sign of disobedience was so-called <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> of 1970 and 1971, when students in Zagreb organised demonstrations for greater civil liberties and greater Croatian autonomy, followed by mass protests across Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lalić_&_Prug_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lalić_&_Prug-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime stifled the public protest and incarcerated the leaders, though many key Croatian representatives in the Party silently supported this cause.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a new <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">Constitution</a> was ratified in 1974, which gave more rights to the individual republics in Yugoslavia and provinces in Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lalić_&_Prug_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lalić_&_Prug-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_tensions_and_economic_crisis">Ethnic tensions and economic crisis</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> took over the country at the end of WWII, nationalism was banned from being publicly promoted. Overall relative peace was retained under Tito's rule, though nationalist protests did occur, but these were usually repressed and nationalist leaders were arrested and some were executed by Yugoslav officials. However, the Croatian Spring protests in the 1970s were backed by large numbers of Croats who complained that Yugoslavia remained a Serb hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tito, whose home republic was Croatia, was concerned over the stability of the country and responded in a manner to appease both Croats and Serbs: he ordered the arrest of the Croatian Spring protestors while at the same time conceding to some of their demands. Following the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a>, Serbia's influence in the country was significantly reduced,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> were granted greater autonomy, along with greater rights for the Albanians of Kosovo and Hungarians of Vojvodina.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both provinces were afforded much of the same status as the six republics of Yugoslavia, though they could not secede.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vojvodina and Kosovo formed the provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a> but also formed part of the federation, which led to the unique situation in which <a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a> did not have its own assembly but a joint assembly with its provinces represented in it. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> became nationally recognised minority languages, and the Serbo-Croat of Bosnia and Montenegro altered to a form based on the speech of the local people and not on the standards of Zagreb and Belgrade. In Slovenia the recognized minorities were Hungarians and Italians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fact that these autonomous provinces held the same voting power as the republics but unlike other republics could not legally separate from Yugoslavia satisfied Croatia and Slovenia, but in Serbia and in the new autonomous province of Kosovo, reaction was different. Serbs saw the new constitution as conceding to Croat and ethnic Albanian nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Malley-Morrison_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malley-Morrison-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo saw the creation of an autonomous province as not being enough, and demanded that Kosovo become a constituent republic with the right to separate from Yugoslavia. This created tensions within the Communist leadership, particularly among Communist Serb officials who viewed the 1974 constitution as weakening Serbia's influence and jeopardising the unity of the country by allowing the republics the right to separate.<sup id="cite_ref-Malley-Morrison_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malley-Morrison-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to official statistics, from the 1950s to the early 1980s, Yugoslavia was among the fastest growing countries, approaching the ranges reported in South Korea and other countries undergoing an <a href="/wiki/Economic_miracle" title="Economic miracle">economic miracle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baten_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baten-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unique socialist system in Yugoslavia, where factories were <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a> and decision-making was less centralized than in other socialist countries, may have led to the stronger growth. However, even if the absolute value of the growth rates was not as high as indicated by the official statistics, both the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia were characterized by surprisingly high growth rates of both income and education during the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Baten_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baten-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of European growth ended after the oil price shock in 1970s. Following that, an economic crisis erupted in Yugoslavia due to disastrous economic policies such as borrowing vast amounts of Western capital to fund growth through exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Baten_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baten-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Western economies went into recession, decreasing demand for Yugoslav imports thereby creating a large debt problem.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, 248 firms were declared bankrupt or were liquidated and 89,400 workers were laid off according to official sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>. During the first nine months of 1990 and directly following the adoption of the IMF programme, another 889 enterprises with a combined work-force of 525,000 workers suffered the same fate. In other words, in less than two years "the trigger mechanism" (under the Financial Operations Act) had led to the layoff of more than 600,000 workers out of a total industrial workforce of the order of 2.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 20% of the work force, or half a million people, were not paid wages during the early months of 1990 as enterprises sought to avoid bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chossudovsky_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chossudovsky-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest concentrations of bankrupt firms and lay-offs were in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo. Real earnings were in a free fall and social programmes collapsed; creating within the population an atmosphere of social despair and hopelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-Chossudovsky_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chossudovsky-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a critical turning point in the events to follow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breakup">Breakup</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif/250px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif/375px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif/500px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Breakup of Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure> <p>After Tito's death on 4 May 1980, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">ethnic tensions</a> grew in Yugoslavia. The legacy of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">Constitution of 1974</a> threw the system of decision-making into a state of paralysis, made all the more hopeless as the conflict of interests became irreconcilable. The Albanian majority in Kosovo demanded the status of a republic in the <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a> while Serbian authorities suppressed this sentiment and proceeded to reduce the province's autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> drafted a memorandum addressing some burning issues concerning the position of Serbs as the most numerous people in Yugoslavia. The largest Yugoslav republic in territory and population, Serbia's influence over the regions of Kosovo and Vojvodina was reduced by the 1974 Constitution. Because its two autonomous provinces had de facto prerogatives of full-fledged republics, Serbia found that its hands were tied, for the republican government was restricted in making and carrying out decisions that would apply to the provinces. Since the provinces had a vote in the Federal Presidency Council (an eight-member council composed of representatives from the six republics and the two autonomous provinces), they sometimes even entered into coalitions with other republics, thus outvoting Serbia. Serbia's political impotence made it possible for others to exert pressure on the 2 million Serbs (20% of the total Serbian population) living outside Serbia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Tito's death, Serbian communist leader <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> began making his way toward the pinnacle of Serbian leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milošević sought to restore pre-1974 Serbian sovereignty. Other republics, especially Slovenia and Croatia, denounced his proposal as a revival of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">greater Serbian</a> hegemonism. Through a series of moves known as the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">anti-bureaucratic revolution</a>", Milošević succeeded in reducing the autonomy of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and Metohija,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both entities retained a vote in the Yugoslav Presidency Council. The very instrument that reduced Serbian influence before was now used to increase it: in the eight-member Council, Serbia could now count on four votes at a minimum: Serbia proper, then-loyal Montenegro, Vojvodina, and Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of these events, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">ethnic Albanian</a> miners in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> organised the <a href="/wiki/1989_Kosovo_miners%27_strike" title="1989 Kosovo miners' strike">1989 Kosovo miners' strike</a>, which dovetailed into an ethnic conflict between the Albanians and the non-Albanians in the province. At around 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo#1968-1989:_Autonomy" title="Demographics of Kosovo">population of Kosovo in the 1980s</a>, ethnic-Albanians were the majority. With Milošević gaining control over Kosovo in 1989, the original residency changed drastically leaving only a minimum number of Serbians in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Serbs in Kosovo was quickly declining for several reasons, among them the ever-increasing ethnic tensions and subsequent emigration from the area.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> supported the Albanian miners and their struggle for formal recognition. Initial strikes turned into widespread demonstrations demanding a Kosovar republic. This angered Serbia's leadership which proceeded to use police force and later, federal police troops to restore civil order.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1990, the extraordinary 14th Congress of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> was convened, where the Serbian and Slovenian delegations argued over the future of the League of Communists and Yugoslavia. The Serbian delegation, led by Milošević, insisted on a policy of "one person, one vote" which would empower the plurality population, the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>. In turn, the Slovenian delegation, supported by Croats, sought to reform Yugoslavia by devolving even more power to republics, but were voted down. As a result, the Slovene and Croatian delegations left the Congress and the all-Yugoslav Communist party was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitutional crisis that inevitably followed resulted in a rise of nationalism in all republics: Slovenia and Croatia voiced demands for looser ties within the federation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, each of the republics held multi-party elections in 1990. Slovenia and Croatia held the elections in April since their communist parties chose to cede power peacefully. Other Yugoslav republics—especially Serbia—were more or less dissatisfied with the democratisation in two of the republics and proposed different sanctions (e.g. Serbian "customs tax" for Slovene products) against the two, but as the year progressed, other republics' communist parties saw the inevitability of the democratisation process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In December, as the last member of the federation, Serbia held parliamentary elections confirming the rule of former communists in the republic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Slovenia and Croatia elected governments oriented towards greater autonomy of the republics (under <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia and Montenegro elected candidates who favoured Yugoslav unity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Croat quest for independence led to large Serb communities within Croatia rebelling and trying to secede from the Croat republic. Serbs in Croatia would not accept the status of a national minority in a sovereign Croatia since they would be demoted from the status of a constituent nation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav_Wars">Yugoslav Wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Yugoslavia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The war broke out when the new regimes tried to replace Yugoslav civilian and military forces with secessionist forces. When, in August 1990, Croatia attempted to replace police in the Serb-populated Croat Krajina by force, the population first looked for refuge in the Yugoslav Army barracks, while the army remained passive. The civilians then organised armed resistance. These armed conflicts between the Croatian armed forces ("police") and civilians mark the beginning of the Yugoslav war that inflamed the region. Similarly, the attempt to replace Yugoslav frontier police by Slovene police forces provoked regional armed conflicts which ended with a minimal number of victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Allcock,_1998_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allcock,_1998-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar attempt in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to a war that lasted more than three years (see below). The results of all these conflicts were the almost total emigration of the Serbs from all three regions, the massive displacement of the populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the establishment of the three new independent states. The separation of Macedonia was peaceful, although the Yugoslav Army occupied the peak of the Straža mountain on Macedonian soil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Serbian uprisings in Croatia began in August 1990 by blocking roads leading from the Dalmatian coast towards the interior almost a year before Croatian leadership made any move towards independence. These uprisings were more or less discreetly backed by the Serb-dominated federal army (JNA). The Serbs in Croatia proclaimed "Serb autonomous areas", which were later united into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serb_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serb Krajina">Republic of Serb Krajina</a>. The federal army tried to disarm the territorial defence forces of Slovenia (the republics had their local defence forces similar to the Home Guard) in 1990 but was not completely successful. Still, Slovenia began to covertly import arms to replenish its armed forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Croatia also embarked upon the illegal importation of arms, (following the disarmament of the republics' armed forces by the federal army) mainly from Hungary. These activities were under constant surveillance and produced a <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pegelj_Tapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Špegelj Tapes">video of a secret meeting</a> between the Croatian Defence minister Martin Špegelj and two unidentified men. The video, filmed by the Yugoslav counter-intelligence (<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">KOS, Kontra-obavještajna služba</i></span>), showed Špegel announcing that they were at war with the army and giving instructions about arms smuggling as well as methods of dealing with the Yugoslav Army's officers stationed in Croatian cities. Serbia and JNA used this discovery of Croatian rearmament for propaganda purposes. Guns were also fired from army bases through Croatia. Elsewhere, tensions were running high. In the same month, the Army leaders met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia in an attempt to get them to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> which would allow for the army to take control of the country. The army was seen as an arm of the Serbian government by that time so the consequence feared by the other republics was to be total Serbian domination of the union. The representatives of Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Vojvodina voted for the decision, while all other republics, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, voted against. The tie delayed an escalation of conflicts, but not for long.<sup id="cite_ref-Allcock,_1998_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allcock,_1998-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the first multi-party election results, in the autumn of 1990, the republics of Slovenia and Croatia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of six republics. By this proposal, republics would have right to self-determination. However <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Milošević</a> rejected all such proposals, arguing that like Slovenes and Croats, the Serbs (having in mind Croatian Serbs) should also have a right to self-determination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 9 March 1991, demonstrations were held against Slobodan Milošević in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, but the police and the military were deployed in the streets to restore order, killing two people. In late March 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a> was one of the first sparks of open war in Croatia. The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA), whose superior officers were mainly of Serbian ethnicity, maintained an impression of being neutral, but as time went on, they became increasingly more involved in state politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became the first republics to declare independence from Yugoslavia. The federal customs officers in Slovenia on the border crossings with Italy, Austria, and Hungary simply changed uniforms since most of them were local Slovenes. The following day (26 June), the Federal Executive Council specifically ordered the army to take control of the "internationally recognized borders", leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a>. As Slovenia and Croatia fought towards independence, the Serbian and Croatian forces indulged in violent and perilous rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> forces, based in barracks in Slovenia and Croatia, attempted to carry out the task within the next 48 hours. However, because of misinformation given to the Yugoslav Army conscripts that the Federation was under attack by foreign forces and the fact that the majority of them did not wish to engage in a war on the ground where they served their conscription, the Slovene territorial defence forces retook most of the posts within days with minimal loss of life on both sides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was, however, evidence of a suspected war crime. The Austrian <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF TV network</a> showed <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War#Holmec_incident" title="Ten-Day War">footage</a> of three Yugoslav Army soldiers surrendering to the territorial defence force when gunfire was heard and the troops were seen falling down. None were killed in the incident, yet there were numerous cases of destruction of civilian property and civilian life by the Yugoslav People's Army, including houses and a church. A civilian airport, along with a hangar and aircraft inside the hangar, was bombarded; truck drivers on the road from Ljubljana to Zagreb and Austrian journalists at the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Airport" title="Ljubljana Airport">Ljubljana Airport</a> were killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A ceasefire was eventually agreed upon. According to the <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a>, recognised by representatives of all republics, the international community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on their independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia, but in Croatia, a bloody <a href="/wiki/War_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Croatia">war</a> broke out in the autumn of 1991. Ethnic Serbs, who had created their own state <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> in heavily Serb-populated regions resisted the police forces of the Republic of Croatia who were trying to bring that breakaway region back under Croatian jurisdiction. In some strategic places, the Yugoslav Army acted as a buffer zone; in most others it was protecting or aiding Serbs with resources and even manpower in their confrontation with the new Croatian army and their police force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> also declared independence, becoming the only former republic to gain sovereignty without resistance from the Belgrade-based Yugoslav authorities. 500 US soldiers were then deployed under the UN banner to monitor Macedonia's northern borders with the Republic of Serbia. Macedonia's first president, <a href="/wiki/Kiro_Gligorov" title="Kiro Gligorov">Kiro Gligorov</a>, maintained good relations with Belgrade and the other breakaway republics and there have to date been no problems between Macedonian and Serbian border police even though small pockets of Kosovo and the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo" title="Preševo">Preševo</a> valley complete the northern reaches of the historical region known as Macedonia (Prohor Pčinjski part), which would otherwise create a border dispute if ever Macedonian nationalism should resurface (see <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a>). This was despite the fact that the Yugoslav Army refused to abandon its military infrastructure on the top of the Straža Mountain up to the year 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result of the conflict, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously adopted <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_721" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 721">UN Security Council Resolution 721</a> on 27 November 1991, which paved the way to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bosnia and Herzegovina in November 1991, the Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of forming a Serbian republic within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina and staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro. On 9 January 1992, the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb assembly proclaimed a separate "Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina". The referendum and creation of SARs were proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a> by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and declared illegal and invalid. In February–March 1992, the government held a national referendum on Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia. That referendum was in turn declared contrary to the BiH and the Federal constitution by the federal Constitutional Court in Belgrade and the newly established Bosnian Serb government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The referendum was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. The Federal court in Belgrade did not decide on the matter of the referendum of the Bosnian Serbs. The turnout was somewhere between 64 and 67% and 98% of the voters voted for independence. It was not clear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied. The republic's government declared its independence on 5 April, and the Serbs immediately declared the independence of <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">Republika Srpska</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">war in Bosnia</a> followed shortly thereafter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3></div> <p>Various dates are considered the end of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: </p> <ul><li>25 June 1991, when <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> declared independence<sup id="cite_ref-Meier_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 September 1991: following a referendum the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> declared independence which was ratified by the Assembly of Macedonia on 17 September<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 October 1991, when the 9 July moratorium on Slovene and Croatian secession ended and Croatia restated its independence in the Croatian Parliament (that day is officially considered the date of Independence)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 April 1992: full recognition of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>'s independence by the European Union followed by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 April 1992: the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> is formed<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 December 1995: the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> is signed by the leaders of FR Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_states">New states</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession,_1992–2003"><span id="Succession.2C_1992.E2.80.932003"></span>Succession, 1992–2003</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia,_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1992.png/250px-Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1992.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1992.png/375px-Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1992.png/500px-Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Yugoslavia at the time of its dissolution, early 1992</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/250px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/375px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/500px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The state of affairs of the territory of the former Yugoslavia, 2008</div></div></div></div></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> raged through Bosnia and Croatia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, which remained relatively untouched by the war, formed a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FRY) in 1992. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia aspired to be a sole <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">legal successor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. The United Nations also <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_777" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 777">denied its request to automatically continue the membership of the former state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mpil.de_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpil.de-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Milošević was prosecuted for atrocities committed in his ten-year rule in Serbia and the Yugoslav Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, after the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> from power as president of the federation in 2000, the country dropped those aspirations, accepted the opinion of the <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Arbitration_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Arbitration Committee">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a> about shared succession, and reapplied for and gained UN membership on 2 November 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1992 to 2000, some countries, including the United States, had referred to the FRY as <i>Serbia and Montenegro</i><sup id="cite_ref-Serbia_and_Montenegro_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serbia_and_Montenegro-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they viewed its claim to Yugoslavia's successorship as illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2001, the five successor states extant at the time drafted an <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Succession_Issues_of_the_Former_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Successor_agreement_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Successor_agreement-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marking an important transition in its history, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was officially renamed <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> in 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the Succession Agreement signed in Vienna on 29 June 2001, all assets of former Yugoslavia were divided between five successor states:<sup id="cite_ref-Successor_agreement_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Successor_agreement-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Declared date of independence </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">United Nations membership</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-04-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 April 1992</span><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002000-11-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 November 2000</span><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td style="width:6em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1992%E2%80%931998).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width:4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1992%E2%80%931998).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="710" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-03-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 March 1992</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-05-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 May 1992</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/70px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/105px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/140px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-06-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 June 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-05-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 May 1992</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Macedonia_(1992%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_(1946%E2%80%932009).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-09-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 September 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-04-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 April 1993</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/70px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/105px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/140px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-06-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 June 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-05-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 May 1992</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession,_2006–present"><span id="Succession.2C_2006.E2.80.93present"></span>Succession, 2006–present</h3></div> <p>In June 2006, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> became an independent nation after the results of a <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">May 2006 referendum</a>, therefore rendering Serbia and Montenegro no longer existent. After Montenegro's independence, Serbia became the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">legal successor</a> of Serbia and Montenegro, while Montenegro re-applied for membership in international organisations. In February 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> declared independence from Serbia, leading to an ongoing dispute on whether Kosovo is a legally recognised state. Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations, but a number of states, including the United States and various members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, have <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognised</a> Republic of Kosovo as a sovereign state.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Flag </th> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/68px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/90px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/68px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/68px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/90px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/68px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/90px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Coat of arms </th> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="584" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/61px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/81px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/68px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="729" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/47px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/94px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="622" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="799" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="884" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Capital </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Independence </th> <td>3 March,<br /> 1992 </td> <td>25 June,<br /> 1991 </td> <td>17 February,<br /> 2008 </td> <td>3 June,<br /> 2006 </td> <td>8 September, <br /> 1991 </td> <td>5 June,<br /> 2006 </td> <td>25 June,<br /> 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Population (2018) </th> <td>3,301,779 </td> <td>4,109,669 </td> <td>1,886,259 </td> <td>622,359 </td> <td>2,068,979 </td> <td>6,988,221 </td> <td>2,086,525 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Area </th> <td>51,197 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>56,594 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>10,908 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>13,812 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>25,713 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>88,361 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>20,273 km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Density </th> <td>69/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>74/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>159/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>45/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>81/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>91/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>102/km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Water area (%) </th> <td>0.02% </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>1.00% </td> <td>2.61% </td> <td>1.09% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>GDP (nominal) total (2023) </th> <td>$24.531 billion </td> <td>$73.490 billion </td> <td>$9.815 billion </td> <td>$6.674 billion </td> <td>$15.024 billion </td> <td>$68.679 billion </td> <td>$65.202 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>GDP (PPP) per capita (2023) </th> <td>$18,956 </td> <td>$40,484 </td> <td>$15,398 </td> <td>$27,616 </td> <td>$21,103 </td> <td>$25,718 </td> <td>$52,517 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini Index</a> (2018<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th> <td>33.0 </td> <td>29.7 </td> <td>23.2 </td> <td>33.2 </td> <td>43.2 </td> <td>29.7 </td> <td>25.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021) </th> <td>0.780 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">High</a>) </td> <td>0.858 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Very High</a>) </td> <td>0.750 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">High</a>) </td> <td>0.832 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Very High</a>) </td> <td>0.770 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">High</a>) </td> <td>0.802 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Very High</a>) </td> <td>0.918 (<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Very High</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Internet <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">TLD</a> </th> <td>.ba </td> <td>.hr </td> <td>.xk </td> <td>.me </td> <td>.mk </td> <td>.rs </td> <td>.si </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">Calling code</a> </th> <td>+387 </td> <td>+385 </td> <td>+383 </td> <td>+382 </td> <td>+389 </td> <td>+381 </td> <td>+386 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></div> <p>Remembrance of the time of the joint state and its positive attributes is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></i>. Many aspects of Yugo-nostalgia refer to the socialist system and the sense of social security it provided. There are still people from the former Yugoslavia who self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>; this identifier is commonly seen in demographics relating to ethnicity in today's independent states.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about overall statistics on religion, ethnicity, and language.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AYugoslavia&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+30+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Yugoslavia">by making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show">to include this information </span>. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yugoslavia" title="Talk:Yugoslavia">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg/290px-Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg/435px-Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg/580px-Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of Yugoslavia based on 1991 census data, published by CIA in 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>Yugoslavia had always been a home to a very diverse population, not only in terms of national affiliation, but also religious affiliation. Of the many religions, Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Protestantism, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Orthodox</a> faiths, composed the religions of Yugoslavia, comprising over 40 in all. The religious demographics of Yugoslavia changed dramatically since World War II. A census taken in 1921 and later in 1948 show that 99% of the population appeared to be deeply involved with their religion and practices. With postwar government programs of modernisation and urbanisation, the percentage of religious believers took a dramatic plunge. Connections between religious belief and nationality posed a serious threat to the post-war Communist government's policies on national unity and state structure.<sup id="cite_ref-atheism.about.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atheism.about.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Yugoslavia became a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist state</a>, in contrast to other <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> of the time, Catholic Church maintained an active role in society of Yugoslavia,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> normalized its <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Holy See–Yugoslavia relations">relations with Yugoslavia</a> by 1967 and worked together on stopping the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jutarnji_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jutarnji-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> received favorable treatment, and Yugoslavia did not engage in anti-religious campaigns to the extent of other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the rise of communism, a survey taken in 1964 showed that just over 70% of the total population of Yugoslavia considered themselves to be religious believers. The places of highest religious concentration were that of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> with 91% and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> with 83.8%. The places of lowest religious concentration were <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> 65.4%, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> with 63.7% and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> with 63.6%. The percentage of self-declared atheists was highest among <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> by nationality at 45%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> at 42%.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious differences between Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> alongside the rise of nationalism contributed to the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-atheism.about.com_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atheism.about.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> had unitary policies, suppressed autonomy and proclaimed the official ideology to be that Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Macedonians and Slovenes were tribes of one nation of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a>), to the heavy disagreement and resistance from Croats and other ethnic groups; this was interpreted as gradual <a href="/wiki/Serbianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbianization">Serbianization</a> of Yugoslavia's non-Serb population. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> was ideologically opposed to ethnic unitarism and royal hegemony, and instead promoted ethnic diversity and social <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> within the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">brotherhood and unity</a>", while organizing the country as a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <p>The three major languages in Yugoslavia were <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magner1967_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magner1967-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbo-Croatian, the only language taught all across former Yugoslavia, remained the <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, especially those born during the time of Yugoslavia. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbo-Croatian has lost its unitary codification and its official unitary status and has since <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">diverged into four standardized varieties</a> of what remains one <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In national languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Jugoslavija</i> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">Југославија</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[juɡǒslaːʋija]</a></span>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Jugoslavija</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[juɡɔˈslàːʋija]</a></span>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Југославија</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">[juɡɔˈsɫavija]</a></span> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> In regional and minority languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Jugosllavia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Iugoslavia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Jugoszlávia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Югославия</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Juhoslavija</i></span>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Juhoslávia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Iugoslavia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Jugoslávie</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Iugoslavia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Yugoslavya</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Югославия</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Yugoslaviya</i></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croat</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Ante_Trumbi%C4%87" title="Ante Trumbić">Ante Trumbić</a>, lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an independent <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> state and delivered the proposal in the <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Declaration" title="Corfu Declaration">Corfu Declaration</a> on 20 July 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_Tucker_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer_Tucker_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> in 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Date of the proclamation of the FR of Yugoslavia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Membership succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> on <span data-sort-value="000000002006-06-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 June 2006</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Name changed to the Republic of North Macedonia in 2019 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">Prespa Agreement</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1955/Pdf/G19552002.pdf">"Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1955"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publikacije.stat.gov.rs</i>. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publikacije.stat.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Statistical+yearbook+of+Yugoslavia%2C+1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikacije.stat.gov.rs%2FG1955%2FPdf%2FG19552002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1965/Pdf/G19652001.pdf">"Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publikacije.stat.gov.rs</i>. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publikacije.stat.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Statistical+yearbook+of+Yugoslavia%2C+1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikacije.stat.gov.rs%2FG1965%2FPdf%2FG19652001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1975/Pdf/G19752003.pdf">"Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1975"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publikacije.stat.gov.rs</i>. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publikacije.stat.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Statistical+yearbook+of+Yugoslavia%2C+1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikacije.stat.gov.rs%2FG1975%2FPdf%2FG19752003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1985/Pdf/G19852003.pdf">"Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1985"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publikacije.stat.gov.rs</i>. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publikacije.stat.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Statistical+yearbook+of+Yugoslavia%2C+1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikacije.stat.gov.rs%2FG1985%2FPdf%2FG19852003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1991/Pdf/G19912003.pdf">"Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1991"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publikacije.stat.gov.rs</i>. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publikacije.stat.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Statistical+yearbook+of+Yugoslavia%2C+1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikacije.stat.gov.rs%2FG1991%2FPdf%2FG19912003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer_Tucker_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_Tucker_2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer Tucker. <i>Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Pp. 1189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516203805/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/family/index.htm">"orderofdanilo.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/family/index.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=orderofdanilo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofdanilo.org%2Fen%2Ffamily%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington1996" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clash of Civilizations"><i>The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofciviliza00hunt/page/260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84441-1"><bdi>978-0-684-84441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+clash+of+civilizations+and+the+remaking+of+world+order&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84441-1&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/kosovo/110492.stm">"History, bloody history"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 March 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125151232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/kosovo/110492.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=History%2C+bloody+history&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fspecial_report%2F1998%2Fkosovo%2F110492.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBRD_Country_Promotion_Programme_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025829/http://www.fifoost.org/jugoslaw/yugo.pdf">"FR Yugoslavia Investment Profile 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. EBRD Country Promotion Programme. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifoost.org/jugoslaw/yugo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FR+Yugoslavia+Investment+Profile+2001&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=EBRD+Country+Promotion+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifoost.org%2Fjugoslaw%2Fyugo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJezernik2023" class="citation book cs1">Jezernik, Božidar (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEmnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Yugoslavia without Yugoslavs: The History of a National Idea</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 221–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781805390442" title="Special:BookSources/9781805390442"><bdi>9781805390442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+without+Yugoslavs%3A+The+History+of+a+National+Idea&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781805390442&rft.aulast=Jezernik&rft.aufirst=Bo%C5%BEidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEmnEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick1918" class="citation journal cs1">Fenwick, Charles G. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945848">"Jugoslavic National Unity"</a>. <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 718–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945848">10.2307/1945848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945848">1945848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147372053">147372053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Jugoslavic+National+Unity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=718-721&rft.date=1918&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147372053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1945848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1945848&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1945848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherfordHibbertSomerville1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rutherford, Malcolm; Hibbert, Reginald; Somerville, Keith (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40396747">"Notes of the Month"</a>. <i>The World Today</i>. <b>51</b> (8/9): 156. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-9134">0043-9134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40396747">40396747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Today&rft.atitle=Notes+of+the+Month&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=8%2F9&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40396747%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-9134&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Hibbert%2C+Reginald&rft.au=Somerville%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40396747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654783">Yugoslavia</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200673-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet200673_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiana_University2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1929.htm">"Chronology 1929"</a>. indiana.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222035557/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1929.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+1929&rft.pub=indiana.edu&rft.date=2002-10&rft.au=Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~league%2F1929.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiana_University2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1931.htm">"Chronology 1929"</a>. indiana.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222001410/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1931.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+1929&rft.pub=indiana.edu&rft.date=2002-10&rft.au=Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~league%2F1931.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoniaFine1994-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoniaFine1994_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoniaFine1994_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniaFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Donia, Robert J.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stOIQ5GXIDgC&pg=PA129"><i>Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231101615" title="Special:BookSources/9780231101615"><bdi>9780231101615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Hercegovina%3A+A+Tradition+Betrayed&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780231101615&rft.aulast=Donia&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Fine%2C+John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstOIQ5GXIDgC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkeson2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkeson, Edward B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QFUOVXylsQC&pg=PA141"><i>The New Legions: American Strategy and the Responsibility of Power</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442213777" title="Special:BookSources/9781442213777"><bdi>9781442213777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Legions%3A+American+Strategy+and+the+Responsibility+of+Power&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781442213777&rft.aulast=Atkeson&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QFUOVXylsQC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszkowskiKofman2016" class="citation book cs1">Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnKlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3465"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 3465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31747-593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31747-593-4"><bdi>978-1-31747-593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=3465&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-31747-593-4&rft.aulast=Roszkowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Kofman%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnKlDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYugoslavia1934" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslavia</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsTmAAAAMAAJ&q=cernozemski+bulgarian"><i>Request by the Yugoslav Government Under Article 11, Paragraph 2, of the Covenant: Communication from the Yugoslav Government</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Request+by+the+Yugoslav+Government+Under+Article+11%2C+Paragraph+2%2C+of+the+Covenant%3A+Communication+from+the+Yugoslav+Government&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=League+of+Nations&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Yugoslavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsTmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcernozemski%2Bbulgarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1984" class="citation book cs1">Banac, Ivo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&dq=cernozemski+bulgarian&pg=PA326"><i>The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-9493-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Yugoslavia%3A+Origins%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfqbujXqQBkC%26dq%3Dcernozemski%2Bbulgarian%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroueff1987" class="citation book cs1">Groueff, Stéphane (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6B9pAAAAMAAJ&q=tchernozemski+bulgarian"><i>Crown of Thorns</i></a>. Madison Books. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-5778-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-5778-2"><bdi>978-0-8191-5778-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+of+Thorns&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Madison+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-5778-2&rft.aulast=Groueff&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6B9pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtchernozemski%2Bbulgarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosta2007" class="citation book cs1">Kosta, Todorov (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5-ixYvhfs8C&dq=1934+imro+bulgarian+Vlado&pg=PA261"><i>Balkan Firebrand - The Autobiography of a Rebel Soldier and Statesman</i></a>. Read Books. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5375-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5375-2"><bdi>978-1-4067-5375-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Firebrand+-+The+Autobiography+of+a+Rebel+Soldier+and+Statesman&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-5375-2&rft.aulast=Kosta&rft.aufirst=Todorov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5-ixYvhfs8C%26dq%3D1934%2Bimro%2Bbulgarian%2BVlado%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaza2011" class="citation book cs1">Maza, Sarah (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ViAANnwIYgUC&dq=chernozemski+bulgarian&pg=PA230"><i>Violette Noziere: A Story of Murder in 1930s Paris</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94873-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94873-0"><bdi>978-0-520-94873-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violette+Noziere%3A+A+Story+of+Murder+in+1930s+Paris&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94873-0&rft.aulast=Maza&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViAANnwIYgUC%26dq%3Dchernozemski%2Bbulgarian%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalna.nb.rs/wb/NBS/Periodika/SD_EA14D129E93A8F6C7A1935AA12C320B4/1934/10/12?pageIndex=00003">"Краљевски намесници и чланови Народног претставништва положили су јуче заклетву на верност Њ. 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Кралу Петру II"</a> [Royal deputies and members of the People's Representative Office took the oath of allegiance to King Peter II yesterday]. <i>Време</i> (in Serbo-Croatian). 12 October 1934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%83+%D1%98%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%8A.+%D0%92.+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83+II&rft.date=1934-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalna.nb.rs%2Fwb%2FNBS%2FPeriodika%2FSD_EA14D129E93A8F6C7A1935AA12C320B4%2F1934%2F10%2F12%3FpageIndex%3D00003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Palmer, "Revolt in Belgrade, March 27, 1941", <i>History Today</i> (March 1960) 10#3 pp 192–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091015085557/http%3A//www1.yadvashem.org.il/about_holocaust/month_in_holocaust/april/april_chronology/chronology_1941_april_06.html">"6 April: Germany Invades Yugoslavia and Greece"</a>. <i>arquivo.pt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org.il/about_holocaust/month_in_holocaust/april/april_chronology/chronology_1941_april_06.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arquivo.pt&rft.atitle=6+April%3A+Germany+Invades+Yugoslavia+and+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org.il%2Fabout_holocaust%2Fmonth_in_holocaust%2Fapril%2Fapril_chronology%2Fchronology_1941_april_06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_A._HartBritish_Broadcasting_Corporation2011" class="citation web cs1">Stephen A. Hart; <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml">"Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941–1945"</a>. bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128065207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partisans%3A+War+in+the+Balkans+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=bbc.com&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.au=Stephen+A.+Hart&rft.au=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fpartisan_fighters_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_Channel2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/yugoslavia-surrenders">"Apr 17, 1941: Yugoslavia surrenders"</a>. history.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215720/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/yugoslavia-surrenders">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apr+17%2C+1941%3A+Yugoslavia+surrenders&rft.pub=history.com&rft.date=2014&rft.au=History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fyugoslavia-surrenders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiana_University2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027024429/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1941.htm">"Chronology 1929"</a>. indiana.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1941.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+1929&rft.pub=indiana.edu&rft.date=2002-10&rft.au=Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~league%2F1941.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Harold J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5q1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Daily Life in Nazi-Occupied Europe</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440859120" title="Special:BookSources/9781440859120"><bdi>9781440859120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Nazi-Occupied+Europe&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440859120&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5q1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2021" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2021) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FXuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">"Yugoslavia During the Second World War"</a>. In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). <i>Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</i>. University of California Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520369894" title="Special:BookSources/9780520369894"><bdi>9780520369894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780520369894&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FXuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2008" class="citation book cs1">Pavlowitch, Stefan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK8SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285"><i>Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199326631" title="Special:BookSources/9780199326631"><bdi>9780199326631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+New+Disorder%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199326631&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZK8SEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Martin, Ally Betrayed: The Uncensored Story of Tito and Mihailovich, (New York: Prentice Hall, 1946), 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedžić2005" class="citation book cs1">Redžić, Enver (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&pg=PA155"><i>Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War</i></a>. New York: Tylor and Francis. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5625-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818050246/https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Tylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0&rft.aulast=Red%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVCx3jerQmYC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiger-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geiger_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Geiger, Vladimir (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en">"Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators"</a>. <i>Review of Croatian History</i>. <b>VIII</b> (1). Croatian Institute of History: 117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064114/https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Croatian+History&rft.atitle=Human+Losses+of+the+Croats+in+World+War+II+and+the+Immediate+Post-War+Period+Caused+by+the+Chetniks+%28Yugoslav+Army+in+the+Fatherand%29+and+the+Partisans+%28People%27s+Liberation+Army+and+the+Partisan+Detachments+of+Yugoslavia%2FYugoslav+Army%29+and+the+Communist+Authorities%3A+Numerical+Indicators&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F103223%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2019" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Andrew N. (2019). <i>World War II in Global Perspective, 1931-1953: A Short History</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1193-6607-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1193-6607-2"><bdi>978-1-1193-6607-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Global+Perspective%2C+1931-1953%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-1193-6607-2&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Lees, <i>The Rape of Serbia: The British Role in Tito's Grab for Power, 1943–1944</i> (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._ArnoldRoberta_Wiener2012" class="citation book cs1">James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC&pg=PA216"><i>Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9003-4"><bdi>978-1-6106-9003-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101214426/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-1-6106-9003-4&rft.au=James+R.+Arnold&rft.au=Roberta+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRd6Y-oiFPAC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByford2020" class="citation book cs1">Byford, Jovan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8LkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158"><i>Picturing Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia: Atrocity Images and the Contested Memory of the Second World War in the Balkans</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-1597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-1597-5"><bdi>978-1-3500-1597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturing+Genocide+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia%3A+Atrocity+Images+and+the+Contested+Memory+of+the+Second+World+War+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-1597-5&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8LkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jes-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jes_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup1989" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, John E. (1989). <i>A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-24308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-24308-0"><bdi>978-0-313-24308-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+Conflict+and+Resolution%2C+1945%E2%80%931985&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-313-24308-0&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_and_Wiener2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnold and Wiener (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC&pg=PA216"><i>Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690034" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690034"><bdi>9781610690034</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101214426/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781610690034&rft.au=Arnold+and+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRd6Y-oiFPAC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O._IatridesLinda_Wrigley2004" class="citation book cs1">John O. Iatrides; Linda Wrigley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv1t3D_3vjkC&pg=PA267"><i>Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and Its Legacy</i></a>. Penn State University Press. pp. 267–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271043302" title="Special:BookSources/9780271043302"><bdi>9780271043302</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101214426/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv1t3D_3vjkC&pg=PA267">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+at+the+Crossroads%3A+The+Civil+War+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pages=267-73&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780271043302&rft.au=John+O.+Iatrides&rft.au=Linda+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVv1t3D_3vjkC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortmann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Portmann M (2010). "Die orthodoxe Abweichung. Ansiedlungspolitik in der Vojvodina zwischen 1944 und 1947". <i>Bohemica. A Journal of History and Civilisation in East Central Europe</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 95–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18447%2FBoZ-2010-2474">10.18447/BoZ-2010-2474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bohemica.+A+Journal+of+History+and+Civilisation+in+East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Die+orthodoxe+Abweichung.+Ansiedlungspolitik+in+der+Vojvodina+zwischen+1944+und+1947&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-120&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18447%2FBoZ-2010-2474&rft.aulast=Portmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr2018" class="citation book cs1">Niebuhr, Robert Edward (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>The Search for a Cold War Legitimacy: Foreign Policy and Tito's Yugoslavia</i></a>. BRILL. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-5899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-5899-7"><bdi>978-9-0043-5899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+a+Cold+War+Legitimacy%3A+Foreign+Policy+and+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9-0043-5899-7&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Robert+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasZKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČubrilo2020" class="citation book cs1">Čubrilo, Jasmina (2020). "The Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade and Post-Revolutionary Desire". In Garcia, Noemi de Haro; Mayayo, Jesús Carrillo, Patricia; Carrillo, Jesús (eds.). <i>Making Art History in Europe After 1945</i>. 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Princeton University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5848-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-5848-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Borders%2C+Nonalignment%2C+and+the+Political+Evolution+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5848-4&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfX_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Lampe1990" class="citation book cs1">John R. Lampe; et al. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yugoslavamerican00lamp"><i>Yugoslav-American Economic Relations Since World War II</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yugoslavamerican00lamp/page/28">28</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822310617" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822310617"><bdi>978-0822310617</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslav-American+Economic+Relations+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=28-37&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0822310617&rft.au=John+R.+Lampe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyugoslavamerican00lamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/tito-is-made-president-for-life">"Tito is made president of Yugoslavia for life"</a>. <i>History.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Tito+is+made+president+of+Yugoslavia+for+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ftito-is-made-president-for-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Notes-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Notes_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Notes_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Notes_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Public_Affairs_Office_of_Media_Services1976" class="citation book cs1">Bureau of Public Affairs Office of Media Services (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eM8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA43-PA4"><i>Background Notes</i></a>. United States Department of State. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+Notes&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs+Office+of+Media+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeM8WAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA43-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo2bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Post Report</i></a>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-4497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-4497-8"><bdi>978-0-3133-4497-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+National+Symbols+and+Emblems+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-4497-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfrWCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lalić_&_Prug-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lalić_&_Prug_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lalić_&_Prug_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalićPrug2021" class="citation book cs1">Lalić, Alenka Braček; Prug, Danica, eds. 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Springer. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03065-451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03065-451-1"><bdi>978-3-03065-451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Champions+in+Dynamically+Changing+Societies%3A+Critical+Success+Factors+for+Market+Leadership&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-03065-451-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUIsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Shale (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjbDX9MVKWwC&pg=PA150"><i>From Ethnic Conflict to Stillborn Reform: The Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5854-4396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5854-4396-3"><bdi>978-1-5854-4396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ethnic+Conflict+to+Stillborn+Reform%3A+The+Former+Soviet+Union+and+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-5854-4396-3&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Shale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjbDX9MVKWwC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuszka2013" class="citation book cs1">Huszka, Beata (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTlnAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Secessionist Movements and Ethnic Conflict: Debate-Framing and Rhetoric in Independence Campaigns</i></a>. 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Vernon Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6227-3204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6227-3204-3"><bdi>978-1-6227-3204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frozen+Justice%3A+Lessons+from+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%27s+Failed+Transitional+Justice+Strategy&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-6227-3204-3&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Jared+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0biEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulstonPeckham1998" class="citation book cs1">Paulston, Christina Bratt; Peckham, Donald, eds. 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Multilingual Matters. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8535-9416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8535-9416-8"><bdi>978-1-8535-9416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Minorities+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-8535-9416-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHB1kFCB4wYC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer-Lindsay2012" class="citation book cs1">Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC&pg=PA33"><i>The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States</i></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-9652-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-9652-9"><bdi>978-0-2759-9652-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+the+Right+to+Peace%3A+An+International+Survey+of+the+Views+of+Ordinary+People%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-9652-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhV-y4BNWTt0C%26pg%3DRA1-PA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baten-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baten_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baten_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baten_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Joerg, ed. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000368703" title="Special:BookSources/9781000368703"><bdi>9781000368703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separatism+and+the+State&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000368703&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzroYEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1999" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Viktor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oYiKrmTL7EC&pg=PA84"><i>Yugoslavia: a history of its demise</i></a>. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmrClo4yBtQC&pg=PA213"><i>Managing Intercollective Conflict: Prevailing Structures and Global Challenges</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581120431" title="Special:BookSources/9781581120431"><bdi>9781581120431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Intercollective+Conflict%3A+Prevailing+Structures+and+Global+Challenges&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781581120431&rft.aulast=Borgeryd&rft.aufirst=Anna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmrClo4yBtQC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanasiou2017" class="citation book cs1">Athanasiou, Athena (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55"><i>Agonistic Mourning: Political Dissidence and the Women in Black</i></a>. 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SIPRI. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198292005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198292005"><bdi>9780198292005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+from+the+Balkans+to+the+Urals%3A+The+Disintegration+of+Yugoslavia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=SIPRI&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198292005&rft.aulast=Lukic&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9o&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPhhLfp8huIC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allcock,_1998-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allcock,_1998_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allcock,_1998_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allcock, et al. eds., <i>Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedia</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u911127a.htm">"Resolution 721"</a>. <i>N.A.T.O</i>. 25 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629130641/http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u911127a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1346-6510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1346-6510-5"><bdi>978-1-1346-6510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+History+of+its+Demise&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-1346-6510-5&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Def4OS4ZYZKUC%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidmar2013" class="citation book cs1">Vidmar, Jure (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>Democratic Statehood in International Law: The Emergence of New States in Post-Cold War Practice</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7822-5090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7822-5090-6"><bdi>978-1-7822-5090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Statehood+in+International+Law%3A+The+Emergence+of+New+States+in+Post-Cold+War+Practice&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-7822-5090-6&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=Jure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4bbBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelkensAndrijauskaitė2020" class="citation book cs1">Stelkens, Ulrich; Andrijauskaitė, Agnė, eds. 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Flames and Shrines: The Serbian Church and Serbian Nationalist Movement in the 1980s". <i><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Idols" title="Balkan Idols">Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195148568.001.0001">10.1093/0195148568.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517429-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517429-1"><bdi>0-19-517429-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Flames+and+Shrines%3A+The+Serbian+Church+and+Serbian+Nationalist+Movement+in+the+1980s&rft.btitle=Balkan+Idols%3A+Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Yugoslav+States&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0195148568.001.0001&rft.isbn=0-19-517429-1&rft.aulast=Perica&rft.aufirst=Vjekoslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBougarel2003" class="citation book cs1">Bougarel, Xavier (2003). "Bosnian Muslims and the Yugoslav Idea". In <a href="/wiki/Dejan_Djoki%C4%87_(historian)" title="Dejan Djokić (historian)">Djokić, Dejan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC"><i>Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> pp. 100–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-663-0"><bdi>1-85065-663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosnian+Muslims+and+the+Yugoslav+Idea&rft.btitle=Yugoslavism%3A+Histories+of+a+Failed+Idea%2C+1918-1992&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100-114&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85065-663-0&rft.aulast=Bougarel&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMyZdvTympMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magner1967-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magner1967_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagner1967" class="citation journal cs1">Magner, Thomas (Fall 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED024915/page/n3/mode/2up">"Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia"</a>. <i>Canadian Slavic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 333–347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavic+Studies&rft.atitle=Language+and+Nationalism+in+Yugoslavia.&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-347&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Magner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FERIC_ED024915%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörnquist-Plewa2002" class="citation book cs1">Törnquist-Plewa, Barbara (2002). Resic, Sanimir (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YuBEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Od%20Vardara%20pa%20do%20Triglava%22&pg=PA198"><i>The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe</i></a>. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789187121708" title="Special:BookSources/9789187121708"><bdi>9789187121708</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802047788">802047788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+in+Focus%3A+Cultural+Boundaries+in+Europe&rft.place=Lund%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F802047788&rft.isbn=9789187121708&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6rnquist-Plewa&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YuBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Od%2520Vardara%2520pa%2520do%2520Triglava%2522%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Allcock, John B. <i>Explaining Yugoslavia</i> (Columbia University Press, 2000)</li> <li>Allcock, John B. et al. eds. <i>Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedia</i> (1998)</li> <li>Bezdrob, Anne Marie du Preez. <i>Sarajevo Roses: War Memoirs of a Peacekeeper</i>. Oshun, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-77007-031-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-77007-031-1">1-77007-031-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"><i>Histoire du peuple serbe</i></a> [<i>History of the Serbian People</i>] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587" title="Special:BookSources/9782825119587"><bdi>9782825119587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Age+d%E2%80%99Homme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782825119587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0jA_LdH6nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chan, Adrian. <i>Free to Choose: A Teacher's Resource and Activity Guide to Revolution and Reform in Eastern Europe</i>. Stanford, CA: SPICE, 1991. ED 351 248</li> <li>Cigar, Norman. <i>Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic-Cleansing</i>. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995</li> <li>Cohen, Lenard J. <i>Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627040113/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/german.html">Conversi, Daniele: <i>German -Bashing and the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i>, The Donald W. Treadgold Papers in Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies, no. 16, March 1998 (University of Washington: HMJ School of International Studies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Djilas, Milovan</a>. <i>Land without Justice</i>, [with] introd. and notes by <a href="/wiki/William_Jovanovich" title="William Jovanovich">William Jovanovich</a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1958.</li> <li>Dragnich, Alex N. <i>Serbs and Croats. The Struggle in Yugoslavia</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992</li> <li>Fisher, Sharon. <i>Political Change in Post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: From Nationalist to Europeanist</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-7286-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-7286-9">1-4039-7286-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Mischa</a>. <i>The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999</i> (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Mischa</a>. <i>The fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026101-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026101-X">0-14-026101-X</a></li> <li>Gutman, Roy. <i>A Witness to Genocide. The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1993</li> <li>Hall, Richard C., ed. <i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1610690303#reader_1610690303">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hall, Brian. <i>The Impossible Country: A Journey Through the Last Days of Yugoslavia</i> (Penguin Books. New York, 1994)</li> <li>Hayden, Robert M.: Blueprints for a House Divided: The Constitutional Logic of the Yugoslav Conflicts. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000</li> <li>Hoare, Marko A., <i>A History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day</i>. London: Saqi, 2007</li> <li>Hornyak, Arpad. <i>Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927</i> (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2013) 426 pages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a>: <i>History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</i>, Volume 1. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1983 ED 236 093</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a>: <i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</i>, Volume 2. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1983. ED 236 094</li> <li>Kohlmann, Evan F.: <i>Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network</i> Berg, New York 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-802-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-802-8">1-85973-802-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-807-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-807-9">1-85973-807-9</a></li> <li>Malesevic, Sinisa: Ideology, Legitimacy and the New State: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia. London: Routledge, 2002.</li> <li>Owen, David. <i>Balkan Odyssey</i> Harcourt (Harvest Book), 1997</li> <li>Pavlowitch, Stevan K. <i>The improbable survivor: Yugoslavia and its problems, 1918–1988</i> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/improbablesurviv0000pavl">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Pavlowitch, Stevan K. <i>Tito—Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titoyugoslaviasg00pavl">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Pavlowitch, Steven. <i>Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-New-Disorder-Yugoslavia-Columbia/dp/0231700504/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Roberts_(writer)" title="Walter Roberts (writer)">Roberts, Walter R.</a>: <i>Tito, Mihailovic, and the Allies: 1941–1945</i>. Duke University Press, 1987; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0773-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0773-1">0-8223-0773-1</a>.</li> <li>Sacco, Joe: <i>Safe Area Gorazde: The War in Eastern Bosnia 1992–1995</i>. Fantagraphics Books, January 2002</li> <li>Silber, Laura and Allan Little:<i>Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation</i>. New York: Penguin Books, 1997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093531/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796967,00.html">"New Power"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> (reprinted from 4 December 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">West, Rebecca</a>: <i>Black Lamb and Gray Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia</i>. Viking, 1941</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <ul><li>Antolovi, Michael. "Writing History under the 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat': Yugoslav Historiography 1945–1991." <i>Revista de História das Ideias</i> 39 (2021): 49–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhi/article/download/8859/7220">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Banac, Ivo. "Yugoslavia." <i> American Historical Review</i> 97.4 (1992): 1084–1104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperative-individualism.org/banac-ivo_yugoslavia-1992-oct.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Banac, Ivo. "The dissolution of Yugoslav historiography." in <i>Beyond Yugoslavia</i> (Routledge, 2019) pp. 39–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429044670-3/dissolution-yugoslav-historiography-ivo-banacabstract">[1]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeloff1986" class="citation book cs1">Beloff, Nora (1986). <i>Tito's Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West Since 1939</i>. Westview Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0322-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-0322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito%27s+Flawed+Legacy%3A+Yugoslavia+and+the+West+Since+1939&rft.pub=Westview+Pr&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0322-2&rft.aulast=Beloff&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QszKDwAAQBAJ&dq=TITO+Yugoslavia&pg=PT15">online</a></li> <li>Brunnbauer, Ulf. "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) After Socialism." <i>Historein</i> 4 (2003): 161–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historein/article/download/2176/2016">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1989" class="citation book cs1">Carter, April (1989). <i>Marshal Tito: A Bibliography</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28087-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28087-0"><bdi>978-0-313-28087-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Tito%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28087-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=April&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cicic, Ana. "Yugoslavia Revisited: Contested Histories through Public Memories of President Tito." (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1423089/FULLTEXT01.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cosovschi, Agustin. "Seeing and Imagining the Land of Tito: Oscar Waiss and the Geography of Socialist Yugoslavia." <i>Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires</i> 17.1 (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/4033">online</a></li> <li>Dimić, Ljubodrag. "Historiography on the Cold War in Yugoslavia: from ideology to science." <i>Cold War History</i> 8.2 (2008): 285–297. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740802018835">https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740802018835</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Foster, Samuel. <i>Yugoslavia in the British imagination: Peace, war and peasants before Tito</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d40vEAAAQBAJ&dq=TITO+Yugoslavia&pg=PR1">online</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2022.2055599?journalCode=rege20">online book review</a></li> <li>Hoepken, Wolfgang. "War, memory, and education in a fragmented society: The case of Yugoslavia." <i>East European Politics and Societies</i> 13.1 (1998): 190–227. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0888325499013001006">online</a></li> <li>Juhász, József. "Paradigms and narratives in the historiography on the disintegration of Yugoslavia." <i>Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe</i> (2023): 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/25739638.2022.2164120">online</a></li> <li>Karge, Heike. "Mediated remembrance: local practices of remembering the Second World War in Tito's Yugoslavia." <i>European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire</i> 16.1 (2009): 49–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heike-Karge/publication/249041057_Mediated_remembrance_Local_practices_of_remembering_the_Second_World_War_in_Tito's_Yugoslavia/links/0deec5260db5ca4d01000000/Mediated-remembrance-Local-practices-of-remembering-the-Second-World-War-in-Titos-Yugoslavia.pdfonline">[2]</a></li> <li>Kevo, Tomislav. "The Image of Socialist Yugoslavia in Croatian Historiography." (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.edu/2013/kevo_tomislav.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223172449/https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2013/kevo_tomislav.pdf">Archived</a> 23 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampe,_John_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampe, John R">Lampe, John R</a>: <i>Yugoslavia As History: Twice There Was a Country</i> (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46705-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46705-5">0-521-46705-5</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Perović, Jeronim. "The Tito-Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence." <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i> 9.2 (2007): 32–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/1/Perovic_Tito.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sindbæk, Tea. "The fall and rise of a national hero: interpretations of Draža Mihailović and the Chetniks in Yugoslavia and Serbia since 1945." <i>Journal of contemporary European studies</i> 17.1 (2009): 47–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14782800902844693">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sindbæk, Tea. "World War II genocides in Yugoslav historiography." (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/30300051/tea_sindbaek.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Stallaerts, Robert. "Historiography in the Former and New Yugoslavia." <i>Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis</i> 3 (1999): 4+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalbelgianhistory.be/fr/system/files/article_pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2029,%201999,%203-4,%20pp%20315-336.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Tromp, Nevanka. "Ongoing Disintegration of Yugoslavia: historiography of the conflict that won't go away." <i>Leidschrift 36.november: 30 jaar postcommunisme. Op zoek naar een nieuw evenwicht</i> (2021): 31–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3448677/viewonline">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Trošt, Tamara P. "The image of Josip Broz Tito in post-Yugoslavia: Between national and local memory." in <i>Ruler Personality Cults from Empires to Nation-States and Beyond</i> (Routledge, 2020) pp. 143–162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Darin-Stephanov/publication/364647540_Ruler_Personality_Cults_from_Empires_to_Nation-States_and_Beyond_Symbolic_Patterns_and_Interactional_Dynamics/links/63550a0c12cbac6a3ee961ae/Ruler-Personality-Cults-from-Empires-to-Nation-States-and-Beyond-Symbolic-Patterns-and-Interactional-Dynamics.pdf#page=158">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Stanoyevich</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jugoslavia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Jugoslavia">"Jugoslavia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jugoslavia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Milivoy+S.+Stanoyevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-84_kkgMf2QC&q=yugoslavia"><i>The First Yugoslavia: Search for a Viable Political System</i></a>, by Alex N. Dragnich</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/history/europe/yugoslavia.html">European University Institute Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110192905/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/ESAU/esau-46.pdf">"Yugoslavia: the outworn structure"</a>—<a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> report from November 1970</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/europe/4997380.stm">Timeline: Break-up of Yugoslavia</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-2/bosnia.htm">Teaching about Conflict and Crisis in the Former Yugoslavia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302164816/http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-2/bosnia.htm">Archived</a> 2 March 2010 at the <a 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href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslavia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslavia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li>Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ground</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li> <li>Air Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li> <li>Ranks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">Marshal</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene <span style="font-size:85%;">(Slovenian)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th><b>until<br />1918</b> </th> <th style="width:12%"><b><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">1918–<br />1929</a></b> </th> <th style="width:13%"><b>1929–<br />1945</b> </th> <th style="width:8%"><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">1941–<br />1945</a></b> </th> <th style="width:3%"><b>1945–<br />1946</b> </th> <th style="width:19%"><b>1946–<br />1963</b> </th> <th style="width:32%"><b>1963–<br />1992</b> </th> <th style="width:13%"><b><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">1992–<br />2003</a></b> </th> <th style="width:3%"><b>2003–<br />2006</b> </th> <th style="width:3%"><b>2006–<br />2008</b> </th> <th><b>since<br />2008</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%"><div>Part of <div><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> including the<br /><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a></div><div><i>See also:</i></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of<br />Croatia-Slavonia</a><br />(1868–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a><br />(1815–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Condominium of<br />Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a><br />(1878–1918)</div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="12" style="background:#e6e7e8; font-size:85%"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a></b><br />(1918)<br /><br /><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs,<br />Croats and Slovenes</a></b><br />(1918–1929)<br /><br /><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></b><br />(1929–1945)</div><br /><div><i>See also:</i></div><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a><br />(1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a><br />(1918–1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a><br />(1920–1924)<br />(1924–1945)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Zadar#Italy_(1918–1947)" title="Zadar">Italian province of Zadar</a><br />(1920–1947)</div> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Annexed by</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and Hungary<sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="12" style="background:#ccf"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#World_War_II" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1946)</span><br /><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Post-war_period" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–1963)</span><br /><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Reform" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–1992)</span><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Consisted of the<br />Socialist Republics of:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)</span></div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> (1945–1992)<br />(included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">autonomous<br />provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><div style="font-size:85%"><br /><i>See also:</i></div><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–1954)</span><sup>h</sup></div> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></span></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#f4c2c2"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1945)</span></div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>.<br />Parts annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Italy</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međimurje">Međimurje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>.</div> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></span></b><sup>b</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Croatia" title="Central Croatia">Croatia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span></b><sup>c</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></span><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Consists of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (since 1995),<br /><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (since 1995), and<br /><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District" title="Brčko District">Brčko District</a> (since 2000).</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%">Part of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> region of Hungary </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Autonomous Banat</a><sup>d</sup> <div style="font-size:85%">(part of the German<br /><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the<br />Military Commander<br />in Serbia</a>)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Consisted of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> (1992–2006)<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a> (1992–2006)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a></b><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Included the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and, under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">of Serbia</a></b><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Includes the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Serbia</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1918)</span> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> <sup>e</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#eef"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–1918)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Mostly annexed by</span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> <div style="font-size:85%">along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1918)</span><div style="font-size:85%">Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Protectorate of Montenegro</a><sup>f</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#eef"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–1918)</span> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Annexed by the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="North Macedonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a></span></b><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" class="plainlist" style="background:none; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; font-size:85%"> <ul><li><sup>a</sup> <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>.</li> <li><sup>b</sup> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/SAO_Kninska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO Kninska Krajina">SAO Kninska Krajina</a> (1990) → <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> (1990–1991); and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a> (1990–1991), <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> (1990–1991) and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (1990–1995), all replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium</a> (1996–1998).</li> <li><sup>c</sup> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Autonomous Oblasts">Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs)</a> of <a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> (1991–1992), which all combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–1995).</li> <li><sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li><sup>e</sup> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a>.</li> <li><sup>f</sup> Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li><sup>g</sup> North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as <i>the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</i> because of a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li> <li><sup>h</sup> Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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