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That is, it designates both the technique of metaphor and the metaphor of technique. What is at issue in the second hack is the conceptualization of cyberspace as a medium of communication. The computer and the computer network were not initially designed as a system of communication and information exchange. Indeed, as the name indicates, the computer was a machine that was to be employed for number crunching and calculation, and the computer network, which had its beginning with the mainframe computers of the late 1950\u0026amp;#39;s and early 1960\u0026amp;#39;s, was developed to permit time-shared access to computational devices. At some point, therefore, understanding of the computer and the network experienced a fundamental transformation. This point is demarcated by J. C. R. Licklider and Robert Taylor\u0026amp;#39;s influential article of 1968, \u0026amp;quot;The Computer as a Communication Device.\u0026amp;quot; The most important word in the title to this article is the smallest--the \u0026amp;quot;as.\u0026amp;quot; For the \u0026amp;quot;as\u0026amp;quot; signifies a metaphorical operation whereby the computational apparatus became understood in terms of communication. This transference of meaning necessarily mobilized all kinds of preconceptions and ideas about what communication is or can be. As a result, Licklider and Taylor\u0026amp;#39;s article, in its very title, puts in play a network of ideas and expectations about the association of computers and communication. The second chapter hacks this system by taking aim at the metaphors of communication that have been imported into and that currently shape understandings of the computer and the network.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"David Gunkel"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-11-12","dateModified":"2015-11-12","datePublished":null,"headline":"Hacking Cyberspace - ch. 2 Ars Metaphorica","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Critical Theory","History of Science and Technology","Cultural Studies","Computer Science","Philosophy","Philosophy of Technology","Communication","Media Studies","New Media","Digital Media","Computer Networks","Computer-Mediated Communication","Metaphor","Communication Studies","Information and Communication Technologies","Information and Communication Technologies (Social and cultural aspects of adoption and use of)","Internet Techologies","Science and Technology 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":18200522,"created_at":"2015-11-12T06:03:46.674-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-13T11:35:14.055-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The second chapter of \"Hacking Cyberspace\" bears the handle \"Ars Metaphorica,\" which designates literally the \"art or technique of metaphor.\" In its translated form, however, the title should be read as a double genitive. That is, it designates both the technique of metaphor and the metaphor of technique. What is at issue in the second hack is the conceptualization of cyberspace as a medium of communication. The computer and the computer network were not initially designed as a system of communication and information exchange. Indeed, as the name indicates, the computer was a machine that was to be employed for number crunching and calculation, and the computer network, which had its beginning with the mainframe computers of the late 1950's and early 1960's, was developed to permit time-shared access to computational devices. At some point, therefore, understanding of the computer and the network experienced a fundamental transformation. This point is demarcated by J. C. R. Licklider and Robert Taylor's influential article of 1968, \"The Computer as a Communication Device.\" The most important word in the title to this article is the smallest--the \"as.\" For the \"as\" signifies a metaphorical operation whereby the computational apparatus became understood in terms of communication. This transference of meaning necessarily mobilized all kinds of preconceptions and ideas about what communication is or can be. As a result, Licklider and Taylor's article, in its very title, puts in play a network of ideas and expectations about the association of computers and communication. The second chapter hacks this system by taking aim at the metaphors of communication that have been imported into and that currently shape understandings of the computer and the network."},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Hacking Cyberspace - ch. 2 Ars Metaphorica","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [38706]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39929700,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Hacking Cyberspace - ch. 2 Ars Metaphorica”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39929700/mini_magick20190222-22381-1lqarzt.png?1550837117" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Hacking Cyberspace - ch. 2 Ars Metaphorica</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38706" href="https://niu.academia.edu/DavidGunkel"><img alt="Profile image of David Gunkel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/38706/12902/1444983/s65_david.gunkel.jpg" />David Gunkel</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The second chapter of "Hacking Cyberspace" bears the handle "Ars Metaphorica," which designates literally the "art or technique of metaphor." In its translated form, however, the title should be read as a double genitive. That is, it designates both the technique of metaphor and the metaphor of technique. What is at issue in the second hack is the conceptualization of cyberspace as a medium of communication. The computer and the computer network were not initially designed as a system of communication and information exchange. Indeed, as the name indicates, the computer was a machine that was to be employed for number crunching and calculation, and the computer network, which had its beginning with the mainframe computers of the late 1950's and early 1960's, was developed to permit time-shared access to computational devices. At some point, therefore, understanding of the computer and the network experienced a fundamental transformation. This point is demarcated by J. C. R. Licklider and Robert Taylor's influential article of 1968, "The Computer as a Communication Device." The most important word in the title to this article is the smallest--the "as." For the "as" signifies a metaphorical operation whereby the computational apparatus became understood in terms of communication. This transference of meaning necessarily mobilized all kinds of preconceptions and ideas about what communication is or can be. As a result, Licklider and Taylor's article, in its very title, puts in play a network of ideas and expectations about the association of computers and communication. The second chapter hacks this system by taking aim at the metaphors of communication that have been imported into and that currently shape understandings of the computer and the network.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39929700,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/18200522/Hacking_Cyberspace_ch_2_Ars_Metaphorica"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39929700,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/18200522/Hacking_Cyberspace_ch_2_Ars_Metaphorica"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" 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With the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) as a research programme, this paper investigates the genesis and perseverance of this imaginary by uncovering technoscientific promises in media documents and interviews, which were formulated in response to the continued development of Internet-based technologies and fuel this imaginary; and by describing its phenomenal structure. KEY WORDS internet research, sociotechnical studies, sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD), discourse analysis, sociotechnical imaginary, cyberculture, hackers</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Hacker Imaginaire: Recoding Futures? Technoscientific Promises from the Inventors of the Internet","attachmentId":61432697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41193364/The_Hacker_Imaginaire_Recoding_Futures_Technoscientific_Promises_from_the_Inventors_of_the_Internet","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41193364/The_Hacker_Imaginaire_Recoding_Futures_Technoscientific_Promises_from_the_Inventors_of_the_Internet"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="302119" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/302119/Book_Review_A_Hacker_Manifesto">Book Review: A Hacker Manifesto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59282" href="https://purdue.academia.edu/BrentJesiek">Brent Jesiek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Media & Society, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: A Hacker Manifesto","attachmentId":51461956,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/302119/Book_Review_A_Hacker_Manifesto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/302119/Book_Review_A_Hacker_Manifesto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="15485246" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15485246/Cyberspace_International_Encyclopedia_of_Communication_Theory_and_Philosophy">Cyberspace, International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory & Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="252500" href="https://soton.academia.edu/SethGiddings">Seth Giddings</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This entry traces the origins, development, and decline of the use of the term cyberspace as applied to computer-networked communication since the 1980s. It pays particular attention to the blurring, in critical studies of cyberspace, of fictional visions and futures from SF literature and film, with actual technological and cultural applications and practices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cyberspace, International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory \u0026 Philosophy","attachmentId":38693678,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15485246/Cyberspace_International_Encyclopedia_of_Communication_Theory_and_Philosophy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15485246/Cyberspace_International_Encyclopedia_of_Communication_Theory_and_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="41626356" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41626356/Hacking_Minds_Curriculum_Mentis_Noosphere_Internet_Matrix_Web">Hacking Minds: Curriculum Mentis, Noosphere, Internet, Matrix, Web</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6494845" href="https://twu.academia.edu/YLee">Yu-Ling Lee</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1080533" href="https://rkus-ott.academia.edu/StephenPetrina">Stephen Petrina</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hacking Education in a Digital Age: Teacher Education, Curriculum, and Literacies, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter sets the stage for problems of hacking minds, which have a deep history intertwined with the ancient Greek νοῦς and Latin curriculum mentis and the more contemporary noosphere and Internet. It aims to partially redress oversights in accounting for these histories. The chapter also provides a history of hacking relative to the early development of computers. Sketched as a chapter in the history of grammar and rhetoric, curriculum herein becomes a chapter in cosmology, metaphysics, and the philosophy of mind. Curriculum manifested as the noosphere, defined as the infrastructure of the mind and mindhacks, draws metaphysics into history. Tests of metaphysics, curriculum mentis and the noosphere are also important tests of the prehistory of cyberculture, the Internet, matrix, and web (Elton & Carey, 2013). All are intermixed with the history and metaphysics of curriculum as well as mind. The fate of curriculum is intertwined with the fate of mind and thought. In this storied teleology, things are hacked with resolve: Never expect a machine to limit its dealings with minds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hacking Minds: Curriculum Mentis, Noosphere, Internet, Matrix, Web","attachmentId":61782756,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41626356/Hacking_Minds_Curriculum_Mentis_Noosphere_Internet_Matrix_Web","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41626356/Hacking_Minds_Curriculum_Mentis_Noosphere_Internet_Matrix_Web"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="22377932" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22377932/Metaphors_reflecting_and_shaping_the_reality_of_the_Internet_Tool_place_way_of_being">Metaphors reflecting and shaping the reality of the Internet: Tool, place, way of being</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="257303" href="https://uu.academia.edu/AnnetteMarkham">Annette Markham</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Association of Internet Researchers …, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metaphors reflecting and shaping the reality of the Internet: Tool, place, way of being","attachmentId":43006406,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22377932/Metaphors_reflecting_and_shaping_the_reality_of_the_Internet_Tool_place_way_of_being","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22377932/Metaphors_reflecting_and_shaping_the_reality_of_the_Internet_Tool_place_way_of_being"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="182789" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/182789/A_Hacker_Manifesto">A Hacker Manifesto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49965" href="https://newschool.academia.edu/McKenzieWark">McKenzie Wark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">"A double is haunting the world--the double of abstraction, the virtual reality of information, programming or poetry, math or music, curves or colorings upon which the fortunes of states and armies, companies and communities now depend. The bold aim of this book is to make manifest the origins, purpose, and interests of the emerging class responsible for making this new world--for producing the new concepts, new perceptions, and new sensations out of the stuff of raw data. A Hacker Manifesto deftly defines the fraught territory between the ever more strident demands by drug and media companies for protection of their patents and copyrights and the pervasive popular culture of file sharing and pirating. This vexed ground, the realm of so-called ""intellectual property,"" gives rise to a whole new kind of class conflict, one that pits the creators of information--the hacker class of researchers and authors, artists and biologists, chemists and musicians, philosophers and programmers--against a possessing class who would monopolize what the hacker produces. Drawing in equal measure on Guy Debord and Gilles Deleuze, A Hacker Manifesto offers a systematic restatement of Marxist thought for the age of cyberspace and globalization. In the widespread revolt against commodified information, McKenzie Wark sees a utopian promise, beyond the property form, and a new progressive class, the hacker class, who voice a shared interest in a new information commons.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Hacker Manifesto","attachmentId":257219,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/182789/A_Hacker_Manifesto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/182789/A_Hacker_Manifesto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39929700,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39929700,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39929700" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16339251" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16339251/Editorial_introduction_to_hacking_and_hacktivism">Editorial: introduction to hacking and hacktivism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38706" href="https://niu.academia.edu/DavidGunkel">David Gunkel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Media & Society, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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