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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Monijiao</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">摩尼教</span></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg/220px-Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg/330px-Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg/440px-Icon_of_Mani_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> on a hanging scroll, c. 14th/15th century.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th century</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Branched from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreyanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese Manichaeism</b>, also known as <b>Monijiao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">摩尼教</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móníjiào</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mo<sup>2</sup>-ni<sup>2</sup> Chiao<sup>4</sup></span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'religion of <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Moni</a>') or <b>Mingjiao</b> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">明教</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Míngjiào</span></i>; Wade–Giles: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ming<sup>2</sup>-Chiao<sup>4</sup></span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'religion of light or 'bright religion'), is the form of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> transmitted to and currently practiced in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Chinese Manichaeism rose to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and despite frequent persecutions, it has continued long after the other forms of Manichaeism <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Persecution_and_suppression" title="Manichaeism">were eradicated in the West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most complete set of surviving Manichaean writings were written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> sometime before the <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a> and were found in the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Manichaeism represents a set of teachings with the purpose of inducing awakening (<span lang="zh-Hant">佛</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fó</span></i>), and it is a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> religion that believes in the eternal fight between the principles of good/light and evil/darkness, the former being represented by a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></i>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Míngzūn</i></span> (<span lang="zh">明尊</span>; 'Radiant Lord') or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhēnshén</i></span> (<span lang="zh">真神</span>; 'True God'). Salvation is delivered by the Living Spirit (<span lang="zh">淨活風</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jìnghuófēng</span></i>) of God, of whom there have been many manifestations in human form, including <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (<span lang="zh">摩尼</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móní</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_of_Miran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buddha_of_Miran.png/220px-Buddha_of_Miran.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buddha_of_Miran.png/330px-Buddha_of_Miran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buddha_of_Miran.png/440px-Buddha_of_Miran.png 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a>, along the same route that Manichaeism spread into China</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to how <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">adaptable</a> the teachings and beliefs of Manichaeism are, they were able to <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Spread" title="Manichaeism">spread across a vast expanse of different cultures</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to the west and China to the east. The religion arrived alongside <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> through the various south-eastern Chinese seaports and overland <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade routes from the western desert regions.<sup id="cite_ref-RMW2ed2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMW2ed2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources state that Manichaeism was first brought into China in the year 694, but this may have happened much earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1993172–174_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1993172–174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its introduction, Manichaeism has been deeply <a href="/wiki/Sinicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinicised">sinicised</a> in its style, adapting to the Chinese cultural context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa201156_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Chinese Manichaeans of the Ming dynasty, their religion entered the country through Mōzak during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong of Tang</a> (650–683). The pupil of Mōzak, bishop Mihr-Ohrmazd, followed his leader into China and was granted an audience with <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> (who held <i>de facto</i> power in the Tang dynasty between 684 and 690, and ruled as emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou dynasty (690–705)">Wu Zhou dynasty</a> from 690 to 705) where, according to later Buddhist sources, he presented the <a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a> which ended up becoming the most popular text of the country's Manichaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-LieuEI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LieuEI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 731, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a> asked a Manichaean to summarize their foreign religious doctrines, and the result was a text known as the <i>Compendium of the Teachings of Mani, the Awakened One of Light</i>. The text interprets the prophet Mani as an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> (although Manichaeans clashed with the local Chinese Buddhists, they maintained good relations with their <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> neighbors); a version of the Taoist <i><a href="/wiki/Huahujing" title="Huahujing">Huahujing</a></i> from the 8th century shares the same perspective as the <i>Compendium</i>, stating that Laozi reincarnated among the Western barbarian peoples as the prophet Mani.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_dynasty">Tang dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manichaeism was introduced into China during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> through <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> communities<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa201155–56_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201155–56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was regarded as an improper form of Buddhism by the Tang authorities. Although religions of the Western peoples (including those of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>) were not outlawed, they were prohibited from spreading among the native Chinese population. However, Manichaeism was a popular faith in <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">northern China</a> during the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_(MIK_III_8259_folio_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg/220px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg/330px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg/440px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>Fragment from a Manichaean text depicting a "Sermon Scene" in the <a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Uyghur</a>-Manichaean style</figcaption></figure> <p>The north-western <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> learned of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> from Sogdian foreigners. After the Khagan <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Bögü Qaghan</a> (759–780) held a three-day discussion with members of the Manichaean clergy, he converted to the religion in 763. Manichaeism subsequently became the official religion of the Khaganate, prompting the Babylonian headquarters of Manichaeism to send high-ranking clerics to the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">north-western Uyghur territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_2001_151–179_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_2001_151–179-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1993173_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1993173-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the peace between the <a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Uyghurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> populations during this time, the Tang government relaxed its restraints on Manichaeism, allowing it to flourish with monasteries built by the Uyghurs in places such as <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, with the first being built in 768.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_2001_151–179_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_2001_151–179-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The years of prosperity for Manichaeism came to an end in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Khakas_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas people">Kyrgyz's</a> defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840 and a rising resentment for non-Chinese foreigners. Manichaeism was officially banned and persecuted through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Anti-Buddhist_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution">suppression of non-Chinese religions</a> started by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wuzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wuzong of Tang">Emperor Wuzong of Tang</a> in 843. During that year, the Tang dynasty government confiscated all of the property belonging to the Manichaean monasteries, destroyed the temples, burnt their scriptures, laicized or killed the clergy, and specifically executed seventy Manichaean nuns in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1993173_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1993173-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of their traditional clothing, the Manichaean priests were ordered to wear the <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">hanfu</a>, as the typical attire of Manichaeism was deemed un-Chinese. In some cases, the Manichaeans were ordered by Tang authorities to dress like <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> and, since Manichaean priests were known for their long hair, they were forced to have their heads shaven. Over half of the Manichaean population is estimated to have been killed due to Emperor Wuzong's <a href="/wiki/Great_Anti-Buddhist_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution">Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S.N.C.L._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.N.C.L.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after the persecution began, a total ban on foreign relations caused Manichaeism to hide underground, from which it has never regained its past prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_2001_151–179_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_2001_151–179-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song_and_Yuan_dynasties">Song and Yuan dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Song and Yuan dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a> silk painting</figcaption></figure> <p>Though they participated in rebellions against the government during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the Chinese Manichaeans were continually stamped down by the successive Chinese dynasties, with the <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> authorities of the Song era disregarding the local Manichaeans as “vegetarian demon-worshippers" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">吃菜事魔</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, they had a "holy book" that discussed the natures of light and dark, as well as the past, present, and future, which were viewed as separate "worlds".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manichaeans of this era were buried naked, "would not touch liquor...[,] eat meat, [and would not consume] milk and cheese" and did not worship <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their fortunes changed during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, where the religion enjoyed a stable existence while the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> served as the ‘’de facto’’ <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the Yuan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two elaborate silk paintings survive from this era: <i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i>. These works provide an insight into Yuan-era cosmology of Chinese Manichaeism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_syncretization">Further syncretization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further syncretization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manichaeism survived among the population and had a profound influence on the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a>, integrating with the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreyan beliefs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus Sect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa201119-56_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201119-56-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Manichaeism took inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> as well as forms of Buddhism including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the name for <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, Mingjiao, was seen as offensive to the Emperor, so it received particular persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after the 14th century, some Chinese Manichaeans involved themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>. Those Manichaeans practiced their rituals so closely alongside the Mahayana Buddhists that over the years the two sects became indistinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> stands as an example this synthesis, as a statue of the "Buddha of Light" is thought to be a representation of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zayton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zayton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg/220px-Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg/330px-Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg/440px-Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a> ("Thatched Hut") in <a href="/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinjiang, Fujian">Jinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In modern China, Manichaean groups are still active in southern provinces, especially in <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around the <a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a>, the most noted Manichaean temple that has survived until today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWearring2006260_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWearring2006260-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, rituals conducted for the Lin Deng <span lang="zh">林瞪</span> (1003–1059), a Chinese Manichaean leader who lived during the Song dynasty, are still conducted in the three villages of Baiyang <span lang="zh">柏洋村</span>, Shangwan <span lang="zh">上万村</span>, and Tahou <span lang="zh">塔后村</span> in <a href="/wiki/Baiyang_Township" title="Baiyang Township">Baiyang Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiapu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiapu County">Xiapu County</a>, Fujian.<sup id="cite_ref-Kósa2018_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kósa2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:92%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.2em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Gnosticism" title="Category:Gnosticism">a series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraxas_gem_scan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/100px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/150px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/200px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Gnostic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">Kenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminary_(Gnosticism)" title="Luminary (Gnosticism)">Luminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Gnosticism)" title="Ogdoad (Gnosticism)">Ogdoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a> and founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">List of Gnostic sects</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Proto-Gnosticism" title="Proto-Gnosticism">Proto-Gnosticism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81riya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghāriya">Maghāriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Judean / Israelite</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elksai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkasaites">Elkasaites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Samaritan Baptist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perates" title="Perates">Perates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Syrian-Egyptian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Alexandrian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Roman</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florinus_(Gnostic)" title="Florinus (Gnostic)">Florinus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Persian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chinese Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Islamic Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusayrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrism">Nusayrism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Modern schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">List of Gnostic texts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Abdias" title="Pseudo-Abdias">Pseudo-Abdias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnosticism and the New Testament">Gnosticism and the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Mandaean scriptures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Codex" title="Berlin Codex">Berlin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Codex Nasaraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influenced by</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Paul_and_Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom (personification)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influence on</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnosticism in modern times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism" title="Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism" title="Template talk:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Opening lines of the <i>Compendium</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Although there is no shortage of documentation of Manichaeism in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> (mostly in the form of highly critical books about the religion),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> doctrinal and liturgical writings remain rare. Nearly all present knowledge of the beliefs and teachings of Chinese Manichaeism (including its presence in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> region) draws from three texts compiled before the end of the 9th century: the <i>Traité</i>, the <i>Hymnscroll</i>, and the <i>Compendium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides a few absent opening lines, the <i>Traité</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">摩尼教殘經</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móníjiào cán jīng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'fragmentary Manichean scripture') is in excellent condition and corresponds with Manichaean texts found in other languages. Within the <i>Traité</i> are discourses attributed to Mani in response to questions from a disciple (named <i>"A-to"</i> or <i>"Addā"</i>) on the nature of Manichaean cosmogony and ethics. The first discourse primarily concerns the creation of the universe via the salvation of primal man by the powers of light, a subsequent attack by the prince of darkness, and the eventual triumph of light over the darkness. Themes such as the symbol of trees and the enumeration of nights and days are found in other western Manichaean texts, namely those written in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>. More precise parallels can be drawn between the fragments of Turkish-Manichaean texts. In 1983, Werner Sundermann detailed how twenty-two Parthian manuscripts served as the original compositions of the texts, which were subsequently translated into <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, and then one of those <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> translations served as the basis for the Chinese language versions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaean_hymn_scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Manichaean hymn scroll">Hymnscroll</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">下部讚</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàbùzàn</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'the lower (second?) section of the Manichean hymns') consists of thirty hymns that were likely directly translated from <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> into the Chinese language, as several of the hymns are phonetic transcriptions of the original Parthian hymns, unintelligible to the common Chinese reader. The scroll finishes with an appeal for blessing. The text indicates that it was translated and compiled in <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Compendium" title="Manichaean Compendium">The <i>Compendium</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">摩尼光佛教法儀略</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móní guāng fójiào fǎ yí lüè</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'outline of the teachings and rules of Mani', 'Buddha of Light') begins with an account of Mani's birth that is directly based on the life of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and then provides a summarization of Manichaean doctrines. The text opens with a paragraph that explains how the text was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> on July 16, 731, and in a later passage mentions how Mani was a reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Lao-tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao-tzu">Lao-tzu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Xiapu_Manichaean_manuscripts" title="Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts">Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts</a> was made known to the public in October 2008. The texts are used for Manichaean rituals in <a href="/wiki/Baiyang_Township" title="Baiyang Township">Baiyang Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiapu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiapu County">Xiapu County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kósa2018_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kósa2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artwork">Artwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Artwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean art</a></div> <p>Painting is a Manichaean tradition that traces its roots back to Mani himself (<i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Arzhang</a></i>), who elevated art-making to the esteem of the divine spirit, believed that meditating on beauty brought one closer to god, and ultimately saw the practicality of pictures as a <a href="/wiki/Transculturalism" title="Transculturalism">transcultural</a> method of teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as the pristine-condition Manichaean texts come from Chinese Manichaeism, so, too, do the remaining examples of Manichaean artwork, in the forms of fragments and full hanging-scrolls. </p> <div 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Universe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Painting_of_the_Buddha_Jesus" title="Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus">Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_Manichaean_manuscripts" title="Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts">Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYar2012" class="citation web cs1">Yar, Char (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1963810">"Monijiao Manichaeism in China"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monijiao+Manichaeism+in+China&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yar&rft.aufirst=Char&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1963810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Char Yar. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1963810/Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China">Monijiao (Manichaeism) in China</a>". academia.edu. Lecture presented at the <i>Worldwide Conference for Historical Research</i>, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt-Glintzer, Helwig, <i>Chinesische Manichaeica</i>, Wiesbaden, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMW2ed2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMW2ed2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodheadKawanamiPartridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda; Kawanami, Hiroko; Partridge, Christopher H., eds. (2009). <i>Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415458900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415458900"><bdi>978-0415458900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237880815">237880815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World%3A+Traditions+and+Transformations&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237880815&rft.isbn=978-0415458900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1993172–174-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1993172–174_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChing1993">Ching (1993)</a>, pp. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201156-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa201156_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMa2011">Ma (2011)</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LieuEI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LieuEI_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Sammuel N. C.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117082114/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-v-in-china-1">"Manicheism v. in China"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-v-in-china-1">the original</a> on 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manicheism+v.+in+China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Sammuel+N.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmanicheism-v-in-china-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1993" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Julia (1993). <i>Chinese Religions</i>. Houndsmills; London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333531747" title="Special:BookSources/9780333531747"><bdi>9780333531747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religions&rft.place=Houndsmills%3B+London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780333531747&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201155–56-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa201155–56_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMa2011">Ma (2011)</a>, p. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarl2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Harl" title="Kenneth W. Harl">Harl, Kenneth W.</a> (2023). <i>Empires of the Steppes: A History of the Nomadic Tribes Who Shaped Civilization</i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Square Press">Hanover Square Press</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-335-42927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-335-42927-8"><bdi>978-1-335-42927-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+the+Nomadic+Tribes+Who+Shaped+Civilization&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Hanover+Square+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-335-42927-8&rft.aulast=Harl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_2001_151–179-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_2001_151–179_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_2001_151–179_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_2001_151–179_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2001" class="citation cs2">Liu, Xinru (2001), "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Michael Adas (ed.), <i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i>, Philadelphia: American Historical Association, Temple University Press, pp. 151–179, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9"><bdi>978-1-56639-832-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Overland+Trade+and+Cultural+Interactions+in+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+Pastoral+Societies+in+Ancient+and+Classical+History&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=151-179&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association%2C+Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-832-9&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1993173-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1993173_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1993173_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChing1993">Ching (1993)</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S.N.C.L.-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S.N.C.L._13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_N._C._Lieu1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Samuel N. C. Lieu</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl2DteLY8jcC&pg=PA129"><i>Manachaeism in Central Asia and China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 115, 129, 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004104051" title="Special:BookSources/9789004104051"><bdi>9789004104051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manachaeism+in+Central+Asia+and+China&rft.pages=115%2C+129%2C+130&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789004104051&rft.au=Samuel+N.+C.+Lieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYl2DteLY8jcC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel N. C.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmNPz9teHqUC"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China</i></a>, Volume 63 of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament (2 ed.), Mohr Siebeck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3161458206" title="Special:BookSources/3161458206"><bdi>3161458206</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China&rft.series=Volume+63+of+Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+Zum+Neuen+Testament&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3161458206&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmNPz9teHqUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1965" class="citation book cs1">Li, Dun J. (1965). <i>The Ageless Chinese: A History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ageless+Chinese%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Dun+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_N.C._Lieu1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Samuel N.C. Lieu</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_vnAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA261"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719010880" title="Special:BookSources/9780719010880"><bdi>9780719010880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780719010880&rft.au=Samuel+N.C.+Lieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_vnAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201119-56-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa201119-56_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMa2011">Ma (2011)</a>, p. 19-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zayton-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zayton_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Samuel N. C. Lieu</a> and Ken Parry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mq.edu.au/research/centres_and_groups/ancient_cultures_research_centre/research/cultural_ex_silkroad/zayton/">Manichaean and (Nestorian) Christian Remains in Zayton (Quanzhou, South China). ARC DP0557098</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808000234/http://www.mq.edu.au/research/centres_and_groups/ancient_cultures_research_centre/research/cultural_ex_silkroad/zayton">Archived</a> 2014-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Marie Dan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1529&context=utk_chanhonoproj">Manichaeism and its Spread into China</a></i>. University of Tennessee, 2002. pp. 17-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWearring2006260-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWearring2006260_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWearring2006">Wearring (2006)</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin_ShundaoCai_Ting_Tao2017" class="citation web cs1">Lin Shundao; Cai Ting Tao (2017-08-18). 杨道敏 (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohu.com/a/165729040_361562">"There are Mingjiao ruins in the treasury-Xuanzhen Temple, right here..."</a> <i>sohu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sohu.com&rft.atitle=There+are+Mingjiao+ruins+in+the+treasury-Xuanzhen+Temple%2C+right+here...&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.au=Lin+Shundao&rft.au=Cai+Ting+Tao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F165729040_361562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kósa2018-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kósa2018_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kósa2018_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKósa2018" class="citation book cs1">Kósa, Gábor (2018). <i>Der östliche Manichäismus im Spiegel seiner Buch- und Schriftkultur</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-059393-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-059393-8"><bdi>978-3-11-059393-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+%C3%B6stliche+Manich%C3%A4ismus+im+Spiegel+seiner+Buch-+und+Schriftkultur&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-059393-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%B3sa&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel</a> (1987). <i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey</i>. Brill. pp. 212–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161458200" title="Special:BookSources/9783161458200"><bdi>9783161458200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=212-13&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9783161458200&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel</a> (1987). <i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey</i>. Brill. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161458200" title="Special:BookSources/9783161458200"><bdi>9783161458200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9783161458200&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Glintzer1987" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Glintzer, Helwig (1987). <i>Buddistisches Gewand des Manichäismus</i>. pp. 76–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddistisches+Gewand+des+Manich%C3%A4ismus&rft.pages=76-90&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Glintzer&rft.aufirst=Helwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (June 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/6173/2966#_edn1">"Searching for Mani's Picture Book in Textual and Pictorial Sources"</a>. <i>. Transcultural Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fts.2011.1.6173">10.11588/ts.2011.1.6173</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=.+Transcultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Mani%27s+Picture+Book+in+Textual+and+Pictorial+Sources&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2011&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fts.2011.1.6173&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheiup.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Ftranscultural%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6173%2F2966%23_edn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWearring2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wearring, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjournals.library.usyd.edu.au/index.php/SSR/article/viewFile/254/233">"Manichaean Studies in the 21st Century"</a>. <i>Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on the Sacred</i>. Sydney University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1444-5158">1444-5158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Through+a+Glass+Darkly%3A+Reflections+on+the+Sacred&rft.atitle=Manichaean+Studies+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1444-5158&rft.aulast=Wearring&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenjournals.library.usyd.edu.au%2Findex.php%2FSSR%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F254%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2011" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Xisha; Huiying Meng (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Knui-SpO4GQC"><i>Popular Religion and Shamanism</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004174559" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004174559"><bdi>978-9004174559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religion+and+Shamanism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004174559&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Xisha%3B+Huiying+Meng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnui-SpO4GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Manichaeism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Manichaeism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1963810/Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manichaeism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manichaeism_footer" title="Template:Manichaeism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manichaeism_footer" title="Template talk:Manichaeism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manichaeism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manichaeism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manichaeism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">Sakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani"><img alt="Seal with figure of Mani, possibly 3rd century CE, possibly Irak. Cabinet des Médailles, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/100px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/200px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_scripture" title="Manichaean scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_treatises_of_Manichaeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven treatises of Manichaeism">Seven treatises of Manichaeism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Gospel of Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Life" title="Treasure of Life">Treasure of Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Epistles_(Manichaeism)" title="The Epistles (Manichaeism)">The Epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries (Manichaeism)">The Book of Mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmateia" title="Pragmateia">Pragmateia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalms_and_Prayers" title="Psalms and Prayers">Psalms and Prayers</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Book of Pictures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracanonical<br /> literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Epistle" title="Fundamental Epistle">Fundamental Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Psalm_Book" title="Manichaean Psalm Book">Manichaean Psalm Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Thomas" title="Psalms of Thomas">Psalms of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kephalaia" title="Kephalaia">Kephalaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuastvanift" title="Xuastvanift">Xuastvanift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinet_Madi_library" title="Medinet Madi library">Medinet Madi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Manichaean_texts" title="Dunhuang Manichaean texts">Dunhuang Manichaean texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiabuzan" title="Xiabuzan">Xiabuzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Compendium" title="Manichaean Compendium">Manichaean Compendium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_scripture_of_Manichaeism" title="Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism">Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Manichaean_texts" title="Turpan Manichaean texts">Turpan Manichaean texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian-language_Manichaean_letter" title="Sogdian-language Manichaean letter">Sogdian-language Manichaean letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_Manichaean_manuscripts" title="Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts">Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moni_Guangfo" title="Moni Guangfo">Moni Guangfo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)" title="Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zarathustra in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">The Buddha in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Principles_and_Three_Moments" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Principles and Three Moments">Two Principles and Three Moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Messenger of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xroshtag_and_Padvaxtag" title="Xroshtag and Padvaxtag">Xroshtag and Padvaxtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)#Manichaeism" title="Archon (Gnosticism)"><i>Archon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrestar" title="Asrestar">Asrestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#History" title="Manichaeism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_(Manichaeism)" title="Apostles (Manichaeism)">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sisin" title="Mar Sisin">Mar Sisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akouas" title="Akouas">Mar Zaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Adda" title="Mar Adda">Mar Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_Ohrmazd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad Ohrmazd">Shad Ohrmazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihr_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihr (Manichaeism)">Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_(Manichaean)" title="Agapius (Manichaean)">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthonius_of_Alexandria" title="Aphthonius of Alexandria">Aphthonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonius" title="Hegemonius">Hegemonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Manichean)" title="Marcus (Manichean)">Marcus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_Persecution_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichang Persecution of Buddhism">Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Bögü Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius-Tychicus" title="Sergius-Tychicus">Sergius-Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_schism_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="East–West schism (Manichaeism)">East-West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Adi" title="Amr ibn Adi">Amr ibn Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hil%C4%81l_al-Dayh%C5%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri">Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shinang" title="Lü Shinang">Lü Shinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Gangra" title="Synod of Gangra">Synod of Gangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Deng" title="Lin Deng">Lin Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Persecution_and_extinction" title="Manichaeism">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangnan_Stele" title="Cangnan Stele">Cangnan Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianku" title="Qianku">Qianku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/See_of_Babylon_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Babylon (Manichaeism)">See of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denawars" class="mw-redirect" title="Denawars">Denawars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astati" title="Astati">Astati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_schisms" title="Manichaean schisms">Miqlāsiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#The_Manichaean_Church" title="Manichaeism">Organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegos_(Manichaeism)" title="Archegos (Manichaeism)">Archegos</a></li> <li>Patriarch</li> <li>Apostle</li> <li>Bishop</li> <li>Presbyter</li> <li>Elect</li> <li>Hearers</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seals_(Manichaeism)" title="Three Seals (Manichaeism)">Three Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cavidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcavidyā">Pañcavidyā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puxi_Fushou_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puxi Fushou Palace (page does not exist)">Puxi Fushou Palace</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%A2%83%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:浦西境福寿宫">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_Road_Pagoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flying Road Pagoda (page does not exist)">Flying Road Pagoda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%B7%AF%E5%A1%94" class="extiw" title="zh:飞路塔">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshan_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshan Temple (page does not exist)">Leshan Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:乐山堂">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Visual art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Mani" title="Birth of Mani">Birth of Mani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Book of Pictures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Diagram of the Universe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Episodes_from_Mani%27s_Missionary_Work" title="Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work">Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_Mani" title="Icon of Mani">Icon of Mani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4959" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4974" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_6368" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_8259" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Community_Established" title="Mani's Community Established">Mani's Community Established</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Parents" title="Mani's Parents">Mani's Parents</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_stone_reliefs_of_Shangwan_village" title="Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village">Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_temple_banner_MIK_III_6286" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286">Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_wall_painting_MIK_III_6918" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918">Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Painting_of_the_Buddha_Jesus" title="Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus">Painting of the Buddha Jesus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani">Sealstone of Mani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_Tree_of_Life" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life">Veneration of the Tree of Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_(Unicode_block)" title="Manichaean (Unicode block)">Manichaean (Unicode block)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Cult" title="Ming Cult">Ming Cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardens_of_Light" title="The Gardens of Light">The Gardens of Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_the_Twin_Dragons_of_Great_Tang" title="Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang">Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Heaven" title="The Secret of Heaven">The Secret of Heaven</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Notes</i>: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Religion_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_China" title="Template:Religion in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_China" title="Template talk:Religion in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Religion_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Major religions in China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk ritual ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in China">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of China"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/106px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_China" title="Baháʼí Faith in China">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_China" title="Hinduism in China">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu shamanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian folk religion">Mongolian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northeast_China" title="Religion in Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Religion in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox 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