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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_of_Mani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Life of Mani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_of_Mani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Arab world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bactria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bactria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>Bactria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bactria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syncretism_and_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syncretism_and_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Syncretism and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syncretism_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_and_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_and_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Persecution and suppression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_and_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_movements_associated_with_Manichaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_movements_associated_with_Manichaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later movements associated with Manichaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_movements_associated_with_Manichaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy_in_present-day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_in_present-day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Legacy in present-day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_in_present-day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teachings and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings_and_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachings and beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmogony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmogony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cosmogony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmogony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outline_of_the_beings_and_events_in_the_Manichaean_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outline_of_the_beings_and_events_in_the_Manichaean_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Outline of the beings and events in the Manichaean mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outline_of_the_beings_and_events_in_the_Manichaean_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_World_of_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_World_of_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>The World of Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_World_of_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>The first creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>The second creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_third_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_third_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>The third creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_third_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_World_of_Darkness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_World_of_Darkness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>The World of Darkness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_World_of_Darkness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Manichaean_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Manichaean_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Manichaean Church</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Manichaean_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Manichaean Church subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Manichaean_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prayers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Originally_written_in_Syriac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originally_written_in_Syriac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Originally written in Syriac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Originally_written_in_Syriac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Originally_written_in_Middle_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originally_written_in_Middle_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Originally written in Middle Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Originally_written_in_Middle_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Manichaean_works_preserved_by_the_Manichaean_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Manichaean_works_preserved_by_the_Manichaean_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Non-Manichaean works preserved by the Manichaean Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Manichaean_works_preserved_by_the_Manichaean_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Later works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_and_polemic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_and_polemic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Critical and polemic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_and_polemic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patristic_depictions_of_Mani_and_Manichaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patristic_depictions_of_Mani_and_Manichaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Patristic depictions of Mani and Manichaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patristic_depictions_of_Mani_and_Manichaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acta_Archelai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acta_Archelai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span><i>Acta Archelai</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acta_Archelai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_of_Judaism_in_the_Acta_Archelai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_Judaism_in_the_Acta_Archelai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>View of Judaism in the <i>Acta Archelai</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_Judaism_in_the_Acta_Archelai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asian_and_Iranian_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asian_and_Iranian_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Central Asian and Iranian primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asian_and_Iranian_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Coptic primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Chinese primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_life_of_Mani,_Cologne_codex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_life_of_Mani,_Cologne_codex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Greek life of Mani, Cologne codex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_life_of_Mani,_Cologne_codex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurative_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurative_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Figurative use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurative_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outside_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Outside articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Manichaean sources in English translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Secondary Manichaean sources in English translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Manichaean sources in their original languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Secondary Manichaean sources in their original languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manichaeism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manige%C3%AFsme" title="Manigeïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manigeïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D" title="ማኒኪስም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማኒኪስም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المانوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المانوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manique%C3%ADsmu" title="Maniqueísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maniqueísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manixeizm" title="Manixeizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manixeizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مانی‌لیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مانی‌لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="মানি ধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানি ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маніхейства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маніхейства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маніхейства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маніхейства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Манихейство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манихейство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihejstvo" title="Manihejstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Manihejstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniqueisme" title="Maniqueisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maniqueisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheismus" title="Manicheismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manicheismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik%C3%A6isme" title="Manikæisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manikæisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manich%C3%A4ismus" title="Manichäismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manichäismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilus" title="Manilus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manilus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μανιχαϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανιχαϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manique%C3%ADsmo" title="Maniqueísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maniqueísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani%C4%A5eismo" title="Maniĥeismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maniĥeismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeismo" title="Manikeismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manikeismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آیین مانوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین مانوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manich%C3%A9isme_(religion)" title="Manichéisme (religion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manichéisme (religion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manige%C3%AFsme" title="Manigeïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manigeïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhainic%C3%A9asa%C3%ADocht" title="An Mhainicéasaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhainicéasaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manique%C3%ADsmo" title="Maniqueísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maniqueísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EA%B5%90" title="마니교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마니교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանիքեություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանիքեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मानी धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानी धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihejstvo" title="Manihejstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manihejstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeismo" title="Manikeismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manikeismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniisme" title="Maniisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maniisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheismo" title="Manicheismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manicheismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeismi" title="Manikeismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manikeismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheismo" title="Manicheismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manicheismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מניכאיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מניכאיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მანიქეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანიქეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Манихеизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манихеизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umani" title="Umani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Манихейчилик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манихейчилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeismus" title="Manichaeismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manichaeismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniheisms" title="Maniheisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maniheisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheizmas" title="Manicheizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manicheizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheismo" title="Manicheismo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Manicheismo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisme" title="Manisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Manisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheizmus" title="Manicheizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manicheizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeisma" title="Manikeisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Manikeisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മാനിക്കേയമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാനിക്കേയമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مانويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeisme" title="Manichaeisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manichaeisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniche%C3%AFsme" title="Manicheïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manicheïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E6%95%99" title="マニ教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マニ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeisme" title="Manikeisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manikeisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniq%C3%B9%C3%A9%C3%AAme" title="Maniqùéême – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Maniqùéême" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manique%C3%AFsme" title="Maniqueïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maniqueïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moniylik" title="Moniylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moniylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85" title="مانی دھرم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانی دھرم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="សាសនាម៉ានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាសនាម៉ានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheizm" title="Manicheizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manicheizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manique%C3%ADsmo" title="Maniqueísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maniqueísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniheism" title="Maniheism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maniheism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Манихейство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манихейство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manichaeism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ماني مت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماني مت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheizmus" title="Manicheizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manicheizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihejstvo" title="Manihejstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manihejstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مانیچیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانیچیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Манихејство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манихејство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihejstvo" title="Manihejstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manihejstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikealaisuus" title="Manikealaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manikealaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeism" title="Manikeism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manikeism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மானி சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மானி சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Манихейлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Манихейлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ศาสนามาณีกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนามาณีกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монавия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Монавия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniheizm" title="Maniheizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maniheizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Маніхейство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маніхейство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مانویت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانویت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="مانى دىنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مانى دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_gi%C3%A1o" title="Mani giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mani giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩尼教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩尼教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniheizm" title="Maniheizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Maniheizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩尼教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Manichaean" redirects here. For the writing system, see <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Manichaeism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آیینِ مانی</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">摩尼教</span></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mani_(cleaned_up)._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani,_possibly_3rd_century_CE,_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sealstone of Mani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/225px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/338px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/450px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="624" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani">Sealstone of Mani</a>, rock crystal, possibly 3rd century CE, Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a>, Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-SPL160_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal reads <i>"Mani, messenger of the messiah"</i>, and may have been used by Mani himself to sign his epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPL160_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">Universal religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_scripture" title="Manichaean scripture">Manichaean scripture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualistic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Historical: <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> Current: <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Classical Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Old Uyghur language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian B">Tocharian B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaite</a> sect, and the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">Buddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zoroaster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_schisms" title="Manichaean schisms">Manichaean schisms</a></i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg/246px-Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="246" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg/369px-Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg/492px-Portrait_of_a_Manichaean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7626" data-file-height="5610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A portrait of a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> Manichaean. Line drawing copy of two frescoes from cave 38B at <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Grottoes</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg/246px-Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="246" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg/369px-Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg/492px-Image_of_a_Manichaean_Temple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7021" data-file-height="6094" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An image of a Manichaean temple with stars and seven <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">firmaments</a>. Line drawing copy of two frescoes from cave 38B at <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Grottoes</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Manichaeism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آئین مانی</span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Āʾīn-ī Mānī</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:摩尼教">摩尼教</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móníjiào</span></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> former <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">major</a> <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in the 3rd century CE by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (216–274 CE), in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manichaeism teaches an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic cosmology</a> describing the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_between_good_and_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict between good and evil">struggle</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness and value theory">good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> world of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, material world of <a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">darkness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through an ongoing process that takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light, whence it came. Mani's teaching was intended to "combine",<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> succeed, and surpass the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-1993_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">other Mesopotamian religions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery cults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins-2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arendzen-1910-1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arendzen-1910-1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reveres Mani as the final prophet after <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. </p><p>Manichaeism was quickly successful and spread far through <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking regions.<sup id="cite_ref-BeDuhnMirecki2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeDuhnMirecki2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thrived between the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was briefly the main rival to <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> in the competition to replace classical <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a>. Under the Roman <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a>, Manichaeism was persecuted by the Roman state and was eventually stamped out in the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manichaeism survived longer in the east than it did in the west. Although it was thought to have finally faded away after the 14th century in <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporary to the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>, there is a growing corpus of evidence that shows Manichaeism persists in some areas of China, especially in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (June 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> where numerous Manichaean relics have been discovered over time. The currently known sects are notably secretive and protective of their belief system, in an effort to remain undetected. This stems from fears relating to persecution and suppression during various periods of Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarence,_2021_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarence,_2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While most of Manichaeism's original writings have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An adherent of Manichaeism is called a <i>Manichaean</i>, <i>Manichean</i>, or <i>Manichee</i>, the last especially in older sources.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This seems to be referring to modern English translations when it talks about older sources rather than the original sources (April 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_of_Mani">Life of Mani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life of Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani (prophet)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manicheans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/220px-Manicheans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/330px-Manicheans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/440px-Manicheans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Manichaean priests, writing at their desks. Eighth or ninth century manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, China.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_Mani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Birth_of_Mani.jpg/220px-Birth_of_Mani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Birth_of_Mani.jpg/330px-Birth_of_Mani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Birth_of_Mani.jpg/440px-Birth_of_Mani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan Chinese</a> silk painting <i>Mani's Birth</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mani was an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IranicaManiFounderManichaeism_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaManiFounderManichaeism-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born in 216 CE in or near <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">al-Mada'in</a>, Iraq) in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mani-Kodex_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-Kodex-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mani's parents were members of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundermann-2009a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundermann-2009a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani composed seven works, six of which were written in the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">late-Aramaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a>. The seventh, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shabuhragan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabuhragan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was written by Mani in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and presented by him to <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire">Sasanian emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>. Although there is no proof Shapur I was a Manichaean, he tolerated the spread of Manichaeism and refrained from persecuting it within his empire's boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one tradition, Mani invented the unique version of the Syriac script known as the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was used in all of the Manichaean works written within the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, whether they were in Syriac or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, as well as most of the works written within the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>. The primary language of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (and the administrative and cultural language of the Empire) at that time was <a href="/wiki/Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Aramaic">Eastern Middle Aramaic</a>, which included three main dialects: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a> (the language of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaean</a> (the language of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>), and Syriac, which was the language of Mani as well as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahname_-_Mani_death_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Shahname_-_Mani_death_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Shahname_-_Mani_death_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Shahname_-_Mani_death_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Shahname_-_Mani_death_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Shahname_-_Mani_death_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Shahname_-_Mani_death_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century illustration of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Manichaeism was spreading, existing religions such as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> were still prevalent, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was gaining social and political influence. Although having fewer adherents, Manichaeism won the support of many high-ranking political figures. With the assistance of the Sasanian Empire, Mani began missionary expeditions. After failing to win the favour of the next generation of Persian royalty and incurring the disapproval of the Zoroastrian clergy, Mani is reported to have died in prison awaiting execution by the Persian emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a>. The date of his death is estimated at 276–277 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting,_13th-century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting%2C_13th-century.jpg/220px-Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting%2C_13th-century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="529" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting%2C_13th-century.jpg/330px-Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting%2C_13th-century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting%2C_13th-century.jpg/440px-Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation._Cathayan_Manichaean_silk_painting%2C_13th-century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i>, 13th-century Chinese Manichaean silk painting</figcaption></figure> <p>Mani believed that the teachings of Buddha, Zoroaster,<sup id="cite_ref-Harari-2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harari-2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jesus were incomplete, and that his revelations were for the <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">entire world</a>, calling his teachings the "Religion of Light". Manichaean writings indicate that Mani received revelations when he was twelve years old and again when he was 24, and over this period, he grew dissatisfied with the <a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> sect he was born into.<sup id="cite_ref-Reeves1996_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeves1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers also point to an important <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> influence on Mani as extreme degrees of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> and some specific features of Jain doctrine made the influence of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra_(mathematician)" title="Mahāvīra (mathematician)">Mahāvīra's</a> religious community more plausible than even the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fynes (1996) argues that various Jain influences, particularly ideas on the existence of plant souls, were transmitted from <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Kshatrapa</a> territories to Mesopotamia and then integrated into Manichaean beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FynesRCC_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FynesRCC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani wore colorful clothing abnormal for the time that reminded some Romans of a stereotypical Persian <a href="/wiki/Magus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magus">magus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a>, earning him ire from the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> because of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Coyle2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coyle2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani taught how the soul of a righteous individual returns to <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> upon dying, but "the soul of the person who persisted in things of the flesh – fornication, procreation, possessions, cultivation, harvesting, eating of meat, drinking of wine – is condemned to rebirth in a succession of bodies."<sup id="cite_ref-EB-2023_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani began preaching at an early age and was possibly influenced by contemporary Babylonian-Aramaic movements such as <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, Aramaic translations of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish apocalyptic</a> works similar to those found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> literature), and by the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualist</a>-Gnostic writer <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> (who lived a generation before Mani). With the discovery of the Mani-Codex, it also became clear that he was raised in the Jewish Christian sect of the Elcasaites and possibly influenced by their writings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to biographies preserved by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">ibn al-Nadim</a> and the Persian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a>, Mani received a revelation as a youth from a spirit, whom he would later call his "Twin" (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:תאומא">תאומא</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɑʔwmɑ</span>, from which is also derived the Greek name of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, <i>Didymus; </i>the "twin"), <i>Syzygos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύζυγος">σύζυγος</a></span> "spouse, partner", in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></i>), "Double," "Protective Angel," or "Divine Self." This spirit taught him wisdom that he then developed into a religion. It was his "Twin" who brought Mani to <a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">self-realization</a>. Mani claimed to be the <i><a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> of the Truth</i> promised by Jesus in the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet,_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet%2C_13th_century.jpg/170px-Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet%2C_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet%2C_13th_century.jpg/255px-Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet%2C_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet%2C_13th_century.jpg/340px-Jesus_as_a_Manichaean_Prophet%2C_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Painting_of_the_Buddha_Jesus" title="Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus">Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus</a></i> depicts Jesus Christ as a Manichaean prophet. The figure can be identified as a representation of Jesus Christ by the small gold cross that sits on the red <a href="/wiki/Lotus_throne" title="Lotus throne">lotus throne</a> in His left hand.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism's views on Jesus</a> are described by historians: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Jesus in Manichaeism possessed three separate identities: <br /> (1) Jesus the Luminous, <br /> (2) Jesus the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> and <br /> (3) Jesus <i>patibilis</i> (the suffering Jesus).<br /> <br /> (1) As Jesus the Luminous ... his primary role was as supreme revealer and guide and it was he who woke Adam from his slumber and revealed to him the divine origins of his soul and its painful captivity by the body and mixture with matter.<br /> <br /> (2) Jesus the Messiah was an historical being who was the prophet of the Jews and the forerunner of Mani. However, the Manichaeans believed he was wholly divine, and that he never experienced human birth, as the physical realities surrounding the notions of his conception and his birth filled the Manichaeans with horror. However, the Christian doctrine of virgin birth was also regarded as obscene. Since Jesus the Messiah was the light of the world, where was this light, they reasoned, when Jesus was in the womb of the Virgin? Jesus the Messiah, they believed, was truly born only at his baptism, as it was on that occasion that the Father openly acknowledged his sonship. The suffering, death and resurrection of this Jesus were in appearance only as they had no salvific value but were an exemplum of the suffering and eventual deliverance of the human soul and a prefiguration of Mani's own martyrdom.<br /> <br /> (3) The pain suffered by the imprisoned Light-Particles in the whole of the visible universe, on the other hand, was real and immanent. This was symbolized by the mystic placing of the Cross whereby the wounds of the passion of our souls are set forth. On this mystical Cross of Light was suspended the Suffering Jesus (Jesus patibilis) who was the life and salvation of Man. This <i>mystica crucifixio</i> was present in every tree, herb, fruit, vegetable and even stones and the soil. This constant and universal suffering of the captive soul is exquisitely expressed in one of the Coptic Manichaean psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-SNC_Lieu_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNC_Lieu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> also noted that Mani declared himself to be an "apostle of Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manichaean tradition is also noted to have claimed that Mani was the reincarnation of religious figures from previous eras such as the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and Zoroaster in addition to Jesus himself. </p><p>Academics note that much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th- and 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> historians like <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">ibn al-Nadim</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">al-Fihrist</a></i>; the latter "ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets."<sup id="cite_ref-Sundermann-EIranica-2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundermann-EIranica-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, given the Islamic milieu of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and Persia at the time, it stands to reason that Manichaens would regularly assert in their evangelism that Mani, not <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, was the "Seal of the Prophets".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, for Mani the metaphorical expression "Seal of Prophets" is not a reference to his finality in a long succession of prophets as it is used in Islam, but rather as final to his followers (who testify or attest to his message as a "seal").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg/220px-ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg/330px-ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg/440px-ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>10th century Manichaean Electae in <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (Khocho), China</figcaption></figure> <p>Other sources of Mani's scripture were the Aramaic originals of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a>, and an otherwise unknown section of the Book of Enoch entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></i>. Mani quoted the latter directly and expanded upon it, becoming one of the six original Syriac writings of the Manichaean Church. Besides short references by non-Manichaean authors through the centuries, no original sources of <i>The Book of Giants</i> (which is actually part six of the Book of Enoch) were available until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scattered fragments of both the original Aramaic Book of Giants (which were analyzed and published by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a> in 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Manichaean version of the same name (analyzed and published by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Bruno Henning</a> in 1943)<sup id="cite_ref-Henning_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henning-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were discovered along with the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean desert</a> in the 20th century and the Manichaean writings of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> Manichaean kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>. Henning wrote in his analysis of them: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is noteworthy that Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition. There can no longer be any doubt that the Iranian names of <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Narīmān</a>, etc., that appear in the Persian and Sogdian versions of the Book of the Giants, did not figure in the original edition, written by Mani in the Syriac language.<sup id="cite_ref-Henning_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henning-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By comparing the cosmology of the books of Enoch to the Book of Giants, as well as the description of the Manichaean myth, scholars have observed that the Manichaean cosmology can be described as being based, in part, on the description of the cosmology developed in detail within the Enochic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This literature describes the being that the prophets saw in their ascent to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> as a king who sits on a throne at the <a href="/wiki/Seven_heavens" title="Seven heavens">highest</a> of the heavens. In the Manichaean description, this being, the "Great King of Honor", becomes a deity who guards the entrance to the World of Light placed at the seventh of ten heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Aramaic Book of Enoch, the Qumran writings, overall, and in the original Syriac section of Manichaean scriptures quoted by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_bar_Konai" title="Theodore bar Konai">Theodore bar Konai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Konai_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konai-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is called <i>malkā rabbā d-iqārā</i> ("the Great King of Honor").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mani was also influenced by writings of the gnostic Bardaisan (154–222 CE), who, like Mani, wrote in Syriac and presented a dualistic interpretation of the world in terms of light and darkness in combination with elements from Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani was heavily inspired by Iranian Zoroastrian theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Harari-2015_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harari-2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg/220px-Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg/330px-Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg/440px-Akshobya_in_His_Eastern_Paradise_with_Cross_of_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abhirati" title="Abhirati">abhirati</a> with the Cross of Light, a symbol of Manichaeism</figcaption></figure> <p>Noting Mani's travels to the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (several religious paintings in <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> are attributed to him) at the beginning of his proselytizing career, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a> postulates Buddhist influences in Manichaeism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Buddhist influences were significant in the formation of Mani's religious thought. The transmigration of souls became a Manichaean belief, and the quadripartite structure of the Manichaean community, divided between male and female monks (the "elect") and lay followers (the "hearers") who supported them, appears to be based on that of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a> began translating <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhist</a> texts into Chinese in the century prior to Mani arriving there. The Chinese texts of Manichaeism are full of uniquely Buddhist terms taken directly from these Chinese Pure Land scriptures, including the term "<a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure land</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">淨土</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jìngtǔ</span></i>) itself.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the central object of veneration in Pure Land Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a>, the Buddha of Infinite Light, does not appear in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a> and seems to have been replaced by another deity.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spread_of_Manicheanism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spread_of_Manicheanism.png/350px-Spread_of_Manicheanism.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spread_of_Manicheanism.png/525px-Spread_of_Manicheanism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spread_of_Manicheanism.png/700px-Spread_of_Manicheanism.png 2x" data-file-width="3269" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>A map of the spread of Manichaeism (300–500). <i>World History Atlas</i>, Dorling Kindersly.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manichaeism reached Rome through the apostle Psattiq in 280, who was also in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 244 and 251. It flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> in 290. </p><p>Manichaean monasteries existed in Rome in 312 during the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Pope Miltiades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 291, persecution arose in the Sasanian Empire with the murder of the apostle Sisin by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> and the slaughter of many Manichaeans. Then, in 302, the first official reaction and legislation against Manichaeism from the Roman state was issued under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. In an official edict called the <i>De Maleficiis et Manichaeis</i> compiled in the <i>Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum</i> and addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Proconsul of Africa">proconsul of Africa</a>, Diocletian wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have heard that the Manichaeans [...] have set up new and hitherto unheard-of sects in opposition to the older creeds so that they might cast out the doctrines vouchsafed to us in the past by the divine favour for the benefit of their own depraved doctrine. They have sprung forth very recently like new and unexpected monstrosities among the race of the Persians – a nation still hostile to us – and have made their way into our empire, where they are committing many outrages, disturbing the tranquility of our people and even inflicting grave damage to the civic communities. We have cause to fear that with the passage of time they will endeavour, as usually happens, to infect the modest and tranquil of an innocent nature with the damnable customs and perverse laws of the Persians as with the poison of a malignant (serpent) ... We order that the authors and leaders of these sects be subjected to severe punishment, and, together with their abominable writings, burnt in the flames. We direct their followers, if they continue recalcitrant, shall suffer capital punishment, and their goods be forfeited to the imperial treasury. And if those who have gone over to that hitherto unheard-of, scandalous and wholly infamous creed, or to that of the Persians, are persons who hold public office, or are of any rank or of superior social status, you will see to it that their estates are confiscated and the offenders sent to the (quarry) at <a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Faynan" title="Khirbat Faynan">Phaeno</a> or the mines at <a href="/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)" title="Proconnesus (city)">Proconnesus</a>. And in order that this plague of iniquity shall be completely extirpated from this our most happy age, let your devotion hasten to carry out our orders and commands.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 354, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a> wrote that Manichaeism was a significant force in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>. In 381, Christians requested <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> to strip Manichaeans of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>. Starting in 382, the emperor issued a series of edicts to suppress Manichaeism and punish its followers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg/220px-Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg/330px-Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg/440px-Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was once a Manichaean.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430) converted to Christianity from Manichaeism in the year 387. This was shortly after the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> issued a decree of death for all Manichaean monks in 382 and shortly before he declared Christianity the only legitimate religion for the Roman Empire in 391. Due to the heavy persecution, the religion almost disappeared from Western Europe in the fifth century and from the eastern portion of the empire in the sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a></i>, after nine or ten years of adhering to the Manichaean faith as a member of the group of "hearers", <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> became a Christian and potent adversary of Manichaeism (which he expressed in writing against his Manichaean opponent <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus of Mileve</a>), seeing their beliefs that knowledge was the key to salvation as too passive and unable to affect any change in one's life.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I still thought that it is not we who sin but some other nature that sins within us. It flattered my pride to think that I incurred no guilt and, when I did wrong, not to confess it ... I preferred to excuse myself and blame this unknown thing which was in me but was not part of me. The truth, of course, was that it was all my own self, and my own impiety had divided me against myself. My sin was all the more incurable because I did not think myself a sinner.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some modern scholars have suggested that Manichaean ways of thinking influenced the development of some of Augustine's ideas, such as the nature of good and evil, the idea of hell, the separation of groups into elect, hearers, and sinners, and the hostility to the flesh and sexual activity, and his dualistic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Confessiones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Augustine_Confessiones.jpg/220px-Augustine_Confessiones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Augustine_Confessiones.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century manuscript from Augustine's book VII of <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a></i> criticizing Manichaeism</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians,_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians,_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians%2C_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians%2C_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg/220px-Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians%2C_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians%2C_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians%2C_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians%2C_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg/330px-Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians%2C_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians%2C_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians%2C_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians%2C_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg/440px-Amit%C3%A2bha_in_His_Western_Paradise_with_Indians%2C_Tibetians_and_Central_Asians%2C_Symbols_-_Sun_and_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Western_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Paradise">Western Paradise</a> with <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian peoples">Central Asians</a>, with two symbols of Manichaeism: Sun and Cross</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a> in Central Asia believed in the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur khagan</a> Boku Tekin (759–780) converted to the religion in 763 after a three-day discussion with its preachers,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Babylonian headquarters sent high-rank clerics to Uyghur, and Manichaeism remained the state religion for about a century before the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></div> <p>In the east it spread along trade routes as far as <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.N.C.L.-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Tang dynasty, some Manichaean groups participated in <a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">peasant movements</a>. Many rebel leaders used religion to mobilize followers. In <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> China, remnants of Manichaeism continued to leave a legacy contributing to sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turbans</a>. During the Song dynasty, the Manichaeans were derogatorily referred by the Chinese as <i>Chīcài shìmó</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">吃菜事魔</span>, meaning that they "abstain from meat and worship demons").<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xisha2011_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xisha2011-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An account in <i>Fozu Tongji</i>, an important historiography of Buddhism in China compiled by Buddhist scholars during 1258–1269, says that the Manichaeans worshipped the "White Buddha" and their leader wore a violet headgear, while the followers wore white costumes. Many Manichaeans took part in rebellions against the Song government and were eventually quelled. After that, all governments were suppressive against Manichaeism and its followers, and the religion was banned in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a> in 1370.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xisha2011_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xisha2011-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it had long been thought that Manichaeism arrived in China only at the end of the seventh century, a recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> archaeological discovery demonstrated that it was already known there in the second half of the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Vaissiere_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Vaissiere-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomadic <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> lasted for less than a century (744–840) in the southern Siberian steppe, with the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Ordu-Baliq" title="Ordu-Baliq">Ordu-Baliq</a> on the Upper <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon River</a> as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-CA,_ABC-CLIO_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA,_ABC-CLIO-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the end of the year (763), Manichaeism was declared the official religion of the Uyghur state. Boku Tekin banned all the shamanistic rituals that had previously been in use. His subjects likely accepted his decision. That much results from a report that the proclamation of Manichaeism as the state religion was met with enthusiasm in Ordu-Baliq. In an inscription in which the Kaghan speaks for himself, he promised the Manichaen high priests (the "Elect") that if they gave orders, he would promptly follow them and respond to their requests. An incomplete manuscript found in the <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turfan Oasis</a> gives Boku Tekin the title of <i>zahag-i Mani</i> ("Emanation of Mani" or "Descendant of Mani"), a title of majestic prestige among the Manichaeans of Central Asia. </p><p>Nonetheless, and despite the apparently willing conversion of the Uyghurs to Manichaeanism, traces and signs of the previous shamanistic practices persisted. For instance, in 765, only two years after the official conversion, during a military campaign in China, the Uyghur troops called forth magicians to perform a number of specific rituals. Manichaean Uyghurs continued to treat with great respect a sacred forest in <a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CA,_ABC-CLIO_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA,_ABC-CLIO-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion to Manichaeism led to an explosion of manuscript production in the Tarim Basin and Gansu (the region between the Tibetan and the Huangtu plateaus), which lasted well into the early 11th century. In 840, the Uyghur Khaganate collapsed under the attacks of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a>, and the new Uyghur state of <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> was established with a capital in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Qocho</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> (776–868 or 869) believed that the peaceful lifestyle that Manicheism brought to the Uyghurs was responsible for their later lack of military skills and eventual decline. This, however, is contradicted by the political and military consequences of the conversion. After the migration of the Uyghurs to Turfan in the ninth century, the nobility maintained Manichaean beliefs for a while before converting to Buddhism. Traces of Manicheism among the Uyghurs in Turfan may be detected in fragments of Uyghur Manichaean manuscripts. In fact, Manicheism continued to rival the influence of Buddhism among the Uyghurs until the 13th century. The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> gave the final blow to the Manichaeism among the Uyghurs.<sup id="cite_ref-CA,_ABC-CLIO_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA,_ABC-CLIO-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibet">Tibet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manichaeism spread to Tibet during the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. There was a serious attempt made to introduce the religion to the Tibetans as the text <i>Criteria of the Authentic Scriptures</i> (a text attributed to the Tibetan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a>) makes a great effort to attack Manichaeism by stating that Mani was a heretic who engaged in <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a> into a deviating and inauthentic form.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manichaeans in Iran tried to assimilate their religion along with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatively little is known about the religion during the first century of Islamic rule. During the early caliphates, Manichaeism attracted many followers. It had a significant appeal among Muslim society, especially among the elites. A part of Manichaeism that specifically appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a> was the Manichaean gods' names. The names Mani had assigned to the gods of his religion show identification with those of the Zoroastrian pantheon, even though some divine beings he incorporates are non-Iranian. For example, Jesus, Adam, and Eve were named Xradesahr, Gehmurd, and Murdiyanag. Because of these familiar names, Manichaeism did not feel completely foreign to the Zoroastrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutter-1993_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutter-1993-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the appeal of its teachings, many Sasanians adopted the ideas of its theology and some even became dualists. </p><p>Not only were the citizens of the Sasanian Empire intrigued by Manichaeism, but so was the ruler at the time of its introduction, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Sabuhr l</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a> reports, Sabuhr, the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>, was very well-known for gaining and seeking knowledge of any kind. Because of this, Mani knew that Sabuhr would lend an ear to his teachings and accept him. Mani had explicitly stated while introducing his teachings to Sabuhr, that his religion should be seen as a reform of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathrusta's</a> ancient teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutter-1993_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutter-1993-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was of great fascination to the king, for it perfectly fit Sabuhr's dream of creating a large empire that incorporated all people and their different creeds. Thus, Manichaeism became widespread and flourished throughout the Sasanian Empire for thirty years. An <a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologia</a> for Manichaeism ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">ibn al-Muqaffa'</a> defended its <a href="/wiki/Phantasmagoria" title="Phantasmagoria">phantasmagorical</a> cosmogony and attacked the <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a> of Islam and other monotheistic religions. The Manichaeans had sufficient structure to have a head of their community.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolerance toward Manichaeism decreased after the death of Sabuhr I. His son, <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Ohrmazd</a>, who became king, still allowed for Manichaeism in the empire, but he also greatly trusted the Zoroastrian priest, Kirdir. After Ohrmazd's short reign, his oldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Wahram I</a>, became king. Wahram I held Kirdir in high esteem, and he also had many different religious ideals than Ohrmazd and his father, Sabuhr I. Due to the influence of Kirdir, Zoroastrianism was strengthened throughout the empire, which in turn caused Manichaeism to be diminished. Wahram sentenced Mani to prison, and he died there.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutter-1993_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutter-1993-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_world">Arab world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the eighth-century <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">zindīq</i></span> and the adjectival term <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">zandaqa</i></span> could denote many different things, but it seems to have primarily—or at least initially—signified a follower of Manichaeism; however its true meaning is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaman1997_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaman1997-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the ninth century, it is reported that Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> tolerated a community of Manichaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early Abbasid period, the Manichaeans underwent persecution. The third Abbasid caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a>, persecuted the Manichaeans, establishing an inquisition against dualists who, if found guilty of heresy, refused to renounce their beliefs, were executed. Their persecution was ended in the 780s by <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christine_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christine-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a>, many Manichaeans fled from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> in fear of persecution, and the base of the religion was later shifted to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacques_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacques-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bactria">Bactria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bactria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first appearance of Manichaeism in Bactria was actually during Mani's lifetime. While he never physically traveled there, he did send a disciple by the name of Mar Ammo to spread his word. Mani "called (upon) Mar Ammo, the teacher, who knew the Parthian language and script, and was well acquainted with lords and ladies and with many nobles in those places..."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mar Ammo indeed did travel to the old Parthian lands of eastern Iran, which bordered Bactria. A translation of Persian texts states the following from the perspective of Mar Ammo: "They had arrived at the watch post of Kushān (Bactria), then the spirit of the border of the eastern province appeared in the shape of a girl, and he (the spirit) asked me 'Ammo what do you intend? From where have you come?' I said, 'I am a believer, a disciple of Mani, the Apostle.' That spirit said 'I do not receive you. Return from where you have come.'" </p><p> Despite the initial rejection Mar Ammo faced, the text records that Mani's spirit appeared to Mar Ammo and requested he persevere and read the chapter "The Collecting of the Gates" from <i>The Treasure of the Living</i>. Once he did so, the spirit returned, transformed, and said, "I am Bag Ard, the frontier guard of the Eastern Province. When I receive you, then the gate of the whole East will be opened in front of you." It seemed that this "border spirit" was a reference to the local Eastern Iranian goddess <a href="/wiki/Ardoksho" title="Ardoksho">Ard-oxsho</a>, who was prevalent in Bactria.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_(Detail_12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_%28Detail_12%29.jpg/220px-Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_%28Detail_12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_%28Detail_12%29.jpg/330px-Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_%28Detail_12%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_%28Detail_12%29.jpg/440px-Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe_%28Detail_12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>The four primary prophets of Manichaeism in the <i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a></i>, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syncretism_and_translation">Syncretism and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syncretism and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manichaeism claimed to present the complete version of teachings that were corrupted and misinterpreted by the followers of Mani's predecessors <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-1993_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoroaster, the Buddha, and Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, as it spread, it adapted deities from other religions into forms it could use for its scriptures. Its original <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Middle Aramaic">Eastern Middle Aramaic</a> texts already contained stories of Jesus. </p><p>As the faith moved eastward and its scriptures were translated into Iranian languages, the names of the Manichaean deities were often transformed into the names of Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yazatas</a>. Thus, <i>Abbā ḏəRabbūṯā</i> ("The Father of Greatness"), the highest Manichaean deity of Light, in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> texts might either be translated literally as <i>pīd ī wuzurgīh</i> or substituted with the name of the deity <i><a href="/wiki/Zurvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurvan">Zurwān</a></i>. </p><p>Similarly, the Manichaean primordial figure <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kadmon#In_Manichaeism" title="Adam Kadmon"><i>Nāšā Qaḏmāyā</i></a> ("The Original Man") was rendered <i>Ohrmazd Bay</i> after the Zoroastrian god <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ohrmazd</a>. This process continued in Manichaeism's meeting with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, during which, for example, the original Aramaic <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">קריא</span></span> <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">qaryā</i></span> (the "call" from the World of Light to those seeking rescue from the World of Darkness) is identified in the Chinese-language scriptures with <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">觀音</span> or <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> in Sanskrit, literally, "watching/perceiving sounds [of the world]", the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> of Compassion).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manichaeism influenced some early texts and traditions of <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> and other forms of early Christianity, as well as doing the same for branches of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_and_suppression">Persecution and suppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Persecution and suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_schisms" title="Manichaean schisms">Manichaean schisms</a></div> <p>Manichaeism was repressed by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 291, persecution arose in the Persian empire with the murder of the apostle Sisin by <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> and the slaughter of many Manichaeans. In 296, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> decreed all the Manichaean leaders to be burnt alive along with the Manichaean scriptures, and many Manichaeans in Europe and North Africa were killed. It was not until 372 with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> that Manichaeism was legislated against again.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> issued a death decree for all Manichaean monks in 382 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religion was vigorously attacked and persecuted by both the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Christian Church</a> and the Roman state, and the religion almost disappeared from western Europe in the fifth century and from the eastern portion of the empire in the sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_(759-780_CE)_to_Manicheism_in_762_(detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour,_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg/220px-Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg/330px-Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg/440px-Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Conversion of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Bögü Qaghan</a>, third Khagan of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Manicheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheism">Manicheism</a> in 762: detail of Bögü Qaghan in a suit of armour, kneeling to a Manichean high priest. 8th century Manichean manuscript (<a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">MIK III 4979</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-RX577-578_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RX577-578-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 732, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> banned any Chinese from converting to the religion, saying it was a heretic religion, confusing people by claiming to be Buddhism. However, the foreigners who followed the religion were allowed to practice it without punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, which was the chief patron of Manichaeism (which was also the state religion of the Khaganate) in China, all Manichaean temples in China except in the two capitals and <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> were closed down and never reopened since these temples were viewed as a symbol of foreign arrogance by the Chinese (see <a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a>). Even those that were allowed to remain open did not for long.<sup id="cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.N.C.L.-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manichaean temples were attacked by Chinese people who burned the images and idols of these temples. Manichaean priests were ordered to wear <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">hanfu</a> instead of traditional clothing, viewed as un-Chinese. In 843, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wuzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wuzong of Tang">Emperor Wuzong of Tang</a> gave the order to kill all Manichaean clerics as part of the <a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a>, and over half died. They were made to look like Buddhists by the authorities; their heads were shaved, they were made to dress like <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> and then killed.<sup id="cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.N.C.L.-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the religion was mostly forbidden and its followers persecuted after that in China, it survives within syncretic sects throughout Fujian in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a> also called Mingjiao.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2004_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, its followers were derogatorily referred to with the <a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">chengyu</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吃菜祀魔</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">chī cài sì mó</span></i>) "vegetarian demon-worshippers". </p><p>Many Manichaeans took part in rebellions against the Song dynasty. They were quelled by Song China and were suppressed and persecuted by all successive governments before the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. In 1370, the religion was banned through an edict of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> had a personal dislike for the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.N.C.L.-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xisha2011_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xisha2011-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its core teaching influences many religious sects in China, including the <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, Manichaeism may have continued to exist in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region until the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Mongol conquest in the 13th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manicheans also suffered persecution for some time under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad. In 780, the third Abbasid Caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a>, started a campaign of inquisition against those who were "dualist heretics" or "Manichaeans" called the <i>zindīq</i>. He appointed a "master of the heretics" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صاحب الزنادقة</span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣāhib al-zanādiqa</i></span>), an official whose task was to pursue and investigate suspected dualists, who the Caliph then examined. Those found guilty who refused to recant their beliefs were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Christine_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christine-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This persecution continued under his successor, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a>, and continued for some time during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>, who finally abolished it and ended it.<sup id="cite_ref-Christine_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christine-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of the 18th Abbasid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a>, many Manichaeans fled from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> from fear of persecution by him and about 500 of them assembled in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. The base of the religion was later shifted to this city, which became their new Patriarchate.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacques_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacques-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manichaean pamphlets were still in circulation in Greek in 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Constantinople, as the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a> summarizes and discusses one that he has read by Agapius in his <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Bibliotheca</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_movements_associated_with_Manichaeism">Later movements associated with Manichaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later movements associated with Manichaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, several movements emerged that were collectively described as "Manichaean" by the Catholic Church and persecuted as Christian heresies through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in 1184.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included the <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a> churches of Western Europe. Other groups sometimes referred to as "neo-Manichaean" were the <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulician</a> movement, which arose in Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue-1911_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1911-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a> in Bulgaria and Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this usage can be found in the published edition of the Latin Cathar text, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber de duobus principiis</i></span> (<i>Book of the Two Principles</i>), which was described as "Neo-Manichaean" by its publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there is no presence of Manichaean mythology or church terminology in the writings of these groups, there has been some dispute among historians as to whether these groups were descendants of Manichaeism.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manichaeism could have influenced the Bogomils, Paulicians, and Cathars. However, these groups left few records, and the link between them and Manichaeans is tenuous. Regardless of its accuracy, the charge of Manichaeism was leveled at them by contemporary orthodox opponents, who often tried to make contemporary heresies conform to those combatted by the church fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether the <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a> of the Paulicians, Bogomils, and Cathars and their belief that the world was created by a Satanic <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a> was due to influence from Manichaeism is impossible to determine. The Cathars apparently adopted the Manichaean principles of church organization. <a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a> and his followers may also have been influenced by Manichaeism. The Manichaeans preserved many <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> Christian works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a>, that would otherwise have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legacy_in_present-day">Legacy in present-day</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy in present-day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sites are preserved in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a> temple is the most widely known, and best preserved Manichaean building,<sup id="cite_ref-SNC_Lieu_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNC_Lieu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 256–257">: 256–257 </span></sup> though it later became associated with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other temples in China associated with Manichaeism also exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cangnan_Stele" title="Cangnan Stele">Xuanzhen Temple</a>, noted for its stele. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeans</a> continue to practice the faith, mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2004_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2004_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some platforms on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> and social media are trying to spread some of its teachings. Some people are registered in these electronic sources, and some scholars and students in the field of religious studies and the arts continue to study Manichaeism.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings_and_beliefs">Teachings and beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Teachings and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_clergymen,_Khocho,_Ruin_alpha,_10th-11th_century_AD,_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Manichaean_clergymen%2C_Khocho%2C_Ruin_alpha%2C_10th-11th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG/200px-Manichaean_clergymen%2C_Khocho%2C_Ruin_alpha%2C_10th-11th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Manichaean_clergymen%2C_Khocho%2C_Ruin_alpha%2C_10th-11th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG/300px-Manichaean_clergymen%2C_Khocho%2C_Ruin_alpha%2C_10th-11th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Manichaean_clergymen%2C_Khocho%2C_Ruin_alpha%2C_10th-11th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG/400px-Manichaean_clergymen%2C_Khocho%2C_Ruin_alpha%2C_10th-11th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01743.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4487" data-file-height="3290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> Manichaean clergymen, wall painting from the Khocho ruins, 10th/11th century CE. Located in the Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Humboldt Forum, Berlin.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg/200px-Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg/300px-Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg/400px-Manichaean_picture_from_cave_25_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Worship of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a> in the World of Light; a Manichaean picture from the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mani's teaching dealt with the origin of evil by addressing a theoretical part of the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>: denying the <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a> of God and instead postulating two opposite divine powers. Manichaean theology teaches a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> view of good and evil. A fundamental belief in Manichaeism is that the powerful, though <a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">not omnipotent</a>, good power (God) was opposed by the eternal evil power (the devil). Humanity, the world, and the soul are seen as the by-product of the battle between God's proxy—Primal Man—and the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan,_A._A._1930_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan,_A._A._1930-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human person is seen as a battleground for these powers: the soul defines the person but is influenced by light and dark. This contention plays out over the world and the human body—neither the Earth nor the flesh were seen as intrinsically evil but instead possessed both light and dark portions. Natural phenomena such as rain were seen as the physical manifestation of this spiritual contention. Therefore, the Manichaean view explained the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">existence of evil</a> by positing a flawed creation in the formation of which God took no part and which constituted instead the product of a battle by the devil against God.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan,_A._A._1930_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan,_A._A._1930-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cosmogony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg/200px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="548" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg/300px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg/400px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a></i> depicts the Manichaean <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">cosmology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manichaeism presents an elaborate conflict between the spiritual world of light and the material world of darkness. The beings of both the world of darkness and the world of light have names. There are numerous sources for the details of the Manichaean belief<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (November 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (November 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> two portions of the scriptures are probably the closest thing to the original writings in their original languages that will ever be available. These are the Syriac quotation by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Theodore_bar_Konai" title="Theodore bar Konai">Theodore bar Konai</a> in his 8th century Syriac <a href="/wiki/Scholion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholion">scholion</a>, the <i>Ketba de-Skolion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Konai_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konai-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Middle Persian sections of Mani's <i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i> discovered at <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>—a summary of Mani's teachings prepared for <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabuhragan_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabuhragan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From these and other sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (November 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, it is possible to derive a near-complete description of the detailed Manichaean cosmogony.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A complete list of Manichaean deities is outlined below.) According to Mani,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>the unfolding of the universe took place in three phases: </p> <dl><dt>The First Creation</dt> <dd>Originally, good and evil existed in two completely separate realms: one the World of Light (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">明界</span>), ruled by the Father of Greatness together with his five <i><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinas</a></i> (i.e., divine attributes of light), and the other the World of Darkness ruled by the King of Darkness. At a point in the distant past, the Kingdom of Darkness noticed the World of Light, coveted it, and attacked it. The Father of Greatness, in the first of three "calls" or "creations", called to the Mother of Life who sent her son, Original Man (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <i lang="arc" dir="rtl">Nāšā Qaḏmāyā</i>), to battle with the attacking powers of Darkness, which included the Demon of Greed.</dd></dl> <p>The Original Man was armed with five different shields of light (reflections of the five <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%27Shekhinah%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="''Shekhinah'' (page does not exist)"><i>Shekhinah</i>s</a>), which he lost to the forces of Darkness in the ensuing battle—described as a kind of "bait" to trick the forces of Darkness, who greedily consume as much light as they can. When the Original Man awakened, he was trapped among the forces of Darkness. </p> <dl><dt>The Second Creation</dt> <dd>Then, the Father of Greatness began the Second Creation. He called to the Living Spirit<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (November 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>, who then called to his sons and the Original Man, after which <i>Call</i> became a Manichaean deity proper. An answer—<i>Answer</i> became another Manichaean deity—then went out from the Original Man to the World of Light. Then, the Mother of Life, the Living Spirit, and his five sons began to create the universe from the bodies of the evil beings of the World of Darkness, together with the light they had swallowed. Ten heavens and eight earths were created, all consisting of various mixtures of the evil material beings from the World of Darkness and the swallowed light. The sun, moon, and stars were all created from light recovered from the World of Darkness. The waxing and waning of the moon are described as the "moon filling with light", which passed to the sun, then through the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, and eventually back to the World of Light.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>The Third Creation</dt> <dd>Great demons (called <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">archons</a> in bar-Konai's account) were hung over the heavens, and the Father of Greatness began the Third Creation. The light was recovered from the material bodies of the male and female evil beings and demons by causing them to become sexually aroused in greed toward beautiful images of the beings of light, such as the Third Messenger and the Virgins of Light. However, as soon as the light was expelled from their bodies and fell to the earth (some in the form of <a href="/wiki/Abortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortions">abortions</a>—the source of <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> in the Manichaean myth), the evil beings continued to swallow up as much of it as they could to keep the light inside themselves. This resulted eventually in the evil beings swallowing vast quantities of light, copulating, and producing <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>. The Father of Greatness then sent <a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Splendour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus the Splendour">Jesus the Splendour</a> to awaken Adam and enlighten him to the true source of the light trapped in his material body. Adam and Eve, however, eventually copulated and produced more human beings, trapping the light in the bodies of humankind throughout human history. The appearance of the Prophet Mani was another attempt by the World of Light to reveal to humanity the true source of the spiritual light imprisoned within their material bodies.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Analysis of Mani's cosmology as illustrated in the Manichaean Diagram"><img alt="Analysis of Mani's cosmology as illustrated in the Manichaean Diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg/378px-Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg/566px-Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg/755px-Analysis_of_Doctrinal_Iconography_of_Mani%E2%80%99s_Cosmology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Analysis of Mani's cosmology as illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 333.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 331.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heaven scene from the Manichaean Diagram"><img alt="Heaven scene from the Manichaean Diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg/497px-Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg/746px-Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg/994px-Cathayan_Manichaean_Cosmology_-_Heaven_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heaven scene from the Manichaean Diagram</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_of_Light_(Manichaean_Cosmology).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Maiden of Light" from the Manichaean Diagram"><img alt=""Maiden of Light" from the Manichaean Diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Virgin_of_Light_%28Manichaean_Cosmology%29.jpg/187px-Virgin_of_Light_%28Manichaean_Cosmology%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Virgin_of_Light_%28Manichaean_Cosmology%29.jpg/281px-Virgin_of_Light_%28Manichaean_Cosmology%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Virgin_of_Light_%28Manichaean_Cosmology%29.jpg/375px-Virgin_of_Light_%28Manichaean_Cosmology%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Maiden of Light" from the Manichaean Diagram</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sixth century, many Manichaeans saw "the earth" as "a rectangular <a href="/wiki/Parallelepiped" title="Parallelepiped">parallelepiped</a> enclosed by walls of crystal, above which three [sky] domes" existed, with the other two being above and larger than the first one and second one, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Gnostic_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnostic-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These represented the "three <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavens</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Chaldea#Religion" title="Chaldea">Chaldean religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gnostic_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnostic-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outline_of_the_beings_and_events_in_the_Manichaean_mythology">Outline of the beings and events in the Manichaean mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Outline of the beings and events in the Manichaean mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the time of its creation by Mani, the Manichaean religion has had a detailed description of deities and events that took place within the Manichaean scheme of the universe. In every language and region that Manichaeism spread to, these same deities reappear, whether it is in the original Syriac quoted by Theodore bar Konai,<sup id="cite_ref-Konai_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konai-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Latin terminology given by Saint Augustine from Mani's <i><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Epistle" title="Fundamental Epistle">Epistola Fundamenti</a></i>, or the Persian and Chinese translations found as Manichaeism spread eastward. While the original Syriac retained the original description that Mani created, the transformation of the deities through other languages and cultures produced incarnations of the gods not implied in the original Syriac writings. Chinese translations are especially syncretic, borrowing and adapting terminology common in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_World_of_Light">The World of Light</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The World of Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a></i> (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܒܐ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ</span></span> <span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">Abbā dəRabbūṯā</i></span>; Middle Persian: <i>pīd ī wuzurgīh</i>, or the Zoroastrian deity <i><a href="/wiki/Zurvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurvan">Zurwān</a></i>; Parthian: <i>Pidar wuzurgift, Pidar roshn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">無上明尊</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Unsurpassed Divinity of Light' or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">薩緩</span></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Zurvan</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) <ul><li><i>His Four Faces</i> (Greek: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ὁ τετραπρόσωπος πατήρ τοῦ μεγέθους</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">四寂法身</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Four Silent <a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">Dharmakayas</a>')<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>Divinity</i> (Middle Persian: <i><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yzd</a></i>; Parthian: <i>bg'</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">清净</span>)</li> <li><i>Light</i> (Middle Persian and Parthian: <i>rwšn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">光明</span>)</li> <li><i>Power</i> (Middle Persian: <i>zwr</i>; Parthian: <i>z'wr'</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">大力</span>)</li> <li><i>Wisdom</i> (Middle Persian: <i>whyh</i>; Parthian: <i>jyryft</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">智慧</span>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>His Five <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinas</a></i> (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܚܡܫ ܫܟܝܢܬܗ</span></span> <i>khamesh shkhinatei</i>; Chinese: <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:五">五</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:種">種</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a> <i>wǔ zhǒng dà</i>,</span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">five great ones</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>):<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 40px;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Shekhina: </th> <th scope="col">Reason </th> <th scope="col">Mind </th> <th scope="col">Intelligence </th> <th scope="col">Thought </th> <th scope="col">Understanding </th></tr> <tr> <td>Syriac </td> <td><span lang="syr" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܗܘܢܐ">ܗܘܢܐ</a> <i>hawnā</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%A5%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܡܕܥܐ">ܡܕܥܐ</a> <i>maddeʻā</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܪܥܝܢܐ">ܪܥܝܢܐ</a> <i>reyānā</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="syr" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%AB%DC%92%DC%AC%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܡܚܫܒܬܐ">ܡܚܫܒܬܐ</a> <i>maḥšavṯɑ</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="syr" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܬܪܥܝܬܐ">ܬܪܥܝܬܐ</a> <i>tarʻiṯā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parthian </td> <td><i>bām</i> </td> <td><i>manohmēd</i> </td> <td><i>uš</i> </td> <td><i>andēšišn</i> </td> <td><i>parmānag</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:相">相</a> <i>xiāng</i>,</span> <span style="color:gray">"phase"</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:心">心</a> <i>xīn</i>,</span> <span style="color:gray">"heart-mind"</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:念">念</a> <i>niàn</i>,</span> <span style="color:gray">"mindfulness"</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:思">思</a> <i>sī</i>,</span> <span style="color:gray">"thought"</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:意">意</a> <i>yì</i>,</span> <span style="color:gray">"meaning"</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkic </td> <td>qut </td> <td>ög </td> <td>köngül </td> <td>saqinç </td> <td>tuimaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greek </td> <td>νοῦς (Nous) </td> <td>ἔννοια (Ennoia) </td> <td>φρόνησις (Phronēsis) </td> <td>ἐνθύμησις (Enthymēsis) </td> <td>λογισμός (Logismos) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latin </td> <td>mens </td> <td>sensus </td> <td>prudentia </td> <td>intellectus </td> <td>cogitatio </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>The Great Spirit</i> (Middle Persian: <i>Waxsh zindag, Waxsh yozdahr</i>; Latin: <i>Spiritus Potens</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_creation">The first creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The first creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Mother of Life</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܡܐ ܕܚܝܐ</span> <i>imā dəḥayyē</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">mʾdrʾy zyndgʾn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">善母佛</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Good Mother Buddha')</li> <li><i>The First Man</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܢܫܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ</span> <i>Nāšā Qaḏmāyā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ohrmazd Bay</a></i>, the Zoroastrian god of light and goodness; Latin: <i>Primus Homo</i>) <ul><li><i>First Enthymesis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">hndyšyšn nxwysṯyn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">先意</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'First Understanding')</li> <li><i>His five Sons</i> (the five Light Elements; <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <i lang="xpr">panj rōšn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amahrāspandān</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">五明子</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>Ether</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <i lang="xpr">ardāw</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">frâwahr</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">氣</span>)</li> <li><i>Wind</i> (Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">wād</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">風</span>)</li> <li><i>Light</i> (Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">rōšn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">明</span>)</li> <li><i>Water</i> (Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">āb</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">水</span>)</li> <li><i>Fire</i> (Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">ādur</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">火</span>)</li></ul></li> <li>His sixth Son, the <i>Answer-God</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܥܢܝܐ</span> <i>ʻanyā</i>; Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Xroshtag_and_Padvaxtag" title="Xroshtag and Padvaxtag">xroshtag</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">勢至</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Shì Zhì</a></i> "The Power of Wisdom", a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>). The answer sent by the <i>First Man</i> to the <i>Call</i> from the World of Light.</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Living Self</i> (Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">grīw zīndag</i>, <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal">grīw rōšn</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">明性</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Light Nature') The <i><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi#Manichaeism" title="Anima mundi">anima mundi</a></i> made up of the five Light Elements, identical with the <a href="/wiki/Suffering_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering Jesus">Suffering Jesus</a> who is crucified in the world.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_second_creation">The second creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The second creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Friend of the Lights</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܚܒܝܒ ܢܗܝܖܐ</span> <i>ḥaviv nehirē</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">樂明佛</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Enjoyer of Lights')<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calls to:</li> <li><i>The Great Builder</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܒܢ ܖܒܐ</span> <i>ban rabbā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">造相</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Creator of Forms') In charge of creating the new world that will separate the darkness from the light. He calls to:</li> <li><i>The Living Spirit</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܪܘܚܐ ܚܝܐ</span> <i>ruḥā ḥayyā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mihryazd</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">淨活風</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jìnghuófēng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Spiritus Vivens</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ζων Πνευμα</span>). Acts as a <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>, creating the structure of the material world. <ul><li><i>His five Sons</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܚܡܫܐ ܒܢܘܗܝ</span> <i>ḥamšā benawhy</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">五等驍健子</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Five Valiant Sons') <ul><li><i>The Keeper of the Splendour</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܨܦܬ ܙܝܘܐ</span> <i>ṣfat ziwā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Splenditenens</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">催光明使</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Urger of Enlightenment'). Holds up the ten heavens from above.</li> <li><i>The King of Glory</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܡܠܟ ܫܘܒܚܐ</span> <i>mlex šuvḥā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Rex Gloriosus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">地藏</span> <i><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Dìzàng</a></i> "Earth Treasury", a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>).</li> <li><i>The Adamas of Light</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܕܡܘܣ ܢܘܗܪܐ</span> <i>adamus nuhrā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Adamas</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">降魔使</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiàngmó shǐ</span></i>). Fights with and overcomes an evil being in the image of the King of Darkness.</li> <li><i>The Great King of Honour</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܡܠܟܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܐܝܩܪܐ</span> <i>malkā rabbā dikkārā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">מלכא רבא דאיקרא</span> <i>malka raba de-ikara</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Rex Honoris</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">十天大王</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shítiān Dàwáng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Ten Heavens Great King'). A being that plays a central role in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Enoch">The Book of Enoch</a> (originally written in Aramaic), as well as Mani's Syriac version of it, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Giants">Book of Giants</a>. Sits in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">seventh heaven</a> of the ten heavens (corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">celestial spheres</a>, the first seven of which house the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">classical planets</a>) and guards the entrance to the world of light.</li> <li><i>Atlas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܣܒܠܐ</span> <i>sebblā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">持世主</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chíshìzhǔ</span></i>). Supports the eight worlds from below.</li></ul></li> <li>His sixth Son, the <i>Call-God</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܩܪܝܐ</span> <i>qaryā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Xroshtag_and_Padvaxtag" title="Xroshtag and Padvaxtag">Padvaxtag</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">觀音</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></i> "watching/perceiving sounds [of the world]", the Chinese Bodhisattva of Compassion). Sent from the Living Spirit to awaken the First Man from his battle with the forces of darkness.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_third_creation">The third creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The third creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Third Messenger</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܝܙܓܕܐ</span> <i>izgaddā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">narēsahyazad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <i lang="xpr">hridīg frēštag</i>; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tertius legatus</i></span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Splendour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus the Splendour">Jesus the Splendour</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܝܫܘܥ ܙܝܘܐ</span> <i>Ishoʻ Ziwā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">光明夷數</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Jesus of Bright Light' or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夷數精和</span></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Jesus the Essence of Harmony</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). He was sent to awaken Adam and Eve to the source of the spiritual light trapped within their bodies.</li> <li><i>The Maiden of Light</i> (Middle Persian and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <i lang="xpr">qnygrwšn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">謹你嚧詵</span>, a phonetic loan from Middle Persian)</li> <li><i>The Twelve Virgins of Light</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܬܪܬܥܣܪܐ ܒܬܘܠܬܐ</span> <i>tratʻesrā btultē</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">kanīgān rōšnān</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">日宮十二化女</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Rìgōng shí'èr huànǚ</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Sun Palace Twelve Maidens of Transformation').<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflected in the twelve constellations of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a>.</li> <li><i>The Column of Glory</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܣܛܘܢ ܫܘܒܚܐ</span> <i>esṭun šuvḥā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">srōš-ahrāy</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蘇露沙羅夷</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sūlù shāluóyí</span></i> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盧舍那</span></span>, <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Lúshěnà</i></span></i>, both phonetic from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">srōš-ahrāy</i>). Souls' path to the World of Light corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.</li> <li><i>The Great <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></i> <ul><li><i>His five Limbs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">五體</span>) (See "His Five Shekhinas" <a href="#The_World_of_Light">above</a>.) <ul><li><i>Reason</i></li> <li><i>Mind</i></li> <li><i>Intelligence</i></li> <li><i>Thought</i></li> <li><i>Understanding</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Just Judge</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <i lang="xpr">d'dbr r'štygr</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">平等王</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Impartial King')<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Last God</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_World_of_Darkness">The World of Darkness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The World of Darkness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)" title="Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of Darkness</a></i> (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܡܠܟ ܚܫܘܟܐ</span></span> <i>mlex ḥešoxā</i>; Middle Persian: <i><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Ahriman</a></i>, the Zoroastrian supreme evil being) <ul><li><i>His five evil kingdoms</i> Evil counterparts of the five elements of light, the lowest being the kingdom of Darkness.</li> <li><i>His son</i> (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܫܩܠܘܢ</span></span> <i>Ashaklun</i>; Middle Persian: <i>Az</i>, from the Zoroastrian demon, <i><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Aži Dahāka</a></i>)</li> <li><i>His son's mate</i> (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܢܒܪܘܐܠ</span></span> <i>Nevro'el</i>)</li> <li>Their offspring – <i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></i> (Middle Persian: <i><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Gehmurd</a></i> and <i>Murdiyanag</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Giants</i> (Fallen Angels, also Abortions): (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܝܚܛܐ</span></span> <i>yaḥtē</i>, "abortions" or "those that fell"; also: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܪܟܘܢܬܐ</span></span>; <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ἐγρήγοροι</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)#Grigori" title="Watcher (angel)">Egrēgoroi</a></i>, "Giants"). Related to the story of the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (which Mani used extensively in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a>), and the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נפילים</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">nephilim</a></i> described in Genesis (6:1–4).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Manichaean_Church">The Manichaean Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Manichaean Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manichaean Church was divided into the Elect, who had taken upon themselves the vows of Manichaeism, and the Hearers, those who had not, but still participated in the Church. The Elect were forbidden to consume alcohol and meat, as well as to harvest crops or prepare food, due to Mani's claim that harvesting was a form of murder against plants. The Hearers would therefore commit the sin of preparing food, and would provide it to the Elect, who would in turn pray for the Hearers and cleanse them of these sins.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms for these divisions were already common since the days of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, however, it had a different meaning in Christianity. In Chinese writings, the Middle Persian and Parthian terms are transcribed phonetically (instead of being translated into Chinese).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were recorded by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arendzen-1910-1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arendzen-1910-1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Leader (Syriac: <span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%97%DC%A2%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܟܗܢܐ">ܟܗܢܐ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑhnɑ/</span>; Parthian: <i>yamag</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">閻默</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yánmò</span></i>), Mani's designated successor, seated as Patriarch at the head of the Church, originally in <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, from the ninth century in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. Two notable leaders were <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81r_S%C4%ABsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mār Sīsin">Mār Sīsin</a> (or Sisinnios), the first successor of Mani, and <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hil%C4%81l_al-Dayh%C5%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri">Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri</a>, an eighth-century leader.</li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Apostles_(Manichaeism)" title="Apostles (Manichaeism)">Apostles</a> (Latin: <i>magistrī</i>; Syriac: <span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%9A%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܫܠܝܚܐ">ܫܠܝܚܐ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ(ə)liħe/</span>; Middle Persian: <i>možag</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">慕闍</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mùdū</span></i>). Three of Mani's original apostles were Mār Pattī (Pattikios; Mani's father), <a href="/wiki/Akouas" title="Akouas">Akouas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a>.</li> <li>72 <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a> (Latin: <i>episcopī</i>; Syriac: <span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%A3%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ">ܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔappisqoppe/</span>; Middle Persian: <i>aspasag</i>, <i>aftadan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">薩波塞</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">sàbōsāi</span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">拂多誕</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fúduōdàn</span></i>; see also: <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">seventy disciples</a>). One of Mani's original disciples who was specifically referred to as a bishop was Mār Addā.</li> <li>360 <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyters</a> (Latin: <i>presbyterī</i>; Syriac: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%AB%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܩܫܝܫܐ">ܩܫܝܫܐ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qaʃʃiʃe/</span>; Middle Persian: <i>mahistan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">默奚悉德</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mòxīxīdé</span></i>)</li> <li>The general body of the Elect (Latin: <i>ēlēctī</i>; Syriac: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܡܫܡܫܢܐ">ܡܫܡܫܢܐ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m(ə)ʃamməʃɑne/</span>; Middle Persian: <i>ardawan</i> or <i>dēnāwar</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">阿羅緩</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">āluóhuǎn</span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">電那勿</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">diànnàwù</span></i>)</li> <li>The Hearers (Latin: <i>audītōrēs</i>; Syriac: <span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A5%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܫܡܘܥܐ">ܫܡܘܥܐ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃɑmoʿe/</span>; Middle Persian: <i>niyoshagan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">耨沙喭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">nòushāyàn</span></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_practices">Religious practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religious practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayers">Prayers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Prayers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Manichaean sources, Manichaeans observed daily prayers: four for the hearers or seven for the elect. The sources differ about the exact time of prayer. The <i>Fihrist</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Nadim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nadim">al-Nadim</a> appoints them afternoon, mid-afternoon, just after sunset, and at nightfall. <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> places the prayers at dawn, sunrise, noon, and dusk. The elect additionally prayed at mid-afternoon, half an hour after nightfall, and midnight. Al-Nadim's account of daily prayers is probably adjusted to coincide with the public prayers for the Muslims, while Al-Biruni's report may reflect an older tradition unaffected by Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Al-Nadim's account of daily prayers was the only detailed source available, there was a concern that Muslims only adopted these practices during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. However, it is clear that the Arabic text provided by Al-Nadim corresponds with the descriptions of Egyptian texts from the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every prayer started with an <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ablution</a> with water or, if water was not available, with other substances comparable to <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablution in Islam">ablution in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consisted of several blessings to the apostles and spirits. The prayer consisted of prostrating oneself to the ground and rising again twelve times during every prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the day, Manichaeans turned towards the Sun and during the night towards the Moon. If the Moon is not visible at night, they turned towards the north.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evident from <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus of Mileve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">Celestial bodies</a> are not the subject of worship themselves but are "ships" carrying the light particles of the world to the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">supreme god</a>, who cannot be seen, since he exists beyond time and space, and also the dwelling places for <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a> of the supreme deity, such as <a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Splendour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus the Splendour">Jesus the Splendour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, ten prayers were performed, the first devoted to the Father of Greatness, and the following to lesser deities, spirits, and angels and finally towards the elect, to be freed from rebirth and pain and to attain peace in the realm of light.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparably, in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> confession, four prayers are directed to the supreme God (<i>Äzrua</i>), the God of the Sun and the Moon, and fivefold God and the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">buddhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg/170px-Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg/255px-Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg/340px-Image_of_Buddha_on_a_Manichaean_Pictorial_Roll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An image of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> as one of the primary prophets on a Manichaean pictorial roll fragment from <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Chotscho</a>, 10th century</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_scripture" title="Manichaean scripture">Manichaean scripture</a></div> <p>Mani wrote seven books, which contained the teachings of the religion. Only scattered fragments and translations of the originals remain, most having been discovered in Egypt and Turkistan during the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-2023_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original six Syriac writings are not preserved, although their Syriac names have been. There are also fragments and quotations from them. A long quotation, preserved by the eighth-century <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian Christian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Bar_Konai" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Bar Konai">Theodore Bar Konai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Konai_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konai-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that in the original Syriac Aramaic writings of Mani there was no influence of Iranian or <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> terms. The terms for the Manichaean deities in the original Syriac writings are in Aramaic. The adaptation of Manichaeism to the Zoroastrian religion appears to have begun in Mani's lifetime however, with his writing of the Middle Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i>, his book dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabuhragan_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabuhragan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In it, there are mentions of Zoroastrian divinities such as <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>, and Āz. Manichaeism is often presented as a Persian religion, mostly due to the vast number of Middle Persian, Parthian, and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> (as well as Turkish) texts discovered by German researchers near <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China, during the early 1900s. However, from the vantage point of its original Syriac descriptions (as quoted by Theodore Bar Khonai and outlined above), Manichaeism may be better described as a unique phenomenon of Aramaic Babylonia, occurring in proximity to two other new Aramaic religious phenomena, <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Academies_in_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Academies in Babylonia">Talmudic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, which also appeared in Babylonia in roughly the third century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The original, but now lost, six sacred books of Manichaeism were composed in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac Aramaic</a>, and translated into other languages to help spread the religion. As they spread to the east, the Manichaean writings passed through <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> translations. As they spread to the west, they were translated into <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Most Manichaean texts survived only as Coptic and Medieval Chinese translations of their original, lost versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine1991p._xxviii_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine1991p._xxviii-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg/220px-Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg/330px-Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg/440px-Jinjiang_Cao%27an_20120229-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Statue of prophet Mani as the "<a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Buddha of Light</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinjiang, Fujian">Jinjiang, Fujian</a>, "a Manichaean temple in Buddhist disguise",<sup id="cite_ref-Sundermann-2009b-1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundermann-2009b-1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is considered "the only extant Manichean temple in China"<sup id="cite_ref-Lieu-2011_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieu-2011-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Henning</a> describes how this translation process evolved and influenced the Manichaeans of Central Asia: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beyond doubt, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> was the national language of the Majority of clerics and propagandists of the Manichaean faith in Central Asia. Middle Persian (Pārsīg), and to a lesser degree, Parthian (Pahlavānīg), occupied the position held by <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Latin in the medieval church</a>. The founder of Manichaeism had employed Syriac (his own language) as his medium, but conveniently he had written at least one book in Middle Persian, and it is likely that he himself had arranged for the translation of some or all of his numerous writings from Syriac into Middle Persian. Thus the Eastern Manichaeans found themselves entitled to dispense with the study of Mani's original writings, and to continue themselves to reading the Middle Persian edition; it presented small difficulty to them to acquire a good knowledge of the Middle Persian language, owing to its affinity with Sogdian.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Originally_written_in_Syriac">Originally written in Syriac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Originally written in Syriac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Gospel of Mani</a></i> (Syriac: <span lang="syr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ">ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛwwanɡallijon/</span>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">εὐαγγέλιον</span> "good news, gospel"). Quotations from the first chapter were brought in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">ibn al-Nadim</a>, who lived in Baghdad at a time when there were still Manichaeans living there, in his 938 book, the <i>Fihrist</i>, a catalog of all written books known to him.</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Life" title="Treasure of Life">Treasure of Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragmateia" title="Pragmateia">The Treatise</a></i> (Coptic: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:πραγματεία">πραγματεία</a>, <i>pragmateia</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries (Manichaeism)">Secrets</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></i>: Original fragments were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> (pre-Manichaean) and <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epistles_(Manichaeism)" title="The Epistles (Manichaeism)">Epistles</a>: Augustine brings quotations, in Latin, from Mani's <i><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Epistle" title="Fundamental Epistle">Fundamental Epistle</a></i> in some of his anti-Manichaean works.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_and_Prayers" title="Psalms and Prayers">Psalms and Prayers</a>: A Coptic <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Psalm_Book" title="Manichaean Psalm Book">Manichaean Psalm Book</a>, discovered in Egypt in the early 1900s, was edited and published by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allberry" title="Charles Allberry">Charles Allberry</a> from Manichaean manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty collection</a> and in the Berlin Academy, 1938–39.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Originally_written_in_Middle_Persian">Originally written in Middle Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Originally written in Middle Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>: Original Middle Persian fragments were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, quotations were brought in Arabic by <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_books">Other books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Ardahang</a></i>, the "Picture Book". In Iranian tradition, this was one of Mani's holy books that became remembered in later Persian history, and was also called <i>Aržang</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> word meaning "Worthy", and was beautified with paintings. Therefore, Iranians gave him the title of "The Painter".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kephalaia_of_the_Teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kephalaia of the Teacher">Kephalaia of the Teacher</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κεφαλαια</span></span>), "Discourses", found in Coptic translation.</li> <li><i>On the Origin of His Body</i>, the title of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a>, a Greek translation of an Aramaic book that describes the early life of Mani.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani-Kodex_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-Kodex-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Manichaean_works_preserved_by_the_Manichaean_Church">Non-Manichaean works preserved by the Manichaean Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Non-Manichaean works preserved by the Manichaean Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Giants">Book of Giants</a></li> <li>Literature relating to the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">apostle Thomas</a> (who by tradition went to India, and was also venerated in Syria), such as portions of the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">The Acts of Thomas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Thomas" title="Psalms of Thomas">Psalms of Thomas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> was also attributed to Manichaeans by Cyril of Jerusalem, a fourth-century Church Father.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The legend of <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_and_Josaphat" title="Barlaam and Josaphat">Barlaam and Josaphat</a> passed from an Indian story about the Buddha, through a Manichaean version, before it transformed into the story of a Christian Saint in the west.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_works">Later works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Later works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg/330px-%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg/495px-%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg/660px-%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>摩尼教文獻 The Chinese Manichaean "Compendium"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians,_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg/220px-Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg/330px-Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg/440px-Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Two female musicians depicted in a Manichaean text</figcaption></figure> <p>In later centuries, as Manichaeism passed through <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">eastern Persian-speaking lands</a> and arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> (回鶻帝國), and eventually the Uyghur kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> (destroyed around 1335), Middle Persian and Parthian prayers (<i>āfrīwan</i> or <i>āfurišn</i>) and the Parthian hymn-cycles (the <i>Huwīdagmān</i> and <i>Angad Rōšnan</i> created by <a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a>) were added to the Manichaean writings.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A translation of a collection of these produced the <i>Manichaean Chinese Hymnscroll</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">摩尼教下部讚</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móní-jiào Xiàbù Zàn</span></i>, which <a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu</a> translates as "Hymns for the Lower Section [i.e. the Hearers] of the Manichaean Religion"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu199850_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu199850-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In addition to containing hymns attributed to Mani, it contains prayers attributed to Mani's earliest disciples, including Mār Zaku, Mār Ammo and Mār Sīsin. Another Chinese work is a complete translation of the <i>Sermon of the Light <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></i>, presented as a discussion between Mani and his disciple Adda.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_and_polemic_sources">Critical and polemic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Critical and polemic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until discoveries in the 1900s of original sources, the only sources for Manichaeism were descriptions and quotations from non-Manichaean authors, either Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, or Zoroastrian ones. While often criticizing Manichaeism, they also quoted directly from Manichaean scriptures. This enabled <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Beausobre" title="Isaac de Beausobre">Isaac de Beausobre</a>, writing in the 18th century, to create a comprehensive work on Manichaeism, relying solely on anti-Manichaean sources.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus quotations and descriptions in Greek and Arabic have long been known to scholars, as have the long quotations in Latin by Saint Augustine, and the extremely important quotation in Syriac by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Bar_Konai" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Bar Konai">Theodore Bar Konai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patristic_depictions_of_Mani_and_Manichaeism">Patristic depictions of Mani and Manichaeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Patristic depictions of Mani and Manichaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> commented as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The error of the Manichees, which commenced at this time.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>In the mean time, also, that madman Manes, (Mani is of Persian or Semitic origin) as he was called, well agreeing with his name, for his demoniacal heresy, armed himself by the perversion of his reason, and at the instruction of Satan, to the destruction of many. He was a barbarian in his life, both in speech and conduct, but in his nature as one possessed and insane. Accordingly, he attempted to form himself into a Christ, and then also proclaimed himself to be the very paraclete and the Holy Spirit, and with all this was greatly puffed up with his madness. Then, as if he were Christ, he selected twelve disciples, the partners of his new religion, and after patching together false and ungodly doctrines, collected from a thousand heresies long since extinct, he swept them off like a deadly poison, from Persia, upon this part of the world. Hence the impious name of the Manichaeans spreading among many, even to the present day. Such then was the occasion of this knowledge, as it was falsely called, that sprouted up in these times.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acta_Archelai"><i>Acta Archelai</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Acta Archelai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of how inaccurate some of these accounts could be can be seen in the account of the origins of Manichaeism contained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Archelai" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Archelai">Acta Archelai</a></i>. This was a Greek anti-Manichaean work written before 348, most well known in its Latin version, which was regarded as an accurate account of Manichaeism until refuted by Isaac de Beausobre in the 18th century: </p> <blockquote><p>In the time of the Apostles there lived a man named <a href="/wiki/Scythianus" title="Scythianus">Scythianus</a>, who is described as coming "from Scythia", and also as being "a Saracen by race" ("ex genere Saracenorum"). He settled in Egypt, where he became acquainted with "the wisdom of the Egyptians", and invented the religious system that was afterwards known as Manichaeism. Finally he emigrated to Palestine, and, when he died, his writings passed into the hands of his sole disciple, a certain <a href="/wiki/Terebinthus" title="Terebinthus">Terebinthus</a>. The latter betook himself to Babylonia, assumed the name of Budda, and endeavoured to propagate his master's teaching. But he, like Scythianus, gained only one disciple, who was an old woman. After a while he died, in consequence of a fall from the roof of a house, and the books that he had inherited from Scythianus became the property of the old woman, who, on her death, bequeathed them to a young man named Corbicius, who had been her slave. Corbicius thereupon changed his name to Manes, studied the writings of Scythianus, and began to teach the doctrines that they contained, with many additions of his own. He gained three disciples, named Thomas, Addas, and Hermas. About this time the son of the Persian king fell ill, and Manes undertook to cure him; the prince, however, died, whereupon Manes was thrown into prison. He succeeded in escaping, but eventually fell into the hands of the king, by whose order he was flayed, and his corpse was hung up at the city gate.</p></blockquote> <p>A. A. Bevan, who quoted this story, commented that it "has no claim to be considered historical".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="View_of_Judaism_in_the_Acta_Archelai">View of Judaism in the <i>Acta Archelai</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: View of Judaism in the Acta Archelai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Hegemonius" title="Hegemonius">Hegemonius</a>' portrayal of Mani, the <a href="/wiki/Dimurgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimurgos">evil demiurge</a> who created the world was the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. Hegemonius reports that Mani said,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It is the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_darkness_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of Darkness</a> who spoke with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a>. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, the Jews, and the Pagans are involved in the same error when they worship this God. For he leads them astray in the lusts he taught them." He goes on to state: "Now, he who spoke with Moses, the Jews, and the priests he says is the <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archont</a> of Darkness, and the Christians, Jews, and pagans (ethnic) are one and the same, as they revere the same god. For in his aspirations he seduces them, as he is not the god of truth. And so therefore all those who put their hope in the god who spoke with Moses and the prophets have (this in store for themselves, namely) to be bound with him, because they did not put their hope in the god of truth. For that one spoke with them (only) according to their own aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asian_and_Iranian_primary_sources">Central Asian and Iranian primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Central Asian and Iranian primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1900s, original Manichaean writings started to come to light when German scholars led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gr%C3%BCnwedel" title="Albert Grünwedel">Albert Grünwedel</a>, and then by <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a>, began excavating at <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>, the ancient site of the Manichaean Uyghur Kingdom near Turpan, in Chinese Turkestan (destroyed around 1300 CE). While most of the writings they uncovered were in very poor condition, there were still hundreds of pages of Manichaean scriptures, written in three Iranian languages (Middle Persian, Parthian, and Sogdian) and old Uyghur. These writings were taken back to Germany and were analyzed and published at the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> in Berlin, by Le Coq and others, such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W._K._M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich W. K. Müller">Friedrich W. K. Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Bruno Henning</a>. While the vast majority of these writings were written in a version of the Syriac script known as <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a>, the German researchers, perhaps for lack of suitable fonts, published most of them using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> (which could easily be substituted for the 22 Syriac letters).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most comprehensive of these publications was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Manichaeische Dogmatik aus chinesischen und iranischen Texten</i></span> (<i>Manichaean Dogma from Chinese and Iranian texts</i>), by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Waldschmidt" title="Ernst Waldschmidt">Ernst Waldschmidt</a> and Wolfgang Lentz, published in Berlin in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than any other research work published before or since, this work printed, and then discussed, the original key Manichaean texts in the original scripts, and consists chiefly of sections from Chinese texts, and Middle Persian and Parthian texts transcribed with the Hebrew alphabet. After the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> gained power in Germany, the Manichaean writings continued to be published during the 1930s, but the publishers no longer used Hebrew letters, instead transliterating the texts into Latin letters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_primary_sources">Coptic primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Coptic primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additionally, in 1930, German researchers in Egypt found a large body of Manichaean works in Coptic. Though these were also damaged, hundreds of complete pages survived and, beginning in 1933, were analyzed and published in Berlin before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, by German scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Polotsky" title="Hans Jakob Polotsky">Hans Jakob Polotsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these Coptic Manichaean writings were lost during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_primary_sources">Chinese primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chinese primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the success of the German researchers, French scholars visited China and discovered what is perhaps the most complete set of Manichaean writings, written in Chinese. These three Chinese writings, all found at the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>, and all written before the 9th century, are today kept in London, Paris, and Beijing. Some of the scholars involved with their initial discovery and publication were <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes" title="Édouard Chavannes">Édouard Chavannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a>. The original studies and analyses of these writings, along with their translations, first appeared in French, English, and German, before and after World War II. The complete Chinese texts themselves were first published in Tokyo, Japan in 1927, in the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a>, volume 54. While in the last thirty years or so they have been republished in both Germany (with a complete translation into German, alongside the 1927 Japanese edition),<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China, the Japanese publication remains the standard reference for the Chinese texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_life_of_Mani,_Cologne_codex"><span id="Greek_life_of_Mani.2C_Cologne_codex"></span>Greek life of Mani, Cologne codex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Greek life of Mani, Cologne codex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Egypt, a small <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> was found and became known through antique dealers in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. It was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> in 1969. Two of its scientists, Henrichs and Koenen, produced the first edition known since as the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a>, which was published in four articles in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i></span>. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> manuscript contained a <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> text describing the life of Mani. Thanks to this discovery, much more is known about the man who founded one of the most influential world religions of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundermann-2011_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundermann-2011-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figurative_use">Figurative use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Figurative use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms "Manichaean" and "Manichaeism" are sometimes used figuratively as a synonym of the more general term "<a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualist</a>" with respect to a philosophy, outlook, or world-view.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms are often used to suggest that the world-view in question simplistically reduces the world to a struggle between good and evil. For example, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> used the phrase "Manichaean paranoia" in reference to U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s world-view (in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show_with_Jon_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Show with Jon Stewart">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart</a></i>, 14 March 2007); Brzezinski elaborated that he meant "the notion that he [Bush] is leading the forces of good against the '<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a>.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a> followed up on the theme in describing Bush in his book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tragic_Legacy" title="A Tragic Legacy">A Tragic Legacy</a></i> (2007). </p><p>The term is frequently used by critics to describe the attitudes and foreign policies of the United States and its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> frequently invoked the concept of Manicheanism in his discussions of violence between colonizers and the colonized.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/My_Secret_History" title="My Secret History">My Secret History</a></i>, author <a href="/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a>'s protagonist defines the word Manichaean for the protagonist's son as "seeing that good and evil are mingled." Before explaining the word to his son, the protagonist mentions <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad's</a> short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Sharer" title="The Secret Sharer">The Secret Sharer</a>" at least twice in the book, the plot of which also examines the idea of the duality of good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:92%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.2em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Gnosticism" title="Category:Gnosticism">a series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraxas_gem_scan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/100px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/150px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/200px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Gnostic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">Kenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminary_(Gnosticism)" title="Luminary (Gnosticism)">Luminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Gnosticism)" title="Ogdoad (Gnosticism)">Ogdoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a> and founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">List of Gnostic sects</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Proto-Gnosticism" title="Proto-Gnosticism">Proto-Gnosticism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81riya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghāriya">Maghāriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Judean / Israelite</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elksai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkasaites">Elkasaites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Samaritan Baptist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perates" title="Perates">Perates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Syrian-Egyptian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Alexandrian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Roman</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florinus_(Gnostic)" title="Florinus (Gnostic)">Florinus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Persian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chinese Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Islamic Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusayrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrism">Nusayrism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Modern schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">List of Gnostic texts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Abdias" title="Pseudo-Abdias">Pseudo-Abdias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnosticism and the New Testament">Gnosticism and the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Mandaean scriptures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Codex" title="Berlin Codex">Berlin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Codex Nasaraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influenced by</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Paul_and_Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom (personification)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influence on</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnosticism in modern times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism" title="Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism" title="Template talk:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a>, a purportedly related movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hil%C4%81l_al-Dayh%C5%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri">Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri</a> (8th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_(Manichaean)" title="Agapius (Manichaean)">Agapius (Manichaean)</a> (4th or 5th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akouas" title="Akouas">Akouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">The Buddha in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism in cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_al-Balkhi" title="Hiwi al-Balkhi">Hiwi al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians#Religion" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Cult" title="Ming Cult">Ming Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Isa_al-Warraq" title="Abu Isa al-Warraq">Abu Isa al-Warraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IranicaManiFounderManichaeism-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IranicaManiFounderManichaeism_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"According to the <i>Fehrest</i>, Mani was of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Arsacid</a> stock on both his father's and his mother's sides, at least if the readings al-ḥaskāniya (Mani's father) and al-asʿāniya (Mani's mother) are corrected to al-aškāniya and al-ašḡāniya (ed. Flügel, 1862, p. 49, ll. 2 and 3) respectively. The forefathers of Mani's father are said to have been from Hamadan and so perhaps of Iranian origin (ed. Flügel, 1862, p. 49, 5–6). The <i>Chinese Compendium</i>, which makes the father a local king, maintains that his mother was from the house Jinsajian, explained by Henning as the Armenian Arsacid family of Kamsarakan (Henning, 1943, p. 52, n. 4 1977, II, p. 115). Is that fact, or fiction, or both? The historicity of this tradition is assumed by most, but the possibility that Mani's noble Arsacid background is legendary cannot be ruled out (cf. Scheftelowitz, 1933, pp. 403–4). In any case, it is characteristic that Mani took pride in his origin from time-honored <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babel</a>, but never claimed affiliation to the Iranian upper class." – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mani-founder-manicheism">"Manichaeism"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are apparently the 'twelve centuries clothed with flowers and full of melodies' (<i>duodecim saecula floribus convestita et canoribus plena</i>) at St Augustine, <i>Contra Faustum</i> 15.5<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SPL160-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPL160_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPL160_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2022" class="citation book cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-125278-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-125278-5-8"><bdi>978-84-125278-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-84-125278-5-8&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sogdians.si.edu/believers-proselytizers-translators/">"Believers, Proselytizers, & Translators The Sogdians"</a>. <i>sogdians.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014133244/https://sogdians.si.edu/believers-proselytizers-translators/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sogdians.si.edu&rft.atitle=Believers%2C+Proselytizers%2C+%26+Translators+The+Sogdians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsogdians.si.edu%2Fbelievers-proselytizers-translators%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGULÁCSI2010" class="citation journal cs1">GULÁCSI, ZSUZSANNA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43896125.pdf">"The Prophet's Seal: A Contextualized Look at the Crystal Sealstone of Mani (216–276 C.E.) in the Bibliothèque nationale de France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>24</b>: 164. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43896125">43896125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Prophet%27s+Seal%3A+A+Contextualized+Look+at+the+Crystal+Sealstone+of+Mani+%28216%E2%80%93276+C.E.%29+in+the+Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43896125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=GUL%C3%81CSI&rft.aufirst=ZSUZSANNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F43896125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-manichaeism" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=manichaeism">"manichaeism"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=manichaeism&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmanichaeism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff <i>Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times</i>SUNY Press, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3611-0">978-0-7914-3611-0</a> p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarshater, Ehsan <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2), The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm">"Manichaeism"</a>. New Advent Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508130002/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manichaeism&rft.pub=New+Advent+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09591a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cosmogony-iii">"Manichaeism"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-1993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner-1993_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner-1993_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner-1993_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1993" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Alice K. (1993). <i>The History of Hell</i> (1st ed.). United States: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace">Harcourt Brace</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-140934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-140934-1"><bdi>978-0-15-140934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Hell&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-15-140934-1&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Alice+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorriganRasimus2013" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Kevin; Rasimus, Tuomas (2013). <i>Gnosticism, Platonism and the late ancient world: essays in honour of John D. Turner</i>. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22383-7"><bdi>978-90-04-22383-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism%2C+Platonism+and+the+late+ancient+world%3A+essays+in+honour+of+John+D.+Turner&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22383-7&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Rasimus%2C+Tuomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardagan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dardagan, Amer (13 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/krj2n">"Neoplatonism, The Response on Gnostic and Manichean ctiticism of Platonism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fkrj2n">10.31235/osf.io/krj2n</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neoplatonism%2C+The+Response+on+Gnostic+and+Manichean+ctiticism+of+Platonism&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fkrj2n&rft.aulast=Dardagan&rft.aufirst=Amer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fkrj2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Widengren, Geo <i>Mesopotamian elements in Manichaeism (King and Saviour II): Studies in Manichaean, Mandaean, and Syrian-gnostic religion</i>, Lundequistska bokhandeln, 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins-2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins-2001_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Keith (July 2001). <i>A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a>. pp. 246, 263, 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28261-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28261-6"><bdi>0-452-28261-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47286228">47286228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Full+of+Gods%3A+The+Strange+Triumph+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=246%2C+263%2C+270&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47286228&rft.isbn=0-452-28261-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arendzen-1910-1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arendzen-1910-1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arendzen-1910-1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendzen, John (1 October 1910). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm">Manichæism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201201326/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm">Archived</a> 1 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 9. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeDuhnMirecki2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeDuhnMirecki2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_BeDuhnPaul_Allan_Mirecki2007" class="citation book cs1">Jason BeDuhn; Paul Allan Mirecki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JQd8b5s5QBUC&pg=PA6"><i>Frontiers of Faith: The Christian Encounter With Manichaeism in the Acts of Archelaus</i></a>. BRILL. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16180-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Faith%3A+The+Christian+Encounter+With+Manichaeism+in+the+Acts+of+Archelaus&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16180-1&rft.au=Jason+BeDuhn&rft.au=Paul+Allan+Mirecki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQd8b5s5QBUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Welburn, <i>Mani, the Angel and the Column of Glory: An Anthology of Manichaean Texts</i> (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1998), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jason_BeDuhn" title="Jason BeDuhn">Jason David BeDuhn</a> <i>The Manichaean Body: In Discipline and Ritual</i> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2000 republished 2002 p.IX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2004-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2004_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2004_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2004_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Linzhou (2004). <i>福州摩尼教重要遗址——福州台江义洲浦西福寿宫</i> (in Chinese) (1 ed.). p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%89%E6%B4%B2%E6%B5%A6%E8%A5%BF%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%AB&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Linzhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen-2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chen-2004_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen-2004_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen-2004_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenTu2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chen, Yizhou; Tu, Yuanji (2004). <i>福建摩尼教寺院遗址考</i> (in Chinese) (1 ed.). p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E8%80%83&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yizhou&rft.au=Tu%2C+Yuanji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarence,_2021-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarence,_2021_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence" class="citation web cs1">Clarence, Siut Wai Hung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nus.edu.sg/imperialchina/2021/12/23/research-2021-4/">"The Forgotten Buddha: Manichaeism and Buddhist Elements in Imperial China"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129144330/https://blog.nus.edu.sg/imperialchina/2021/12/23/research-2021-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Buddha%3A+Manichaeism+and+Buddhist+Elements+in+Imperial+China&rft.aulast=Clarence&rft.aufirst=Siut+Wai+Hung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nus.edu.sg%2Fimperialchina%2F2021%2F12%2F23%2Fresearch-2021-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerLieu2004" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Iain; Lieu, Samuel N. C., eds. (2004). <i>Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaean+Texts+from+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers First Series, ed. Philip Schaff, writing of Augustine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Manichaean">"Definition of MANICHAEAN"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. 15 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104043053/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Manichaean">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MANICHAEAN&rft.date=2023-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FManichaean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce, <i>Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices</i>, Routledge, 2001. p. 111: "He was Iranian, of noble Parthian blood ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick Ball, <i>Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire</i>, Routledge, 2001. p. 437: "Manichaeism was a syncretic religion, proclaimed by the Iranian Prophet Mani ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani-Kodex-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani-Kodex_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani-Kodex_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Koenen and C. Römer, eds., <i>Der Kölner Mani-Kodex. Über das Werden seines Leibes. Kritische Edition</i>, (Abhandlung der Reinisch-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Papyrologica Coloniensia <b>14</b>) (Opladen, Germany) 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundermann-2009a-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sundermann-2009a_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundermann2009" class="citation web cs1">Sundermann, Werner (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mani-founder-manicheism">"MANI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014133321/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mani-founder-manicheism">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=MANI&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Sundermann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmani-founder-manicheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shabuhragan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shabuhragan_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shabuhragan_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shabuhragan_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middle Persian Sources: D. N. MacKenzie, <i>Mani's Šābuhragān</i>, pt. 1 (text and translation), BSOAS 42/3, 1979, pp. 500–34, pt. 2 (glossary and plates), BSOAS 43/2, 1980, pp. 288–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welburn (1998), pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardieu2008" class="citation book cs1">Tardieu, Michel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9wk7DQRoPoC&q=Manichaean+alphabet&pg=PA33"><i>Manichaeism</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03278-3"><bdi>978-0-252-03278-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03278-3&rft.aulast=Tardieu&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9wk7DQRoPoC%26q%3DManichaean%2Balphabet%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoosten1996" class="citation book cs1">Joosten, Jan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrLe3e6Hx-QC&q=Syriac++Church"><i>The Syriac Language of the Peshitta and Old Syriac Versions of Matthew: Syntactic Structure, Inner-Syriac Developments and Translation Technique</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10036-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Language+of+the+Peshitta+and+Old+Syriac+Versions+of+Matthew%3A+Syntactic+Structure%2C+Inner-Syriac+Developments+and+Translation+Technique&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10036-7&rft.aulast=Joosten&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrLe3e6Hx-QC%26q%3DSyriac%2B%2BChurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harari-2015-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harari-2015_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harari-2015_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval Noah</a> (2015). <i>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval Noah</a>; Purcell, John; <a href="/wiki/Haim_Watzman" title="Haim Watzman">Watzman, Haim</a>. London: Penguin Random House UK. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8"><bdi>978-0-09-959008-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910498369">910498369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapiens%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Humankind&rft.place=London&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+UK&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910498369&rft.isbn=978-0-09-959008-8&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeves1996-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reeves1996_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1996" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, John C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewM1xTuRQaoC&pg=PA6"><i>Heralds of That Good Realm: Syro-Mesopotamian Gnosis and Jewish Traditions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10459-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10459-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heralds+of+That+Good+Realm%3A+Syro-Mesopotamian+Gnosis+and+Jewish+Traditions&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10459-4&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewM1xTuRQaoC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Jainism – Posadha". <i>Buddhism and Jainism</i>. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 2017. p. 585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_100387">10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100387</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5"><bdi>978-94-024-0851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jainism+%E2%80%93+Posadha&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Jainism&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_100387&rft.isbn=978-94-024-0851-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FynesRCC-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FynesRCC_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFynes1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fynes, Richard C.C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757253">"Plant Souls in Jainism and Manichaeism The Case for Cultural Transmission"</a>. <i>East and West</i>. <b>46</b> (1/2). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 21–44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376">0012-8376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757253">29757253</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530144547/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757253">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Plant+Souls+in+Jainism+and+Manichaeism+The+Case+for+Cultural+Transmission&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=21-44&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8376&rft.aulast=Fynes&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coyle2009-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coyle2009_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2009" class="citation book cs1">Coyle, John Kevin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnFz3tI0qOwC&pg=PR13"><i>Manichaeism and Its Legacy</i></a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17574-7"><bdi>978-90-04-17574-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+and+Its+Legacy&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17574-7&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=John+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnFz3tI0qOwC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2023-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2023_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2023_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manichaeism">"Manichaeism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508072403/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manichaeism">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Manichaeism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FManichaeism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Oort2020" class="citation book cs1">van Oort, Johannes (2020). "The Paraclete Mani as the Apostle of Jesus Christ and the Origins of a New Church". <i>Mani and Augustine</i>. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paraclete+Mani+as+the+Apostle+of+Jesus+Christ+and+the+Origins+of+a+New+Church&rft.btitle=Mani+and+Augustine&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=van+Oort&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNC_Lieu-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SNC_Lieu_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNC_Lieu_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_N._C._Lieu1992" class="citation book cs1">Samuel N. C. Lieu (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmNPz9teHqUC&pg=PA161"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China</i></a>. J.C.B. Mohr. pp. 161–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145820-0"><bdi>978-3-16-145820-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100183055">1100183055</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428154820/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmNPz9teHqUC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China&rft.pages=161-&rft.pub=J.C.B.+Mohr&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100183055&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145820-0&rft.au=Samuel+N.+C.+Lieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmNPz9teHqUC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Augustine2006" class="citation book cs1">Saint Augustine (2006). Boniface Ramsey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57nFeeC3GKoC&pg=PA315"><i>The Manichean Debate, Volume 1; Volume 19</i></a>. New City Press. pp. 315–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-247-0"><bdi>978-1-56548-247-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/552327717">552327717</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513081717/https://books.google.com/books?id=57nFeeC3GKoC&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manichean+Debate%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+19&rft.pages=315-&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F552327717&rft.isbn=978-1-56548-247-0&rft.au=Saint+Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57nFeeC3GKoC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundermann-EIranica-2012-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sundermann-EIranica-2012_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eschatology-ii">"Manichaeism"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroumsa2015" class="citation book cs1">Stroumsa, Guy G. (2015). <i>The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Abrahamic+Religions+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Guy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Colpe, "Das Siegel der Propheten: historische Beziehungen zwischen Judentum, Judenchristentum, Heidentum und frühem Islam", <i>Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Theologie und Zeitgeschichte</i>, 3 (Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1990), 227–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. G. Stroumsa, <i>The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity</i>, Oxford Studies in the Abrahamic Religions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/1Q24-1?locale=en_US">"The Dead Sea Scrolls – 1Q Enoch, Book of Giants"</a>. <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls – 1Q Enoch, Book of Giants</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108003418/https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/1Q24-1?locale=en_US">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%E2%80%93+1Q+Enoch%2C+Book+of+Giants&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%E2%80%93+1Q+Enoch%2C+Book+of+Giants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il%2Fexplore-the-archive%2Fmanuscript%2F1Q24-1%3Flocale%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. T. Milik, ed. and trans., <i>The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henning-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henning_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henning_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In: Henning, W. B., <i>The Book of Giants</i>, BSOAS, Vol. XI, Part 1, 1943, pp. 52–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves, John C. <i>Jewish Lore in Manichaean Cosmogony: Studies in the Book of Giants Traditions</i> (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Henning, <i>A Sogdian Fragment of the Manichaean Cosmogony</i>, BSOAS, 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konai-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konai_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konai_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konai_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konai_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Original Syriac in: Theodorus bar Konai, <i>Liber Scholiorum, II</i>, ed. A. Scher, <i>Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium scrip. syri</i>, 1912, pp. 311–8, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0104-9">978-90-429-0104-9</a>; English translation in: A.V.W. Jackson, <i>Researches in Manichaeism</i>, New York, 1932, pp. 222–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEphraimPress" class="citation book cs1">Ephraim, Saint; Press, Aeterna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JolCgAAQBAJ&q=Bardaisan&pg=PT250"><i>Of Mani, Marcion, and Bardaisan</i></a>. Aeterna Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Mani%2C+Marcion%2C+and+Bardaisan&rft.pub=Aeterna+Press&rft.aulast=Ephraim&rft.aufirst=Saint&rft.au=Press%2C+Aeterna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JolCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBardaisan%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, p. 71 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1">978-0-230-62125-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Bryder, <i>The Chinese Transformation of Manichaeism: A Study of Chinese Manichaean Terminology</i>, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel N. C.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl2DteLY8jcC&q=Buddha+replaced"><i>Manichaeism in Central Asia and China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10405-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10405-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+Central+Asia+and+China&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10405-1&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYl2DteLY8jcC%26q%3DBuddha%2Breplaced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel N. C.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_vnAAAAIAAJ&q=Miltiades"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1088-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-1088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1088-0&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_vnAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMiltiades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain Gardner and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Samuel N. C. Lieu</a>, eds., Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 117–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel</a> (1992) <i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China</i> 2d edition, pp. 145–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendy-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wendy_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendy_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendy_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendy_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/689">689</a>, 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-002-3"><bdi>978-90-6831-002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=689%2C+690&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-002-3&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=418">"St. Augustine of Hippo"</a>. <i>Catholic.org</i>. Catholic Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925063207/http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=418">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic.org&rft.atitle=St.+Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fsaint.php%3Fsaint_id%3D418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Confessions</i>, Book V, Section 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Adam, <i>Das Fortwirken des Manichäismus bei Augustin</i>. In: ZKG (69) 1958, S. 1–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://222.87.106.4:90/~kjqk/xbmzyj/xbmz2002/0204pdf/020405.pdf">从信仰摩尼教看漠北回纥</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807002634/http://www.tanghistory.net/data/articles/d02/618.html">"关于回鹘摩尼教史的几个问题"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanghistory.net/data/articles/d02/618.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanghistory.net%2Fdata%2Farticles%2Fd02%2F618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224091643/http://bbs.sjtu.edu.cn/bbsanc,path,%2Fgroups%2FGROUP_5%2Fhistory%2FD4DE4789F%2FDA817325D%2FM.1026347406.A.html">"九姓回鹘爱登里罗汨没蜜施合毗伽可汗圣文神武碑"</a>. Bbs.sjtu.edu.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.sjtu.edu.cn/bbsanc,path,%2Fgroups%2FGROUP_5%2Fhistory%2FD4DE4789F%2FDA817325D%2FM.1026347406.A.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E7%88%B1%E7%99%BB%E9%87%8C%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A8%E6%B2%A1%E8%9C%9C%E6%96%BD%E5%90%88%E6%AF%97%E4%BC%BD%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%A3%E6%96%87%E7%A5%9E%E6%AD%A6%E7%A2%91&rft.pub=Bbs.sjtu.edu.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.sjtu.edu.cn%2Fbbsanc%2Cpath%2C%252Fgroups%252FGROUP_5%252Fhistory%252FD4DE4789F%252FDA817325D%252FM.1026347406.A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TM276 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mehmetolmez.org/Yuklemeler_Downloads/Eski">Uygurca_Alttuerkisch_Qedimi Uygurche/TT 2.pdf Türkische Turfan-Texte. ~</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA309"><i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93562-7"><bdi>978-1-135-93562-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93562-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMQeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S.N.C.L.-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S.N.C.L._68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_N._C._Lieu1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Samuel N. C. Lieu</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl2DteLY8jcC&pg=PA129"><i>Manachaeism in Central Asia and China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 115, 129, 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10405-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10405-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manachaeism+in+Central+Asia+and+China&rft.pages=115%2C+129%2C+130&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10405-1&rft.au=Samuel+N.+C.+Lieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYl2DteLY8jcC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Ebrey,_Anne_Walthall2013" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Ebrey, Anne Walthall (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ8WAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228"><i>Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54623-0"><bdi>978-1-285-54623-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Modern+East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1800&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-54623-0&rft.au=Patricia+Ebrey%2C+Anne+Walthall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZ8WAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xisha2011-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xisha2011_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xisha2011_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xisha2011_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXisha_Ma,_Huiying_Meng2011" class="citation book cs1">Xisha Ma, Huiying Meng (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Knui-SpO4GQC&pg=PA55"><i>Popular Religion and Shamanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 56, 57, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17455-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17455-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17455-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religion+and+Shamanism&rft.pages=56%2C+57%2C+99&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17455-9&rft.au=Xisha+Ma%2C+Huiying+Meng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnui-SpO4GQC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Ebrey,_Anne_Walthall2013" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Ebrey, Anne Walthall (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ8WAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228"><i>Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54623-0"><bdi>978-1-285-54623-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Modern+East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1800&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-54623-0&rft.au=Patricia+Ebrey%2C+Anne+Walthall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZ8WAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Vaissiere-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-La_Vaissiere_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Étienne de la Vaissière, "Mani en Chine au VIe siècle", <i>Journal asiatique</i>, 293–1 (2005): 357–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA,_ABC-CLIO-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA,_ABC-CLIO_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA,_ABC-CLIO_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA,_ABC-CLIO_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajianfard2016" class="citation book cs1">Hajianfard, Ramin (2016). <i>Boku Tekin and the Uyghur Conversion to Manichaeism (763)</i>. Santa Barbara: CA, ABC-CLIO. pp. 409, 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-566-4</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4">978-1-61069-566-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boku+Tekin+and+the+Uyghur+Conversion+to+Manichaeism+%28763%29&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=409%2C+411&rft.pub=CA%2C+ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-566-4&rft.aulast=Hajianfard&rft.aufirst=Ramin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefferKapsteinTuttle2013" class="citation book cs1">Schaeffer, Kurtis; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray (2013). <i>Sources of Tibetan Tradition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 95, 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13599-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Tibetan+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95%2C+96&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13599-3&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=Kurtis&rft.au=Kapstein%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Rippin, Andrew</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nae0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>The Islamic World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-80343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-80343-7"><bdi>978-1-136-80343-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-80343-7&rft.aulast=Rippin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNae0AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutter-1993-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutter-1993_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutter-1993_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutter-1993_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutter1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hutter, Manfred (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3270395">"Manichaeism in the Early Sasanian Empire"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 2–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3270395">10.2307/3270395</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270395">3270395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Early+Sasanian+Empire&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-15&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3270395&rft.aulast=Hutter&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F3270395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkey2003" class="citation book cs1">Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk"><i>The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk/page/99">99</a>, 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East&rft.pages=99%2C+100&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58813-3&rft.aulast=Berkey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofislam0000berk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ajwK7ejowwC&pg=PT86"><i>The Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9000-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-9000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-9000-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ajwK7ejowwC%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambton2013" class="citation book cs1">Lambton, Ann K. S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IenWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50"><i>State and Government in Medieval Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 50, 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60521-5"><bdi>978-1-136-60521-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Government+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=50%2C+51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-60521-5&rft.aulast=Lambton&rft.aufirst=Ann+K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIenWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaman1997-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaman1997_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman1997" class="citation cs2">Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xkpdl6UVOwC&pg=PA64"><i>Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, pp. 63–65, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10678-9"><bdi>978-90-04-10678-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+Under+the+Early+%27Abbasids%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Proto-Sunni+Elite&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10678-9&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xkpdl6UVOwC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim1994" class="citation news cs1">Ibrahim, Mahmood (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711053736/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_n2_v16/ai_16502939/pg_5/">"Religious inquisition as social policy: the persecution of the 'Zanadiqa' in the early Abbasid Caliphate"</a>. <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_n2_v16/ai_16502939/pg_5/">the original</a> on 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Religious+inquisition+as+social+policy%3A+the+persecution+of+the+%27Zanadiqa%27+in+the+early+Abbasid+Caliphate&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Mahmood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2501%2Fis_n2_v16%2Fai_16502939%2Fpg_5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christine-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2015" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Christine Caldwell (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPgGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Medieval Heresies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02336-9"><bdi>978-1-107-02336-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Heresies&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02336-9&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Christine+Caldwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPgGBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irfan Shahîd, <i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the fourth century</i>, 1984, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacques-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-GuilleminLecoq1985" class="citation book cs1">Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques; Lecoq, Pierre (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA658"><i>Papers in Honor of Professor Mary Boyce</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 658. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-002-3"><bdi>978-90-6831-002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+in+Honor+of+Professor+Mary+Boyce&rft.pages=658&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-002-3&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Lecoq%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdUUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimkeit1993" class="citation book cs1">Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1993). <i>Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic texts from Central Asia</i> (1st ed.). San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064586-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064586-5"><bdi>0-06-064586-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28067600">28067600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+Gnostic+texts+from+Central+Asia&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28067600&rft.isbn=0-06-064586-5&rft.aulast=Klimkeit&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, David (2007). "Manichaeism in Bactria: Political Patterns & East-West Paradigms". <i>Journal of Asian History</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 107–130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-910X">0021-910X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933456">41933456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Manichaeism+in+Bactria%3A+Political+Patterns+%26+East-West+Paradigms&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-130&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41933456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-910X&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Carrasco, David</a>; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Reynolds_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Reynolds (academic) (page does not exist)">Reynolds, Frank</a>; Giarardot, Norman; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Pelikan, Jaroslav</a>; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999). <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> (ed.). <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Carrasco&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Warmind%2C+Morten&rft.au=Hawley%2C+John+Stratton&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Frank&rft.au=Giarardot%2C+Norman&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Campo%2C+Juan&rft.au=Penner%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Keith (July 2001). <i>A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a>. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28261-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28261-6"><bdi>0-452-28261-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47286228">47286228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Full+of+Gods%3A+The+Strange+Triumph+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47286228&rft.isbn=0-452-28261-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2009" class="citation book cs1">Coyle, J.K. 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Gordon (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithsacrosstime0001melt"><i>Faiths Across Time: 5000 years of Religious History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithsacrosstime0001melt/page/361">361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-026-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5000+years+of+Religious+History&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-026-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithsacrosstime0001melt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RX577-578-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RX577-578_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRong2022" class="citation book cs1">Rong, Xinjian (24 October 2022). "Gaochang in the Second Half of the 5th Century and Its Relations with the Rouran Qaghanate and the Kingdoms of the Western Regions". <i>The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West</i>. Brill. pp. 577–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004512597_006">10.1163/9789004512597_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51259-7"><bdi>978-90-04-51259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaochang+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+5th+Century+and+Its+Relations+with+the+Rouran+Qaghanate+and+the+Kingdoms+of+the+Western+Regions&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+and+Cultural+Exchanges+between+East+and+West&rft.pages=577-578&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004512597_006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51259-7&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=Xinjian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1997" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xinru (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cO7g4WBBK9YC&pg=PA182"><i>Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People, AD 600–1200, Parts 600–1200</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564452-4"><bdi>978-0-19-564452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+and+Religion%3A+An+Exploration+of+Material+Life+and+the+Thought+of+People%2C+AD+600%E2%80%931200%2C+Parts+600%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564452-4&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcO7g4WBBK9YC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel N. C.</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manichaeisminlat00lieu"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manichaeisminlat00lieu/page/261">261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1088-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-1088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1088-0&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanichaeisminlat00lieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFter_Haar1999" class="citation book cs1">ter Haar, B. 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New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, Steven, <i>The Medieval Manichee: a study of the Christian dualist heresy</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dondaine, Antoine. O. P. <i>Un traite neo-manicheen du XIIIe siecle: Le Liber de duobus principiis, suivi d'un fragment de rituel Cathare</i> (Rome: Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum, 1939)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber, Nicholas (1 March 1907). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manichaean+and+%28Nestorian%29+Christian+Remains+in+Zayton+%28Quanzhou%2C+South+China%29+ARC+DP0557098&rft.pub=Mq.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mq.edu.au%2Fresearch%2Fcentres_and_groups%2Fancient_cultures_research_centre%2Fresearch%2Fcultural_ex_silkroad%2Fzayton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/165729040_361562">"钱库竟有明教遗址-选真寺，就在…"</a>. <i>sohu.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426123526/https://www.sohu.com/a/165729040_361562">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sohu.com&rft.atitle=%E9%92%B1%E5%BA%93%E7%AB%9F%E6%9C%89%E6%98%8E%E6%95%99%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80-%E9%80%89%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E5%9C%A8%E2%80%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F165729040_361562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajianfard2016" class="citation book cs1">Hajianfard, Ramin (2016). <i>Mani and the Foundation of Manichaeism: Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religion History</i>. Santa Barbara: CA, ABC-CLIO. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-566-4</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4">978-1-61069-566-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani+and+the+Foundation+of+Manichaeism%3A+Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religion+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=CA%2C+ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-566-4&rft.aulast=Hajianfard&rft.aufirst=Ramin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevan,_A._A._1930-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan,_A._A._1930_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan,_A._A._1930_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bevan, A. A. (1930). "Manichaeism". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics</a></i>, Volume VIII Ed. <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a>. London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonas, Hans The Gnostic Religion, 1958, Ch. 9: Creation, World History, Salvation According to Mani.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnostic-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gnostic_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnostic_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoresse1986" class="citation book cs1">Doresse, Jean (1986). <i>The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics</i>. New York: MJF Books. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-227-0"><bdi>978-1-56731-227-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Books+of+the+Egyptian+Gnostics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1-56731-227-0&rft.aulast=Doresse&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaWang2018_109-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaWang2018">Ma & Wang (2018)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chart from: E. Waldschmidt and W. Lenz, Die Stellung Jesu im Manichäismus, Berlin, 1926, p 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/corpusscriptoru27wissgoog#page/n435/mode/2up">Contra Faustum 15.5</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rdwallin/syl/GreatBooks/202.W99/Augustine/AugManich.htm">"Augustine and Manichaeism"</a>. <i>www-personal.umich.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528123518/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rdwallin/syl/GreatBooks/202.W99/Augustine/AugManich.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-personal.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Augustine+and+Manichaeism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~rdwallin%2Fsyl%2FGreatBooks%2F202.W99%2FAugustine%2FAugManich.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Haloun and W. B. Henning, <i>The Compendium of the Doctrines and Styles of the Teaching of Mani, the Buddha of Light</i>, Asia Major, 1952, pp. 184–212, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. van (Johannes) Oort, Jacob Albert van den Berg <i>In Search of Truth. Augustine, Manichaeism and Other Gnosticism: Studies for Johannes Van Oort at Sixty</i> BRILL, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18997-3">978-90-04-18997-3</a> p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason BeDuhn <i>New Light on Manichaeism: Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism, Organized by the International Association of Manichaean Studies</i> BRILL, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17285-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17285-2">978-90-04-17285-2</a> p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes van Oort <i>Augustine and Manichaean Christianity: Selected Papers from the First South African Conference on Augustine of Hippo, University of Pretoria, 24–26 April 2012</i> BRILL, 01.08.2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25506-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25506-7">978-90-04-25506-7</a> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles George Herbermann <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Band 9</i> Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1913 Digit. 16. Aug. 2006 p. 594</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Light on Manichaeism: Papers from the Sixth International Congress o p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes van Oort <i>Augustine and Manichaean Christianity: Selected Papers from the First South African Conference on Augustine of Hippo, University of Pretoria, 24–26 April 2012</i> BRILL, 01.08.2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25506-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25506-7">978-90-04-25506-7</a> p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine1991p._xxviii-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine1991p._xxviii_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustine1991">Augustine (1991)</a>, p. xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundermann-2009b-1-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sundermann-2009b-1_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundermann2009" class="citation web cs1">Sundermann, Werner (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-1-general-survey">"MANICHEISM i. GENERAL SURVEY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=MANICHEISM+i.+GENERAL+SURVEY&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Sundermann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmanicheism-1-general-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieu-2011-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieu-2011_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu2011" class="citation web cs1">Lieu, Samuel (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-turkestan-vii">"CHINESE TURKESTAN vii. Manicheism in Chinese Turkestan and China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=CHINESE+TURKESTAN+vii.+Manicheism+in+Chinese+Turkestan+and+China&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fchinese-turkestan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. B. Henning, <i>Sogdica</i>, 1940, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Let none read the gospel according to Thomas, for it is the work, not of one of the twelve apostles, but of one of <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani's</a> three wicked disciples."</i>—<a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>, <i>Catechesis</i> V (4th century)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1954). <i>The Manichaean hymn-cycles in Parthian</i>. London Oriental Series. Vol. 3. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manichaean+hymn-cycles+in+Parthian&rft.place=London&rft.series=London+Oriental+Series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu199850-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu199850_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieu1998">Lieu 1998</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Traité is, despite its title (Moni jiao cao jing, lit. "fragmentary [Mathews, no. 6689] Manichean scripture"), a long text in an excellent state of preservation, with only a few lines missing at the beginning. It was first fully published with a facsimile by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes" title="Édouard Chavannes">Edouard Chavannes</a> (q.v.) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> in 1911 and is frequently known as Traité Pelliot. Their transcription (including typographical errors) was reproduced in the Chinese translation of the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Buddhist Tripiṭaka</a> (Taishō, no. 2141 B, LIV, pp. 1281a16-1286a29); that text was in turn reproduced with critical notes by Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer (1987b, pp. T. 81–86). A more accurate transcription was published by Chen Yuan in 1923 (pp. 531–44), and a new collation based on a reexamination of the original photographs of the manuscript has now been published by Lin Wu-shu (1987, pp. 217–29), with the photographs", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-turkestan-vii">"Chinese Turkestan vii. Manicheism in Chinese Turkestan and China"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beausobre1734" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Beausobre, Isaac (1734). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76039w.texteImage"><i>Histoire critique de Manichée et du manichéisme</i></a> [<i>Critical history of Manichae and Manichaeism</i>] (in French). Vol. 1. Amsterdam: J. Frederic Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206103352/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76039w.texteImage">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+de+Manich%C3%A9e+et+du+manich%C3%A9isme&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=J.+Frederic+Bernard&rft.date=1734&rft.aulast=de+Beausobre&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k76039w.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeausobreFormey1739" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beausobre, Isaac de; Formey, S. (1739). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k760403"><i>Histoire critique de Manichée et du manichéisme</i></a> [<i>Critical history of Manichae and Manichaeism</i>] (in French). Vol. 2. Amsterdam: J. Frederic Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206103210/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k760403">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+de+Manich%C3%A9e+et+du+manich%C3%A9isme&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=J.+Frederic+Bernard&rft.date=1739&rft.aulast=Beausobre&rft.aufirst=Isaac+de&rft.au=Formey%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k760403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius. <i>The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea</i>, Translated from the originals by Christian Frederick Cruse.1939. Ch. XXXI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bevan, A. A. (1930). "Manichaeism". <i>Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics</i>, Volume VIII. Ed. <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a>. London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf">"Classical Texts: Acta Archelai of Mani"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Iranian Studies at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. p. 76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032939/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Texts%3A+Acta+Archelai+of+Mani&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Iranian+Studies+at+Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~iranian%2FManicheism%2FManicheism_II_Texts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Waldschmidt" title="Ernst Waldschmidt">Waldschmidt, E.</a>, and Lentz, W., <i>Manichäische Dogmatik aus chinesischen und iranischen Texten</i> (SPAW 1933, No. 13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Polotsky" title="Hans Jakob Polotsky">Hans Jakob Polotsky</a> and Karl Schmidt, <i>Ein Mani-Fund in Ägypten, Original-Schriften des Mani und seiner Schüler</i>. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften 1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMireckiBeDuhn1996" class="citation book cs1">Mirecki, Paul Allan; BeDuhn, Jason David (31 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjHagtUE5toC"><i>Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10760-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+from+Darkness%3A+Studies+in+the+Recovery+of+Manichaean+Sources&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10760-1&rft.aulast=Mirecki&rft.aufirst=Paul+Allan&rft.au=BeDuhn%2C+Jason+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjHagtUE5toC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Glintzer1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt-Glintzer, Helwig (1987). <i>Chinesische Manichaeica</i> [<i>Chinese Manichaica</i>] (in German). Wiesbaden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinesische+Manichaeica&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Glintzer&rft.aufirst=Helwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundermann-2011-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sundermann-2011_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundermann2011" class="citation web cs1">Sundermann, Werner (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cologne-mani-codex-parchment">"COLOGNE MANI CODEX"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302211738/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cologne-mani-codex-parchment">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=COLOGNE+MANI+CODEX&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.aulast=Sundermann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcologne-mani-codex-parchment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Manichaean – definition of <i>Manichaean</i> in English". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925054455/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Manichaean"><i>Manichaean</i></a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Manichaean">the original</a> on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manichaean&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2FManichaean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2017" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Douglas (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/04/ode-philistine-howard-jacobsons-pussy">"Ode to a Philistine: Howard Jacobson's Pussy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020084018/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2017/04/ode-philistine-howard-jacobsons-pussy">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Ode+to+a+Philistine%3A+Howard+Jacobson%27s+Pussy&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F2017%2F04%2Fode-philistine-howard-jacobsons-pussy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2004" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Fred (21 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/obit/2004/10/paul_nitze.html">"Paul Nitze"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016131409/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/obit/2004/10/paul_nitze.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Paul+Nitze&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fobit%2F2004%2F10%2Fpaul_nitze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2015" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Nick (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33440287">"The decline of US power?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603090150/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33440287">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+decline+of+US+power%3F&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-33440287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieserDowden" class="citation web cs1">Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/fanon/">"Frantz Fanon"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Martin, TN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Martin" title="University of Tennessee at Martin">University of Tennessee at Martin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233029/http://www.iep.utm.edu/fanon/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Frantz+Fanon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Ffanon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheroux1989" class="citation book cs1">Theroux, Paul (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysecrethistor00ther"><i>My Secret History</i></a></span>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysecrethistor00ther/page/471">471</a>, 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13424-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-13424-7"><bdi>0-399-13424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Secret+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=471%2C+473&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-399-13424-7&rft.aulast=Theroux&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysecrethistor00ther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine1991" class="citation book cs1">Augustine (1991). <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)"><i>Confessions</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281779-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281779-5"><bdi>0-19-281779-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-281779-5&rft.au=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeausobre,_de1734–1739" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Beausobre" title="Isaac de Beausobre">Beausobre, de, Isaac</a> (1734–1739). <i>Histoire critique de Manichée et du Manichéisme</i>. Amsterdam: Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-3552-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-3552-5"><bdi>978-0-8240-3552-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+de+Manich%C3%A9e+et+du+Manich%C3%A9isme&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1734%2F1739&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-3552-5&rft.aulast=Beausobre%2C+de&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeDuhn2002" class="citation book cs1">BeDuhn, Jason David (2002). <i>The Manichaean Body: In Discipline and Ritual</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7107-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-7107-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manichaean+Body%3A+In+Discipline+and+Ritual&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7107-8&rft.aulast=BeDuhn&rft.aufirst=Jason+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2010). <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1"><bdi>978-0-230-62125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62125-1&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerLieu2004" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Iain; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel N.C.</a> (2004). <i>Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56822-7"><bdi>978-0-521-56822-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaean+Texts+from+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56822-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Lieu%2C+Samuel+N.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>La Vaissière, Etienne de, "Mani en Chine au VIe siècle", <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, 293–1, 2005, p. 357–378.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. Lieu">Lieu, Samuel N.C.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manichaeisminlat00lieu"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China</i></a></span>. Tübingen: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1088-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-1088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1088-0&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanichaeisminlat00lieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaWang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Xiaohe; Wang, Chuan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9070212">"On the Xiapu Ritual Manual Mani the Buddha of Light"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>9</b> (7): 212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9070212">10.3390/rel9070212</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=On+the+Xiapu+Ritual+Manual+Mani+the+Buddha+of+Light&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel9070212&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Xiaohe&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel9070212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1982) [1947]. <i>The Medieval Manichee: a study of the Christian dualist heresy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28926-9"><bdi>978-0-521-28926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Manichee%3A+a+study+of+the+Christian+dualist+heresy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28926-9&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelburn1998" class="citation book cs1">Welburn, Andrew (1998). <i>Mani, the Angel and the Column of Glory</i>. Edinburgh: Floris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86315-274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86315-274-0"><bdi>978-0-86315-274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%2C+the+Angel+and+the+Column+of+Glory&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Floris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86315-274-0&rft.aulast=Welburn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidengren1965" class="citation book cs1">Widengren, Geo (1965). <i>Mani and Manichaeism</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani+and+Manichaeism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Widengren&rft.aufirst=Geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baker-Brian, Nicholas J. (2011). <i>Manichaeism: An Ancient Faith Rediscovered.</i> London and New York. T&T Clark.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty1938" class="citation book cs1">Beatty, Alfred Chester (1938). Charles Allberry (ed.). <i>A Manichean Psalm-Book, Part II</i>. Stuttgart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manichean+Psalm-Book%2C+Part+II&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Chester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossE._A._Livingstone1974" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L.; E. A. Livingstone (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192115454"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a></span>. London: Oxford UP: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211545-4"><bdi>978-0-19-211545-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=London%3A+Oxford+UP&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211545-4&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft.au=E.+A.+Livingstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780192115454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFavre2005" class="citation conference cs1">Favre, Francois (5 May 2005). <i>Mani, the Gift of Light</i>. Renova symposium. Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Mani%2C+the+Gift+of+Light&rft.place=Bilthoven%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft.aulast=Favre&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2013). <i>Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present</i>. London: Oneworld publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-308-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-308-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Iran%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oneworld+publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-308-0&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2020" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Iain (2020). <i>The Founder of Manichaeism. Rethinking the Lives of Mani</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founder+of+Manichaeism.+Rethinking+the+Lives+of+Mani&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiversen1988" class="citation book cs1">Giversen, Soren (1988). <i>The Manichaean Coptic Papyri in The Chester Beatty Library Vol. III: Psalm Book part I.</i> (Facsimile ed.). Geneva: Patrick Crammer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manichaean+Coptic+Papyri+in+The+Chester+Beatty+Library+Vol.+III%3A+Psalm+Book+part+I.&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=Facsimile&rft.pub=Patrick+Crammer&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Giversen&rft.aufirst=Soren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span> (Cahiers D'Orientalism XVI) 1988a</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiversen1988" class="citation book cs1">Giversen, Soren (1988). <i>The Manichaean Coptic Papyri in The Chester Beatty Library </i>Vol. IV: Psalm Book part II<i><span></span></i> (Facsimile ed.). Geneva: Patrick Crammer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manichaean+Coptic+Papyri+in+The+Chester+Beatty+Library+Vol.+IV%3A+Psalm+Book+part+II.&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=Facsimile&rft.pub=Patrick+Crammer&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Giversen&rft.aufirst=Soren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span> (Cahiers D'Orientalism XVI) 1988b.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Grousset" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Grousset">Grousset, Rene</a> (1939), tr. Walford, Naomi (1970), <i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></i>, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1">978-0-8135-1304-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Gul%C3%A1csi" title="Zsuzsanna Gulácsi">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna</a> (2001). <i>Manichaean art in Berlin Collections</i>. Turnhout.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaean+art+in+Berlin+Collections&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (Original Manichaean manuscripts found since 1902 in China, Egypt, Turkestan to be seen in the Museum of Indian Art in Berlin.)</li> <li>Heinrichs, Albert; Ludwig Koenen, <i>Ein griechischer Mani-Kodex</i>, 1970 (ed.) <i>Der Kölner Mani-Codex</i> ( P. Colon. Inv. nr. 4780), 1975–1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbscher1938" class="citation book cs1">Ibscher, Hugo (1938). <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allberry" title="Charles Allberry">Allberry Charles R. C.</a> (ed.). <i>Manichaean Manuscripts in the Chester Beatty Collection: Vol II, part II: A Manichaean Psalm Book</i>. Stuttgart: W. Kohlammer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaean+Manuscripts+in+the+Chester+Beatty+Collection%3A+Vol+II%2C+part+II%3A+A+Manichaean+Psalm+Book&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=W.+Kohlammer&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Ibscher&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge1964" class="citation book cs1">Legge, Francis (1964) [1914]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forerunnersrival00legg"><i>Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity, From 330 B.C. to 330 A.D.</i></a></span>. New York: University Books. LC Catalog 64-24125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forerunners+and+Rivals+of+Christianity%2C+From+330+B.C.+to+330+A.D.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforerunnersrival00legg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span> reprinted in two volumes bound as one</li> <li>Mani (216–276/7) and his 'biography': the Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis (CMC):</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2002" class="citation book cs1">Melchert, Norman (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm"><i>The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy</i></a></span>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517510-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517510-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Conversation%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517510-3&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatconversatio00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjaervo2006" class="citation book cs1">Skjaervo, Prods Oktor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skjaervo-2006-intro-manicheism"><i>An Introduction to Manicheism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Manicheism&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Skjaervo&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskjaervo-2006-intro-manicheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Towers, Susanna (2019). <i>Constructions of Gender in Late Antique Manichaean Cosmological Narrative.</i> Brepols. Turnhout.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurst2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wurst, Gregor (July 2001). "Die Bema-Psalmen". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 203–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F468925">10.1086/468925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Die+Bema-Psalmen&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-204&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F468925&rft.aulast=Wurst&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaeism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manichaeism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Manichaeism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_articles">Outside articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Outside articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia – Manichæism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508130002/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm">Archived</a> 8 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> public domain, published 1917.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manichaeism.de">International Association of Manichaean Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040815192919/http://www.manichaeism.de/">Archived</a> 15 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/doccentre/Zayton.htm">Manichaean and Christian Remains in Zayton (Quanzhou, South China)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719190544/http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/doccentre/Zayton.htm">Archived</a> 19 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/manichaeism1.php">Religions of Iran: Manichaeism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218170011/http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/manichaeism1.php">Archived</a> 18 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by I.J.S. Taraporewala</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/study/monijiao/mxh_001.htm">专题研究–摩尼教研究</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195504/http://www.guoxue.com/study/monijiao/mxh_001.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_41799_25418.html">《光明皇帝》明尊教背景书(1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105130610/http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_41799_25418.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation">Manichaean sources in English translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Manichaean sources in English translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/library/Mani.html">A summary of the Manichaean creation myth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102024812/http://gnosis.org/library/Mani.html">Archived</a> 2 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/library/manis.htm">Manichaean Writings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050708025929/http://www.gnosis.org/library/manis.htm">Archived</a> 8 July 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206031128/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/">Manicheism</a>. Complete bibliography and selection of Manichaean source texts in PDF format: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_I_Intro.pdf">A thorough bibliography and outline of Manichaean Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf">A number of key Manichaean texts in English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032939/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/giants/giants.htm">The Book of the Giants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717115151/http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/giants/giants.htm">Archived</a> 17 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/W.B._Henning" class="mw-redirect" title="W.B. Henning">W.B. Henning</a>, 1943</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/serial/NHMS">Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116123250/https://brill.com/view/serial/NHMS">Archived</a> 16 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NHMS) series from <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a> (various volumes containing English translations of Manichaean texts)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_English_translation">Secondary Manichaean sources in English translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Secondary Manichaean sources in English translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_IV/Manichaean_Controversy/Against_the_Epistle_of_Manichaeus/Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume IV/Manichaean Controversy/Against the Epistle of Manichaeus/Chapter 1">St. Augustine Against the Fundamental Epistle of Manichaeus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223141441/http://www4.nau.edu/manichaean/acta.htm">Acta Archelai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages">Manichaean sources in their original languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Manichaean sources in their original languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/NRWakademie/papyrologie/Manikodex/bildermani.html">Photos of the Entire Koeln Mani-Kodex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313225637/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/NRWakademie/papyrologie/Manikodex/bildermani.html">Archived</a> 13 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Greek).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711161236/http://www.hebrewchinese.com/maninaya.pdf">The Syriac Manichaean work quoted by Theodor bar Khonai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403174337/http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/dta_m_index.htm">Photos of the Original Middle Persian Manichaean Writings/Fragments Discovered at Turpan</a> (The index of this German site can be searched for additional Manichaean material, including photos of the original Chinese Manichaean writings)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armazi.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/iran/miran/manich/sermseel/serms.htm">"Sermon of the Soul", in Parthian and Sogdian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092154/http://armazi.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/iran/miran/manich/sermseel/serms.htm">Archived</a> 24 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Pahlavi/pahlavi.htm">Middle Persian and Parthian Texts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070731043114/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Pahlavi/pahlavi.htm">Archived</a> 31 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>D. N. MacKenzie, <i>Mani's Šābuhragān</i>, pt. 1 (text and translation), BSOAS 42/3, 1979, pp. 500–34,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023046/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Mani%27s%20Sabuhragan.pdf">[1]</a> pt. 2 (glossary and plates), BSOAS 43/2, 1980, pp. 288–310 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324163131/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Mani%20SabuhraganII%20.pdf">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Chinese Manichaean Scriptures: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra22/T54n2141B.pdf">摩尼教殘經一</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214161301/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra22/T54n2141B.pdf">Archived</a> 14 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Incomplete Sutra one of Manichaeism") & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra22/T54n2141A.pdf">摩尼光佛教法儀略</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622010736/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra22/T54n2141A.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>("The Mani Bright Buddha teaching plan") & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra22/T54n2140.pdf">下部讚</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622010809/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra22/T54n2140.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>("The Lower Part Praises")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_Manichaean_sources_in_their_original_languages">Secondary Manichaean sources in their original languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaeism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Secondary Manichaean sources in their original languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629224313/http://www.sant-agostino.it/latino/contro_lettera_mani/index.htm">Augustine's Contra Epistolam Manichaei</a> (Latin)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manichaeism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manichaeism_footer" title="Template:Manichaeism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manichaeism_footer" title="Template talk:Manichaeism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manichaeism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manichaeism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manichaeism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manichaeism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">Sakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani"><img alt="Seal with figure of Mani, possibly 3rd century CE, possibly Irak. Cabinet des Médailles, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/100px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/200px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_scripture" title="Manichaean scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_treatises_of_Manichaeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven treatises of Manichaeism">Seven treatises of Manichaeism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Gospel of Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Life" title="Treasure of Life">Treasure of Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Epistles_(Manichaeism)" title="The Epistles (Manichaeism)">The Epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries (Manichaeism)">The Book of Mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmateia" title="Pragmateia">Pragmateia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalms_and_Prayers" title="Psalms and Prayers">Psalms and Prayers</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Book of Pictures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracanonical<br /> literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Epistle" title="Fundamental Epistle">Fundamental Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Psalm_Book" title="Manichaean Psalm Book">Manichaean Psalm Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Thomas" title="Psalms of Thomas">Psalms of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kephalaia" title="Kephalaia">Kephalaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuastvanift" title="Xuastvanift">Xuastvanift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinet_Madi_library" title="Medinet Madi library">Medinet Madi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Manichaean_texts" title="Dunhuang Manichaean texts">Dunhuang Manichaean texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiabuzan" title="Xiabuzan">Xiabuzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Compendium" title="Manichaean Compendium">Manichaean Compendium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_scripture_of_Manichaeism" title="Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism">Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Manichaean_texts" title="Turpan Manichaean texts">Turpan Manichaean texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian-language_Manichaean_letter" title="Sogdian-language Manichaean letter">Sogdian-language Manichaean letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_Manichaean_manuscripts" title="Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts">Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moni_Guangfo" title="Moni Guangfo">Moni Guangfo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)" title="Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zarathustra in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">The Buddha in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Principles_and_Three_Moments" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Principles and Three Moments">Two Principles and Three Moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Messenger of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xroshtag_and_Padvaxtag" title="Xroshtag and Padvaxtag">Xroshtag and Padvaxtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)#Manichaeism" title="Archon (Gnosticism)"><i>Archon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrestar" title="Asrestar">Asrestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_(Manichaeism)" title="Apostles (Manichaeism)">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sisin" title="Mar Sisin">Mar Sisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akouas" title="Akouas">Mar Zaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Adda" title="Mar Adda">Mar Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_Ohrmazd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad Ohrmazd">Shad Ohrmazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihr_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihr (Manichaeism)">Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_(Manichaean)" title="Agapius (Manichaean)">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthonius_of_Alexandria" title="Aphthonius of Alexandria">Aphthonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonius" title="Hegemonius">Hegemonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Manichean)" title="Marcus (Manichean)">Marcus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_Persecution_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichang Persecution of Buddhism">Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Bögü Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius-Tychicus" title="Sergius-Tychicus">Sergius-Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_schism_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="East–West schism (Manichaeism)">East-West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Adi" title="Amr ibn Adi">Amr ibn Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hil%C4%81l_al-Dayh%C5%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri">Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shinang" title="Lü Shinang">Lü Shinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Gangra" title="Synod of Gangra">Synod of Gangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Deng" title="Lin Deng">Lin Deng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Persecution_and_extinction">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangnan_Stele" title="Cangnan Stele">Cangnan Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianku" title="Qianku">Qianku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/See_of_Babylon_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Babylon (Manichaeism)">See of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denawars" class="mw-redirect" title="Denawars">Denawars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astati" title="Astati">Astati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_schisms" title="Manichaean schisms">Miqlāsiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Manichaean_Church">Organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegos_(Manichaeism)" title="Archegos (Manichaeism)">Archegos</a></li> <li>Patriarch</li> <li>Apostle</li> <li>Bishop</li> <li>Presbyter</li> <li>Elect</li> <li>Hearers</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seals_(Manichaeism)" title="Three Seals (Manichaeism)">Three Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cavidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcavidyā">Pañcavidyā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puxi_Fushou_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puxi Fushou Palace (page does not exist)">Puxi Fushou Palace</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%A2%83%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:浦西境福寿宫">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_Road_Pagoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flying Road Pagoda (page does not exist)">Flying Road Pagoda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%B7%AF%E5%A1%94" class="extiw" title="zh:飞路塔">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshan_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshan Temple (page does not exist)">Leshan Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:乐山堂">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Visual art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Mani" title="Birth of Mani">Birth of Mani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Book of Pictures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Diagram of the Universe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Episodes_from_Mani%27s_Missionary_Work" title="Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work">Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_Mani" title="Icon of Mani">Icon of Mani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4959" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4974" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_6368" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_8259" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Community_Established" title="Mani's Community Established">Mani's Community Established</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Parents" title="Mani's Parents">Mani's Parents</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_stone_reliefs_of_Shangwan_village" title="Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village">Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_temple_banner_MIK_III_6286" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286">Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_wall_painting_MIK_III_6918" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918">Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Painting_of_the_Buddha_Jesus" title="Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus">Painting of the Buddha Jesus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani">Sealstone of Mani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_Tree_of_Life" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life">Veneration of the Tree of Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_(Unicode_block)" title="Manichaean (Unicode block)">Manichaean (Unicode block)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Cult" title="Ming Cult">Ming Cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardens_of_Light" title="The Gardens of Light">The Gardens of Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_the_Twin_Dragons_of_Great_Tang" title="Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang">Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Heaven" title="The Secret of Heaven">The Secret of Heaven</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Notes</i>: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion 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traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127861-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080542">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932411q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932411q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567450">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="manicheismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFLieu1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaWang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMireckiBeDuhn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Ebrey,_Anne_Walthall2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRippin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRong2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaint_Augustine2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_N._C._Lieu1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_N._C._Lieu1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefferKapsteinTuttle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-Glintzer1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjaervo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroumsa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundermann2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSundermann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTardieu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheroux1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelburn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidengren1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurst2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXisha_Ma,_Huiying_Meng2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Beausobre1734\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFter_Haar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Oort2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Gnosticism\"] = 1,\n [\"Grey\"] = 5,\n [\"Heresies condemned by the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Infobox religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Ipa\"] = 7,\n [\"Iranica\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 27,\n [\"Langx\"] = 53,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 12,\n [\"Lit\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Manichaeism footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 6,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Okina\"] = 5,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Specify\"] = 2,\n [\"Such as\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verification failed\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 20,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 46,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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