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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87" title="قاستون پلانته – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاستون پلانته" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87" title="گاستون پلانته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاستون پلانته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94" title="גסטון פלנטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גסטון פלנטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86" title="ガストン・プランテ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガストン・プランテ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Планте, Гастон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планте, Гастон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plante" title="Gaston Plante – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaston Plante" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gaston Planté" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%BF%92" title="加斯东·普朗忒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加斯东·普朗忒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q250936#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gaston Planté</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaston_Plante.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gaston_Plante.gif/150px-Gaston_Plante.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gaston_Plante.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="227" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gaston Planté</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1834<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Orthez" title="Orthez">Orthez</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1889<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1889-05-22</span>)</span> (aged 55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid battery</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaston Planté</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁɛmɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡastɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>plɑ̃te]</a></span>; 22 April 1834 – 21 May 1889) was a French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who invented the <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid battery</a> in 1859. This type battery was developed as the first <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechargeable">rechargeable</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">electric battery</a> marketed for commercial use and it is widely used in automobiles. </p><p>Planté was born on 22 April 1834 in <a href="/wiki/Orthez" title="Orthez">Orthez</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 1854 he began work as an assistant lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_National_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers">Conservatory of Arts and Crafts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. In 1860 he was promoted to the post of Professor of Physics at the Polytechnic Association for the Development of Popular Instruction. An amphitheatre at that institute is named after him. </p><p>In 1855, Planté discovered the first fossils of the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless bird</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gastornis" title="Gastornis">Gastornis parisiensis</a></i> (named after him) near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. This gigantic animal was a very close relative of the famous diatrymas of North America. At that time, Planté was at the start of his academic career, serving as a teaching assistant to <a href="/wiki/A._E._Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="A. E. Becquerel">A. E. Becquerel</a> (father of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early discovery—although it created considerable excitement in 1855—was soon to be overshadowed by Planté's subsequent discoveries. </p><p>He was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lead-acid_battery">Lead-acid battery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Plant%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lead-acid battery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1859, Planté invented the <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid battery">lead-acid cell</a>, the first rechargeable battery.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early model consisted of a spiral roll of two sheets of pure lead, separated by a linen cloth and immersed in a glass jar of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> solution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he presented a nine-cell lead-acid battery to the Academy of Sciences. In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Alphonse_Faure" title="Camille Alphonse Faure">Camille Alphonse Faure</a> would develop a more efficient and reliable model that saw great success in early <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">electric cars</a>. </p><p>Planté also investigated the differences between <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> and dynamic electricity (i.e., from batteries). As part of this investigation, Planté invented a mechanical device that he called the Rheostatic Machine. The Rheostatic Machine used a bank of mica capacitors, a clever rotating commutator, and a series of contacts to alternately charge a bank of <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> in parallel (from a high-voltage battery source) and then connect the capacitors in series. This arrangement multiplied the battery <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> by the number of capacitor stages to obtain very high voltages. By rapidly rotating the shaft, a series of high-voltage sparks many centimetres long could be rapidly generated. This device was a mechanical predecessor of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Marx_generator" title="Marx generator">Marx generator</a>. Using this device, Planté explored the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_breakdown" title="Electrical breakdown">electrical breakdown</a> of air, the formation of <a href="/wiki/Lichtenberg_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichtenberg figures">Lichtenberg figures</a>, and the behaviour of thin wires when pulsed by high <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Plant%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died on 21 May 1889 in the Bellevue part of Meudon, near Paris. In 1989 the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a> established the Gaston Planté Medal, which is awarded every few years to scientists who have made significant contributions to the development of lead-acid battery technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Plant%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prévost (1855)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1882;smode=advanced;startDoc=1">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fyear%3D1882%3Bsmode%3Dadvanced%3BstartDoc%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Plant%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2019" class="citation web cs1">Day, Ruby (June 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024144052/https://innowiki.org/2019/06/16/rechargeable-battery/">"Rechargeable Battery"</a>. <i>Innowiki</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://innowiki.org/2019/06/16/rechargeable-battery/">the original</a> on October 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Innowiki&rft.atitle=Rechargeable+Battery&rft.date=2019-06-16&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finnowiki.org%2F2019%2F06%2F16%2Frechargeable-battery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Plant%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell <i>et al.</i> (2001)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Plant%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Dell, Ronald; Rand, David A.J.</span> (2001): <i>Understanding Batteries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-605-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-605-4">0-85404-605-4</a></small>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Prévost, Constant</span> (1855): "Annonce de la découverte d'un oiseau fossile de taille gigantesque, trouvé à la partie inférieure de l'argile plastique des terrains parisiens" ["Announcement of the discovery of a fossil bird of gigantic size, found in the lower Argile Plastique formation of the Paris region"]. <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris</a></i> <b>40</b>: 554-557 [Article in French]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2997">PDF fulltext</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Plant%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928154235/http://www.altacal.org/newsletter_2006_04/essay.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070928154235/http://www.altacal.org/newsletter_2006_04/essay.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/PlantelBio.htm">http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/PlantelBio.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116220815/http://dspt.club.fr/PLANTE.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070116220815/http://dspt.club.fr/PLANTE.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104160249/http://labatonline.com/conference/history.html">LABAT History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104160333/http://labatonline.com/conference/medal.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20061104160333/http://labatonline.com/conference/medal.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storageofelectri031249mbp">e-book copy of <i>The Storage Of Electrical Energy</i> by Gaston Planté, 1859</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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