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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-modern terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era_(1850-1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era_(1850-1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern era (1850-1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era_(1850-1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types of terrorism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_terrorism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of terrorism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Religious terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_and_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Causes and motivations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_and_motivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes and motivations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choice_of_terrorism_as_a_tactic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_terrorism_as_a_tactic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Choice of terrorism as a tactic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_terrorism_as_a_tactic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_motivating_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_motivating_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Causes motivating terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_motivating_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_and_social_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_and_social_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Personal and social factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_and_social_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_and_domestic_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_and_domestic_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Democracy and domestic terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_and_domestic_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Perpetrators </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perpetrators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Perpetrators subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Perpetrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-state_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-state_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Non-state groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-state_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tactics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tactics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Attack types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_spectacle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_spectacle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Media spectacle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_spectacle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Mass media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Terrorism and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterterrorism_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterterrorism_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Counterterrorism strategies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counterterrorism_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Counterterrorism strategies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Counterterrorism_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorism_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Terrorism research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 International agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Response in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_terrorist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_terrorist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Ending terrorist groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_terrorist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_state_sponsored-terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_state_sponsored-terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 State and state sponsored-terrorism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_and_state_sponsored-terrorism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle State and state sponsored-terrorism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-State_and_state_sponsored-terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 State terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State-sponsored_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-sponsored_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 State-sponsored terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sponsored_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Impact and debate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_and_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact and debate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pejorative_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pejorative_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Pejorative use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pejorative_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Databases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Infographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Terrorism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismus" title="Terrorismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Terrorismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="إرهاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرهاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ահաբեկչութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ահաբեկչութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismu" title="Terrorismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Terrorismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondyikakuaa" title="Mondyikakuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mondyikakuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizm" title="Terrorizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Terrorizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تروریزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تروریزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সন্ত্রাসবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সন্ত্রাসবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%B3ng-p%C3%B2%CD%98-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Khióng-pò͘-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khióng-pò͘-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тэрарызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тэрарызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="आतंकवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आतंकवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Тероризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тероризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorizam" title="Terorizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Terorizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponterezh" title="Sponterezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sponterezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismus" title="Terorismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Terorismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfysgaeth" title="Terfysgaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Terfysgaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismus" title="Terrorismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terrorismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Terrorism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τρομοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρομοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تروریسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تروریسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atankwaad" title="Atankwaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Atankwaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvirgangur" title="Yvirgangur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Yvirgangur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceimhlitheoireacht" title="Sceimhlitheoireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sceimhlitheoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A7himys" title="Atçhimys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Atçhimys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceannairceachd" title="Ceannairceachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceannairceachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="આતંકવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આતંકવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="테러리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테러리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27addanci" title="Ta'addanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ta'addanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ահաբեկչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահաբեկչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="आतंकवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आतंकवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorizam" title="Terorizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Terorizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisme" title="Terorisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terorisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hry%C3%B0juverk" title="Hryðjuverk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryðjuverk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="טרור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisme" title="Terorisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Terorisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಯೋತ್ಪಾದನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಯೋತ್ಪಾದನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტერორიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტერორიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broweghereth" title="Broweghereth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Broweghereth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterabwoba" title="Iterabwoba – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Iterabwoba" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaidi" title="Ugaidi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugaidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rorism" title="Térorism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Térorism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teror%C3%AEzm" title="Terorîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Terorîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorism" title="Terorism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Terorism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizmo" title="Terrorizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Terrorizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromocratia" title="Tromocratia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tromocratia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisms" title="Terorisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Terorisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorizmas" title="Terorizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Terorizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tadjycolnunte%27a" title="tadjycolnunte'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tadjycolnunte'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Terrorism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizmus" title="Terrorizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Terrorizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тероризам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тероризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampihorohoroana" title="Fampihorohoroana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fampihorohoroana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ഭീകരവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭീകരവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="दहशतवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दहशतवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტერორიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტერორიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ارهاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارهاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تروریسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تروریسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisme" title="Terorisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terorisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အကြမ်းဖက်ဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အကြမ်းဖက်ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="आतङ्कवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आतङ्कवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="テロリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テロリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme" title="Terrorisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Terrorisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizm" title="Terrorizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Terrorizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਦਹਿਸ਼ਤਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਹਿਸ਼ਤਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دہشت گردی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دہشت گردی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorism" title="Terorism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Terorism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismus" title="Terrorismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Terrorismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroryzm" title="Terroryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terroryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo" title="Terrorismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizm" title="Terrorizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Terrorizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorism" title="Terorism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Terorism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терорізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Терорізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismu" title="Terrorismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Terrorismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Terrorism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizmi" title="Terrorizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Terrorizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirrur%C3%ACsimu" title="Tirrurìsimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tirrurìsimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ත්‍රස්තවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රස්තවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Terrorism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="دھشتگردي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دھشتگردي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorizmus" title="Terorizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Terorizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorizem" title="Terorizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Terorizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تیرۆریزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیرۆریزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тероризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тероризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorizam" title="Terorizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Terorizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismi" title="Terrorismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terrorismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Terrorism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorismo" title="Terorismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Terorismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பயங்கரவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயங்கரவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aremma%C9%A3" title="Aremmaɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aremmaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Террорчылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Террорчылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="ఉగ్రవాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉగ్రవాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การก่อการร้าย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อการร้าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Терроризм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Терроризм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%B6rizm" title="Terörizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terörizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тероризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тероризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دہشت گردی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دہشت گردی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_b%E1%BB%91" title="Khủng bố – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng bố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisse" title="Terorisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" 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navigation-not-searchable">"Terrorist" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Terrorist (disambiguation)">Terrorist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/220px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/330px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/440px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> hits the <a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" title="2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">South Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> during the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001 in New York City, an act of terrorism planned by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and executed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism#Other_jihads" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism">Rockets and mortars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> to achieve political or ideological aims.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during <a href="/wiki/Peacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacetime">peacetime</a> or in the context of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> against non-combatants (mostly <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> There are various different <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of terrorism">definitions of terrorism</a>, with no universal agreement about it.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCode-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walzer-5">[5]</a> Different definitions of terrorism emphasize its <a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">randomness</a>, its aim to instill <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, and its broader impact beyond its immediate victims.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> Modern terrorism, evolving from earlier iterations, employs various tactics to pursue political goals, often leveraging fear as a strategic tool to influence decision makers. By targeting densely populated public areas such as transportation hubs, airports, shopping centers, tourist attractions, and nightlife venues, terrorists aim to instill widespread insecurity, prompting <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">policy changes</a> through <a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">psychological manipulation</a> and undermining confidence in security measures.<a href="#cite_note-:22-6">[6]</a> The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">originated during the French Revolution</a> of the late 18th century<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-7">[7]</a> but became widely used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. The increased use of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> from the 1980s onwards was typified by the 2001 <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Global_Terrorism_Database" title="Global Terrorism Database">Global Terrorism Database</a>, maintained by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a>, has recorded more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism, resulting in at least 140,000 deaths between 2000 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Various organizations have used terrorism to achieve their objectives. These include <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">right-wing</a> political organizations, <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">nationalist groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">religious groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">revolutionaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">ruling governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-9">[9]</a> In recent decades, hybrid terrorist organizations have emerged, incorporating both military and political arms.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacobinVignette03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/JacobinVignette03.jpg/130px-JacobinVignette03.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/JacobinVignette03.jpg/195px-JacobinVignette03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/JacobinVignette03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> Club</figcaption></figure> The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin Club</a> during the "<a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible", said Jacobin leader <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1795, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> denounced the Jacobins for letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists ... loose on the people" of France.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s rule over Geneva in the 16th century has also been described as a reign of terror.<a href="#cite_note-de_Niet_Paul_2009_p._275-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oechsli_Paul_Paul_1922_p._166-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Association_of_American_Law_Schools_1916_p._297-14">[14]</a> The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" gained renewed currency in the 1970s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> (PLO),<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA),<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">Basque separatist group, ETA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and the operations of groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leila_Khaled" title="Leila Khaled">Leila Khaled</a> was described as a terrorist in a 1970 issue of <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A number of books on terrorism were published in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The topic came further to the fore after the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">1983 Beirut barracks bombings</a><a href="#cite_note-Heryant-21">[21]</a> and again after the 2001 <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a><a href="#cite_note-Heryant-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campo-23">[23]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heryant-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition of terrorism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg/220px-Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg/330px-Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg/440px-Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Mass killings in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> in France, 1793</figcaption></figure> No definition of terrorism has gained universal agreement.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Challenges emerge due to the politically and emotionally charged nature of the term, the double standards used in applying it,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and disagreement over the nature of terrorist acts and limits of the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1998-p23-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-nlr-28">[28]</a> Harvard law professor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeve_Baxter" title="Richard Reeve Baxter">Richard Baxter</a>, a leading expert on the law of war, was a skeptic: "We have cause to regret that a legal concept of 'terrorism' was ever inflicted upon us. The term is imprecise; it is ambiguous; and above all, it serves no operative legal purpose."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-nlr-28">[28]</a> Different legal systems and government agencies employ diverse definitions of terrorism, with governments showing hesitation in establishing a universally accepted, legally binding definition. <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">Title 18 of the United States Code</a> defines terrorism as acts that are intended to intimidate or coerce civilians or government.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> has been slow to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding definition of this crime, and has been unable to conclude a <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism#UN_Comprehensive_Convention_(1997–present)" title="Definition of terrorism">Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism</a> that incorporates a single, all-encompassing, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These difficulties arise from the fact that the term "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199832-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The international community has instead adopted a series of <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism#The_sectoral_approach" title="Definition of terrorism">sectoral conventions</a> that define and criminalize various types of terrorist activities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Counterterrorism analyst <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> has noted that it is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that cannot agree on a single definition of terrorism; experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman200634-34">[34]</a> In 1992, terrorism studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Alex_P._Schmid" title="Alex P. Schmid">Alex P. Schmid</a> proposed a simple definition to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Crime_Prevention_and_Criminal_Justice" title="United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice">United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice</a> (CCPCJ) as "peacetime equivalents of war crimes", but it was not accepted.<a href="#cite_note-siegel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-contemp2020-36">[36]</a> In 2006, it was estimated that there were over 109 different definitions of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Arie_W_2006_pp._45-48-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_definitions">Controversial definitions</h3></div> The use of the term in the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Palestine conflict">Israel–Palestine conflict</a> has given rise to controversies concerning the vagueness of how terrorists are defined and identified.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History of terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_terrorism">Pre-modern terrorism</h3></div> Until <a href="/wiki/David_C._Rapoport" title="David C. Rapoport">David C. Rapoport</a> published his seminal article Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions in 1984, scholars of terrorism had largely assumed that terrorism was a modern phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128-39">[39]</a> Earlier published studies like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wilkinson_(political_scientist)" title="Paul Wilkinson (political scientist)">Paul Wilkinson</a> had considered terrorism to be a product of 19th century revolutionary politics. Technological developments like the pistol and bomb-making were considered instrumental to the relentless onslaught of assassinations, terrorism, bombings and <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Rapoport proposed three case studies to demonstrate "ancient lineage" of religious terrorism, which he called "sacred terror": the <a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">"Thugs"</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a> and the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Sicarii_Zealots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicarii Zealots">Sicarii Zealots</a>. Rapoport argued religious terrorism has been ongoing since ancient times and that "there are signs that it is reviving in new and unusual forms". He is the first to propose that religious doctrines were more important than political rationales for some terrorist groups.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Rapoport's work has since become the basis of the model of "New Terrorism" proposed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> and developed by other scholars. "New Terrorism" has had an unparalleled impact on policymaking. Critics have pointed out that the model is politically charged and over-simplified. The underlying historical assertions have received less critical attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022129-43">[43]</a> According to The Oxford Handbook on the History of Terrorism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128-39">[39]</a> <blockquote>Since the publication of Rapoport's article, it has become seemingly pre-requisite for standard works on terrorism to cite the three case studies and to reproduce uncritically its findings. In lieu of empirical research, authors tend to crudely paraphrase Rapoport and the assumed relevance of "Thuggee" to the study of modern terrorism is taken for granted. Yet the significance of the article is not simply a matter of citations―it has also provided the foundation for what has become known as the "New Terrorism" paradigm. While Rapoport did not suggest which late 20th century groups might exemplify the implied recurrence of "holy terror", Bruce Hoffman, recognized today as one of the world's leading terrorism experts, did not hesitate to do so. A decade after Rapoport's article. Hoffman picked up the mantle and taking the three case studies as inspiration, he formulated a model of contemporary "holy terror" or, as he defined it, "terrorism motivated by a religious imperative". Completely distinct from "secular terrorists", Hoffman argued that "religious terrorists" carry out indiscriminate acts of violence as a divine duty with no consideration for political efficacy―their aim is transcendental and "holy terror" constitutes an end in itself. Hoffman's concept has since been taken up and developed by a number of other writers, including Walter Laquer, Steven Simon and Daniel Benjamen, and rebranded as the "New Terrorism".</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era_(1850-1980)">Modern era (1850-1980)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KD_1946.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/KD_1946.JPG/220px-KD_1946.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/KD_1946.JPG/330px-KD_1946.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/KD_1946.JPG/440px-KD_1946.JPG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" title="King David Hotel bombing">King David Hotel bombing</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> militant group <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>, July 1946</figcaption></figure> Arguably, the first organization to use modern terrorist techniques was the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> that carried out attacks in England.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The group initiated the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a> in 1881, one of the first modern terror campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used timed <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">metropolitan Britain</a>, in order to achieve political gains.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Another early terrorist-type group was <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnaya Volya (organization)">Narodnaya Volya</a>, founded in Russia in 1878 as a revolutionary anarchist group inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nechayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Nechayev">Sergei Nechayev</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_by_the_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda by the deed">propaganda by the deed</a>" theorist <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cdi.org2-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19985-50">[50]</a> The group developed ideas—such as <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killing</a> of the 'leaders of oppression', which were to become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age—such as the invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>—enabled them to strike directly and with discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk2-52">[52]</a> The assassination of the <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of Austria">Empress of Austria</a> <a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">Elisabeth</a> in 1898 resulted in the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists</a>, the first international conference <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">against terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-t1362-53">[53]</a> In 1920 <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a> to justify the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> and defend the moral superiority of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary terrorism">revolutionary terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimoratz2004xv-54">[54]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> of <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">the RAND Corporation</a>, in 1980, 2 out of 64 terrorist groups were categorized as having religious motivation while in 1995, almost half (26 out of 56) were religiously motivated with the majority having Islam as their guiding force.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1999-V-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_terrorism">Types of terrorism</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Terrorism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Depending on the country, the political system, and the time in history, the types of terrorism are varying. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Terro.jpg/250px-Terro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Terro.jpg/375px-Terro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Terro.jpg/500px-Terro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Number of failed, foiled or successful terrorist attacks by year and type within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Source: <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europol-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg/250px-BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg/375px-BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg/500px-BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>A view of damage to the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_States_embassy_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 United States embassy bombing">U.S. Embassy in the aftermath of the 1983 Beirut bombing</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></figcaption></figure> In early 1975, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">Law Enforcement Assistant Administration</a> in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was titled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H. H. A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force defines terrorism as "a tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or the threat thereof is used for the prime purpose of creating overwhelming fear for coercive purposes". It classified disorders and terrorism into seven categories:<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <ul><li>Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, security, and normal functioning of the community.</li> <li>Political terrorism – <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">Violent</a> criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.</li> <li>Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes, but which exhibits "conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercive</a> purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_terrorism" title="Anonymous terrorism">Anonymous terrorism</a> – In the two decades prior to 2016–19, "fewer than half" of all terrorist attacks were either "claimed by their perpetrators or convincingly attributed by governments to specific terrorist groups". A number of theories have been advanced as to why this has happened.<a href="#cite_note-1_February_2019_Economist_why-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism, but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For example, the fleeing <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felon</a> who takes <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a> is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.</li> <li>Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> approach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed for <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>".</li> <li>Official or state terrorism – "referring to nations whose rule is based upon <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions". It may be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.</li></ul> Other sources have defined the typology of terrorism in different ways, for example, broadly classifying it into domestic terrorism and international terrorism, or using categories such as vigilante terrorism or insurgent terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some ways the typology of terrorism may be defined are:<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <ul><li>Political terrorism <ul><li>Sub-state terrorism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary terrorism">Social revolutionary terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist-separatist terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious extremist terrorism</a> <ul><li>Religious fundamentalist Terrorism</li> <li>New religions terrorism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Criminal terrorism</li> <li>Pathological terrorism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_terrorism">Religious terrorism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">List of Islamist terrorist attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Terrorism_Index" title="Global Terrorism Index">Global Terrorism Index</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious extremism">religious extremism</a> has overtaken <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">national separatism</a> and become the main driver of terrorist attacks around the world. Since 9/11 there has been a five-fold increase in deaths from terrorist attacks. The majority of incidents over the past several years can be tied to groups with a religious agenda. Before 2000, it was nationalist separatist terrorist organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> and Chechen rebels who were behind the most attacks. The number of incidents from nationalist separatist groups has remained relatively stable in the years since while religious extremism has grown. The prevalence of Islamist groups in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> is the main driver behind these trends.<a href="#cite_note-arnett-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/220px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/330px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/440px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS) is a transnational Sunni Islamist insurgent and terrorist group. <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">IS territory</a>, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015.<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Map legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Islamic State</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Iraqi government</a></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Syrian government</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Lebanese government</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> forces</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Syrian Kurdistan forces</a></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> forces</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.</li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> in 1982 marked a pivotal moment in terrorism's history.<a href="#cite_note-:03-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> Islamist group, rooted in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, drew inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">teachings</a>, responding to the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>. Beyond pursuing revolutionary goals, Hezbollah members were deeply concerned about the social conditions of Shiite communities across the Middle East. Their activities in Lebanon during the 1980s garnered support among <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">local Shiites</a>, leading to the rise of smaller terrorist groups, notably the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, the main Islamist movement in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, was formed by Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a> in 1987. Hamas members seek their identity in their Islamic roots. Hamas maintains an uncompromising and maximalist stance, emphasizing the complete liberation of the sacred land of Palestine they interpret as demanded by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a>, who will repay <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">martyrs</a> for this cause with life everlasting.<a href="#cite_note-:03-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-68">[68]</a> Hamas' ideology includes <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> elements and, according to some studies, even incorporates genocidal aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-:4-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-71">[71]</a> In the periods of 1994–1996 and 2001–2007, Hamas orchestrated <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">a series of suicide bombings</a>, primarily directed at civilian targets in Israel, killing over 1,000 Israeli civilians.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Following their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">takeover of the Gaza Strip</a> in 2007, the group has launched <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">thousands of rockets</a> towards Israeli population centers.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Five of the terrorist groups that have been most active since 2001 are Hamas, <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>. These groups have been most active in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Syria. Eighty percent of all deaths from terrorism occurred in these five countries.<a href="#cite_note-arnett-66">[66]</a> In 2015 four <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist groups</a> were responsible for 74% of all deaths from Islamic terrorism: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>, Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaeda, according to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Terrorism_Index" title="Global Terrorism Index">Global Terrorism Index</a> 2016.<a href="#cite_note-GTI2016-4-74">[74]</a> Since approximately 2000, these incidents have occurred on a global scale, affecting not only <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority states</a> in Africa and Asia, but also states with non-Muslim majority such as <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_France" title="Terrorism in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Germany" title="Terrorism in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Spain" title="Terrorism in Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_activity_in_Belgium" title="Terrorist activity in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sweden" title="Terrorism in Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Australia" title="Terrorism in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_Philippines" title="Terrorism in the Philippines">Philippines</a>. Such attacks have targeted both Muslims and non-Muslims, however the majority affect Muslims themselves.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg/220px-Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg/330px-Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg/440px-Marriot_Hotel_Islamabad_Pakistan_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" title="Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing">Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing</a>. Approximately 35,000 Pakistanis died from <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">terrorist attacks</a> between 2001 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism in Pakistan</a> has become a great problem. From the summer of 2007 until late 2009, more than 1,500 people were killed in <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide</a> and other attacks on civilians<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> for reasons attributed to a number of causes—sectarian violence between <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslim">Shia Muslims</a>; easy availability of guns and explosives; the existence of a "<a href="/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle" title="Kalashnikov rifle">Kalashnikov</a> culture"; an influx of ideologically driven Muslims based <a href="/wiki/AfPak" title="AfPak">in or near Pakistan</a>, who originated from various nations around the world and the subsequent war against the pro-Soviet Afghans in the 1980s which blew back into Pakistan; the presence of <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> insurgent groups and forces such as the Taliban and Lashkar-e-Taiba. On July 2, 2013, in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, 50 Muslim scholars of the Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC) issued a collective fatwa against suicide bombings, the killing of innocent people, bomb attacks, and targeted killings declaring them as <a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">Haraam</a> or forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> released a report on terrorism in the United States. The report (titled The Age of the Wolf) analyzed 62 incidents and found that, between 2009 and 2015, "more people have been killed in America by non-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic terrorists</a> than <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadists</a>."<a href="#cite_note-splc-79">[79]</a> The "virulent racist and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>" ideology of the ultra-right wing <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> movement is usually accompanied by anti-government sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-adlci-80">[80]</a> Adherents of Christian Identity are not connected with specific <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BehindBars-81">[81]</a> and they believe that <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a> of European descent can be traced back to the "<a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Lost Tribes of Israel</a>" and many consider <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to be the Satanic offspring of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Eve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adlci-80">[80]</a> This group has committed <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a>, bombings and other acts of terrorism. Its influence ranges from the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> groups to the anti-government <a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">militia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">sovereign citizen movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adlci-80">[80]</a> Christian Identity's origins can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">Anglo-Israelism</a>, which held the view that the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a> were descendants of ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. However, in the United States, the ideology started to become rife with <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a>, and eventually Christian Identity theology diverged from the <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">philo-semitic</a> Anglo-Israelism, and developed what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">"two seed"</a> theory.<a href="#cite_note-adlci-80">[80]</a> According to the two-seed theory, the Jewish people are descended from <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> and the serpent (not from <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-adlci-80">[80]</a> The white European seedline is descended from the "lost tribes" of Israel. They hold themselves to "God's laws", not to "man's laws", and they do not feel bound to a government that they consider run by Jews and the <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adlci-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> is widely denounced by <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perlmutter1999-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> has had problems with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish religious terrorism">religious terrorism</a> even before independence in 1948. During <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British mandate over Palestine</a>, the secular <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> were among the Zionist groups labelled as terrorist organisations by the British authorities and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> for violent terror attacks against Britons and Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Another extremist group, the <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a>, openly declared its members as "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Historian William Cleveland stated many Jews justified any action, even terrorism, taken in the cause of the creation of a Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Amir" title="Yigal Amir">Yigal Amir</a> assassinated Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>. For Amir, killing Rabin was an exemplary act that symbolized the fight against an illegitimate government that was prepared to cede Jewish Holy Land to the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaaij201268-89">[89]</a> Members of <a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a>, a Jewish ultranationalist party, employed terrorist tactics in pursuit of what they viewed as religious imperatives. Israel and a few other countries have designated the party as a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_motivations">Causes and motivations</h2></div> Terrorist acts frequently have a political purpose based on self-determination claims, ethnonationalist frustrations, single issue causes (like abortion or the environment), or other ideological or religious causes that terrorists claim are a moral justification for their violent acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk2013Introduction-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_terrorism_as_a_tactic">Choice of terrorism as a tactic</h3></div> Individuals and groups choose terrorism as a tactic because it can: <ul><li>Act as a form of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> in order to directly force a government to agree to demands</li> <li>Intimidate a group of people into capitulating to the demands in order to avoid future injury</li> <li>Get attention and thus political support for a cause</li> <li>Directly inspire more people to the cause (such as revolutionary acts) – <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li>Indirectly inspire more people to the cause by provoking a hostile response or over-reaction from enemies to the cause<a href="#cite_note-Think-92">[92]</a></li></ul> Attacks on "collaborators" are used to intimidate people from cooperating with the state in order to undermine state control. This strategy was used in Ireland, in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> during their independence struggles.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Stated <a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">motives for the September 11 attacks</a> included inspiring more fighters to join the cause of repelling the United States from Muslim countries with a successful high-profile attack. The attacks prompted some criticism from domestic and international observers regarding perceived injustices in U.S. foreign policy that provoked the attacks, but the larger practical effect was that the United States government declared a <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> that resulted in substantial military engagements in several Muslim-majority countries. Various commentators have inferred that <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> expected a military response and welcomed it as a provocation that would result in more Muslims fight the United States. Some commentators believe that the resulting anger and suspicion directed toward innocent Muslims living in Western countries and the indignities inflicted upon them by security forces and the general public also contributes to radicalization of new recruits.<a href="#cite_note-Think-92">[92]</a> Despite criticism that the Iraqi government had no involvement with the September 11 attacks, Bush declared the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> to be part of the War on Terror. The resulting backlash and instability enabled the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> and the temporary creation of an Islamic caliphate holding territory in Iraq and Syria, until ISIL lost its territory through military defeats. Attacks used to draw international attention to struggles that are otherwise unreported have included the <a href="/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings" title="Dawson's Field hijackings">Palestinian airplane hijackings in 1970</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1975_Dutch_train_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Dutch train hostage crisis">1975 Dutch train hostage crisis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_motivating_terrorism">Causes motivating terrorism</h3></div> Specific political or social causes have included: <ul><li>Independence or <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a> movements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">Irredentist</a> movements</li> <li>Adoption of a particular political philosophy, such as <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">left-wing terrorism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> (possibly through a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> or as an ideology of an independence or separatist movement)</li> <li>Environmental protection (<a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> of a particular group <ul><li>Preventing a rival group from sharing or occupying a particular territory (such as by discouraging immigration or encouraging flight)</li> <li>Subjugation of a particular population (such as <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching of African Americans</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Spread or dominance of a particular religion – <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">religious terrorism</a></li> <li>Ending perceived government <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a></li> <li>Responding to a violent act (for example, tit-for-tat attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland, or <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a>'s revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a> incident)</li></ul> Causes for <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">right-wing terrorism</a> have included <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalism">ethnonationalism</a>, fascism, anti-socialism, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">anti-abortion movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a>. Sometimes terrorists on the same side fight for different reasons. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a> secular Chechens using terrorist tactics fighting for national independence are allied with radical Islamist terrorists who have arrived from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_and_social_factors">Personal and social factors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></div> Various personal and social factors may influence the personal choice of whether to join a terrorist group or attempt an act of terror, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a>, including affiliation with a particular culture, ethnicity, or religion</li> <li>Previous exposure to violence</li> <li>Financial reward (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority_Martyrs_Fund" title="Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund">Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li> <li>Social isolation</li> <li>Perception that the cause responds to a profound injustice or indignity</li></ul> A report conducted by Paul Gill, John Horgan and Paige Deckert [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Terrorism#Dubious" title="Talk:Terrorism">discuss</a>] found that for "lone wolf" terrorists:<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-95">[95]</a> <ul><li>43% were motivated by religious beliefs</li> <li>32% had pre-existing mental health disorders, while many more are found to have mental health problems upon arrest</li> <li>At least 37% lived alone at the time of their event planning and/or execution, a further 26% lived with others, and no data were available for the remaining cases</li> <li>40% were unemployed at the time of their arrest or terrorist event</li> <li>19% subjectively experienced being disrespected by others</li> <li>14% percent experienced being the victim of verbal or physical assault</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Merari" title="Ariel Merari">Ariel Merari</a>, a psychologist who has studied the psychological profiles of suicide terrorists since 1983 through media reports that contained biographical details, interviews with the suicides' families, and interviews with jailed would-be <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attackers</a>, concluded that they were unlikely to be psychologically abnormal.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In comparison to economic theories of criminal behaviour, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Atran" title="Scott Atran">Scott Atran</a> found that suicide terrorists exhibit none of the socially dysfunctional attributes—such as fatherless, friendless, jobless situations—or suicidal symptoms. By which he means, they do not kill themselves simply out of hopelessness or a sense of 'having nothing to lose'.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Abrahm suggests that terrorist organizations do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahm-98">[98]</a> Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahm-98">[98]</a> Michael Mousseau shows possible relationships between the type of economy within a country and ideology associated with terrorism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Many terrorists have a history of domestic violence.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democracy_and_domestic_terrorism">Democracy and domestic terrorism</h2></div> Terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom, and it is least common in the most democratic nations.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Some examples of terrorism in non-democratic nations include <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a> in Spain under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> (although the group's activities increased sharply after Franco's death),<a href="#cite_note-tws11janfjlk-105">[105]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> in pre-war <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> in Peru under <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tws11janaawsw-107">[107]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a> when <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was ruled by military leaders and the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-tws11jangvdf-108">[108]</a> According to Boaz Ganor, "Modern terrorism sees the liberal democratic state, in all its variations, as the perfect launching pad and a target for its attacks. Moreover, some terrorist organizations—particularly Islamist-jihadist organizations—have chosen to cynically exploit democratic values and institutions to gain power and status, promote their interests, and achieve internal and international legitimacy".<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> Jihadist militants have shown an ambivalent view towards democracy, as they both exploit it for their ends and oppose it in their ideology. Various quotes from jihadist leaders note their disdain for democracy and their efforts to undermine it in favor of Islamic rule.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> Democracies, such as Japan, the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, have all experienced domestic terrorism. While a democratic nation espousing <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a dilemma: whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of supporting civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-tws11janetrr-109">[109]</a> For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">homegrown terrorism</a> has started to be seen as a greater threat, as stated by former CIA Director Michael Hayden.<a href="#cite_note-Hayden-110">[110]</a> This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist(s); namely, to delegitimize the state and cause a systematic shift towards anarchy via the accumulation of negative sentiments towards the state system.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators">Perpetrators</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png/220px-Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png/330px-Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png/440px-Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Al-Qaeda in Maghreb members pose with weapons.</figcaption></figure> The perpetrators of acts of terrorism can be individuals, groups, or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may carry out terrorist acts outside the framework of a state of war. The most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive <a href="/wiki/Covert_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert cell">cells</a>, highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in recent times, such as the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London underground bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a> were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends, family members and other strong social networks. These groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> to succeed where others had failed.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Over the years, much research has been conducted to distill a terrorist profile to explain these individuals' actions through their psychology and socio-economic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Some specialists highlight the lack of evidence supporting the idea that terrorists are typically psychologically disturbed. The careful planning and detailed execution seen in many terrorist acts are not characteristics generally associated with mentally unstable individuals.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Others, like Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the propaganda tactics used by terrorists. Some security organizations designate these groups as violent non-state actors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 2007 study by economist <a href="/wiki/Alan_B._Krueger" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan B. Krueger">Alan B. Krueger</a> found that terrorists were less likely to come from an impoverished background (28 percent versus 33 percent) and more likely to have at least a high-school education (47 percent versus 38 percent). Another analysis found only 16 percent of terrorists came from impoverished families, versus 30 percent of male Palestinians, and over 60 percent had gone beyond high school, versus 15 percent of the populace.<a href="#cite_note-Arie_W_2006_pp._45-48-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> To avoid detection, a terrorist will look, dress, and behave normally until executing the assigned mission. Some claim that attempts to profile terrorists based on personality, physical, or sociological traits are not useful.<a href="#cite_note-tws11janhfgf-116">[116]</a> The physical and behavioral description of the terrorist could describe almost any normal person.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-117">[117]</a> The majority of terrorist attacks are carried out by military age men, aged 16 to 40.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-state_groups">Non-state groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daschle_letter_FBI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of the front of an addressed envelope to Senator Daschle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daschle_letter_FBI.png/220px-Daschle_letter_FBI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daschle_letter_FBI.png/330px-Daschle_letter_FBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Daschle_letter_FBI.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>There is speculation that the <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a> were the work of a lone wolf.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">List of designated terrorist groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_(terrorism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf (terrorism)">Lone wolf (terrorism)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actor</a></div> Groups not part of the state apparatus of in opposition to the state are most commonly referred to as a "terrorist" in the media. According to the Global Terrorism Database, the most active terrorist group in the period 1970 to 2010 was <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> (with 4,517 attacks), followed by <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Marti_National_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front">Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front</a> (FMLN), <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA), <a href="/wiki/Basque_Fatherland_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Fatherland and Freedom">Basque Fatherland and Freedom</a> (ETA), <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC), <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Army of Colombia">National Liberation Army of Colombia</a> (ELN), and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a> (PKK).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Recent decades saw the emergence of hybrid terrorist organizations, which typically consist of both military and political arms, with some also incorporating a third element focused on community support through social welfare and religious services, known as <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">dawah</a> in Islamic rhetoric. Boaz Ganor states that this evolution necessitates a multidimensional approach to warfare, where states must engage across military, media, and legal fronts to challenge the legitimacy of these organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">Terrorist financing</a></div> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State sponsors</a> have constituted a major form of funding; for example, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> and other groups sometimes considered to be terrorist organizations, were funded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ncua-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-tws11jan4r67-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has provided funds, training, and weapons to organizations such as Lebanese Shi’ite group <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, the Yemenite <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian factions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Islamic Jihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian funding for Hamas</a> is estimated to reach several hundred million dollars annually.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> These groups and others have played significant roles in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Iran's foreign policy</a> and served as proxies in conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-:3-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stern_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Gang">Stern Gang</a> received funding from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascist</a> officers in Beirut to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British authorities in Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tax" title="Revolutionary tax">Revolutionary tax</a>" is another major form of funding, and essentially a euphemism for "<a href="/wiki/Protection_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection money">protection money</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ncua-119">[119]</a> Revolutionary taxes "play a secondary role as one other means of intimidating the target population".<a href="#cite_note-ncua-119">[119]</a> Other major sources of funding include <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> for ransoms, <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">wildlife smuggling</a>),<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> fraud, and robbery.<a href="#cite_note-ncua-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant</a> has reportedly received funding "via private donations from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish Republican</a> militants, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Loyalist</a> paramilitaries, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a>, received far more financing from criminal and legitimate activities within the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> than overseas donations, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Paramilitary finances in the Troubles</a> for more information).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-BHT-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force" title="Financial Action Task Force">Financial Action Task Force</a> is an inter-governmental body whose mandate, since October 2001, has included combating <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">terrorist financing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">Tactics of terrorism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WallStexplosion1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WallStexplosion1920.jpg/220px-WallStexplosion1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WallStexplosion1920.jpg/330px-WallStexplosion1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WallStexplosion1920.jpg/440px-WallStexplosion1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing" title="Wall Street bombing">Wall Street bombing</a> at noon on September 16, 1920, killed thirty-eight people and injured several hundred. The perpetrators were never caught.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity, most frequently using <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Terrorist groups usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant undercover agents, and raise money from supporters or through <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. Communications occur through modern <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, or through old-fashioned methods such as <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">couriers</a>. There is concern about terrorist attacks employing <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. Some academics have argued that while it is often assumed terrorism is intended to spread fear, this is not necessarily true, with fear instead being a by-product of the terrorist's actions, while their intentions may be to avenge fallen comrades or destroy their perceived enemies.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Terrorism is a form of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> and is more common when direct <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a> will not be effective because opposing forces vary greatly in power.<a href="#cite_note-tws11jan1q21q-137">[137]</a> Yuval Harari argues that the peacefulness of modern states makes them paradoxically more vulnerable to terrorism than pre-modern states. Harari argues that because modern states have committed themselves to reducing political violence to almost zero, terrorists can, by creating political violence, threaten the very foundations of the legitimacy of the modern state. This is in contrast to pre-modern states, where violence was a routine and recognised aspect of politics at all levels, making political violence unremarkable. Terrorism thus shocks the population of a modern state far more than a pre-modern one and consequently the state is forced to overreact in an excessive, costly and spectacular manner, which is often what the terrorists desire.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The type of people terrorists will target is dependent upon the ideology of the terrorists. A terrorist's ideology will create a class of "legitimate targets" who are deemed as its enemies and who are permitted to be targeted. This ideology will also allow the terrorists to place the blame on the victim, who is viewed as being responsible for the violence in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_types">Attack types</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing attacks</a>, a historical tactic, have reemerged as a prevalent form of terrorism in the 21st century, notably during the 2010s and 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-RiseOMuwahhid-141">[141]</a> This resurgence originated with the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a> in the 1990s and later expanded among <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian terrorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State militants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-142">[142]</a> The trend gained momentum with a wave of <a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">"lone wolf" terrorist stabbing attacks</a> by Palestinians targeting Israelis beginning in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-WedemanViolence-143">[143]</a> Subsequently, this pattern extended to Europe during the surge of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a> in the 2010s, witnessing "at least" 10 stabbing attacks allegedly motivated by Islamic extremism by the spring of 2017, with France experiencing a notable concentration of such incidents.<a href="#cite_note-JenkinsTimeline-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-RubinOfficersStabbed-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_spectacle">Media spectacle</h3></div> Terrorists may attempt to use the media to spread their message or manipulate their target audience. <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> used this tactic during the <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a> and again in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Terrorists may also target national symbols for attention.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lacquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Lacquer">Walter Lacquer</a> wrote that "terrorism was always, to a large extent, about public relations and propaganda ('Propaganda by Deed' had been the slogan in the nineteenth century)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2001xi-148">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/El_Al_Flight_426_hijacking" title="El Al Flight 426 hijacking">El Al Flight 426 hijacking</a> is considered a turning point for modern terrorism studies. The <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> (PFLP) realized they could combine the tactics of targeting national symbols and civilians (in this case as hostages) to generate a mass media spectacle. <a href="/wiki/Zehdi_Labib_Terzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zehdi Labib Terzi">Zehdi Labib Terzi</a> made a public statement about this in 1976: "The first several hijackings aroused the consciousness of the world and awakened the media and world opinion much more ― and more effectively ― than 20 years of pleading at the United Nations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman200664-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_media">Mass media</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png/220px-Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png/330px-Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png/440px-Causes-of-death-in-USA-vs.-media-coverage.png 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3133" /></a><figcaption>Causes of death in the US vs media coverage. The percentage of media attention for terrorism (about 33-35%) is much greater than the percentage of deaths caused by terrorism (less than 0.01%).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg/220px-Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg/330px-Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg/440px-Plakat_La_Terroriste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8956" data-file-height="6447" /></a><figcaption>La Terroriste, a 1910 poster depicting a female member of the <a href="/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_the_Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party">Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party</a> throwing a bomb at a Russian official's car</figcaption></figure> Mass media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of the media.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Internet has created a new way for groups to spread their messages.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> This has created a cycle of measures and counter measures by groups in support of and in opposition to terrorist movements. The United Nations has created its own online counterterrorism resource.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The mass media will, on occasion, censor organizations involved in terrorism (through self-restraint or regulation) to discourage further terrorism. This may encourage organizations to perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass media. Conversely <a href="/wiki/James_F._Pastor" title="James F. Pastor">James F. Pastor</a> explains the significant relationship between terrorism and the media, and the underlying benefit each receives from the other:<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate the media gestalt. A point at which the violence may well escalate, but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is innately media-related.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Novelist <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>, 2004<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> famously spoke of the close connection between terrorism and the media, calling publicity 'the oxygen of terrorism'.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism_and_tourism">Terrorism and tourism</h3></div> The connection between terrorism and tourism has been widely studied since the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_massacre" title="Luxor massacre">1997 Luxor massacre</a>, during which 62 people, including 58 foreign nationals, were killed by Islamist group <a href="/wiki/Al-Jama%27a_al-Islamiyya" title="Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya</a> in an archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In the 1970s, the targets of terrorists were politicians and chiefs of police while now, international tourists and visitors are selected as the main targets of attacks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, were the symbolic center, which marked a new epoch in the use of civil transport against the main power of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> From this event onwards, the spaces of leisure that characterized the pride of West were conceived as dangerous and frightful.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counterterrorism_strategies">Counterterrorism strategies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg/180px-1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg/270px-1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg/360px-1080_Poisoning_Scare_At_New_World_in_Wellington.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Sign notifying shoppers of increased surveillance due to a perceived increased risk of terrorism</figcaption></figure> Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> and reassessments of <a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">fundamental values</a>. Specific types of responses include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_hardening" title="Target hardening">Target hardening</a>, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">Preemptive</a> or reactive military action</li> <li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Strategic_intelligence" title="Strategic intelligence">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> activities</li> <li>Preemptive <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> activities</li> <li>More permissive <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detention</a> policies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism_research">Terrorism research</h3></div> Terrorism research, also called terrorism studies, or terrorism and counter-terrorism research, is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> academic field which seeks to understand the causes of terrorism, how to prevent it as well as its impact in the broadest sense. Terrorism research can be carried out in both military and civilian contexts, for example by research centres such as the British <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence">Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Centre_for_Violence_and_Traumatic_Stress_Studies" title="Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies">Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Centre for Counter-Terrorism">International Centre for Counter-Terrorism</a> (ICCT). There are several academic journals devoted to the field, including <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Terrorism" title="Perspectives on Terrorism">Perspectives on Terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_agreements">International agreements</h3></div> One of the agreements that promote the international legal counterterrorist framework is the Code of Conduct Towards Achieving a World Free of Terrorism that was adopted at the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2018. The Code of Conduct was initiated by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>. Its main goal is to implement a wide range of international commitments to counterterrorism and establish a broad global coalition towards achieving a world free of terrorism by 2045. The Code was signed by more than 70 countries.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_in_the_United_States">Response in the United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backscatter_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Backscatter_large.jpg/220px-Backscatter_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Backscatter_large.jpg/330px-Backscatter_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Backscatter_large.jpg/440px-Backscatter_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_X-ray" title="Backscatter X-ray">X-ray backscatter technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Imaging_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Imaging Technology">AIT</a>) machine used by the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a> to screen passengers. According to the TSA, this is what the remote TSA agent would see on their screen.</figcaption></figure> According to a report by Dana Priest and William M. Arkin in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, "Some 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies work on programs related to counterterrorism, homeland security and intelligence in about 10,000 locations across the United States."<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> America's thinking on how to defeat radical Islamists is split along two very different schools of thought. Republicans, typically follow what is known as the Bush Doctrine, advocate the military model of taking the fight to the enemy and seeking to democratize the Middle East. Democrats, by contrast, generally propose the law enforcement model of better cooperation with nations and more security at home.<a href="#cite_note-ankony1-165">[165]</a> In the introduction of the U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Sewall" title="Sarah Sewall">Sarah Sewall</a> states the need for "U.S. forces to make securing the civilian, rather than destroying the enemy, their top priority. The civilian population is the center of gravity—the deciding factor in the struggle.... Civilian deaths create an extended family of enemies—new insurgent recruits or informants—and erode support of the host nation." Sewall sums up the book's key points on how to win this battle: "Sometimes, the more you protect your force, the less secure you may be.... Sometimes, the more force is used, the less effective it is.... The more successful the counterinsurgency is, the less force can be used and the more risk must be accepted.... Sometimes, doing nothing is the best reaction."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> This strategy, often termed "courageous restraint", has certainly led to some success on the Middle East battlefield. However, it does not address the fact that terrorists are mostly homegrown.<a href="#cite_note-ankony1-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending_terrorist_groups">Ending terrorist groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg/300px-RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg/450px-RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg/600px-RANDterroristGpsEnd2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>How terrorist groups end (n = 268): The most common ending for a terrorist group is to convert to nonviolence via negotiations (43%), with most of the rest terminated by routine policing (40%). Groups that were ended by military force constituted only 7%.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></figcaption></figure> Jones and Libicki (2008) created a list of all the terrorist groups they could find that were active between 1968 and 2006. They found 648. Of those, 136 splintered and 244 were still active in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Of the ones that ended, 43% converted to nonviolent political actions, like the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> in Northern Ireland; 40% were defeated by law enforcement; 7% (20 groups) were defeated by military force; and 10% succeeded. 42 groups became large enough to be labeled an insurgency; 38 of those had ended by 2006. Of those, 47% converted to nonviolent political actors. Only 5% were ended by law enforcement, and 21% were defeated by military force. 26% won.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Jones and Libicki concluded that military force may be necessary to deal with large insurgencies but are only occasionally decisive, because the military is too often seen as a bigger threat to civilians than the terrorists. To avoid that, the <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">rules of engagement</a> must be conscious of <a href="/wiki/Collateral_damage" title="Collateral damage">collateral damage</a> and work to minimize it. Another researcher, Audrey Cronin, lists six primary ways that terrorist groups end:<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <ol><li>Capture or killing of a group's leader (Decapitation)</li> <li>Entry of the group into a legitimate political process (Negotiation)</li> <li>Achievement of group aims (Success)</li> <li>Group implosion or loss of public support (Failure)</li> <li>Defeat and elimination through brute force (Repression)</li> <li>Transition from terrorism into other forms of violence (Reorientation)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_and_state_sponsored-terrorism">State and state sponsored-terrorism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_terrorism">State terrorism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely accepted yet often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is fully rationalized. Violence done by those lower on the hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does occur it is regarded with shock, horror, and the fetishization of the victims.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Jensen" title="Derrick Jensen">Derrick Jensen</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloody_Saturday,_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bloody_Saturday%2C_Shanghai.jpg/220px-Bloody_Saturday%2C_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bloody_Saturday%2C_Shanghai.jpg/330px-Bloody_Saturday%2C_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bloody_Saturday%2C_Shanghai.jpg/440px-Bloody_Saturday%2C_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Infant crying in Shanghai's South Station after the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Japanese bombing</a>, August 28, 1937</figcaption></figure> As with "terrorism" the concept of "state terrorism" is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has stated that the committee was conscious of 12 international conventions on the subject, and none of them referred to state terrorism, which was not an international legal concept. If states abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Former United Nations <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> has said that it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force_in_international_law" title="Use of force in international law">use of force by states</a> is already thoroughly regulated under international law".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He made clear that, "regardless of the differences between governments on the question of the definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is that any deliberate attack on innocent civilians [or non-combatants], regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/330px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/440px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)">USS Arizona (BB-39)</a> burning during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941</figcaption></figure> State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts committed by governmental agents or forces. This involves the use of state resources employed by a state's foreign policies, such as using its military to directly perform acts of terrorism. Professor of Political Science Michael Stohl cites the examples that include the German <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">bombing of London</a>, the Japanese surprise <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">firebombing of Dresden</a>, and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He argues that "the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents." He cites the <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">first strike</a> option as an example of the "terror of coercive diplomacy" as a form of this, which holds the world hostage with the implied threat of using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> in "crisis management" and he argues that the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of changes that took place following World War II. In this analysis, state terrorism exhibited as a form of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> was shaped by the presence and use of <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, and the legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly accepted form of this behavior by the state.<a href="#cite_note-tws11jangbhh-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> described <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coercion Act">Irish Coercion Act</a> as terrorism in his "no-Rent manifesto" in 1881, during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land War">Irish Land War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The concept is used to describe <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repressions</a> by governments against their own civilian populations with the purpose of inciting fear. For example, taking and executing civilian <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial elimination</a> campaigns are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Black-180">[180]</a> Such actions are often described as <a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, which have been argued to be equivalent to state terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Kisangani2007-181">[181]</a> Empirical studies on this have found that democracies have little democide.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Western democracies, <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">including the United States</a>, have supported state terrorism<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and mass killings,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> with some examples being the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-BlumenthalMcCormack-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-sponsored_terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Posada_Carriles_-_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Luis_Posada_Carriles_-_1963.jpg/170px-Luis_Posada_Carriles_-_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Luis_Posada_Carriles_-_1963.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordination_of_United_Revolutionary_Organizations" title="Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations">CORU</a> are widely considered responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_455" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 455">1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner</a> that killed 73 people.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist group. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state-sponsored terrorism vary widely. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_debate">Impact and debate</h2></div> Terrorism is a <a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">charged term</a>. It is often used with the connotation of something that is morally wrong. Governments and non-state groups use the term to abuse or denounce opposing groups.<a href="#cite_note-Walzer-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-JR.White-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heryant-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-194">[194]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">legislation defining terrorism as a crime</a> has been adopted in many states, the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> and terrorism remains a complex and debated matter.<a href="#cite_note-:02-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> There is no consensus as to whether terrorism should be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a> is that perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a>, but is not considered such by the state conducting it, making legality a grey area.<a href="#cite_note-teichman-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pejorative_use">Pejorative use</h3></div> The term "terrorism" is often used to abuse or denounce opposite parties, either governments or non-state groups.<a href="#cite_note-Walzer-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-JR.White-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heryant-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-194">[194]</a> An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Terruqueo" title="Terruqueo">terruqueo</a> political attack used by right-wing groups in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to target leftist groups or those opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>, likening opponents to guerrilla organizations<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict in Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-PROFE1-202">[202]</a> Those labeled "terrorists" by their opponents rarely identify themselves as such, but it was not always so. While a multitude of terms like <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">freedom fighter</a>, liberator, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">militant</a>, paramilitary, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebel</a>, patriot, have come into use, (including some culturally specific terms borrowed from other languages like <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fedayeen" title="Fedayeen">fedayeen</a>), the unwillingness to self-identify as terrorists began when parties in a conflict started to describe each other as terrorists pejoratively.<a href="#cite_note-tws11janbcvc-203">[203]</a> As an example, when <a href="/wiki/Vera_Zasulich" title="Vera Zasulich">Vera Zasulich</a> attacked a Russian official known for abusing prisoners she told the court "I am not a criminal, I am a terrorist!". The stunned court acquitted Zazulich when they realized that she was trying to become a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>. She was carried out of the courtroom on the shoulders of the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Some groups and individuals have openly admitted to using "terrorist tactics" even while maintaining distance from the pejorative term in their self-descriptions. The <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> militant group <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lohamei Herut Yisrael</a> admitted that they used terrorist tactics but used the euphemism "Freedom Fighters" to describe themselves (Lohamei Herut Yisrael means "Freedom Fighters for Israel".)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199821-205">[205]</a> On whether particular terrorist acts, such as killing non-combatants, can be justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views: while, according to <a href="/wiki/David_Rodin" title="David Rodin">David Rodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> philosophers can (in theory) conceive of cases in which the evil of terrorism is outweighed by the good that could not be achieved in a less morally costly way, in practice the "harmful effects of undermining the convention of non-combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-Robin-206">[206]</a> Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a> argued that terrorism can be morally justified in only one specific case: when "a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the only way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so".<a href="#cite_note-Robin-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-tws11jannmllk-207">[207]</a> In his book Inside Terrorism <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> offered an explanation of why the term terrorism becomes distorted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">On one point, at least, everyone agrees: terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. 'What is called terrorism,' Brian Jenkins has written, 'thus seems to depend on one's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint.' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization terrorist becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199831-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></blockquote> The pejorative connotations of the word can be summed up in the <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a>, "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter".<a href="#cite_note-tws11janbcvc-203">[203]</a> This is exemplified when a group using <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular military</a> methods is an ally of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> against a mutual enemy, but later falls out with the state and starts to use those methods against its former ally. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/250px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/375px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/500px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>President Reagan meeting with <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Mujahideen">Afghan Mujahideen</a> leaders in the Oval Office in 1983</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Anti-Japanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army</a> were allied with the British, but during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, members of its successor organisation (the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a>) started campaigns against them, and were branded "terrorists" as a result.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and others in the American administration frequently called the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> "freedom fighters" during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> however twenty years later, when a new generation of Afghan men (militant groups like the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and allies) were fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks were labelled terrorism by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Groups accused of terrorism understandably prefer terms reflecting legitimate military or ideological action.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-TCCACR-218">[218]</a> Leading terrorism researcher Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>, defines "terrorist acts" as unlawful attacks for political or other ideological goals, and said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is the famous statement: 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.' But that is grossly misleading. It assesses the validity of the cause when terrorism is an act. One can have a perfectly beautiful cause and yet if one commits terrorist acts, it is terrorism regardless.<a href="#cite_note-famous_quote_one_man's-219">[219]</a></blockquote> Some groups, when involved in a "liberation" struggle, have been called "terrorists" by the Western governments or media. Later, these same persons, as leaders of the liberated nations, are called "statesmen" by similar organizations. Two examples of this phenomenon are the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureates <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> editor <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a> has been called a "terrorist" by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Media outlets who wish to convey impartiality may limit their usage of "terrorist" and "terrorism" because they are loosely defined, potentially controversial in nature, and subjective terms.<a href="#cite_note-GUSG-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Nashville_bombing#Debate_over_"terrorism"_as_a_term" title="2020 Nashville bombing">2020 Nashville bombing revived a debate</a> over the use of the word "terrorism", with critics saying it is quickly applied to attacks by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> but reluctantly if at all used by white <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> men, such as the Nashville bomber.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Databases">Databases</h2></div> The following terrorism databases are or were made publicly available for research purposes, and track specific acts of terrorism: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Terrorism_Database" title="Global Terrorism Database">Global Terrorism Database</a>, an open-source database by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a> on terrorist events around the world from 1970 through 2017 with more than 150,000 cases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base" title="MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base">MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Incidents_Tracking_System" title="Worldwide Incidents Tracking System">Worldwide Incidents Tracking System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocsearch" title="Tocsearch">Tocsearch</a> (dynamic database)</li></ul> The following public report and index provides a summary of key global trends and patterns in terrorism around the world: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Terrorism_Index" title="Global Terrorism Index">Global Terrorism Index</a>, produced annually by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">Institute for Economics and Peace</a></li></ul> The following publicly available resources index electronic and bibliographic resources on the subject of terrorism: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Gateway" title="Human Security Gateway">Human Security Gateway</a></li></ul> The following terrorism databases are maintained in secrecy by the United States Government for intelligence and counterterrorism purposes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Identities_Datamart_Environment" title="Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment">Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Screening_Database" title="Terrorist Screening Database">Terrorist Screening Database</a></li></ul> Jones and Libicki (2008) includes a table of 268 terrorist groups active between 1968 and 2006 with their status as of 2006: still active, splintered, converted to nonviolence, removed by law enforcement or military, or won. (These data are not in a convenient machine-readable format but are available.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infographics">Infographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Number_of_terrorist_incidents_by_country" title="Number of terrorist incidents by country">Number of terrorist incidents by country</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrorist incidents, 1970–2015. A total of 157,520 incidents are plotted. Orange: 1970–1999, Red: 2000–2015"><img alt="Terrorist incidents, 1970–2015. A total of 157,520 incidents are plotted. Orange: 1970–1999, Red: 2000–2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg/321px-Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg/481px-Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg/641px-Terrorist_incidents_map_of_the_world_1970-2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="465" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terrorist incidents, 1970–2015. A total of 157,520 incidents are plotted. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Orange: 1970–1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Red: 2000–2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_(Top_10_Countries).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Top 10 Countries (2000–2014)"><img alt="Top 10 Countries (2000–2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_%28Top_10_Countries%29.png/360px-The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_%28Top_10_Countries%29.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_%28Top_10_Countries%29.png/539px-The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_%28Top_10_Countries%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_%28Top_10_Countries%29.png/719px-The_number_of_terrorist_attacks_2000-2014_%28Top_10_Countries%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="672" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Top 10 Countries (2000–2014)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Worldwide non-state terrorist incidents 1970–2017"><img alt="Worldwide non-state terrorist incidents 1970–2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg/231px-Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg/347px-Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg/463px-Terrorist_incidents_worldwide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Worldwide non-state terrorist incidents 1970–2017</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Share who are worried about vs. share of deaths from terrorism"><img alt="Share who are worried about vs. share of deaths from terrorism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism%2C_OWID.svg/255px-Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism%2C_OWID.svg/383px-Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism%2C_OWID.svg/510px-Share_who_are_worried_about_vs._share_of_deaths_from_terrorism%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Share who are worried about vs. share of deaths from terrorism</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of terrorism">Definitions of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_terrorism" title="Economic terrorism">Economic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_terrorism" title="Economics of terrorism">Economics of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_negotiation_with_terrorists" title="Government negotiation with terrorists">Government negotiation with terrorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">List of designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">List of terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva terrorism">Hindutva terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish religious terrorism">Jewish religious terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_terrorism" title="Stochastic terrorism">Stochastic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_social_media" title="Terrorism and social media">Terrorism and social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGanor2015" class="citation book cs1">Ganor, Boaz (2015). "Introduction to Multidimensional Warfare". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gano17212">Global Alert: The Rationality of Modern Islamist Terrorism and the Challenge to the Liberal Democratic World</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 2–3, 5–6, 14–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fgano17212">10.7312/gano17212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53891-6"><bdi>978-0-231-53891-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gano17212">10.7312/gano17212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Multidimensional+Warfare&rft.btitle=Global+Alert%3A+The+Rationality+of+Modern+Islamist+Terrorism+and+the+Challenge+to+the+Liberal+Democratic+World&rft.pages=2-3%2C+5-6%2C+14-16&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fgano17212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fgano17212&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53891-6&rft.aulast=Ganor&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fgano17212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisnewski2008" class="citation book cs1">Wisnewski, J. Jeremy, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbALBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Torture, Terrorism, and the Use of Violence (also available as Review Journal of Political Philosophy Volume 6, Issue Number 1)</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0291-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0291-8"><bdi>978-1-4438-0291-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110004436/https://books.google.com/books?id=QbALBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture%2C+Terrorism%2C+and+the+Use+of+Violence+%28also+available+as+Review+Journal+of+Political+Philosophy+Volume+6%2C+Issue+Number+1%29&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-0291-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbALBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "The ordinary current use of the word terrorism is much too wide. That is to say, if we list all the different phenomena which are at one time or another described as terrorism in ordinary conversation, or in ordinary newspapers, or by ordinary politicians, we will end up with a huge rag-bag of not very similar items . . The disadvantages of trying to construct an ordinary-language definition based on current usage can be seen, too, in the plethora of conflicting definitions occurring in philosophical and political literature. Thus philosophers for instance disagree about whether or not terrorism is wrong by definition or wrong just as a matter of fact; they disagree about whether terrorism should be defined in terms of its aims, or its methods, or both, or neither; they disagree about whether or not states can perpetrate terrorism; they even disagree about the importance or otherwise of terror for a definition of terrorism." <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Teichman" title="Jenny Teichman">Jenny Teichman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751606">"How to Define Terrorism"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_(journal)" title="Philosophy (journal)">Philosophy</a>, October 1989, Vol. 64, No. 250, pp. 505–517. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCode-4"><a href="#cite_ref-USCode_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalibozekJonesKovacich2008" class="citation book cs1">Halibozek, Edward P.; Jones, Andy; Kovacich, Gerald L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpwcHUNXw-kC&pg=PA4">The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism</a> (illustrated ed.). Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann). pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8257-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8257-2"><bdi>978-0-7506-8257-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+corporate+security+professional%27s+handbook+on+terrorism&rft.pages=4-5&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Elsevier+%28Butterworth-Heinemann%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8257-2&rft.aulast=Halibozek&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Andy&rft.au=Kovacich%2C+Gerald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqpwcHUNXw-kC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walzer-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walzer_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walzer_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walzer_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2009" class="citation news cs1">Mackey, Robert (November 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/define-terrorism/">"Can Soldiers Be Victims of Terrorism?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612103418/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/define-terrorism/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Can+Soldiers+Be+Victims+of+Terrorism%3F&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F20%2Fdefine-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanor2015" class="citation book cs1">Ganor, Boaz (2015). "The Challenges and Dilemmas Faced by Liberal Democracies coping with Modern Islamist Terrorism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gano17212">Global Alert: The Rationality of Modern Islamist Terrorism and the Challenge to the Liberal Democratic World</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fgano17212">10.7312/gano17212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53891-6"><bdi>978-0-231-53891-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gano17212">10.7312/gano17212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Challenges+and+Dilemmas+Faced+by+Liberal+Democracies+coping+with+Modern+Islamist+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Global+Alert%3A+The+Rationality+of+Modern+Islamist+Terrorism+and+the+Challenge+to+the+Liberal+Democratic+World&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fgano17212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fgano17212&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53891-6&rft.aulast=Ganor&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fgano17212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010). Oxford dictionary of English (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3"><bdi>978-0-19-957112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+English&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957112-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207153725/http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf">"Global Terrorism Index 2015"</a> (PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace. p. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 7, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Terrorism+Index+2015&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economics+and+Peace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2FGlobal-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-9"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism">"Terrorism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818124916/https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrorism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fterrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBienvenu1968" class="citation book cs1">Bienvenu, Richard (January 1, 1968). THE NINTH OF THERMIDOR | THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 30–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196806198" title="Special:BookSources/9780196806198"><bdi>9780196806198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+NINTH+OF+THERMIDOR+%7C+THE+FALL+OF+ROBESPIERRE&rft.pages=30-50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft.isbn=9780196806198&rft.aulast=Bienvenu&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> – To The Earl Fitzwilliam (Christmas, 1795.) In: Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke, vol. 3 (Letters on a Regicide Peace) (1795). This Internet version contains two, mingled, indications of page numbers: one with single brackets like [260], one with double brackets like [ [309] ]. Burke lengthily introduces his view on 'this present <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory government</a>', and then writes on page [359]: "Those who arbitrarily erected the new building out of the old materials of their own <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">Convention</a>, were obliged to send for an Army to support their work. (...) At length, after a terrible struggle, the Troops prevailed over the Citizens. (...) This power is to last as long as the Parisians think proper. (...) [315] To secure them further, they have a strong corps of <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a>, ready armed. Thousands of those Hell-hounds called Terrorists, whom they had shut up in Prison on their last Revolution, as the Satellites of Tyranny, are let loose on the people. (...)" </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Niet_Paul_2009_p._275-12"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Niet_Paul_2009_p._275_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_NietPaul2009" class="citation book cs1">de Niet, J.; Paul, H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275">Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800-2000</a>. Brill's Series in Church History. Brill. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2770-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2770-4"><bdi>978-90-474-2770-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021161414/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sober%2C+Strict%2C+and+Scriptural%3A+Collective+Memories+of+John+Calvin%2C+1800-2000&rft.series=Brill%27s+Series+in+Church+History&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2770-4&rft.aulast=de+Niet&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Paul%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBuwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oechsli_Paul_Paul_1922_p._166-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Oechsli_Paul_Paul_1922_p._166_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOechsliPaulPaul1922" class="citation book cs1">Oechsli, W.; Paul, E.; Paul, C. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166">History of Switzerland, 1499-1914</a>. Cambridge historical series. The University Press. p. 166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021161414/https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Switzerland%2C+1499-1914&rft.series=Cambridge+historical+series&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Oechsli&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Paul%2C+E.&rft.au=Paul%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoS1pAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Association_of_American_Law_Schools_1916_p._297-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Association_of_American_Law_Schools_1916_p._297_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_of_American_Law_Schools1916" class="citation book cs1">Association of American Law Schools (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eb3FqiVzLoC&pg=PA297">The Continental Legal History Series</a>. Little, Brown, & Company. p. 297. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021161413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eb3FqiVzLoC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continental+Legal+History+Series&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Association+of+American+Law+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eb3FqiVzLoC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeleg1988" class="citation book cs1">Peleg, Ilan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA531">"Terrorism in the Middle East: The Case of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stohl" title="Michael Stohl">Stohl, Michael</a> (ed.). The Politics of Terrorism (third ed.). CRC Press. p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-7814-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-7814-9"><bdi>978-0-8247-7814-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrorism+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Case+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=531&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-7814-9&rft.aulast=Peleg&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR60c_2nCcnYC%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Crenshaw, Martha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&q=IRA">Terrorism in Context</a>. Penn State Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04442-2"><bdi>978-0-271-04442-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Context&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04442-2&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nFyZaZGthgC%26q%3DIRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabadLlera_Ramo2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Crenshaw" title="Martha Crenshaw">Shabad, Goldie</a>; Llera Ramo, Francisco Jose (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&pg=PA411">"Political Violence in a Democratic State: Basque Terrorism in Spain"</a>. In Crenshaw, Martha (ed.). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271044422" title="Special:BookSources/9780271044422"><bdi>9780271044422</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132440/https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&pg=PA411#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Violence+in+a+Democratic+State%3A+Basque+Terrorism+in+Spain&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Context&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780271044422&rft.aulast=Shabad&rft.aufirst=Goldie&rft.au=Llera+Ramo%2C+Francisco+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nFyZaZGthgC%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorradoEvans1988" class="citation book cs1">Corrado, Raymond R.; Evans, Rebecca (January 29, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA373">"Ethnic and Ideological Terrorism in Western Europe"</a>. In Stohl, Michael (ed.). The Politics of Terrorism (Third ed.). CRC Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824778149" title="Special:BookSources/9780824778149"><bdi>9780824778149</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132433/https://books.google.com/books?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA373#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+and+Ideological+Terrorism+in+Western+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=373&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1988-01-29&rft.isbn=9780824778149&rft.aulast=Corrado&rft.aufirst=Raymond+R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR60c_2nCcnYC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaled1970" class="citation news cs1">Khaled, Leila (September 18, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">"This is Your New Captain Speaking"</a>. Life. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132448/https://books.google.com/books?id=8lUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=This+is+Your+New+Captain+Speaking&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1970-09-18&rft.aulast=Khaled&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8lUEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Committee on the Judiciary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjkTAAAAIAAJ">Terroristic Activity: International terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132435/https://books.google.com/books?id=JjkTAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> March 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Lester A. Sobel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YC5nAAAAMAAJ">Political Terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132449/https://books.google.com/books?id=YC5nAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> March 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Lauran Paine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiLmAAAAIAAJ">The Terrorists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132437/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiLmAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> March 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1975); Walter Laqueur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQS-1jqgeScC">Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study</a>; Paul Wilkinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rILaAAAAMAAJ">Terrorism versus liberal democracy: the problems of response</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132452/https://books.google.com/books?id=rILaAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> March 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Albert Parry, <a href="//archive.org/details/terrorismfromrob0000parr" class="extiw" title="iarchive:terrorismfromrob0000parr">Terrorism: from Robespierre to Arafat</a> (1976); Ovid Demaris, <a href="//archive.org/details/brothersinbloodi00dema" class="extiw" title="iarchive:brothersinbloodi00dema">Brothers in Blood: The International Terrorist Network</a> (1977); Yonah Alexander, David Carlton and Paul Wilkinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDboAAAAIAAJ">Terrorism: Theory and Practice</a>; Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4TaAAAAMAAJ">The Weapons of Terror: International Terrorism at Work</a>; Brian Michael Jenkins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uo_sAAAAMAAJ">The Terrorist Mindset and Terrorist Decisionmaking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133030/https://books.google.com/books?id=uo_sAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> March 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-Heryant-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heryant_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heryant_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heryant_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heryant_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heryant_21-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeryanto2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Heryanto" title="Ariel Heryanto">Heryanto, Ariel</a> (April 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qSjk2C9x6wC&pg=PA161">State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging</a>. Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19569-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19569-5"><bdi>978-1-134-19569-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Political+Identity+in+Indonesia%3A+Fatally+Belonging&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-19569-5&rft.aulast=Heryanto&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qSjk2C9x6wC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaimau2013" class="citation book cs1">Faimau, Gabriel (July 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9IwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Socio-Cultural Construction of Recognition: The Discursive Representation of Islam and Muslims in the British Christian News Media</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5104-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-5104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio-Cultural+Construction+of+Recognition%3A+The+Discursive+Representation+of+Islam+and+Muslims+in+the+British+Christian+News+Media&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5104-6&rft.aulast=Faimau&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9IwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Campo_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA667">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26pg%3DPA667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid,_Alex_P.2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_P._Schmid" title="Alex P. Schmid">Schmid, Alex P.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA39">"The Definition of Terrorism"</a>. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82873-1"><bdi>978-0-203-82873-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132100/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Terrorism&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Terrorism+Research&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-82873-1&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PXpFxKRsHgC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrampton2021" class="citation cs2">Frampton, Martyn (2021), English, Richard (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-terrorism/history-and-the-definition-of-terrorism/9AAA71F34DEDBC0A911AFA0041BA5115">"History and the Definition of Terrorism"</a>, The Cambridge History of Terrorism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-66262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-66262-8"><bdi>978-1-108-66262-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215347/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-terrorism/history-and-the-definition-of-terrorism/9AAA71F34DEDBC0A911AFA0041BA5115">archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021, retrieved May 11, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Terrorism&rft.atitle=History+and+the+Definition+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=31-57&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-66262-8&rft.aulast=Frampton&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-terrorism%2Fhistory-and-the-definition-of-terrorism%2F9AAA71F34DEDBC0A911AFA0041BA5115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "Scholars have similarly noticed a double standard, in which the media is more likely to adopt an Islamic terror frame when the perpetrator is Muslim, and more likely to explore the attacker's personal life and mental health if the perpetrator is not." Connor Huff, Joshua D. Kertzer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26598750">How the Public Defines Terrorism</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="American Journal of Political Science">American Journal of Political Science</a>, January 2018, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 55-71 p.56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-1998-p23-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-1998-p23_27-0">^</a> Hoffman (1998), p. 23, See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/01/reviews/981101.01bonnert.html">the 1 Nov 1998 review by Raymond Bonner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417020102/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/01/reviews/981101.01bonnert.html">Archived</a> April 17, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html">Inside Terrorism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlr-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nlr_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlr_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_naval-law-review_1990_39/page/240/mode/2up?q=intimidate">"Battling Aerial Terrorism and Compensating the Victims"</a>. Naval Law Review. 39: 242–243. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Battling+Aerial+Terrorism+and+Compensating+the+Victims&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=242-243&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_naval-law-review_1990_39%2Fpage%2F240%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dintimidate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">International and Transnational Criminal Law. Aspen Publishing. 2010. p. 617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+and+Transnational+Criminal+Law&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/113B">§§ 113B</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2331">2331</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Diaz-Paniagua (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2qHd6a-slIC&pg=PR4">Negotiating terrorism: The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties, 1997–2005</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199832-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman199832_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffman1998">Hoffman 1998</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/radicalisation-de-radicalisation-counter-radicalisation-a-conceptual-discussion-and-literature-review/">"Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review"</a>. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). March 27, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207124224/https://icct.nl/publication/radicalisation-de-radicalisation-counter-radicalisation-a-conceptual-discussion-and-literature-review/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radicalisation%2C+De-Radicalisation%2C+Counter-Radicalisation%3A+A+Conceptual+Discussion+and+Literature+Review&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Fradicalisation-de-radicalisation-counter-radicalisation-a-conceptual-discussion-and-literature-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman200634-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman200634_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffman2006">Hoffman 2006</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-siegel-35"><a href="#cite_ref-siegel_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2008" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Larry (January 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criminologycore00sieg">Criminology</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495391029" title="Special:BookSources/9780495391029"><bdi>9780495391029</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminology&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft.isbn=9780495391029&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriminologycore00sieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-contemp2020-36"><a href="#cite_ref-contemp2020_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2020" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Alex P. (October 7, 2020). Brunton, Gillian; Wilson, Tim (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15664%2Fjtr.1601">"Discussion 1 - Revisiting the wicked problem of defining terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Voices:_St_Andrews_Journal_of_International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations">Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations</a>. 1 (1). Issue title: Terrorism: Its Past, Present & Future Study - A Special Issue to Commemorate CSTPV at 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15664%2Fjtr.1601">10.15664/jtr.1601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2516-3159">2516-3159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Voices%3A+St+Andrews+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Discussion+1+-+Revisiting+the+wicked+problem+of+defining+terrorism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15664%2Fjtr.1601&rft.issn=2516-3159&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15664%252Fjtr.1601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0">Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a> licence. (Per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvir.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/research-integrity/">this page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004191038/https://cvir.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/research-integrity/">Archived</a> October 4, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arie_W_2006_pp._45-48-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arie_W_2006_pp._45-48_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arie_W_2006_pp._45-48_37-1">b</a> Arie W. Kruglanski and Shira Fishman Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 2006), pp. 45–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "For the Israeli commander on the ground, the meaning of terrorism has become increasingly vague and contradictory. This problem is both generic and, because of the Oslo Accords,2 Israel-specific . . the term is increasingly losing all operational precision. . . Significantly, despite the growing volume of academic publications dealing with terrorism, little, if any, serious progress has been made in suitably clarifying that concept, in distinguishing it clearly from various other uses of force in world politics and from other related crimes under international law. Indeed, judging from the standard definitions of terrorism now in "professional" use, definitions that offer little or no operational benefit for scholars or for tactical commanders, the term has become so comprehensive and vague that it embraces even the most discrepant and unintended activities.", <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ren%C3%A9_Beres" title="Louis René Beres">Louis René Beres</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590033">"Law and Politics in Israel: What Terrorism Means for the IDF Commander"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Journal_of_World_Affairs" title="Brown Journal of World Affairs">Brown Journal of World Affairs</a> , Summer/Fall 1997, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 257–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022128_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDietzeVerhoeven2022">Dietze & Verhoeven 2022</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2007" class="citation book cs1">Clark, David S. (2007). Encyclopedia of Law and Society. United Kingdom: Sage. p. 1474. <q>Before the advent of dynamite and automatic weapons, groups had to kill on a one-to-one basis. It took one terrorist (or soldier) to kill one enemy or perhaps a handful of enemies, except in unusual cases, such as the failed <a href="/wiki/1605_Gunpowder_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="1605 Gunpowder Plot">1605 Gunpowder Plot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> in England. The weapons of choice for the earlier terrorists were the dagger, the noose, the sword and the poison elixir. This changed with the hand-thrown bomb and the pistol, introduced in the nineteenth century, and the machine gun and plastic explosives, common in the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Law+and+Society&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1474&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Rapoport, D. (1984) "Fear and Trembling" in Mahan, S., Griset, P. L. (2012). Terrorism in Perspective. United Kingdom: Sage Publications:"Furthermore, the three cases illustrate a kind of terror nowhere adequately analyzed in our theoretical literature, terror designated here as holy or sacred. Before the nineteenth century, religion provided the only acceptable justifications for terror, and the differences between sacred and modern expressions (differences of nature, not scale) raise questions about the appropriateness of contemporary definitions. The holy terrorist believes that only a transcendental purpose which fulfills the meaning of the universe can justify terror, and that the deity reveals at some early moment in both time and end the means and may even participate in the process as well. We see terrorists as free to seek different political ends in this world by whatever means of terror they consider most appropriate." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur2001">Laqueur 2001</a>: "The misunderstandings about the nature of terrorism in the 1970s were founded, in part, on political reasons. At the time, terrorism was predominantly left wing in inspiration and it did not come as a surprise that commentators belonging to the same political persuasion would produce theoretical explanations which were, at the very least, not unsympathetic as far as terrorists were concerned. It was argued in these circles that terrorism always occurred where there was oppression, social or national, that the terrorists had genuine, legitimate grievances—hence the conclusion that once the grievances were eradicated, terrorism would also disappear. Terrorism, in brief, was seen as a revolutionary phenomenon; it was carried out by poor and desperate human beings and had, therefore, to be confronted with sympathetic understanding." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022129-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzeVerhoeven2022129_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDietzeVerhoeven2022">Dietze & Verhoeven 2022</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121203100430/http://www.ucd.ie/adulted/coursesbycode/hn258/">"Terrorism: From the Fenians to Al Qaeda"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/adulted/coursesbycode/hn258/">the original</a> on December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+From+the+Fenians+to+Al+Qaeda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fadulted%2Fcoursesbycode%2Fhn258%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-42759-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-42759-8">0-330-42759-8</a> p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (November 2, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-42759-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-42759-8">0-330-42759-8</a> p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelehan2012" class="citation book cs1">Whelehan, Niall (2012). The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World 1867–1900. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamiters%3A+Irish+Nationalism+and+Political+Violence+in+the+Wider+World+1867%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Whelehan&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/02/13/one-skilled-scientist-is-worth-an-army-the-fenian-dynamite-campaign-1881-85/">"'One skilled scientist is worth an army' – The Fenian Dynamite campaign 1881-85"</a>. The Irish Story. February 13, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110063402/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/02/13/one-skilled-scientist-is-worth-an-army-the-fenian-dynamite-campaign-1881-85/">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Story&rft.atitle=%27One+skilled+scientist+is+worth+an+army%27+%E2%80%93+The+Fenian+Dynamite+campaign+1881-85&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2012%2F02%2F13%2Fone-skilled-scientist-is-worth-an-army-the-fenian-dynamite-campaign-1881-85%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdi.org2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-cdi.org2_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2003" class="citation web cs1">Burgess, Mark (July 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511140810/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1502">"A Brief History of Terrorism"</a>. Center for Defense Information. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pogo.org/center-for-defense-information">the original</a> on May 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Defense+Information&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Terrorism&rft.date=2003-07-02&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogo.org%2Fcenter-for-defense-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19985-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman19985_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffman1998">Hoffman 1998</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> A History of Terrorism, by Walter Laqueur, Transaction Publishers, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0799-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0799-8">0-7658-0799-8</a>, p. 92 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlqQHKpLfL8C">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk2_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Roberts2014" class="citation web cs1">Adam Roberts (September 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/changing_faces_02.shtml">"The Changing Faces of Terrorism"</a>. BBC – History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208113613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/changing_faces_02.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Faces+of+Terrorism&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.au=Adam+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Frecent%2Fsept_11%2Fchanging_faces_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1362-53"><a href="#cite_ref-t1362_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The first international conference on terrorism: Rome 1898". The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism. Cambridge University Press. December 5, 2013. pp. 131–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139524124.008">10.1017/cbo9781139524124.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-52412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-52412-4"><bdi>978-1-139-52412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+first+international+conference+on+terrorism%3A+Rome+1898&rft.btitle=The+Battle+against+Anarchist+Terrorism&rft.pages=131-184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139524124.008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-52412-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimoratz2004xv-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimoratz2004xv_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrimoratz2004">Primoratz 2004</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-1999-V-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-1999-V_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1999" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Bruce (1999). "Two: Terrorism Trends and Prospects". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/www/external/congress/terrorism/phase1/countering.pdf">Countering the New Terrorism</a> (PDF). Rand Corporation. p. V. Retrieved August 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two%3A+Terrorism+Trends+and+Prospects&rft.btitle=Countering+the+New+Terrorism&rft.pages=V&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fwww%2Fexternal%2Fcongress%2Fterrorism%2Fphase1%2Fcountering.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Moore" class="citation web cs1">John Moore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/modern.html">"The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism: an Overview"</a>. PBS Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Islamic+Terrorism%3A+an+Overview&rft.pub=PBS+Frontline&rft.au=John+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Ftarget%2Fetc%2Fmodern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europol-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Europol_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/te-sat2011.pdf">"TE-SAT 2011 EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103700/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/te-sat2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TE-SAT+2011+EU+Terrorism+Situation+and+Trend+Report&rft.pub=Europol&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europol.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fte-sat2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2010_0.pdf">"TE-SAT 2010 Terrorism Situation and Trend Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325144100/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2010_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TE-SAT+2010+Terrorism+Situation+and+Trend+Report&rft.pub=Europol&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europol.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ftesat2010_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2009_0.pdf">"TE-SAT 2009 Terrorism Situation and Trend Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405132039/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2009_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TE-SAT+2009+Terrorism+Situation+and+Trend+Report&rft.pub=Europol&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europol.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ftesat2009_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/39469NCJRS.pdf">"Disorders and Terrorism"</a> (PDF). National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. 1976. pp. 3–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423124520/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/39469NCJRS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Advisory+Committee+on+Criminal+Justice+Standards+and+Goals&rft.atitle=Disorders+and+Terrorism&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2FDigitization%2F39469NCJRS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1_February_2019_Economist_why-61"><a href="#cite_ref-1_February_2019_Economist_why_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/02/01/why-do-terrorists-claim-credit-for-some-attacks-but-not-others">"Why do terrorists claim credit for some attacks but not others?"</a>. The Economist. February 1, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509172226/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/02/01/why-do-terrorists-claim-credit-for-some-attacks-but-not-others">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+do+terrorists+claim+credit+for+some+attacks+but+not+others%3F&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2019%2F02%2F01%2Fwhy-do-terrorists-claim-credit-for-some-attacks-but-not-others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthdash.org/more_info/terrorism.html">"TERRORISM"</a>. Earth Dashboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101305/http://www.earthdash.org/more_info/terrorism.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TERRORISM&rft.pub=Earth+Dashboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthdash.org%2Fmore_info%2Fterrorism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurpura2007" class="citation book cs1">Purpura, Philip P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ItzwLVo8DwC&pg=PA17">Terrorism and homeland security: an introduction with applications</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 16–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7843-8"><bdi>978-0-7506-7843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+homeland+security%3A+an+introduction+with+applications&rft.pages=16-19&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-7843-8&rft.aulast=Purpura&rft.aufirst=Philip+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ItzwLVo8DwC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hudson, Rex A. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Barry Scheider, Jim Davis, Avoiding the abyss: progress, shortfalls and the way ahead in combatting the WMD threat, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009 p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-arnett-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arnett_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arnett_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2014" class="citation news cs1">Arnett, George (November 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/nov/18/religious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report">"Religious extremism main cause of terrorism, according to report"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323235922/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/nov/18/religious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Religious+extremism+main+cause+of+terrorism%2C+according+to+report&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2014%2Fnov%2F18%2Freligious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2003" class="citation book cs1">Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of terrorism. Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London: SAGE publications. pp. xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2408-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2408-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-2408-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+terrorism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks+%28Calif.%29+London&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.pub=SAGE+publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2408-1&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Harvey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-68"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreedon2015–2016" class="citation journal cs1">Breedon, Jennifer R. (2015–2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection=">"Why the Combination of Universal Jurisdiction and Polical Lawfare Will Destroy the Sacred Sovereignty of States"</a>. Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy. 2: 389. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101142/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection=">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024. <q>The Hamas' Charter not only calls for the militant, perhaps genocidal, liberation of Palestine (e.g., "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine"), but also demonstrates anti-Semitic, murderous intent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Justice+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+the+Combination+of+Universal+Jurisdiction+and+Polical+Lawfare+Will+Destroy+the+Sacred+Sovereignty+of+States&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=389&rft.date=2015%2F2016&rft.aulast=Breedon&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjglojpp2%26id%3D411%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-69"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayefskyBlank2018" class="citation book cs1">Bayefsky, Anne F.; Blank, Laurie R. (March 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Incitement to Terrorism</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35982-6"><bdi>978-90-04-35982-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101112/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024. <q>The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incitement+to+Terrorism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35982-6&rft.aulast=Bayefsky&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft.au=Blank%2C+Laurie+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHxTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-70"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreedon2015–2016" class="citation journal cs1">Breedon, Jennifer R. (2015–2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection=">"Why the Combination of Universal Jurisdiction and Polical Lawfare Will Destroy the Sacred Sovereignty of States"</a>. Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy. 2: 389. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101142/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection=">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024. <q>The Hamas' Charter not only calls for the militant, perhaps genocidal, liberation of Palestine (e.g., "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine"), but also demonstrates anti-Semitic, murderous intent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Justice+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+the+Combination+of+Universal+Jurisdiction+and+Polical+Lawfare+Will+Destroy+the+Sacred+Sovereignty+of+States&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=389&rft.date=2015%2F2016&rft.aulast=Breedon&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjglojpp2%26id%3D411%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-71"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsesis2014–2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsesis, Alexander (2014–2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection=">"Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies"</a>. Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. 16: 352. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101043/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection=">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024. <q>For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Journal+of+Law+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+and+Hate+Speech+Studies&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=352&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.aulast=Tsesis&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Frjlr16%26id%3D352%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak2010" class="citation journal cs1">Litvak, Meir (July 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170">""Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas"</a>. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 33 (8): 716–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2010.494170">10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-610X">1057-610X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212103657/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=%22Martyrdom+is+Life%22%3A+Jihad+and+Martyrdom+in+the+Ideology+of+Hamas&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=716-734&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2010.494170&rft.issn=1057-610X&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2010.494170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-israel-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-1032a5117375ba8c0cdffbdd62ce02ad">"Rights group says Hamas rockets at Israel a clear war crime"</a>. AP News. August 12, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154541/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-israel-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-1032a5117375ba8c0cdffbdd62ce02ad">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Rights+group+says+Hamas+rockets+at+Israel+a+clear+war+crime&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmiddle-east-business-israel-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-1032a5117375ba8c0cdffbdd62ce02ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GTI2016-4-74"><a href="#cite_ref-GTI2016-4_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233155/http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf">Global Terrorism Index 2016</a> (PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace. 2016. p. 4. 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Retrieved February 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+bomb+blasts+kill+27+in+northwest+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h2jRTJSm-efNfhS_Wm9wP1w_TB5Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1022298">"Fatwa issued against suicide bombings, targeted killings and terrorism"</a>. Lahore. July 2, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021345/https://www.dawn.com/news/1022298">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatwa+issued+against+suicide+bombings%2C+targeted+killings+and+terrorism&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1022298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-splc-79"><a href="#cite_ref-splc_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz2015" class="citation report cs1">Lenz, Ryan (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/d6_legacy_files/downloads/publication/lone_wolf_special_report_0.pdf">Age of the Wolf</a> (PDF) (Report). Southern Poverty Law Center. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010105848/https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/d6_legacy_files/downloads/publication/lone_wolf_special_report_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017. <q>A large number of independent studies have agreed that since the 9/11 mass murder, more people have been killed in America by non-Islamic domestic terrorists than jihadists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Wolf&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fd6_legacy_files%2Fdownloads%2Fpublication%2Flone_wolf_special_report_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adlci-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adlci_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adlci_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adlci_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adlci_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adlci_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adlci_80-5">f</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.adl.org/education/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021833/https://www.adl.org/education/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity">Archived</a> March 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Anti-Defamation League 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-BehindBars-81"><a href="#cite_ref-BehindBars_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729081815/http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/bigotry-behind-bars-racist-groups-in-US-prisons.html">"Bigotry Behind Bars: Racist Groups In U.S. Prisons"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/bigotry-behind-bars-racist-groups-in-US-prisons.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bigotry+Behind+Bars%3A+Racist+Groups+In+U.S.+Prisons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fcombating-hate%2Fdomestic-extremism-terrorism%2Fc%2Fbigotry-behind-bars-racist-groups-in-US-prisons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perlmutter1999-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Perlmutter1999_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlmutter1999" class="citation book cs1">Perlmutter, Philip (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyofhateshor00perl/page/170">Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Prejudice in America</a>. M. E. Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyofhateshor00perl/page/170">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0406-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-0406-4</bdi></a>. <q>Kenneth T. Jackson, in his The Ku Klux Klan in the City 1915–1930, reminds us that 'virtually every' Protestant denomination denounced the KKK, but that most KKK members were not 'innately depraved or anxious to subvert American institutions', but rather believed their membership in keeping with 'one-hundred percent Americanism' and Christian morality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Hate%3A+A+Short+History+of+Ethnic%2C+Religious%2C+and+Racial+Prejudice+in+America&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0406-4&rft.aulast=Perlmutter&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegacyofhateshor00perl%2Fpage%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Martin Gilbert. Churchill and the Jew Quotings. p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Pope Brewer, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1947/12/30/archives/irgun-bomb-kills-11-arabs-2-britons-missile-thrown-from-a-taxi-in.html?sq=terrorist+Irgun&scp=2&st=p">Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124132040/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/12/30/archives/irgun-bomb-kills-11-arabs-2-britons-missile-thrown-from-a-taxi-in.html?sq=terrorist+Irgun&scp=2&st=p">Archived</a> November 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York Times. December 30, 1947. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerFarrell2006" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Ned; Farrell, Stephen (July 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805100845/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article690085.ece">"British anger at terror celebration"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article690085.ece">the original</a> on August 5, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=British+anger+at+terror+celebration&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle690085.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder_Walton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Calder Walton (2008). "British Intelligence and the Mandate of Palestine: Threats to British national security immediately after the Second World War". Intelligence and National Security. 23 (4): 435–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520802293049">10.1080/02684520802293049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154775965">154775965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=British+Intelligence+and+the+Mandate+of+Palestine%3A+Threats+to+British+national+security+immediately+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-462&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154775965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520802293049&rft.au=Calder+Walton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Heller, J. (1995). The Stern Gang. Frank Cass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4558-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4558-3">0-7146-4558-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaaij201268-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpaaij201268_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpaaij2012">Spaaij 2012</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Shah, S. A. A. (2005). Religious terrorism in other faiths. Strategic Studies, 25(2), 126-141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk2013Introduction-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk2013Introduction_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChalk2013">Chalk 2013</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-Think-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Think_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Think_92-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think.kera.org/2016/04/05/the-meaning-behind-extremism/">The Psychology Of Terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610075734/https://think.kera.org/2016/04/05/the-meaning-behind-extremism/">Archived</a> June 10, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, audio interview summarizing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/special-report-the-psychology-of-terrorism/">Special Report: The Psychology of Terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610075734/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/special-report-the-psychology-of-terrorism/">Archived</a> June 10, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan2017" class="citation book cs1">Madigan, Michael L. (December 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtRBDwAAQBAJ&q=Attacks+on+%27collaborators%27+are+used+to+intimidate+people+from+cooperating+with+the+state+in+order+to+undermine+state+control.+This+strategy+was+used+in+Ireland%2C+in+Kenya%2C+in+Algeria+and+in+Cyprus+during+their+independence+struggles&pg=PT247">Handbook of Emergency Management Concepts: A Step-by-Step Approach</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351337472" title="Special:BookSources/9781351337472"><bdi>9781351337472</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132957/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtRBDwAAQBAJ&q=Attacks+on+%27collaborators%27+are+used+to+intimidate+people+from+cooperating+with+the+state+in+order+to+undermine+state+control.+This+strategy+was+used+in+Ireland%2C+in+Kenya%2C+in+Algeria+and+in+Cyprus+during+their+independence+struggles&pg=PT247#v=snippet&q=Attacks%20on%20'collaborators'%20are%20used%20to%20intimidate%20people%20from%20cooperating%20with%20the%20state%20in%20order%20to%20undermine%20state%20control.%20This%20strategy%20was%20used%20in%20Ireland%2C%20in%20Kenya%2C%20in%20Algeria%20and%20in%20Cyprus%20during%20their%20independence%20struggles&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Emergency+Management+Concepts%3A+A+Step-by-Step+Approach&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft.isbn=9781351337472&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtRBDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAttacks%2Bon%2B%2527collaborators%2527%2Bare%2Bused%2Bto%2Bintimidate%2Bpeople%2Bfrom%2Bcooperating%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bstate%2Bin%2Border%2Bto%2Bundermine%2Bstate%2Bcontrol.%2BThis%2Bstrategy%2Bwas%2Bused%2Bin%2BIreland%252C%2Bin%2BKenya%252C%2Bin%2BAlgeria%2Band%2Bin%2BCyprus%2Bduring%2Btheir%2Bindependence%2Bstruggles%26pg%3DPT247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaneczko2014" class="citation journal cs1">Janeczko, Matthew (June 19, 2014). "'Faced with death, even a mouse bites': Social and religious motivations behind terrorism in Chechnya". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 25 (2): 428–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2014.903975">10.1080/09592318.2014.903975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=%27Faced+with+death%2C+even+a+mouse+bites%27%3A+Social+and+religious+motivations+behind+terrorism+in+Chechnya&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=428-456&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2014.903975&rft.aulast=Janeczko&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-95"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillHorganDeckert2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Paul; Horgan, John; Deckert, Paige (March 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217375">"Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists"</a>. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 59 (2): 425–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1556-4029.12312">10.1111/1556-4029.12312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217375">4217375</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24313297">24313297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Bombing+Alone%3A+Tracing+the+Motivations+and+Antecedent+Behaviors+of+Lone-Actor+Terrorists&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=425-435&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4217375%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24313297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1556-4029.12312&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Horgan%2C+John&rft.au=Deckert%2C+Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4217375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerari2006" class="citation book cs1">Merari, Ariel (2006). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/personal-characteristics-of-lone-actor-terrorists/">the original</a> on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Personal+Characteristics+of+Lone-Actor+Terrorists&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.au=Edwin+Bakker&rft.au=Jeanine+de+Roy+van+Zuijdewijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Fpersonal-characteristics-of-lone-actor-terrorists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman2007" class="citation book cs1">German, Mike (2007). Thinking Like a Terrorist. Potomac Books. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597970259" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597970259"><bdi>978-1597970259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Like+a+Terrorist&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1597970259&rft.aulast=German&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevittDubner2009" class="citation book cs1">Levitt, Steven D.; Dubner, Stephen J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superfreakonomic00levi/page/62">Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance</a>. William Morrow. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superfreakonomic00levi/page/62">62, 231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-088957-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-088957-9"><bdi>978-0-06-088957-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superfreakonomics%3A+global+cooling%2C+patriotic+prostitutes%2C+and+why+suicide+bombers+should+buy+life+insurance&rft.pages=62%2C+231&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-088957-9&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft.au=Dubner%2C+Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuperfreakonomic00levi%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> citing Alan B. Krueger, What Makes a Terrorist (Princeton University Press 2007); Claude Berrebi, "Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty, and Terrorism among Palestinians", Princeton University Industrial Relations Section Working paper, 2003 and Krueger and Jita Maleckova, "Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 no. 4 Fall 2003 / 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11janhfgf-116"><a href="#cite_ref-tws11janhfgf_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlan2006" class="citation news cs1">Coughlan, Sean (August 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5270500.stm">"Fear of the unknown"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112164415/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5270500.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>A passenger on the flight, Heath Schofield, explained the suspicions: "It was a return holiday flight, full of people in flip-flops and shorts. There were just two people in the whole crowd who looked like they didn't belong there."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fear+of+the+unknown&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F5270500.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_117-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf">Library of Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208042551/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf">Archived</a> December 8, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/publications/br/ETACeasefires.pdf">"Background Report: ETA Ceasefires by the Numbers"</a> (PDF). The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104025002/https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/publications/br/ETACeasefires.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Report%3A+ETA+Ceasefires+by+the+Numbers&rft.pub=The+National+Consortium+for+the+Study+of+Terrorism+and+Responses+to+Terrorism+%28START%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fbr%2FETACeasefires.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncua-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncua_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncua_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncua_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncua_119-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncua.gov/letters/2002/02-CU-14.pdf">Detection of Terrorist Financing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814082429/http://ncua.gov/letters/2002/02-CU-14.pdf">Archived</a> August 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11jan4r67-120"><a href="#cite_ref-tws11jan4r67_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLott2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Lott, Jeremy (October 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2004/10/06/tripped-up">"Tripped Up"</a>. Reason Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133003/https://reason.com/2004/10/06/tripped-up/">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>and before the Soviet Union fell, terrorist organizations were funding themselves through subsidies from Communist governments</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tripped+Up&rft.date=2004-10-06&rft.aulast=Lott&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2004%2F10%2F06%2Ftripped-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/05/18/irans-proxies-in-the-middle-east-remain-a-powerful-force">"Iran's proxies in the Middle East remain a powerful force"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219101039/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/05/18/irans-proxies-in-the-middle-east-remain-a-powerful-force">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+proxies+in+the+Middle+East+remain+a+powerful+force&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2023%2F05%2F18%2Firans-proxies-in-the-middle-east-remain-a-powerful-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2023/10/20/iran-hezbollah-middle-east-war-israel-hamas">"What to know about Iran's role in the Israel–Hamas war"</a>. Axios. October 20, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133009/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/20/iran-hezbollah-middle-east-war-israel-hamas">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=What+to+know+about+Iran%27s+role+in+the+Israel%E2%80%93Hamas+war&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2023%2F10%2F20%2Firan-hezbollah-middle-east-war-israel-hamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-hezbollah-lebanese-group-backing-hamas-its-war-with-israel-2023-10-16/">"Explainer: What you need to know about Hezbollah, the group backing Hamas against Israel"</a>. Reuters. October 17, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203125214/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-hezbollah-lebanese-group-backing-hamas-its-war-with-israel-2023-10-16/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+What+you+need+to+know+about+Hezbollah%2C+the+group+backing+Hamas+against+Israel&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fwhat-is-hezbollah-lebanese-group-backing-hamas-its-war-with-israel-2023-10-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hamas">"What Is Hamas?"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012162713/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hamas">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=What+Is+Hamas%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwhat-hamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrickNakashimaHarrisMekhennet2023" class="citation news cs1">Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane; Mekhennet, Souad (October 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/">"Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hamas+received+weapons+and+training+from+Iran%2C+officials+say&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Warrick&rft.aufirst=Joby&rft.au=Nakashima%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Harris%2C+Shane&rft.au=Mekhennet%2C+Souad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2023%2F10%2F09%2Firan-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Aims and activities of the Stern Group in Palestine". Research and Analysis Branch. 2717 (R & N). December 1, 1944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+and+Analysis+Branch&rft.atitle=Aims+and+activities+of+the+Stern+Group+in+Palestine&rft.volume=2717&rft.issue=R+%26+N&rft.date=1944-12-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.d66.nl/gerbrandy/document/eu_action_plan_against_wildlife/f=/vj7iilz6wlmw.pdf">Gerben Jan Gerbrandy claiming that terrorist networks hunt wildlife for funding themselves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022640/http://site.d66.nl/gerbrandy/document/eu_action_plan_against_wildlife/f%3D/vj7iilz6wlmw.pdf">Archived</a> February 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/static/infographies/2013/syrie-groupes-terroristes-carte/en/index.html">Syria's top Islamist and jihadist groups</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527003950/http://www.france24.com/static/infographies/2013/syrie-groupes-terroristes-carte/en/index.html">Archived</a> May 27, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_K._Donohue2006" class="citation journal cs1">Laura K. 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Retrieved July 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Anti-Terrorist+Finance+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+United+States&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Laura+K.+Donohue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1187%26context%3Dmjil%23page%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHT-130"><a href="#cite_ref-BHT_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmniaf/978/97806.htm">Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations</a>. UK Parliament (Report). June 26, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927172741/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmniaf/978/97806.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Select+Committee+on+Northern+Ireland+Affairs+-+Part+One%3A+The+continuing+threat+from+paramilitary+organisations&rft.date=2002-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmselect%2Fcmniaf%2F978%2F97806.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/republic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519">Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Letter" title="News Letter">News Letter</a>, April 5, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306054425/https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/republic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519">archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023, retrieved July 10, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Ireland+played+integral+role+in+supporting+IRA%2C+says+historian&rft.pub=News+Letter&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Frepublic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Manley2019" class="citation news cs1">John Manley (April 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/">"Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_News" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811012525/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Support+in+Republic+during+Troubles+%27key+for+IRA%27%2C+book+claims&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.au=John+Manley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2019%2F04%2F06%2Fnews%2Fheadline-1591367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630182256/http://www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236947_1_1_1_1_1,00.html">"Terrorist Financing"</a>. The Financial Action Task Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236947_1_1_1_1_1,00.html">the original</a> on June 30, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorist+Financing&rft.pub=The+Financial+Action+Task+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatf-gafi.org%2Fpages%2F0%2C3417%2Cen_32250379_32236947_1_1_1_1_1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage2009" class="citation book cs1">Gage, Beverly (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage">The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975928-6"><bdi>978-0-19-975928-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+Wall+Street+Exploded%3A+A+Story+of+America+in+its+First+Age+of+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975928-6&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaywallstreetexp0000gage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Suicide bombings are the most effective terrorist act in this regard. See the following works: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Hoffman, Bruce</a> (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/">"The Logic of Suicide Terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a>. Vol. 291, no. 5. pp. 40–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621132811/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.volume=291&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=40-47&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2003%2F06%2Fthe-logic-of-suicide-terrorism%2F302739%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Pape, Robert A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danieldrezner.com/research/guest/Pape1.pdf">"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism"</a> (reprint). <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>. 97 (3): 343–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs000305540300073x">10.1017/s000305540300073x</a> (inactive November 1, 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F31746">1811/31746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1019730">1019730</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183631/http://www.danieldrezner.com/research/guest/Pape1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Strategic+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-361&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F31746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1019730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs000305540300073x&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danieldrezner.com%2Fresearch%2Fguest%2FPape1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicolfi2005" class="citation book cs1">Ricolfi, Luca (2005). "Palestinians 1981–2003". In Gambetta, Diego (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingsensesuici00gamb">Making Sense of Suicide Missions</a> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingsensesuici00gamb/page/n90">76</a>–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927699-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927699-8"><bdi>978-0-19-927699-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestinians+1981%E2%80%932003&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Suicide+Missions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=76-130&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927699-8&rft.aulast=Ricolfi&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingsensesuici00gamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Richardson" title="Louise Richardson">Richardson, Louise</a> (2006). What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Terrorist Threat. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_Headline" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodder Headline">John Murray</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6306-5"><bdi>978-0-7195-6306-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Terrorists+Want%3A+Understanding+the+Terrorist+Threat&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6306-5&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Kurtulus, Ersun N. "Terrorism and fear: do terrorists really want to scare?." Critical Studies on Terrorism 10, no. 3 (2017): 501–522. </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11jan1q21q-137"><a href="#cite_ref-tws11jan1q21q_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7366995.stm">"Hackers warn high street chains"</a>. BBC News. April 25, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327124453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7366995.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>That's the beauty of asymmetric warfare. You don't need a lot of money, or an army of people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hackers+warn+high+street+chains&rft.date=2008-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7366995.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Harari, Yuval Noah. Homo Deus: A brief history of tomorrow. Random House, 2016, pp.103–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Drake, Charles JM. "The role of ideology in terrorists' target selection." Terrorism and Political Violence 10, no. 2 (1998): 53–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Hoffman, Bruce. "The contrasting ethical foundations of terrorism in the 1980s." Terrorism and Political Violence 1, no. 3 (1989): 361–377, p.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-RiseOMuwahhid-141"><a href="#cite_ref-RiseOMuwahhid_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergemaKearney" class="citation news cs1">Bergema, Reinier; Kearney, Olivia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/rise-o-muwahhid-wherever-you-may-be-an-analysis-of-the-democratization-of-the-terrorist-threat-in-the-wes/">"Rise O Muwahhid, Wherever You May Be: An Analysis of the Democratization of the Terrorist Threat in the West"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rise+O+Muwahhid%2C+Wherever+You+May+Be%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Democratization+of+the+Terrorist+Threat+in+the+West&rft.aulast=Bergema&rft.aufirst=Reinier&rft.au=Kearney%2C+Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Frise-o-muwahhid-wherever-you-may-be-an-analysis-of-the-democratization-of-the-terrorist-threat-in-the-wes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-142"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2022" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Juan (2022). "A comparative evolution of terrorism". Terrorism: the Power and Weakness of Fear. Routledge Studies in Modern History. Abingdon, UK / New York City: Routledge. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4"><bdi>978-1-032-19806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+comparative+evolution+of+terrorism&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+the+Power+and+Weakness+of+Fear&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK+%2F+New+York+City&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19806-4&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WedemanViolence-143"><a href="#cite_ref-WedemanViolence_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedeman2015" class="citation news cs1">Wedeman, Ben (October 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/14/middleeast/israel-palestinians-violence-explainer/">"Israeli–Palestinian violence: What you need to know"</a>. CNN. Retrieved April 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+violence%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Wedeman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-palestinians-violence-explainer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JenkinsTimeline-144"><a href="#cite_ref-JenkinsTimeline_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Nash (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4607481/europe-terrorism-timeline-berlin-paris-nice-brussels/">"A Timeline of Recent Terrorist Attacks in Europe"</a>. Time. Retrieved April 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Timeline+of+Recent+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Europe&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Nash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4607481%2Feurope-terrorism-timeline-berlin-paris-nice-brussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RubinOfficersStabbed-145"><a href="#cite_ref-RubinOfficersStabbed_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2016" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Alissa (October 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/world/europe/police-brussels-knife-terrorism.html">"2 Brussels Police Officers Are Stabbed in 'Potential Terrorist Attack'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Brussels+Police+Officers+Are+Stabbed+in+%27Potential+Terrorist+Attack%27&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Alissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F06%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpolice-brussels-knife-terrorism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal" class="citation web cs1">de Waal, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieeurope.eu/2011/05/13/bin-laden-and-theater-of-terrorism-pub-44015">"Bin Laden and the Theater of Terrorism"</a>. Carnegie Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516145635/https://carnegieeurope.eu/2011/05/13/bin-laden-and-theater-of-terrorism-pub-44015">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Europe&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+and+the+Theater+of+Terrorism&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieeurope.eu%2F2011%2F05%2F13%2Fbin-laden-and-theater-of-terrorism-pub-44015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorinmindofgo00juer">Terror in the Mind of God</a>. 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Retrieved September 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Responding+to+Cyber+Jihad%3A+Towards+an+Effective+Counter+Narrative&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.au=Bibi+van+Ginkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Fresponding-to-cyber-jihad-towards-an-effective-counter-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/">"Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611145715/http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Counter-Terrorism+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsc%2Fctc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor,_James_F.2009" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, James F. (2009). Terrorism & Public Safety Policing: Implications of the Obama Presidency. 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Of those, 136 splintered and 244 were still active in 2006 (Jones and Libicki, 2008, p. 19) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Jones and Libicki (2008, p. 19) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Jones and Libicki (2008, p. 101, Table 5.4) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2009" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Audrey Kurth (2009). How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton U. 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Eprints.unimelb.edu.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000137/01/Primorat.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pds+Sso&rft.pub=Eprints.unimelb.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.unimelb.edu.au%2Farchive%2F00000137%2F01%2FPrimorat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm">"Addressing Security Council, Secretary-General Calls on Counter-Terrorism Committee To Develop Long-Term Strategy To Defeat Terror"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023524/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Addressing+Security+Council%2C+Secretary-General+Calls+on+Counter-Terrorism+Committee+To+Develop+Long-Term+Strategy+To+Defeat+Terror&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2002%2FSC7276.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2005" class="citation web cs1">Lind, Michael (May 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153711/http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime">"The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime | The New America Foundation"</a>. Newamerica.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime">the original</a> on February 21, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Debate+is+Over%3A+Terrorism+is+a+War+Crime+%26%23124%3B+The+New+America+Foundation&rft.pub=Newamerica.net&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewamerica.net%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2F2005%2Fthe_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm">"Press conference with Kofi Annan & FM Kamal Kharrazi"</a>. United Nations. January 26, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321112534/http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+conference+with+Kofi+Annan+%26+FM+Kamal+Kharrazi&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2002-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fdh%2Flatest%2Fafghan%2Fsg-teheran26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11jangbhh-176"><a href="#cite_ref-tws11jangbhh_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStohl1984" class="citation news cs1">Stohl, Michael (April 1, 1984). "The Superpowers and International Terror". International Studies Association, Atlanta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Superpowers+and+International+Terror&rft.date=1984-04-01&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStohl1988" class="citation news cs1">Stohl, Michael (1988). "Terrible beyond Endurance? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism". International Studies Association, Atlanta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Terrible+beyond+Endurance%3F+The+Foreign+Policy+of+State+Terrorism&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStohl1984" class="citation news cs1">Stohl, Michael (1984). "The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression". International Studies Association, Atlanta. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+State+as+Terrorist%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Governmental+Violence+and+Repression&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E6DF113CEE3ABC4951DFB667838A699FDE">"The 'No Rent' Manifesto.; Text of the Document Issued by the Land League"</a>. The New York Times. August 2, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304040201/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E6DF113CEE3ABC4951DFB667838A699FDE">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+%27No+Rent%27+Manifesto.%3B+Text+of+the+Document+Issued+by+the+Land+League&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C04E6DF113CEE3ABC4951DFB667838A699FDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_180-0">^</a> Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Book of Communism">Black Book of Communism</a>: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7">0-674-07608-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisangani2007-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Kisangani2007_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisangani,_E.Nafziger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kisangani, E.; Nafziger, E. Wayne (2007). "The Political Economy of State Terror". Defence and Peace Economics. 18 (5): 405–414. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.579.1472">10.1.1.579.1472</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10242690701455433">10.1080/10242690701455433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155020309">155020309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+and+Peace+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+State+Terror&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=405-414&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.579.1472%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155020309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10242690701455433&rft.au=Kisangani%2C+E.&rft.au=Nafziger%2C+E.+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Death by Government by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212828/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM">Archived</a> January 18, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.FIG23.4.GIF">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301053804/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.FIG23.4.GIF">Archived</a> March 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/POWER.FIG2.GIF">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301053755/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/POWER.FIG2.GIF">Archived</a> March 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/genocide/">No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust?</a>, Barbara Harff, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030201259/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/genocide/">Archived</a> October 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">20–23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614055306/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=4%2C+20-23%2C+88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2005" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNy55BHupsoC&pg=PA27">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7273-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-7273-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133000/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNy55BHupsoC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7273-2&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNy55BHupsoC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bradley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-7182-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. <q>Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economists+with+Guns%3A+Authoritarian+Development+and+U.S.%E2%80%93Indonesian+Relations%2C+1960%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D7853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlumenthalMcCormack-188"><a href="#cite_ref-BlumenthalMcCormack_188-0">^</a> Mark Aarons (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69">Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105010004/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> January 5, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">Archived</a> January 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15691-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15691-7">90-04-15691-7</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA71">71</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164759/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> March 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81">80–81</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133001/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> March 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">McSherry, J. Patrice</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"</a>. In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8"><bdi>978-0-415-66457-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719232658/https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+%22Industrial+repression%22+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years+%28Critical+Terrorism+Studies%29&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66457-8&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FState-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years%2FEsparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415496377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Bardach, Ann Louis; Rohter, Larry (July 13, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/13/world/bomber-s-tale-decades-intrigue-life-shadows-trying-bring-down-castro.html">"A Bomber's Tale: Decades of Intrigue"</a>. The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trackingterrorism.org/article/state-sponsored-terrorism">"State Sponsored Terrorism"</a>. Trac. trackingterrorism.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823072823/https://www.trackingterrorism.org/article/state-sponsored-terrorism">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trac&rft.atitle=State+Sponsored+Terrorism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trackingterrorism.org%2Farticle%2Fstate-sponsored-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairAntonius2012" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2oCOWmQfysC&pg=PT30">The Psychology of Terrorism Fears</a>. Oxford University Press, US. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538811-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538811-4"><bdi>978-0-19-538811-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Terrorism+Fears&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538811-4&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Justin&rft.au=Antonius%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2oCOWmQfysC%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR.White-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JR.White_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JR.White_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation book cs1">White, Jonathan R. (January 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XINTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Terrorism and Homeland Security</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-63377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-63377-3"><bdi>978-1-305-63377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Homeland+Security&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-305-63377-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXINTCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthvenNanji2017" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise; Nanji, Azim (April 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wT1xGHPyMA8C&pg=PA184">Historical Atlas of Islam</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01385-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01385-8&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft.au=Nanji%2C+Azim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwT1xGHPyMA8C%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajoran2014" class="citation news cs1">Majoran, Andrew (August 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mackenzieinstitute.com/2014/08/the-illusion-of-war-is-terrorism-a-criminal-act-or-an-act-of-war/">"The Illusion of War: Is Terrorism a Criminal Act or an Act of War?"</a>. Mackenzie Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231212018/https://mackenzieinstitute.com/2014/08/the-illusion-of-war-is-terrorism-a-criminal-act-or-an-act-of-war/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Illusion+of+War%3A+Is+Terrorism+a+Criminal+Act+or+an+Act+of+War%3F&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Majoran&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmackenzieinstitute.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fthe-illusion-of-war-is-terrorism-a-criminal-act-or-an-act-of-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Bohmer, Carol (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/743396687">Rejecting refugees: political asylum in the 21st century</a>. Routledge. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77375-1"><bdi>978-0-415-77375-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/743396687">743396687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rejecting+refugees%3A+political+asylum+in+the+21st+century&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F743396687&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77375-1&rft.aulast=Bohmer&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F743396687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEviatar2013" class="citation web cs1">Eviatar, Daphne (June 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/daphne-eviatar/is-terrorism-a-war-crime_b_3436117.html">"Is 'Terrorism' a War Crime Triable by Military Commission? Who Knows?"</a>. HuffPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222547/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/daphne-eviatar/is-terrorism-a-war-crime_b_3436117.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Is+%27Terrorism%27+a+War+Crime+Triable+by+Military+Commission%3F+Who+Knows%3F&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.aulast=Eviatar&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdaphne-eviatar%2Fis-terrorism-a-war-crime_b_3436117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teichman-198"><a href="#cite_ref-teichman_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_Teichman1989" class="citation journal cs1">Jenny Teichman (1989). "How to Define Terrorism". Philosophy. 64 (250): 505–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100044260">10.1017/S0031819100044260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751606">3751606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144723359">144723359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=How+to+Define+Terrorism&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=250&rft.pages=505-517&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144723359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3751606%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100044260&rft.au=Jenny+Teichman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/abimael-guzman-dead/2021/09/11/0ecee938-131e-11ec-9cb6-bf9351a25799_story.html">Washington Post: "Abimael Guzman, leader of Peru's Shining Path terrorist group, dies at 86"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904121538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/abimael-guzman-dead/2021/09/11/0ecee938-131e-11ec-9cb6-bf9351a25799_story.html">Archived</a> September 4, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Whashington Post website: "Abimael Guzmán, the mastermind of the Shining Path terrorist organization in Peru, a brutal Maoist movement that nearly toppled the country's government in the 1980s and early 1990s, leaving thousands of people dead, died Sept. 11 in a hospital at a military prison outside Lima. He was 86." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-200"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeline_FreierCastillo_Jara2021" class="citation web cs1">Feline Freier, Luisa; Castillo Jara, Soledad (January 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/terruqueo-and-perus-fear-of-the-left/">""Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Americas_Quarterly" title="Americas Quarterly">Americas Quarterly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212100921/https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/terruqueo-and-perus-fear-of-the-left/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americas+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Terruqueo%22+and+Peru%27s+Fear+of+the+Left&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Feline+Freier&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft.au=Castillo+Jara%2C+Soledad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americasquarterly.org%2Farticle%2Fterruqueo-and-perus-fear-of-the-left%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-201"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-57277852">"Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118065059/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-57277852">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9+es+el+%22terruqueo%22+en+Per%C3%BA+y+c%C3%B3mo+influye+en+la+disputa+presidencial+entre+Fujimori+y+Castillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-america-latina-57277852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PROFE1-202"><a href="#cite_ref-PROFE1_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación</a> (in Spanish) (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Peruvian Studies (page does not exist)">Institute of Peruvian Studies</a>. pp. 13–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2"><bdi>978-612-326-084-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Profe%3A+C%C3%B3mo+Pedro+Castillo+se+convirti%C3%B3+en+presidente+del+Per%C3%BA+y+qu%C3%A9+pasar%C3%A1+a+continuaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=13-24&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peruvian+Studies&rft.date=2021-08&rft.isbn=978-612-326-084-2&rft.aulast=Asensio&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Grompone%2C+Romeo&rft.au=Pajuelo+Teves%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a+Jimenez%2C+Omayra&rft.au=Moscoso%2C+Macarena&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Yerel&rft.au=Sosa+Villagarcia%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffondoeditorial.iep.org.pe%2Fproducto%2Fel-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11janbcvc-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws11janbcvc_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws11janbcvc_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsquoting_David_HannayFormer_UK_ambassador2005" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Paul; quoting David Hannay; Former UK ambassador (September 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4244842.stm">"UN staggers on road to reform"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103100638/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4244842.stm">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>This would end the argument that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN+staggers+on+road+to+reform&rft.date=2005-09-14&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=quoting+David+Hannay&rft.au=Former+UK+ambassador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4244842.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedahzur2006" class="citation book cs1">Pedahzur, Ami (2006). Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom. United Kingdom: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Root+Causes+of+Suicide+Terrorism%3A+The+Globalization+of+Martyrdom&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pedahzur&rft.aufirst=Ami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199821-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman199821_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffman1998">Hoffman 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robin-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robin_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin_206-1">b</a> Rodin, David (2006). "Terrorism". In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11jannmllk-207"><a href="#cite_ref-tws11jannmllk_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfels2003" class="citation news cs1">Steinfels, Peter (March 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/01/us/beliefs-just-war-tradition-its-last-resort-criterion-debate-invasion-iraq.html?pagewanted=1">"Beliefs; The just-war tradition, its last-resort criterion and the debate on an invasion of Iraq"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513065244/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/01/us/beliefs-just-war-tradition-its-last-resort-criterion-debate-invasion-iraq.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>For those like Professor Walzer who value the just-war tradition as a disciplined way to think about the morality of war ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beliefs%3B+The+just-war+tradition%2C+its+last-resort+criterion+and+the+debate+on+an+invasion+of+Iraq&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft.aulast=Steinfels&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F03%2F01%2Fus%2Fbeliefs-just-war-tradition-its-last-resort-criterion-debate-invasion-iraq.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199831-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman199831_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffman1998">Hoffman 1998</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner1998" class="citation news cs1">Bonner, Raymond (November 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/01/reviews/981101.01bonnert.html">"Getting Attention: A scholar's historical and political survey of terrorism finds that it works"</a>. Books. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424193236/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/01/reviews/981101.01bonnert.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2010. <q>Inside Terrorism falls into the category of 'must read,' at least for anyone who wants to understand how we can respond to international acts of terror.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Getting+Attention%3A+A+scholar%27s+historical+and+political+survey+of+terrorism+finds+that+it+works&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F11%2F01%2Freviews%2F981101.01bonnert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371060/Malayan-People's-Anti-Japanese-Army">Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324094215/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371060/Malayan-People%27s-Anti-Japanese-Army">Archived</a> March 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Britannica Concise. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Chris Clark <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608150502/http://awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/malaya/index.htm">"Malayan Emergency, 16 June 1948"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/malaya/index.htm">the original</a> on June 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malayan+Emergency%2C+16+June+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fremembering1942%2Fmalaya%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988">, June 16, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm">Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820130938/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm">Archived</a> August 20, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> March 8, 1985. On the <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_Educational" title="Spartacus Educational">Spartacus Educational</a> web site. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128-13.html">"President Meets with Afghan Interim Authority Chairman"</a>. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. January 29, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228212854/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128-13.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Meets+with+Afghan+Interim+Authority+Chairman&rft.pub=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.date=2002-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2002%2F01%2F20020128-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060209-2.html">President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010111417/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060209-2.html">Archived</a> October 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> web site February 9, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> "An unbiased look at terrorism in Afghanistan [in 2009] reveals that many of these 'terrorists' individuals or groups were once 'freedom fighters' struggling against the Soviets during the 1980s." (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouvy2009" class="citation book cs1">Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2009). Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy (illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGl4TN_qIsgC&pg=PA119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05134-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05134-8"><bdi>978-0-674-05134-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium%3A+Uncovering+the+Politics+of+the+Poppy&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05134-8&rft.aulast=Chouvy&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Arnaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Sudha Ramachandran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041112131901/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FK12Ak01.html">Death behind the wheel in Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Times">Asian Times</a>, November 12, 2004, "Insurgent groups that use suicide attacks therefore do not like their attacks to be described as suicide terrorism. They prefer to use terms like "martyrdom ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Alex Perry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310153052/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1109554,00.html">How Much to Tip the Terrorist?</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, September 26, 2005. "The Tamil Tigers would dispute that tag, of course. Like other guerrillas and suicide bombers, they prefer the term "freedom fighters". </li> <li id="cite_note-TCCACR-218"><a href="#cite_ref-TCCACR_218-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dtra/terrorism_concepts.doc">Terrorism: concepts, causes, and conflict resolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301053750/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dtra/terrorism_concepts.doc">Archived</a> March 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Printed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, January 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-famous_quote_one_man's-219"><a href="#cite_ref-famous_quote_one_man's_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinneyCoyne2011" class="citation book cs1">Quinney, Nigel; Coyne, A. Heather (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PMT_Talking_to_Groups_that_Use_Terror.pdf">Peacemaker's Toolkit Talking to Groups that Use Terrorism</a> (PDF). United States Institute of Peace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-072-6"><bdi>978-1-60127-072-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506163555/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PMT_Talking_to_Groups_that_Use_Terror.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemaker%27s+Toolkit+Talking+to+Groups+that+Use+Terrorism&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60127-072-6&rft.aulast=Quinney&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Coyne%2C+A.+Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2FPMT_Talking_to_Groups_that_Use_Terror.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Theodore P. Seto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v35-issue4/seto.pdf">The Morality of Terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301053751/http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v35-issue4/seto.pdf">Archived</a> March 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Includes a list in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> published on July 23, 1946, which were described as Jewish terrorist actions, including those launched by Irgun, of which Begin was a leading member. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81305.stm">BBC News: Profiles: Menachem Begin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115043210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81305.stm">Archived</a> January 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC website "Under Begin's command, the underground terrorist group Irgun carried out numerous acts of violence." </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Lord Desai <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980903/text/80903-04.htm">Hansard, House of Lords</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054052/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980903/text/80903-04.htm">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> September 3, 1998 : Column 72, "However, Jomo Kenyatta, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> – to give just three examples – were all denounced as terrorists but all proved to be successful political leaders of their countries and good friends of the United Kingdom." </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4255106.stm">BBC NEWS:World: Americas: UN reforms receive mixed response</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115094505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4255106.stm">Archived</a> January 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC website "Of all groups active in recent times, the ANC perhaps represents best the traditional dichotomous view of armed struggle. Once regarded by western governments as a terrorist group, it now forms the legitimate, elected government of South Africa, with Nelson Mandela one of the world's genuinely iconic figures." </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford2010" class="citation news cs1">Beckford, Martin (November 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8171269/Sarah-Palin-hunt-WikiLeaks-founder-like-al-Qaeda-and-Taliban-leaders.html">"Hunt WikiLeaks founder like al-Qaeda and Taliban Leaders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8171269/Sarah-Palin-hunt-WikiLeaks-founder-like-al-Qaeda-and-Taliban-leaders.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hunt+WikiLeaks+founder+like+al-Qaeda+and+Taliban+Leaders&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fwikileaks%2F8171269%2FSarah-Palin-hunt-WikiLeaks-founder-like-al-Qaeda-and-Taliban-leaders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAskill2010" class="citation news cs1">MacAskill, Ewen (December 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/19/assange-high-tech-terrorist-biden">"Julian Assange like a hi-tech terrorist"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910010111/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/19/assange-high-tech-terrorist-biden">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Julian+Assange+like+a+hi-tech+terrorist&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft.aulast=MacAskill&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2010%2Fdec%2F19%2Fassange-high-tech-terrorist-biden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUSG-226"><a href="#cite_ref-GUSG_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t">"Guardian and Observer style guide: T"</a>. The Guardian. London. December 19, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709224453/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+and+Observer+style+guide%3A+T&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fguardian-observer-style-guide-t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230022314/http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/page/guidance-reporting-terrorism-summary">"BBC Editorial Guidelines on Language when Reporting Terrorism"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/page/guidance-reporting-terrorism-summary">the original</a> on December 30, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Editorial+Guidelines+on+Language+when+Reporting+Terrorism&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fguidelines%2Feditorialguidelines%2Fpage%2Fguidance-reporting-terrorism-summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/12/29/951026739/nashville-bombing-revives-debate-over-which-acts-get-terrorism-label">"Nashville Bombing Revives Debate Over Which Acts Get Terrorism Label"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231014909/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/29/951026739/nashville-bombing-revives-debate-over-which-acts-get-terrorism-label">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Nashville+Bombing+Revives+Debate+Over+Which+Acts+Get+Terrorism+Label&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F12%2F29%2F951026739%2Fnashville-bombing-revives-debate-over-which-acts-get-terrorism-label&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1988" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Bruce (1988). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Hoffman, Bruce</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff">"Inside Terrorism"</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11468-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11468-0"><bdi>0-231-11468-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-231-11468-0&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideterrorism00hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Hoffman, Bruce</a> (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html">"Chapter One"</a>. Inside Terrorism. Retrieved January 11, 2010 – via The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+One&rft.btitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fh%2Fhoffman-terrorism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Bruce (2006). Inside Terrorism (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaaij2012" class="citation book cs1">Spaaij, Ramon (2012). Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Lone+Wolf+Terrorism%3A+Global+Patterns%2C+Motivations+and+Prevention&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Spaaij&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/627/html">Perspectives on Terrorism's Bibliography: Root Causes of Terrorism. 2017.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022175221/http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/627/html">Archived</a> October 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietzeVerhoeven2022" class="citation book cs1">Dietze, Carola; Verhoeven, Claudia (2022). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Dietze&rft.aufirst=Carola&rft.au=Verhoeven%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1977" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Paul (1977). Terrorism and the Liberal State. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+the+Liberal+State&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2001" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (2001). A History of Terrorism. Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalk2013" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Peter (2013). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimoratz2004" class="citation book cs1">Primoratz, Igor (2004). Terrorism: The Philosophical Issues. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+The+Philosophical+Issues&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Primoratz&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bakker, Edwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015112741/http://www.icct.nl/publications/icct-papers/forecasting-the-unpredictable-a-review-of-forecasts-on-terrorism-2000--2012">Forecasting the Unpredictable: A Review of Forecasts on Terrorism 2000–2012 (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2014)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowie2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bowie, Neil G. (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503001956/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-2/bowie.pdf">"40 Terrorism Databases and Data Sets: A New Inventory"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Terrorism" title="Perspectives on Terrorism">Perspectives on Terrorism</a>. XV (2). <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2334-3745">2334-3745</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-2/bowie.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=40+Terrorism+Databases+and+Data+Sets%3A+A+New+Inventory&rft.volume=XV&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021-04&rft.issn=2334-3745&rft.aulast=Bowie&rft.aufirst=Neil+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fcustomsites%2Fperspectives-on-terrorism%2F2021%2Fissue-2%2Fbowie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Burleigh, Michael. Blood and rage: a cultural history of terrorism. Harper, 2009.</li> <li>Chaliand, Gérard and Arnaud Blin, eds. The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. University of California Press, 2007.</li> <li>Coates, Susan W., Rosenthal, Jane, and Schechter, Daniel S. September 11: Trauma and Human Bonds (Taylor and Francis, 2003).</li> <li>Crenshaw, Martha, ed. Terrorism in context. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLibicki2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Jones_(political_scientist)" title="Seth Jones (political scientist)">Jones, Seth G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Libicki" title="Martin C. Libicki">Libicki, Martin C.</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf">How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida</a> (PDF), RAND Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4465-5"><bdi>978-0-8330-4465-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Terrorist+Groups+End%3A+Lessons+for+Countering+al+Qa%27ida&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4465-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Seth+G.&rft.au=Libicki%2C+Martin+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2F2008%2FRAND_MG741-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hennigfeld, Ursula/ Packard, Stephan, ed., Abschied von 9/11? Distanznahme zur Katastrophe. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2013.</li> <li>Hennigfeld, Ursula, ed., Poetiken des Terrors. Narrative des 11. September 2001 im interkulturellen Vergleich. Heidelberg: Winter, 2014.</li> <li>Hewitt, Christopher. Understanding terrorism in America (Routledge, 2003).</li> <li>Hewitt, Christopher. "Terrorism and public opinion: A five country comparison." Terrorism and Political Violence 2.2 (1990): 145–170.</li> <li>Jones, Sidney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107215147/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2013/jones-terrorism-myths-facts.aspx">Terrorism: myths and facts</a>. Jakarta: International Crisis Group, 2013.</li> <li>Land, Isaac, ed., Enemies of humanity: the nineteenth-century war on terrorism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.</li> <li>Lee, Newton. Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness (2nd Edition). New York: Springer, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17243-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17243-9">978-3-319-17243-9</a></li> <li>Lutz, James and Brenda Lutz. Terrorism : origins and evolution (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)</li> <li>Margolin, Devorah; Cook, Joana (2024). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2024.2357178" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/1057610X.2024.2357178">Five Decades of Research on Women and Terrorism</a>". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism.</li> <li>Miller, Martin A. The foundations of modern terrorism: state, society and the dynamics of political violence. Cambridge University Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNairnJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Nairn, Tom</a>; James, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642325">Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism</a>. London / New York: Pluto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Matrix%3A+Nationalism%2C+Globalism+and+State-Terrorism&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nairn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Neria, Yuval, Gross, Raz, Marshall, Randall D., and Susser, Ezra. September 11, 2001: Treatment, Research and Public Mental Health in the Wake of a Terrorist Attack (Cambridge University Press, 2006).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2020" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Alex P. (November 2020). p. Schmid, Alex (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/handbook-of-terrorism-prevention-and-preparedness/">doi=10.19165/2020.6.01 Handbook of Terrorism Prevention and Preparedness</a>. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789090339771" title="Special:BookSources/9789090339771"><bdi>9789090339771</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-0486">2468-0486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Terrorism+Prevention+and+Preparedness&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Counter-Terrorism&rft.date=2020-11&rft.issn=2468-0486&rft.isbn=9789090339771&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fhandbook-of-terrorism-prevention-and-preparedness%2F+doi%3D10.19165%2F2020.6.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>); Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_pipe" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) An open-access publication, issued since November 2020 on the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Centre for Counter-Terrorism">International Centre for Counter-Terrorism</a> (ICCT) website, with a chapter published each week.</li> <li>Stern, Jessica. The Ultimate Terrorists. (Harvard University Press 2000 reprint; 1995). 214 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00394-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00394-2">0-674-00394-2</a></li> <li>Tausch, Arno, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2702356">Estimates on the Global Threat of Islamic State Terrorism in the Face of the 2015 Paris and Copenhagen Attacks</a> (December 11, 2015). <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Review_of_International_Affairs" title="Middle East Review of International Affairs">Middle East Review of International Affairs</a>, Rubin Center, Research in International Affairs, Idc Herzliya, Israel, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2015).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824205057/http://ciaj-icaj.ca/images/stories/Publications/books/2011-Publicity.eng.pdf">Terrorism, Law & Democracy: 10 years after 9/11</a>, Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9809728-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9809728-7-4">978-2-9809728-7-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">Terrorism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <ul><li>Blackbourn, Jessie. "Counter-Terrorism and Civil Liberties: The United Kingdom Experience, 1968-2008." Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies 8 (2008): 63+</li> <li>Bonner, David. "United Kingdom: the United Kingdom response to terrorism." Terrorism and Political Violence 4.4 (1992): 171–205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09546559208427180">online</a></li> <li>Chin, Warren. Britain and the war on terror: Policy, strategy and operations (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Clutterbuck, Lindsay. "Countering Irish Republican terrorism in Britain: Its origin as a police function." Terrorism and Political Violence 18.1 (2006) pp: 95–118.</li> <li>Greer, Steven. "Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in the UK: From Northern Irish Troubles to Global Islamist Jihad." in Counter-Terrorism, Constitutionalism and Miscarriages of Justice (Hart Publishing, 2018) pp. 45–62.</li> <li>Hamilton, Claire. "Counter-Terrorism in the UK." in Contagion, Counter-Terrorism and Criminology (Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2019) pp. 15–47.</li> <li>Hewitt, Steve. "Great Britain: Terrorism and counter-terrorism since 1968." in Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism (Routledge, 2018) pp. 540–551.</li> <li>Martínez-Peñas, Leandro, and Manuela Fernández-Rodríguez. "Evolution of British Law on Terrorism: From Ulster to Global Terrorism (1970–2010)." in Post 9/11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency (Springer, 2012) pp. 201–222.</li> <li>O'Day, Alan. "Northern Ireland, Terrorism, and the British State." in Terrorism: Theory and Practice (Routledge, 2019) pp. 121–135.</li> <li>Sacopulos, Peter J. "Terrorism in Britain: Threat, reality, response." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 12.3 (1989): 153–165.</li> <li>Staniforth, Andrew, and Fraser Sampson, eds. The Routledge companion to UK counter-terrorism (Routledge, 2012).</li> <li>Sinclair, Georgina. "Confronting terrorism: British Experiences past and present." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 18.2 (2014): 117–122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/chs/1495">online</a></li> <li>Tinnes, Judith, ed. "Bibliography: Northern Ireland conflict (the troubles)." Perspectives on Terrorism 10.1 (2016): 83–110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297522">online</a></li> <li>Wilkinson, Paul, ed. Terrorism: British Perspectives (Dartmouth, 1993).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Terrorism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Terrorism">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>United Nations: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030073538/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/DB.aspx?path=DB%2Fstudies%2Fpage2_en.xml">Conventions on Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805001945/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_conventions.html">"Conventions against terrorism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_conventions.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conventions+against+terrorism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fterrorism_conventions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/index.html">UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – Terrorism Prevention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20100308032649/http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/terrorism">Terrorism and international humanitarian law</a>, International Committee of the Red Cross</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/">UK Counter Terrorism Policing</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terrorism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terrorism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrorism topics"><img alt="Terrorism topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1830" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf attacks">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of designated terrorist organizations">Designated terrorist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Islamic terrorist attacks">Islamic terrorist attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kuwait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a></li> <li>Qatar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1148101/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059534-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134112">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017353">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641550">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrorism&oldid=1259774121">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrorism&oldid=1259774121</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes" 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