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id="toc-Rise_of_modern_Sinhalese-Buddhist_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_modern_Sinhalese-Buddhist_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2.2 Rise of modern Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_modern_Sinhalese-Buddhist_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicized_Buddhism,_the_formation_of_ethnocracy_and_the_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicized_Buddhism,_the_formation_of_ethnocracy_and_the_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2.3 Politicized Buddhism, the formation of ethnocracy and the civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicized_Buddhism,_the_formation_of_ethnocracy_and_the_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_religious_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_religious_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2.4 Violence against religious minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_religious_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_opposition_to_Sinhala_Buddhist_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_opposition_to_Sinhala_Buddhist_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2.5 Buddhist opposition to Sinhala Buddhist nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_opposition_to_Sinhala_Buddhist_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 North Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By religious figure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By text</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Religious violence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li>Buddhism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Bibliographies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Scientology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Buddhist scripture condemns violence but varying textual interpretations has been used to allow it. <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a>, a term meaning "not to injure", is a primary virtue in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni20023-1">[1]</a> However, Buddhists have historically used scriptures to justify violence or form exceptions to commit violence for various reasons.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> As found in other religious traditions, Buddhism has an extensive history of violence dating back to its inception.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> This article discusses Buddhist principles with regard to violence, and also provides certain, historical instances concerning the use of violence by Buddhists, including acts of aggression committed by Buddhists with political and socio-cultural motivations, as well as self-inflicted violence by <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a> or for religious purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbaro2010120–121-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerrysonJuergensmeyer201022-6">[6]</a> Despite these historical instances, the written practices of Buddha denounce violent actions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> Contemporary violence, or the promotion of violence, has been on the rise in some Buddhist communities. This article provides information on instances of violence perpetuated by Buddhists throughout the world, and explores recorded instances of Buddhist violence by region. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings,_interpretations,_and_practices">Teachings, interpretations, and practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Teachings, interpretations, and practices">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Bhikkhus, even if bandits were to sever you savagely limb by limb with a two-handled saw, he who gave rise to a mind of hate towards them would not be carrying out my teaching. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Kakacūpama Sutta, Majjhima-Nikāya 28 at MN i 128-29<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></cite> </div> Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haviland-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a> is the oldest and most common term for the end goal of the Buddhist path and the ultimate eradication of <a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">duḥkha</a>—nature of life that innately includes "suffering", "pain", or "unsatisfactoriness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013589-9">[9]</a> Violent actions and thoughts—actions that harm and debase others and thoughts that contemplate the same—stand in the way of spiritual growth and the self-conquest that leads to the goal of existence, and they are normally deemed unskilled (akusala) and cannot lead to the goal of Nirvana. Buddha condemned killing or harming living beings and encouraged reflection or mindfulness (<a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">satipatthana</a>) as right action (or conduct), therefore "the rightness or wrongness of an action centers around whether the action itself would bring about harm to self and/or others". In the Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta, the Buddha says to <a href="/wiki/Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahula">Rahula</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">If you, Rahula, are desirous of doing a deed with the body, you should reflect on the deed with the body, thus: That deed which I am desirous of doing with the body is a deed of the body that might conduce to the harm of self and that might conduce to the harm of others and that might conduce to the harm of both; this deed of body is unskilled (akusala), its yield is anguish, its result is anguish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1994-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992105–106-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrannigan201059-12">[12]</a></blockquote> The right action or right conduct (samyak-karmānta / sammā-kammanta) is the fourth aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> and it said that the practitioner should train oneself to be morally upright in one's activities, not acting in ways that would be corrupt or bring harm to oneself or to others. In the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, it is explained as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And what is right action? Abstaining from <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">taking life</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Stealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stealing">stealing</a>, and from illicit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sex</a> [or sexual misconduct]. This is called right action.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Saccavibhanga Sutta<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu1996-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu2008-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbeta.org-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taisho_Tripitaka_Vol_Page_814-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200675-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkhamLohr200995-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi201048–58-20">[20]</a></cite></div></blockquote> For the lay follower, the Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta elaborates: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And how is one made pure in three ways by bodily action? There is the case where a certain person, abandoning the taking of life, abstains from the taking of life. He dwells with his... knife laid down, scrupulous, merciful, compassionate for the welfare of all living beings. Abandoning the taking of what is not given, he abstains from taking what is not given. He does not take, in the manner of a thief, things in a village or a wilderness that belong to others and have not been given by them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu1997-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripāṭhī2008137-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnanananda_TheroJayasinghe200257-23">[23]</a></blockquote> Sarambha can be translated as "accompanied by violence". As the mind filled with lobha, dosa and moha (lust, hatred and delusion) is led to actions which are akusala. Indulging in violence is a form of self-harming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1994-10">[10]</a> The rejection of violence in society is recognized in Buddhism as a prerequisite for the spiritual progress of society's members, because violence brings pain to beings with similar feelings to oneself. The Buddha is quoted in the <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> as saying, "All are afraid of the stick, all hold their lives dear. Putting oneself in another's place, one should not beat or kill others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1994-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusnerChiltonTully2013181-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitkara1999166-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Metta</a> (loving kindness), the development of mindstates of limitless good-will for all beings, and karuna, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a> that arises when you see someone suffering of the human being, are attitudes said to be excellent or sublime because they are the right or ideal way of conduct towards living beings (sattesu samma patipatti).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThera1994-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sutta Nipata</a> says "'As I am, so are these. As are these, so am I.' Drawing the parallel to yourself, neither kill nor get others to kill."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1994-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausböll188129-27">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReat199440-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In Buddhism, to take <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">refuge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>—one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a>—one should not harm other <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvana Sutra">Nirvana Sutra</a> states, "By taking refuge in the precious Dharma, One's minds should be free from hurting or harming others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGampopaGyaltsen_Rinpoche1998143-30">[30]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a> of Buddhist ethics or <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">śīla</a> states, "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200675-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumedho2014249–250-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaun20029-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaster201064-33">[33]</a> The Buddha reportedly stated, "Victory breeds hatred. The defeated live in pain. Happily the peaceful live giving up victory and defeat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThera2006129-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra2010291-35">[35]</a> These elements are used to indicate Buddhism is pacifistic and all violence done by Buddhists, even <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a>, is likely due to economic or political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The teaching of right speech (samyag-vāc / sammā-vācā) in the Noble Eightfold Path, condemn all speech that is in any way harmful (malicious and harsh speech) and divisive, encouraging to speak in thoughtful and helpful ways. The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> explained: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And what is right speech? Abstaining from lying, from divisive speech, from abusive speech, and from idle chatter: This is called right speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu1996-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu2008-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbeta.org-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taisho_Tripitaka_Vol_Page_814-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkhamLohr200995-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi201048–58-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowans2004176-37">[37]</a></blockquote> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jerryson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Jerryson (page does not exist)">Michael Jerryson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_University" title="Youngstown State University">Youngstown State University</a> and co-editor of the book Buddhist Warfare, said that "Buddhism differs in that the act of killing is less the focus than the 'intention' behind the killing" and "The first thing to remember is that people have a penchant for violence, it just so happens that every religion has people in it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShadbolt2013-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gananath_Obeyesekere" title="Gananath Obeyesekere">Gananath Obeyesekere</a>, Emeritus Professor of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, said that "in the Buddhist doctrinal tradition... there is little evidence of intolerance, no justification for violence, no conception even of 'just wars' or 'holy wars.' ... one can make an assertion that Buddhist doctrine is impossible to reconcile logically with an ideology of violence and intolerance"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusnerChiltonTully2013181-24">[24]</a> "Killing to save lives" is, uniquely amongst Buddhist schools, considered justified by certain Mahayana scriptures such as the Upaya-kaushalya Sutra, where, in a past life, Shakyamuni Buddha kills a robber intent on mass murder on a ship (with the intent both of saving the lives of the passengers and saving the robber from bad karma).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">K. Sri Dhammananda</a> taught warfare is accepted as a last resort, quoting the Buddha's conversation with a soldier. The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> has also spoken on when it is permissible to kill another person. During a lecture he was giving at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 2009, the Dalai Lama invoked the Upaya-kaushalya Sutra and said that "wrathful forceful action" motivated by compassion, may be "violence on a physical level" but is "essentially nonviolence", and we must be careful to understand what "nonviolence" means.<a href="#cite_note-JenkinsS-41">[41]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a> in 2011, the Dalai Lama endorsed his killing, stating "Forgiveness doesn't mean forget what happened. ... If something is serious and it is necessary to take counter-measures, you have to take counter-measures."<a href="#cite_note-JenkinsS-41">[41]</a> During a question panel in 2015, in which he was asked if it would be justified to kill <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> while they were <a href="/wiki/Killing_baby_Hitler" title="Killing baby Hitler">early into their campaigns</a> of genocide, the Dalai Lama stated that it would be justified, so long as they were not killed in anger.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In addition capital punishment for murder is justified according to this interpretation of Buddhism because the Judge is not seen as causing death but rather the actions of the murderer executed are.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There is also in Buddhism a long tradition of self-inflicted violence and death, as a form of asceticism or protest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbaro2010120–121-5">[5]</a> as exemplified by the use of fires and burns to show determinations among Chinese monks, by the self-immolations of monks such as <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> during the Vietnam war or Tibetan monks in support of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_examples">Regional examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regional examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism in Thailand</a></div> Kittivuddho (see, Kittiwuttho, spelling in translation varies) was a staunch follower of the Thai Sangha - the religious organization that leads the Buddhist movement in Thailand. <a href="/wiki/Sangha_Supreme_Council" title="Sangha Supreme Council">The Sangha</a> offers validity to the Thai government. If the ruling body shows fealty to the Sangha, then their actions are seen as legitimized and moral via the association. Likewise, the Sangha receives power and influence through the recognition of their partnership with the ruling government.<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A yellow flag with a saffron-orange flower in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg/220px-Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg/330px-Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg/440px-Thai_Buddhist_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Thai Buddhist Flag</figcaption></figure> In the 1900s, the outbreak of World War 1 impacted then King of Siam, <a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">King Rama VI</a>. Rama VI had studied and trained with the military in London, and thus felt it necessary to show his support for the allied forces. Thailand would not have been affected by the fighting in the West, nevertheless, Siam sent a voluntary cohort of 1,200 troops. Although they arrived too late to participate in the fighting, Rama VI received critical feedback from Abbot Phra Thep Moli Sirichantoe.<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> The Abbot's critique of Rama VI's decision - published in a book criticizing military knowledge as "evil",<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> was likewise counter-critiqued by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Patriarch_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Patriarch of Thailand">Supreme Patriarch</a> (at the time, Rama VI's uncle). The Supreme Patriarch brought attention to the concept of sacrifice in Buddhist teachings, and thus likened it to the sacrifice soldiers must make in defense of their homeland. In so doing, he used the teachings of Buddha to justify the violence thought necessary to protect a nation or culture in times of war, and the need to prepare for war in times of peace. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two Buddhist Monks in Saffron robes with shaved heads and amber-brown skin stand over a pillar adorned with yellow flora. Two soldiers in green camo and bucket hats present the pillar to the monks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg/220px-Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg/330px-Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg/440px-Thai_Buddhust_Monks_with_members_of_the_Thai_Royal_Army_during_a_blessing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Thai Buddhist Monks blessing the primary pillar of a school during Exercise Cobra Gold - a set of humanitarian exercises in Thailand</figcaption></figure> The Supreme Patriarch likened the King's decisions to the necessary role of the leader or protector of a group or family to take the risk in leading others.<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> The Supreme Patriarch quoted an ancient saying, "When a herd of cattle is fording a stream, if the leading ox leads straight, all the oxen will follow straight."<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> Additionally, he compared the role of king or leader to that of a parent, who must ensure a child takes bitter medicine in times of illness. In so doing, he supports his argument that the King knew better than the Abbot, or than the citizenry, in his choice to supply soldiers to the Western Conflict in World War I. These arguments, based in ancient proverb and justified through Buddhist relations of sacrifice, directly strike against the ancient story of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temija (page does not exist)">Temija</a> - a past life of Buddha that was shocked and appalled by the use of violence by governing leaders. While the story of Temija teaches against the use of violence in forms of punishment, the Supreme Patriarch instead utilized the concepts of sacrifice put forth through other Buddhist teachings to justify the use of violence by leaders, even to the point that violence for the sake of the nation would be viewed as virtuous. 1970s Thai Buddhism: In the 1970s, Kittivuddho - a prominent Buddhist monk with influence in Thai culture - stated in an interview with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caturat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caturat (page does not exist)">Caturat</a> (a news magazine from the period) that killing communists is, "not de-meritorius". Kittivuddho's assertion that the killing of Communists is forgiveable for Buddhists reflects earlier philosophies from Asanga and Buddhaghosa. Against the assertions sixty years prior of Phra Thep Moli, Kittivuddho did not see acts of violence and killing as a demerit within certain contexts. These remarks followed the 1973 student-led uprising, as well as the creation of a Thai parliament and the spread of communism in neighboring East Asian countries. The fear of communism shaking the social forms of Thailand felt a very real threat to Kittivuddho, who expressed his nationalist tendencies in his defense of militant actions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> He justified his argument by dehumanizing the Communists and leftists that he opposed. In the interview with Caturat he affirmed that this would not be the killing of people, but rather the killing of monsters/devils.<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> He similarly asserted that while killing of people is prohibited and thus de-meritorious in Buddhist teachings, doing so for the "greater good" will garner greater merit than the act of killing will cost. Kittivuddho's statements in the 1970s reflect the argument made in defense of King Rama VI by the Supreme Patriarch following the events of WWI. Kittivuddho, likewise, justifies his approval of the killing of communists by claiming that in so doing, the soldiers who commit these acts will gain greater merit than they will lose from the act. Like the Supreme Patriarch, he utilizes the concept of sacrifice for the sake of defending, "the country, the religion, and the institution of monarchy."<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "He taught us to kill. Venerable sirs, you are likely to be suspicious about this teaching. I will tell you the sutta and you can investigate: (It is) the Kesi-sutta in the Kesiya-vagga, the sutta-nipitaka, anguttara-nikaya, catu-kaka-nipata. If you open (this text) venerable sirs, you will find that the Lord Buddha ordered killing." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Kittivuddho, Gillberg, Christina 2006</cite> </div> Feelings of patriotism and the sense of national security are valued more highly than human lives in Kittivuddho's argument. Since defending the nation becomes the highest priority, or highest "value" for Thai Buddhist philosophy, the act of killing is seen as a sacrifice made by the killer, but one that is justified. By manipulating the literal definition of the words within Buddhist scriptures, Kittivuddho was able to support his position.<a href="#cite_note-:3-44">[44]</a> Thailand in the 2000s Religious tensions in Thailand are directly related to the state's choice to represent Buddhism as the de facto state religion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-45">[45]</a> The Thai monk is no longer only a Thai practitioner of Buddhism, but a figure for the Thai state. As the Thai monk has become an iconic representative of the Thai nation state, the refusal to acknowledge and/or the mistreatment of other religious practitioners in Thailand has resulted in strained relationships between religions. Such as in the early 2000s, when conflict between Malay Muslims (citizens and militants) began to rise in the southernmost provinces of Thailand, and less so between Thai Buddhist and Thai-Chinese Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This rise in militant interactions rose with prominent events in 2004, and continued to build. On April 28th, 2004, the Thai military assaulted the Khru Se Mosque, resulting in over 100 deaths of militant Malay Muslims. That same October, peacefully protesting Malay Muslim citizens were met with intense police brutality, wherein the Thai military fired upon and suffocated as many as 80 Malay Muslim citizens<a href="#cite_note-:4-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2013_Burma_anti-Muslim_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots">2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Buddhism in Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Human rights in Myanmar</a></div> In recent years the <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a> (SPDC), the <a href="/wiki/Military_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Military regime">military regime</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> from 1988 to 2011, had strongly encouraged the conversion of ethnic minorities, often by force, as part of its campaign of assimilation. The regime promoted a vision of Burmese Buddhist nationalism as a cultural and a political ideology to legitimise its contested rule, trying to bring a religious syncretism between Buddhism and its <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2005120-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">Saffron Revolution</a>, a series of economic and political protests and demonstrations that took place during 2007, were led by students, political activists, including women, and Buddhist monks and took the form of a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>, sometimes also called <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsGarton_Ash2011354–370-48">[48]</a> In response to the protests dozens of protesters were arrested or detained. Starting in September 2007 the protests were led by thousands of Buddhist monks, and those protests were allowed to proceed until a renewed government crackdown in late September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Monks-49">[49]</a> At least 184 protesters were shot and killed and many were tortured. Under the SPDC, the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Burmese army</a> engaged in military offensives against ethnic minority populations, committing acts that violated <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_DKBA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_DKBA.svg/220px-Flag_of_DKBA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_DKBA.svg/330px-Flag_of_DKBA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_DKBA.svg/440px-Flag_of_DKBA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army</figcaption></figure> Myanmar had become a stronghold of Buddhist aggression and such acts are spurred by hardline nationalistic monks.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-asiantribune-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRIB-55">[55]</a> The oldest militant organisation active in the region is <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Karen_Buddhist_Army" title="Democratic Karen Buddhist Army">Democratic Karen Buddhist Army</a> (DKBA), headed by a Buddhist monk U Thuzana, since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-START1-56">[56]</a> In the recent years the monks, and the terrorist acts, are associated with the nationalist <a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a> particularly in Myanmar and neighboring nations.<a href="#cite_note-gulfnews-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-colombotelegraph-58">[58]</a> The violence reached prominence in <a href="/wiki/2012_Rakhine_State_riots" title="2012 Rakhine State riots">June 2012</a> when more than 200 people were killed and around 100,000 were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As of 2012, the "969" movement by monks (the prominent among whom is <a href="/wiki/Wirathu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirathu">Wirathu</a>) had helped create <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Islamic</a> nationalist movements in the region, and have urged Myanmar Buddhists to boycott <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> services and trades, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Muslims in Burma">persecution of Muslims in Burma</a> by Buddhist-led mobs. However, not all of the culprits were Buddhists and the motives were as much economic as religious.<a href="#cite_note-gulfnews-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On 20 June 2013, Wirathu was mentioned on the cover story of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> as "The Face of Buddhist Terror".<a href="#cite_note-Time20130701-63">[63]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report, the Burmese government and local authorities played a key role in the forcible displacement of more than 125,000 <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya people</a> and other Muslims in the region. The report further specifies the coordinated attacks of October 2012 that were carried out in different cities by Burmese officials, community leaders and Buddhist monks to terrorize and forcibly relocate the population.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2013_Burma_anti-Muslim_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots">violence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meiktila" title="Meiktila">Meiktila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashio" title="Lashio">Lashio</a> (2013) and <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> (2014) are the latest Buddhist violence in Burma.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Michael Jerryson, author of several books heavily critical of Buddhism's traditional peaceful perceptions, stated that, "The Burmese Buddhist monks may not have initiated the violence but they rode the wave and began to incite more. While the ideals of Buddhist canonical texts promote peace and pacifism, discrepancies between reality and precepts easily flourish in times of social, political and economic insecurity, such as Myanmar's current transition to democracy."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However several Buddhist leaders including <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shodo_Harada" title="Shodo Harada">Shodo Harada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> among others condemned the violence against Muslims in Myanmar and called for peace, supporting the practice of the fundamental Buddhist principles of non-harming, mutual respect and compassion. The Dalai Lama said "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. We are followers of Buddha." He said that "All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maung_Zarni" title="Maung Zarni">Maung Zarni</a>, a Burmese democracy advocate, human rights campaigner, and a research fellow at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> who has written on the violence in Myanmar and Sri Lanka, states that there is no room for <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> in Buddhism. "No Buddhist can be <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a>", said Zarni, "There is no country for Buddhists. I mean, no such thing as 'me,' 'my' community, 'my' country, 'my' race or even 'my' faith."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a> (a text from 3rd cent CE) states that there was a mass killing of <a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivikas</a> for drawing a figure of the Buddha bowing down to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Heretics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Six Heretics (page does not exist)">Nataputta</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Emperor Ashoka</a> in which around 18,000 Ajivikas were killed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However this account is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Steven2010-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-LePhuoc2010-74">[74]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K._T._S._Sarao" title="K. T. S. Sarao">K. T. S. Sarao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Benimadhab Barua</a>, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Steven2010-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-LePhuoc2010-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> At that time, the custom of representing Buddha in human form had not started, and the text conflates <a href="/wiki/Nirgrantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgrantha">Nirgranthas</a> and Ajivikas.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism in Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawanella_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawanella Riots">Mawanella Riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></div><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism in Sri Lanka</a> has a unique history and has played an important role in the shaping of <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> nationalist identity. Consequently, politicized Buddhism has contributed to ethnic tensions and <a href="/wiki/Protracted_social_conflict" title="Protracted social conflict">protracted social conflict</a> in the island between the majority Sinhalese Buddhist population and other minorities, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla,_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three stone statues depicting the Buddha sit in meditative repose. In the background, the wall is adorned with paintings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg/220px-Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg/330px-Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg/440px-Buddha_Statues_in_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statues of Buddha in Dambulla, Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> Violence in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> pertaining to Buddhism has been present for decades. This violence originated years ago with the persecution of the Tamil people by the Sinhalese majority. However, after years of discrimination, the Tamil formed the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) which fought for the North-East region of Sri Lanka which would become an independent state for the Tamil population. This civil war continued for three decades and claimed the lives of roughly 40,000 people by the end. The war ended in May 2009 when the majority Sinhalese government killed LTTE leader <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> After the war, three predominant groups remained in Sri Lanka: the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> (mostly Buddhist), who accounted for 70% of the population, the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> (largely Hindu, with a Christian minority) at 10%, and another 10% who were Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Since Sri Lanka has not stated a national language or religion, Buddhist nationalism began to rise with the fear of Muslims dominating Buddhism. The nationalist organization is called the <a href="/wiki/Bodu_Bala_Sena" title="Bodu Bala Sena">Bodu Bala Sena</a> (BBS) which is led by <a href="/wiki/Galagoda_Aththe_Gnanasara" title="Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara">Galagoda Aththe Gnanasat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-79">[79]</a> One of the first major examples of persecution against Muslims was on September 10, 2011 when Buddhist monks destroyed a 300 year old Muslim shrine in Anuradhapura<a href="#cite_note-Haviland-8">[8]</a> Although police officers were present during the attack, none intervened. On April 20, 2012, roughly 2000 Buddhist protested outside a mosque in Dambulla because the building stood on a sacred site for Sri Lankan Buddhists. These protests caused the mosque to cancel prayers due to threats from Buddhist nationalists, but on the following Sunday, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/D._M._Jayaratne" title="D. M. Jayaratne">D. M. Jayaratne</a> ordered to have the mosque relocated from the sacred site.<a href="#cite_note-:02-79">[79]</a> Since then, the BBS has taken on a new form of persecution by using slogans and propaganda as a way of discriminating against Muslims in Sri Lanka. With the recent April 2019 Easter bombings orchestrated by Islamic terrorists that claimed the lives of over 250 and injured over 500 Sri Lankans, Muslims in Sri Lanka have faced more danger than ever before from the police and Buddhist nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mytho-historical_roots">Mytho-historical roots</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mytho-historical roots">edit</a>]</div> The mytho-historical accounts in the Sinhalese Buddhist national chronicle <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a> ('Great Chronicle'), a non-canonical text written in the sixth century CE by Buddhist monks to glorify Buddhism in Sri Lanka, have been influential in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a> and militant Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200750-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen1999-89">[89]</a> The Mahavamsa states that <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Lord Buddha</a> made three visits to Sri Lanka in which he rids the island of forces inimical to Buddhism and instructs deities to protect the ancestors of the Sinhalese (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> and his followers from North India) to enable the establishment and flourishing of Buddhism in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006138-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005142-91">[91]</a> This myth has led to the widely held Sinhalese Buddhist belief that the country is Sihadipa (island of the Sinhalese) and Dhammadipa (the island ennobled to preserve and propagate Buddhism).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20076-92">[92]</a> In other words, Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists maintain that they are the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a>, and that the island of Sri Lanka is the Buddhist promised land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200520-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Mahavamsa also describes an account of the Buddhist warrior king <a href="/wiki/Dutugamunu" title="Dutugamunu">Dutugamunu</a>, his army, and 500 Buddhist monks battling and defeating the Tamil king <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a>, who had come from <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">South India</a> and usurped power in <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura</a> (the island's capital at the time). When Dutugamunu laments over the thousands he has killed, the eight <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhats</a> (Buddha's enlightened disciples) who come to console him reply that no real sin has been committed by him because he has only killed Tamil unbelievers who are no better than beasts, then go on to say: "thou wilt bring glory to the doctrine of the Buddha in manifold ways; therefore cast away care from the heart, O ruler of men".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20077–8-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006153-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Dutugamunu's campaign against king Elara was not to defeat injustice, as the Mahavamsa describes Elara as a good ruler, but to restore Buddhism through a united Sri Lanka under a Buddhist monarch, even by the use of violence.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Mahavamsa story about Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka where he (referred to as the "Conqueror") subdues forces inimical to Buddhism, the <a href="/wiki/Yakkha_people_(Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakkha people (Lanka)">Yakkhas</a> (depicted as the non-human inhabitants of the island), by striking "terror to their hearts" and driving them from their homeland, so that his doctrine should eventually "shine in glory", has been described as providing the warrant for the use of violence for the sake of Buddhism and as an account that is in keeping with the general message of the author that the political unity of Sri Lanka under Buddhism requires the removal of uncooperative groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200550-99">[99]</a> According to Neil DeVotta (an Associate Professor of Political Science), the mytho-history described in the Mahavamsa "justifies dehumanizing non-Sinhalese, if doing so is necessary to preserve, protect, and propagate the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dhamma</a> (Buddhist doctrine). Furthermore, it legitimizes a <a href="/wiki/Just_War_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War Doctrine">just war doctrine</a>, provided that war is waged to protect Buddhism. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya myth</a>, it introduces the bases for the Sinhalese Buddhist belief that Lord Buddha designated the island of Sri Lanka as a repository for <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a>. It claims the Sinhalese were the first humans to inhabit the island (as those who predated the Sinhalese were subhuman) and are thus the true "sons of the soil". Additionally, it institutes the belief that the island's kings were beholden to protect and foster Buddhism. All of these legacies have had ramifications for the trajectory of political Buddhism and Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20078-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rise_of_modern_Sinhalese-Buddhist_nationalism">Rise of modern Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rise of modern Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism">edit</a>]</div> With the rise of modern Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a reaction to the changes brought under the <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British colonialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> the old religious mytho-history of the Mahavamsa (especially the emphasis on the Sinhalese and Tamil ethnicities of Duthagamani and Elara, respectively<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20077-102">[102]</a>) was revitalized and consequently would prove to be detrimental to the intergroup harmony in the island. As Heather Selma Gregg writes: "Modern-day Sinhalese nationalism, rooted in local myths of being a religiously chosen people and of special progeny, demonstrates that even a religion perceived as inherently peaceful can help fuel violence and hatred in its name."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Buddhist revivalism took place among the Sinhalese to counter Christian missionary influence. The British commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhala</a> translation of the Mahavamsa (which was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>), thereby making it accessible to the wider Sinhalese population.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> During this time the first riot in modern Sri Lankan history broke out in 1883, between Buddhists and Catholics, highlighting the "growing religious divide between the two communities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200740-105">[105]</a> The central figure in the formation of modern Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism was the Buddhist revivalist <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> (1864–1933), who has been described as "the father of modern Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200714-106">[106]</a> Dharmapala was hostile to all things un-Sinhalese and non-Buddhist. He insisted that the Sinhalese were racially pure and superior <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryans</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> Tamils were inferior.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He popularized the impression that Tamils and Sinhalese had been deadly enemies in Sri Lanka for nearly 2,000 years by quoting the Mahavamsa passages that depicted Tamils as pagan invaders.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He characterized the Tamils as "fiercely antagonistic to Buddhism".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> He also expressed intolerance toward the island's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Muslim minorities</a> and other religions in general.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Dharmapala also fostered Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism in the spirit of the King Dutthagamani who "rescued Buddhism and our nationalism from oblivion" and stated explicitly that the Island belongs to the Sinhalese Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle200691–92-112">[112]</a> Dharmapala has been blamed for laying the groundwork for subsequent Sinhalese Buddhists nationalists to create an <a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">ethnocentric state</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200716-113">[113]</a> and for hostility to be directed against minorities unwilling to accept such a state.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Politicized_Buddhism,_the_formation_of_ethnocracy_and_the_civil_war">Politicized Buddhism, the formation of ethnocracy and the civil war</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politicized Buddhism, the formation of ethnocracy and the civil war">edit</a>]</div> Upon independence, Sinhalese ultra-nationalist Buddhist elites instituted discriminatory policies based on the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethno-nationalist</a> ideology of the Mahavamsa, which privileges Sinhalese Buddhist hegemony in the island as Buddha's chosen people for whom the island is a promised land and justifies subjugation of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta2007viii,_11-115">[115]</a> Some Sinhalese Buddhist officials saw that decreasing Tamil influence was a necessary part of fostering Buddhist cultural renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[116]</a> The Dutthagamani myth was also used to institute Sinhalese Buddhist dominance, with some politicians even identifying with such a mytho-historic hero, and activist monks looked to Dutthagamani as an example to imitate. This principal hero of Mahavamsa became so widely regarded as exemplary by 20th-century Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists because of his defense of Buddhism and the unification of Sri Lanka that journalists started talking about "the Mahavamsa mentality.".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D_S_Senanayake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/D_S_Senanayake.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Image of <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a>, who would become Sri Lanka's first prime minister in 1947, reaffirmed in 1939 the common Mahavamsa-based assumption of the Sinhalese Buddhist responsibility for the island's destiny by proclaiming that the Sinhalese Buddhists "are one blood and one nation. We are a chosen people. Buddha said that his religion would last for 5,500 [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] years. That means that we, as the custodians of that religion, shall last as long."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005142-91">[91]</a> Buddhist monks became increasingly involved in post-independence politics, promoting Sinhalese Buddhist interests at the expense of minorities. <a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpola Rahula">Walpola Rahula</a>, Sri Lanka's foremost Buddhist monk scholar and one of the leading proponents of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, played a major role in advocating for the involvement of monks in politics, using Buddhist king Dutthagamani's relationship with the sangha to bolster his position. Rahula also argued for a <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a> doctrine to protect Buddhism by using the example of wars waged by Dutthagamani to restore Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200578–79-118">[118]</a> Rahula maintained that "the entire Sinhalese race was united under the banner of the young Gamini [Dutthagamani]. This was the beginning of nationalism among the Sinhalese. It was a new race with healthy young blood, organized under the new order of Buddhism. A kind of religionationalism, which almost amounted to fanaticism, roused the whole Sinhalese people. A non-Buddhist was not regarded as a human being. Evidently, all Sinhalese, without exception, were Buddhists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200722-119">[119]</a> In reflecting on Rahula's works, anthropologist H.L. Seneviratne wrote that "it suits Rahula to be an advocate of a Buddhism that glorifies social intercourse with lay society... the receipt of salaries and other forms of material remuneration; ethnic exclusivism and Sinhala Buddhist hegemony; militancy in politics; and violence, war, and the spilling of blood in the name of 'preserving the religion'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006213-120">[120]</a> In 1956, the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress (ACBC) released a report titled, "The Betrayal of Buddhism", inquiring into the status of Buddhism in the island. The report argued that Buddhism had been weakened by external threats such as the Tamil invaders mentioned in the Mahavamsa and later <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial history of Sri Lanka">Western colonial powers</a>. It also demanded the state to restore and foster Buddhism and to give preferential treatment to Buddhist schools. The same year, <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a> capitalized on the ACBC report and its recommendations as the foundation for his election campaign, using it as the 'blueprint for a broad spectrum of policy', which included introducing Sinhala as the sole official language of the state. With the help of significant number of Buddhist monks and various Sinhalese Buddhist organizations, Bandaranaike became prime minister after winning the 1956 elections. Bandaranaike had also campaigned on the basis of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, drawing influences from the writings of Dharmapala and the Mahavamsa, arguing that it was the duty of the government to preserve the Sinhalese Buddhist nature of the island's destiny. Once in power, Bandaranaike implemented the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>, which would make Sinhala the country's official language and hence all official state transactions would be conducted in Sinhala. This put non-Sinhala speakers at a disadvantage for employment and educational opportunities. As a result, Tamils protested the policy by staging sit-ins, which in turn prompted counterdemonstrations by extremist Buddhist monks, later degenerating into <a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Ceylonese riots">anti-Tamil riots</a> in which more than one hundred people were injured and Tamil businesses were looted. Riots then spread throughout the country, killing hundreds of people. Bandaranaike tried to mitigate tensions over the language policy by proposing a compromise with the Tamil leaders, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">1957 pact</a> that would allow the use of Tamil as an administrative language along with Sinhala and greater political autonomy for Tamils. Ultra-nationalist Buddhist monks and other Sinhalese nationalists opposed this pact by staging mass demonstrations and hunger strikes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In an editorial in the same year, a monk asked Bandaranaike to read the Mahavamsa and to heed its lessons: "[Dutthagamani] conquered by the sword and united the land [Sri Lanka] without dividing it among our enemies [i.e. the Tamils] and established Sinhala and Buddhism as the state language and religion." In the late 1950s, it had become common for politicians and monks to exploit the Mahavamsa narrative of Dutthagamani to oppose any concession to the Tamil minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200512–13-122">[122]</a> With nationalist Buddhist monks playing a major role in exerting pressure to abrogate the pact, Bandaranaike acceded to their demands on April 9, 1958 by tearing up "a copy of the pact in front of the assembled monks who clapped in joy". Soon after the pact was abrogated, another series of <a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">anti-Tamil riots</a> spread throughout the country, which left hundreds dead and thousands displaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGangulyBrown2003127–128-123">[123]</a> Preceding the 1958 riots, rhetoric of monks contributed to the perception of Tamils being the enemies of the country and of Buddhism. Both extremist Buddhist monks and laity laid the foundation for the justifiable use of force against Tamils in response to their demand for greater autonomy by arguing that the whole of Sri Lanka was a promised land of the Sinhalese Buddhists and it was the role of the monks to defend a united Sri Lanka. Tamils were also portrayed as threatening interlopers, compared to the Mahavamsa account of the usurper Tamil king Elara. Monks and politicians invoked the story of the Buddhist warrior king Dutthagamani to urge the Sinhalese to fight against Tamils and their claims to the island, thereby providing justification for violence against Tamils. As Tessa J. Bartholomeusz explained: "Tamil claims to a homeland were met with an ideology, linked to a Buddhist story, that legitimated war with just cause: the protection of Sri Lanka for the Sinhala-Buddhist people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200582–94-124">[124]</a> In order to appease Tamils amidst the ethnic tension, Bandaranaike modified the Sinhala Only Act to allow Tamil to be used in education and government in Tamil areas, and as a result an extreme ultra-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> named <a href="/wiki/Talduwe_Somarama" title="Talduwe Somarama">Talduwe Somarama</a> assassinated him on September 26, 1959. The monk claimed he carried out the assassination "for the greater good of his country, race and religion".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> It has also been suggested that the monk was guided in part by reading of the Mahavamsa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200513–14-126">[126]</a> Successive governments after Bandaranaike implemented a similar Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist agenda, at the expense of minorities. In 1972, the government rewrote its constitution and gave Buddhism "the foremost place [in the Republic of Sri Lanka]" and making it "the duty of the state to protect and foster Buddhism". With another pact in 1965 that sought to establish greater <a href="/wiki/Regional_autonomy" title="Regional autonomy">regional autonomy</a> for Tamils being abrogated (some members of the Buddhist clergy were at the forefront in opposing the pact) and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">discriminatory quota system in 1974</a> that severely restricted Tamil entrance to universities, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Tamil youth</a> became radicalized, calling for an <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">independent homeland</a> to be established in the Tamil-dominated northeastern region of the island. In 1977, <a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">anti-Tamil riots</a> spread throughout the country, killing hundreds of Tamils and leaving thousands homeless.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> A leading monk claimed that one of the reasons for the anti-Tamil riots of 1977 was the Tamil demonization of the Sinhalese Buddhist epic hero Dutthagamani, which resulted in a justified retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200594-128">[128]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">anti-Tamil riot</a> erupted in 1981 in <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>, where Sinhalese police and paramilitaries destroyed statues of Tamil cultural and religious figures; looted and torched a Hindu temple and Tamil-owned shops and homes; killed four Tamils; and <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">torched the Jaffna Public Library</a> which was of great cultural significance to Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[116]</a> In response to the militant separatist Tamil group <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a> killing 13 Sinhalese soldiers, the largest <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">anti-Tamil pogrom</a> occurred in 1983, leaving between 2,000 and 3,000 of Tamils killed and forcing from 70,000 to 100,000 Tamils into refugee camps, eventually propelling the country into a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">civil war</a> between the LTTE and the predominately Sinhalese Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In the 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, Buddhist monks lead rioters in some instance. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mathew" title="Cyril Mathew">Cyril Mathew</a>, a Senior Minister in <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">President Jayawardene</a>'s Cabinet and a Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist who in the year preceding the pogrom reaffirmed the special relationship between Buddhism and Sinhalese and the Buddhist nature of the country, was also responsible for the pogrom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200719,_30–31-130">[130]</a> In the months following the anti-Tamil pogrom, authorizations for violence against Tamils began to appear in the press, with Tamils being depicted as interlopers on Dhammadipa. The Mahavamsa narrative of Dutthagamani and Elara was also invoked to justify violence against Tamils. The aftermath of the pogrom spawned debates over the rights to the island with the "sons of the soil" ideology being called into prominence. A government agent declared that Sri Lanka's manifest destiny "was to uphold the pristine doctrine of Theravada Buddhism". This implied that Sinhalese Buddhists had a sacred claim to Sri Lanka, while the Tamils did not, a claim which might call for violence. The Sinhalese Buddhists, including the Sri Lankan government, resisted the Tamil claim to a separate homeland of their own as the Sinhalese Buddhists maintained that the entire country belonged to them. Another <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_de_Mel" title="Ronnie de Mel">government agent</a> linked the then Prime Minister Jayewardene's attempts to thwart the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil homeland</a> to Dutthagamani's victory over Elara and went on to say, "[w]e will never allow the country to be divided", thereby justifying violence against Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200587–96-131">[131]</a> In the context of increasing Tamil militant struggle for separatism, militant Buddhist monks founded the Mavbima Surakime Vyaparaya (MSV) or "Movement for the Protection of the Motherland" in 1986 which sought to work with political parties "to maintain territorial unity of Sri Lanka and Sinhalese Buddhist sovereignty over the island". The MSV used the Mahavamsa to justify its goals, which included the usage of force to fight against the Tamil threat and defend the Buddhist state. In 1987, along with the MSV, the <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a> (JVP, a militant Sinhalese nationalist group which included monks) took up arms to protest the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a> which sought to establish peace in Sri Lanka by requiring the Sri Lankan government to make a number of concessions to Tamil demands, including <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">devolution of power to Tamil provinces</a>. The JVP, with the support of parts of the Sangha, launched a campaign of violent <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1987–89 JVP insurrection">insurrection against the government</a> to oppose the accord as the Sinhalese nationalists believed it would compromise the sovereignty of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> From the beginning of the civil war in 1983 to the end of it in 2009, militant Buddhist monks were involved in politics and opposed <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire agreements</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution of power</a> to Tamil minorities, and most supported military solution to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006205-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200532-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This has led to Asanga Tilakaratne, head of the Department of Buddhist Philosophy in the Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies in Colombo, to remark that "the Sinhala Buddhist nationalists are ... opposed to any attempt to solve the ethnic problem by peaceful means; and they call for a '<a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">holy war</a>' against Tamils".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005160-136">[136]</a> It has been argued that the absence of opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">power sharing</a> among the different ethnic groups in the island "has been one of the primary factors behind the intensification of the conflict".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006186-137">[137]</a> Numerous nationalist Buddhist religious leaders and extremist Buddhist organizations since the country's independence have played a role in mobilizing against the devolution of power to the Tamils. Leading Buddhist monks opposed devolution of power that would grant regional autonomy to Tamils on the basis of Mahavamsa worldview that the entire country is a Buddhist promised land which belongs to the Sinhalese Buddhist people, along with the fear that devolution would eventually lead to separate country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200533–34-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The two major contemporary political parties to advocate for Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism are the JVP and the <a href="/wiki/Jathika_Hela_Urumaya" title="Jathika Hela Urumaya">Jathika Hela Urumaya</a> (JHU) or "National Heritage Party", the latter of which is composed solely of nationalist Buddhist monks. According to A. R. M. Imtiyaz, these groups share common goals: "to uphold Buddhism and establish a link between the state and religion, and to advocate a violent solution to the Tamil question and oppose all form of devolution to the minorities, particularly the Tamils". The JHU, in shunning non-violent solutions to the ethnic conflict, urged young Sinhalese Buddhists to sign up for the army, with as many as 30,000 Sinhalese young men doing just that.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> One JHU leader even declared that <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> and certain government servants were traitors and they should be set on fire and burnt due to their opposition to a military solution to the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200733-141">[141]</a> The international community encouraged a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal structure</a> for Sri Lanka as a peaceful solution to the civil war but any form of Tamil <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, even the more limited measure of autonomy, was strongly opposed by <a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">hard-line</a> Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist groups such as the JVP and JHU, who pushed for the military solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200735-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> These groups in their hard-line support for a military solution to the conflict, without any regard for the plight of innocent Tamil civilians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200728-144">[144]</a> have opposed negotiated settlement, ceasefire agreement, demanded that the Norwegians be removed as peace facilitators, demanded the war to be prosecuted more forcefully and exerted influence in the <a href="/wiki/Rajapaksa_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajapaksa cabinet">Rajapaksa government</a> (which they helped to elect), resulting in the brutal military defeat of the LTTE with <a href="/wiki/Alleged_war_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War">heavy civilian casualties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The nationalist monks' support of the government's military offense against the LTTE gave "religious legitimacy to the state's claim of protecting the island for the Sinhalese Buddhist majority."<a href="#cite_note-Mohan-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">President Rajapaksa</a>, in his war against the LTTE, has been compared to the Buddhist king Dutthagamani by the Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20079-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Violence_against_religious_minorities">Violence against religious minorities</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Violence against religious minorities">edit</a>]</div> Other minority groups have also come under attack by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists. Fear of country's Buddhist hegemony being challenged by Christian proselytism has driven extremist Buddhist monks and organizations to demonize Christian organizations, with one popular monk comparing missionary activity to terrorism; as a result, Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists, including the JVP and JHU, who oppose attempts to convert Buddhists to another religion, support or conduct <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">anti-Christian violence</a>. The number of attacks against Christian churches rose from 14 in 2000 to over 100 in 2003. Dozens of these acts were confirmed by U.S. diplomatic observers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This anti-Christian violence was led by extremist Buddhist clergy and has included acts of "beatings, arson, acts of sacrilege, death threats, violent disruption of worship, stoning, abuse, unlawful restraint, and even interference with funerals". It has been noted that the strongest anti-West sentiments accompany the anti-Christian violence since the Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists identify Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> which they think is conspiring to undermine Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200741–45-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In the postwar Sri Lanka, ethnic and religious minorities continue to face threat from Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> There have been continued sporadic attacks on Christian churches by Buddhist extremists who allege that Christians conduct unethical or forced conversion.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> has listed Sri Lanka among the countries with very high <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious hostilities</a> in 2012 due to the violence committed by Buddhist monks against <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christian</a> places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> These acts included attacking a mosque and forcefully taking over a Seventh-day advent church and converting it into a Buddhist temple. Extremist Buddhist leaders justify their attacks on the places of worship of minorities by arguing that Sri Lanka is the promised land of the Sinhalese Buddhists to safeguard Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The recently formed Buddhist extremist group, the <a href="/wiki/Bodu_Bala_Sena" title="Bodu Bala Sena">Bodu Bala Sena</a> (BBS), or Buddhist Power Force, founded by extreme Buddhist monks in 2012, has been accused of inciting the <a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">anti-Muslim riots</a> that killed 4 Muslims and injured 80 in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The leader of the BBS, in linking the government's military victory over the LTTE to the ancient Buddhist king conquest of Tamil king Elara, said that Tamils have been taught a lesson twice and warned other minorities of the same fate if they tried to challenge Sinhalese Buddhist culture.<a href="#cite_note-Mohan-146">[146]</a> The BBS has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, accused of spreading extremism and communal hatred against Muslims<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and has been described as an "ethno-religious fascist movement".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> extremist Buddhist monks have also protested against <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> resolution that called for an inquiry into <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">humanitarian abuses and possible war crimes</a> during the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The BBS has received criticism and opposition from other Buddhist clergy and politicians. <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Samaraweera" title="Mangala Samaraweera">Mangala Samaraweera</a>, a Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhist</a> politician who has served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> since 2015, has accused the BBS of being "a representation of 'Taliban' terrorism" and of spreading extremism and communal hatred against Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-ST170213-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-DFT150213-163">[163]</a> Samaraweera has also alleged that the BBS is secretly funded by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ST170213-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-DFT150213-163">[163]</a> Anunayake Bellanwila Wimalaratana, deputy incumbent of <a href="/wiki/Bellanwila_Rajamaha_Viharaya" title="Bellanwila Rajamaha Viharaya">Bellanwila Rajamaha Viharaya</a> and President of the Bellanwila Community Development Foundation, has stated that "The views of the Bodu Bala Sena are not the views of the entire <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a> community" and that "We don't use our fists to solve problems, we use our brains".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Wataraka Vijitha Thero, a Buddhist monk who condemns violence against Muslims and heavily criticized the BBS and the government, has been attacked and tortured for his stances.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Buddhist_opposition_to_Sinhala_Buddhist_nationalism">Buddhist opposition to Sinhala Buddhist nationalism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddhist opposition to Sinhala Buddhist nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Sinhala Buddhist Nationalism is opposed to Sarvodaya, although they share many of the same influences like <a href="/wiki/Dharmap%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapāla">Dharmapāla</a>'s teachings for example, by having a focus upon Sinhalese culture and ethnicity sanctioning the use of violence in defence of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dhamma</a>, while Sarvodaya has emphasized the application of Buddhist values in order to transform society and campaigning for peace.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> These Buddhist nationalists have been opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya_Shramadana_Movement" title="Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement">Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> movement led by the Buddhist Dr. <a href="/wiki/A._T._Ariyaratne" title="A. T. Ariyaratne">A. T. Ariyaratne</a> and based in Buddhist ideals, who condemn the use of violence and the denial of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> to Tamils and other non-Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Ariyaratne calls for non-violent action and he has been actively working for peace in Sri Lanka for many decades, and has stated that the only way to peace is through "the dispelling of the view of 'I and mine' or the shedding of 'self' and the realization of the true doctrines of the interconnection between all animal species and the unity of all humanity",<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> thus advocating social action in Buddhist terms. He stated in one of his lectures, "When we work towards the welfare of all the means we use have to be based on Truth, Non-violence and Selflessness in <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> with Awakening of All".<a href="#cite_note-Bond,_George_2003-171">[171]</a> What Ariyaratne advocates is losing the self in the service of others and attempting to bring others to awakening. Ariyaratne has stated, "I cannot awaken myself unless I help awaken others".<a href="#cite_note-Bond,_George_2003-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KasumigasekiSta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KasumigasekiSta.jpg/220px-KasumigasekiSta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KasumigasekiSta.jpg/330px-KasumigasekiSta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KasumigasekiSta.jpg/440px-KasumigasekiSta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki_Station_(Tokyo)" title="Kasumigaseki Station (Tokyo)">Kasumigaseki Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, one of the many stations affected during the attack by the <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> cult</figcaption></figure> The beginning of "Buddhist violence" in Japan relates to a long history of feuds among Buddhists. The <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">sōhei</a> or "warrior monks" appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, although the seeming contradiction in being a Buddhist "warrior monk" caused controversy even at the time.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> More directly linked is that the <a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-sh%C5%AB" title="Ikkō-shū">Ikkō-shū</a> movement was considered an inspiration to Buddhists in the <a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a> rebellion. In Osaka they defended their temple with the slogan "The mercy of Buddha should be recompensed even by pounding flesh to pieces. One's obligation to the Teacher should be recompensed even by smashing bones to bits!"<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japanese Buddhist literature from that time, as part of its support of the Japanese war effort, stated "In order to establish eternal peace in East Asia, arousing the great benevolence and compassion of Buddhism, we are sometimes accepting and sometimes forceful. We now have no choice but to exercise the benevolent forcefulness of 'killing one in order that many may live' (issatsu tashō). This is something which <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism approves of only with the greatest of seriousness..."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Almost all <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhists temples</a> strongly supported Japan's militarization.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> These were heavily criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhists</a> of the era, who disputed the validity of the statements made by those Japanese Buddhist supporters of the war. In response the Japanese Pan-Buddhist Society (Myowa Kai) rejected the criticism and stated that "We now have no choice but to exercise the benevolent forcefulness of 'killing one in order that many may live' (issatsu tashō)" and that the war was absolutely necessary to implement the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> in Asia. The society re-examined more than 70 texts written by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> and re-edited his writings, making changes in 208 places, cutting all the statements that disagreed with the <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">state Shinto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2013-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In contrast, a few Japanese Buddhists such as Ichikawa Haku<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seno%27o_Gir%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seno'o Girō (page does not exist)">Seno'o Girō</a> opposed this and were targeted. During the 1940s, "leaders of the Honmon Hokkeshu and <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Kyoiku Gakkai</a> were imprisoned for their defiance of wartime government religious policy, which mandated display of reverence for the state Shinto".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Cultures_p._61-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Victoria" title="Brian Victoria">Brian Daizen Victoria</a>, a Buddhist priest in the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōtō Zen">Sōtō Zen</a> sect, documented in his book <a href="/wiki/Zen_at_War" title="Zen at War">Zen at War</a> how Buddhist institutions justified <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarism</a> in official publications and cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and World War II. In response to the book, several sects issued an apology for their wartime support of the government.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In more modern times instances of Buddhist-inspired terrorism or militarism have occurred in Japan, such as the assassinations of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood Incident</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nissho_Inoue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissho Inoue">Nissho Inoue</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenist</a> or fascist-nationalist who preached a self-styled <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">doomsday cult</a> that was the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a> that killed thirteen people and injured more than a thousand, drew upon a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> view of idiosyncratic interpretations of elements of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">early Indian Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as the main image of worship, Christian <a href="/wiki/Millennialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennialist">millennialist</a> ideas from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Its founder, <a href="/wiki/Chizuo_Matsumoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Chizuo Matsumoto">Chizuo Matsumoto</a>, claimed that he sought to restore "original Buddhism"<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and declared himself "<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>",<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Japan's only fully enlightened master and identified with the "<a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> His purported mission was to take upon himself the <a href="/wiki/Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sins">sins</a> of the world, and he claimed he could transfer to his followers spiritual power and ultimately take away their sins and bad deeds.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> While many discount Aum Shinrikyo's Buddhist characteristics and affiliation to Buddhism, scholars often refer to it as an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> and this was how the movement generally defined and saw itself.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Asia">North Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Buddhism in Russia</a></div> In 2022, Khambo Lama <a href="/wiki/Damba_Ayusheev" title="Damba Ayusheev">Damba Ayusheev</a>, the head of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia (BTSR), the largest Buddhist denomination in Russia, voiced support for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahimsa in Buddhism">Ahimsa in Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_capital_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and capital punishment">Buddhism and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohei">Sohei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni20023-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni20023_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaroni2002">Baroni 2002</a>, pp. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJerryson2018" class="citation book cs1">Jerryson, Michael K. (2018). "Buddhist Paths to Violence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvdJDwAAQBAJ">If You Meet the Buddha on the Road: Buddhism, Politics, and Violence</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068356-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068356-6"><bdi>978-0-19-068356-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Paths+to+Violence&rft.btitle=If+You+Meet+the+Buddha+on+the+Road%3A+Buddhism%2C+Politics%2C+and+Violence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068356-6&rft.aulast=Jerryson&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvdJDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerryson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jerryson, Michael (2015). 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The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+so+strange+for+a+Buddhist+to+endorse+killing&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2011%2Fmay%2F11%2Fbuddhism-bin-laden-death-dalai-lama%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKilling%2520protects%2520others%2520from%2520the%2Cunderstand%2520what%2520%2522nonviolence%2522%2520means.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2017" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Owen (2017). The Geography of Morals. Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021215-5"><bdi>978-0-19-021215-5</bdi></a>. <q>So I found myself posing this thought experiment to the Dalai Lama. Imagine that one were to find oneself in a public space-a park, a movie theater-where one realizes that one is seated next to Hitler-or Stalin or Pol Pot or Mao-early in the execution of the genocides they actually perpetrated. We, my people, think it would be appropriate first to feel moral anger, possibly outrage at Hitler et al., and second, that it would be OK, possibly required, to kill them supposing one had the means. What about you Tibetan Buddhists? The Dalai Lama turned to consult the high lamas who were normally seated behind him, like a lion's pride. After a few minutes of whispered conversation in Tibetan with his team, the Dalai Lama turned back to our group and explained that one should kill Hitler (actually with some ceremonial fanfare, in the way, to mix cultural practices, a samurai warrior might). It is stopping a bad, a very bad, karmic causal chain. So "Yes, kill him." 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Tadikonda, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996 p. 28"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+Image%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development%2C+Yuvraj+Krishan%2C+Kalpana+K.+Tadikonda%2C+Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan%2C+1996+p.+28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDyJhiaL0C%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbuddha%2Biconography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3yPzyM0KMU">Sri Lanka's Killing Fields (Documentary) | Real Stories</a>, retrieved 2019-10-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+Killing+Fields+%28Documentary%29+%7C+Real+Stories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dr3yPzyM0KMU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeech2019" class="citation news cs1">Beech, Hannah (2019-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014027/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/05/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-hate.html">"'A New Enemy but the Same Hate': Can Sri Lanka Heal Its Divisions?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/05/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-hate.html">the original</a> on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2022-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27A+New+Enemy+but+the+Same+Hate%27%3A+Can+Sri+Lanka+Heal+Its+Divisions%3F&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F05%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsri-lanka-attacks-hate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImtiyazMohamed-Saleem2015" class="citation journal cs1">Imtiyaz, A.R.M.; Mohamed-Saleem, Amjad (2015-02-23). "Muslims in post-war Sri Lanka: understanding Sinhala-Buddhist mobilization against them". Asian Ethnicity. 16 (2): 186–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631369.2015.1003691">10.1080/14631369.2015.1003691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-1369">1463-1369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143023786">143023786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=Muslims+in+post-war+Sri+Lanka%3A+understanding+Sinhala-Buddhist+mobilization+against+them&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-202&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143023786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1463-1369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14631369.2015.1003691&rft.aulast=Imtiyaz&rft.aufirst=A.R.M.&rft.au=Mohamed-Saleem%2C+Amjad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/04/sri-lanka-muslims-face-threats-attacks">"Sri Lanka: Muslims Face Threats, Attacks"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Muslims+Face+Threats%2C+Attacks&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2Fsri-lanka-muslims-face-threats-attacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kGkAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-660-1"><bdi>978-1-61234-660-1</bdi></a>. <q>the Mahavamsa is a combination of myth, history, lineage, religion, and politics. It later became a tool for the creation of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism and a document that determined the divine right of the Sinhalese to inhabit the island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-660-1&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kGkAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwier1998" class="citation book cs1">Zwier, Lawrence J. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zpuAAAAMAAJ">Sri Lanka: War-torn Island</a>. Lerner Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3550-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-3550-8</bdi></a>. <q>The greatest importance of the Mahavamsa is not as history but as a symbol — and as a motivating force behind Sinhalese nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+War-torn+Island&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-3550-8&rft.aulast=Zwier&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYNBQzYoYkC">Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</a>. SUNY Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9367-0</bdi></a>. <q>As <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Heinz Bechert</a> says, the key to modern Sinhala national identity lies in the linking of religion and the people in Sri Lanka's ancient chronicle tradition. As we see, according to the Mahavamsa, Sinhalas are specially chosen by the Buddha and their political unity guarantees the survival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, just as their political identity is guaranteed by their espousal of Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9367-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYNBQzYoYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200750-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200750_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazakImtiyaz2010" class="citation ssrn cs1">Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (2010-03-09). "Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka". p. 36. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1567618">1567618</a>. <q>The Sinhala-Buddhist worldview has been shaped and reshaped by the myths and the monkish chronicles such as the Mahavamsa, Culavamsa which underscore two crucial issues, the rightful heir of the state (Dhammadipa) and Sri Lanka as the repository of Buddhist message. Both these two issues have shaped the popular psyche and political discourses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Politicization+of+Buddhism+and+Electoral+Politics+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1567618%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Razak&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft.au=Imtiyaz%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGier2014" class="citation book cs1">Gier, Nicholas F. (2014-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ">The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective</a>. Lexington Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-9223-8</bdi></a>. <q>Buddhist nationalism has its roots in the Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, and Culavamsa, texts unique to Sinhalese Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LBhBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'GradyMaySchüttke-Scherle2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, John; May, John D'Arcy; Schüttke-Scherle, Peter (2007-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iwBuxBfjI4C">Ecumenics from the Rim: Explorations in Honour of John D'Arcy May</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-0637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-0637-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-0637-8</bdi></a>. <q>The ethnocentric character of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka, which provides the ideological basis for the present Sinhala Buddhist nationalism, has its roots in the construction of the identity of the Sinhala people as one chosen to safeguard Buddhism. Chosenness here is part of a historical consciousness, mainly supported by post-canonical Pali literature - especially, the Mahavamsa - which, in one of its clauses, justifies killing for the sake of religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecumenics+from+the+Rim%3A+Explorations+in+Honour+of+John+D%27Arcy+May&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-0637-8&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=May%2C+John+D%27Arcy&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCttke-Scherle%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iwBuxBfjI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2012" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, William (2 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2012-08-02/buddhists-behaving-badly">"Buddhists Behaving Badly"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>Militant Buddhism there has its roots in an ancient narrative called the Mahavamsa (Great Chronicle), which was composed by monks in the sixth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Buddhists+Behaving+Badly&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fasia%2F2012-08-02%2Fbuddhists-behaving-badly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen1999-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Sen1999_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA91">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. New Age International. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.au=Sailendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006138-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006138_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeegalle2006">Deegalle 2006</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005142-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005142_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005142_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20076-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20076_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200520-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200520_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2012" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, William (2 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2012-08-02/buddhists-behaving-badly">"Buddhists Behaving Badly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>The Sinhalese take this as a sign that they are the Buddha's chosen people, commanded to "preserve and protect" Buddhism in its most pristine form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Buddhists+Behaving+Badly&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fasia%2F2012-08-02%2Fbuddhists-behaving-badly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20077–8-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20077–8_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006153-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006153_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeegalle2006">Deegalle 2006</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter XXV – The Victory of Dutthagamani". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap025.html">The Mahavamsa</a>. Translated by Wilhelm Geiger. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>From this deed arises no hindrance in thy way to heaven. Only one and a half human beings have been slain here by thee, O lord of men. The one had come unto the (three) refuges, the other had taken on himself the five precepts Unbelievers and men of evil life were the rest, not more to be esteemed than beasts. But as for thee, thou wilt bring glory to the doctrine of the Buddha in manifold ways; therefore cast away care from thy heart, O ruler of men!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXV+%E2%80%93+The+Victory+of+Dutthagamani&rft.btitle=The+Mahavamsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Fchap025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYNBQzYoYkC">Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 48–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9367-0</bdi></a>. <q>The campaign against Elara is described at some length in the Mahavamsa, and it is clear that Dutthagamini does not move against Elara because the Tamil king was unjust, cruel, or tyrannical. The Mahavamsa points out that Elara was a good ruler, and, when he is killed, Dutthagamini has him cremated honorably, and erects a monument in his memory. In constructing the "Dutthagamini epic" as he does, Mahanama wants to make clear that the heroic task in hand is not the defeat of injustice but the restoration of Buddhism. The overthrow of the Tamil king is required first and foremost because Sri Lanka cannot be united unless the monarch is Buddhist. [...] The main point is the honor Dutthagamini brings "to the doctrine of the Buddha," and this greater good justifies the violence required to bring it about. [...] Mahanama's [author of the Mahavamsa] lesson for monarchs remains consistent: be as strong as you need to be to maintain the Buddhist state; be supportive of the Sangha and willing to defeat the enemy by force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=48-51&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9367-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYNBQzYoYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200550-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200550_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20078-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20078_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20077-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20077_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwier1998" class="citation book cs1">Zwier, Lawrence J. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zpuAAAAMAAJ">Sri Lanka: War-torn Island</a>. Lerner Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3550-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-3550-8</bdi></a>. <q>Because the Mahavamsa was written in Pali, few Sinhalese could read it until its translation. It was the British who made the Mahavamsa a widely distributed work, publishing an English translation of the first part of the Mahavamsa in 1837. The British governor also commissioned the Sinhalese translation of the original and its updates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+War-torn+Island&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-3550-8&rft.aulast=Zwier&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200740-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200740_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200714-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200714_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sangam.org/2010/11/Tamil_Struggle_14.php?print=true">"Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle"</a>. Association of Tamils of Sri Lanka in the USA. Sangam. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Tamils+of+Sri+Lanka+in+the+USA&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Struggle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sangam.org%2F2010%2F11%2FTamil_Struggle_14.php%3Fprint%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayawardena" class="citation web cs1">Jayawardena, Kumari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408081639/http://www.island.lk/2008/06/08/features13.html">"Racial myths debunked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Island. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.island.lk/2008/06/08/features13.html">the original</a> on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2022-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayback+Machine&rft.atitle=Racial+myths+debunked&rft.aulast=Jayawardena&rft.aufirst=Kumari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.island.lk%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2Ffeatures13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwier1998" class="citation book cs1">Zwier, Lawrence J. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zpuAAAAMAAJ">Sri Lanka: War-torn Island</a>. Lerner Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3550-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-3550-8</bdi></a>. <q>Perhaps more than any other person, Dharmapala was responsible for popularizing the faulty impression that Tamils and Sinhalese had been deadly enemies in Sri Lanka for nearly 2,000 years. He often quoted the Mahavamsa as if it were a completely factual account, and his favorite passages were those that made the Tamils sound like pagan invaders who were ruining the island. Much of his preaching and writing was racist. Dharmapala insisted that the Sinhalese were racially pure Aryans — by which he meant that they had racial ties with north Indians, Iranians, and Europeans. He contrasted the Sinhalese racial line with that of the Dravidian Tamils, which he claimed was inferior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+War-torn+Island&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-3550-8&rft.aulast=Zwier&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYNBQzYoYkC">Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</a>. SUNY Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9367-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYNBQzYoYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYNBQzYoYkC">Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 70–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9367-0</bdi></a>. <q>Dharmapala holds firm to the conviction that "the founders of monotheistic religions have been invariably bloodthirsty, despotic, and cruel" (418), and he is unremitting in his condemnation of the religious views of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. [...] "The Muhammedans," we learn, are "an alien people" who "by Shylockian methods became prosperous like the Jews" (540), and, like the colonizers, Muslims thrive at the expense of "the Sinhalese, sons of the soil" (540). Muslims are "alien to the Sinhalese by religion, race and language," and, consequently, "there will always be bad blood" (541) between the two groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=70-73&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9367-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYNBQzYoYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle200691–92-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegalle200691–92_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeegalle2006">Deegalle 2006</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200716-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200716_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYNBQzYoYkC">Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</a>. SUNY Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9367-0</bdi></a>. <q>One result of Dharmapala's commitment to this all-too clear agenda is that he prepares the way for indignation and anger to be directed against any non-Sinhala group unwilling to accept a Sinhala Buddhist Sri Lanka. After independence, the Tamils were first in line among such groups, and the national hero, Dutthagamini, had already provided an example of how to deal with an earlier version of the same threat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9367-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYNBQzYoYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta2007viii,_11-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta2007viii,_11_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, pp. viii, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth" class="citation web cs1">Knuth, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/119-Knuth-en.pdf">"Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a> (IFLA). Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Federation+of+Library+Associations+and+Institutions+%28IFLA%29&rft.atitle=Destroying+a+Symbol%3A+Checkered+History+of+Sri+Lanka%27s+Jaffna+Public+Library&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ifla.org%2FIV%2Fifla72%2Fpapers%2F119-Knuth-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYNBQzYoYkC">Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</a>. SUNY Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9367-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9367-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYNBQzYoYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200578–79-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200578–79_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200722-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200722_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006213-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006213_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeegalle2006">Deegalle 2006</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Potomac Books">Potomac Books</a>, Inc. pp. 81–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=81-83&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200512–13-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200512–13_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGangulyBrown2003127–128-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGangulyBrown2003127–128_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGangulyBrown2003">Ganguly & Brown 2003</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200582–94-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200582–94_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, pp. 82–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200513–14-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200513–14_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=84-86&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200594-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200594_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200719,_30–31-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200719,_30–31_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, pp. 19, 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200587–96-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200587–96_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, pp. 87–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMvQAgAAQBAJ">The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-661-8"><bdi>978-1-61234-661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Salvation%3A+Religious+Violence+from+the+Crusades+to+Jihad&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-661-8&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Heather+Selma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMvQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006205-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006205_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeegalle2006">Deegalle 2006</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200532-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200532_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarty1996" class="citation book cs1">Marty, Martin E. (1996-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC">Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 614. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9"><bdi>978-0-226-50884-9</bdi></a>. <q>the majority of monks explicitly or privately supported and condoned the Sinhalese army's killings of Tamil guerrillas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+and+the+State%3A+Remaking+Polities%2C+Economies%2C+and+Militance&rft.pages=614&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50884-9&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoCmVaOnh_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005160-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz2005160_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006186-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegalle2006186_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeegalle2006">Deegalle 2006</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200533–34-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomeusz200533–34_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomeusz2005">Bartholomeusz 2005</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiJain2008" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Manas; Jain, B. M. (2008-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6uGUymrtIoC">Conflict and Peace in South Asia</a>. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84950-534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84950-534-5"><bdi>978-1-84950-534-5</bdi></a>. <q>Many Sinhalese, as Mahavamsa advocates, believe that the entire island is the sacred home of the Sinhalese and Buddhism and thus oppose power-sharing with the Tamils that fundamentally goes beyond the current form of unitary structure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Peace+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft.isbn=978-1-84950-534-5&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Manas&rft.au=Jain%2C+B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6uGUymrtIoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazakImtiyaz2010" class="citation ssrn cs1">Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (2010-03-09). "Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka". pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1567618">1567618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Politicization+of+Buddhism+and+Electoral+Politics+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1567618%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Razak&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft.au=Imtiyaz%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200733-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200733_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200735-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200735_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidge2007" class="citation web cs1">Ridge, Mian (17 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554817/Sri-Lankas-Buddhist-monks-are-intent-on-war.html">"Sri Lanka's Buddhist monks are intent on war"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>The monks have used their new power to argue vociferously against any self-determination for the Tamils in the north, opposing even the more limited measure of autonomy that most observers believe is necessary for peace. Instead they are pushing for the bloody military campaign against the Tigers to be stepped up.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+Buddhist+monks+are+intent+on+war&rft.date=2007-06-17&rft.aulast=Ridge&rft.aufirst=Mian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1554817%2FSri-Lankas-Buddhist-monks-are-intent-on-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200728-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200728_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 28; "The JVP and JHU ardently support a military solution to the conflict and harbor almost no concern for the plight of innocent Tamil civilians." </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazakImtiyaz2010" class="citation ssrn cs1">Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (2010-03-09). "Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka". p. 33. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1567618">1567618</a>. <q>Human right groups expressed deep concerns about the use of heavy weapons against the Tamil civilians. Human Right Watch in its report on Sri Lanka's war against the LTTE pointed that "the Sri Lankan armed forces have indiscriminately shelled densely populated areas, including hospitals, in violation of the laws of war."119 Evidence gathered by the Times newspaper has revealed that at least 20,000 Tamil people were killed on the Mullaitivu beach by Sri Lanka Army shelling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Politicization+of+Buddhism+and+Electoral+Politics+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1567618%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Razak&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft.au=Imtiyaz%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohan-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohan_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohan_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2015" class="citation news cs1">Mohan, Rohini (2015-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/03/opinion/sri-lankas-violent-buddhists.html">"Sri Lanka's Violent Buddhists"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2016-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+Violent+Buddhists&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Rohini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fsri-lankas-violent-buddhists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20079-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta20079_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, p. 9; "For instance, the military successes against the LTTE under the current Rajapakse government have led to Rajapakse being compared to Duthagamani. Toward the end of 2006, a massive cardboard cut-out of Rajapakse was even erected at the junction at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maradana,_Colombo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maradana, Colombo (page does not exist)">Maradana, Colombo</a>, proclaiming, "Our President, Our Leader; He is Next to King Dutugemenu." </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35520.htm">"Sri Lanka"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2004%2F35520.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200741–45-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVotta200741–45_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVotta2007">DeVotta 2007</a>, pp. 41–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35520.htm">"Sri Lanka"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>In late 2003 and in the initial months of this year, there were many serious attacks on Christian churches and also sometimes against pastors and congregants. Over 100 attacks have been reported, and several dozen were confirmed by diplomatic observers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2004%2F35520.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208440#wrapper">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012"</a>. www.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>There were reports of abuses of religious freedom. Although the government publicly endorsed religious freedom, in practice there were problems in some areas. Authorities were reluctant to investigate or prosecute those responsible for attacks on churches, Hindu temples, or mosques. While efforts to pass anti-conversion legislation reportedly declined, some Christian groups occasionally complained that the government tacitly condoned harassment and violence aimed at them. Police generally provided protection for these groups at their request. In some cases, the police response was inadequate and local police officials reportedly were reluctant to take legal action against individuals involved in the attacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2012religiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2012%26dlid%3D208440%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222341#wrapper">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2013"</a>. www.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>There were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. There was an overall decrease in societal respect for religious freedom, as Buddhist nationalist groups led campaigns targeting Muslims and Christians. Buddhist groups attacked churches and mosques.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2013religiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2013%26dlid%3D222341%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238506#wrapper">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2014"</a>. www.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>Authorities often did not investigate or prosecute those responsible for attacks on churches, Hindu kovils (temples), and mosques, and protected perpetrators of such violence. At times, local police and government officials appeared to be acting in concert with Buddhist nationalist organizations. Police continued to use a revoked 2011 government circular to coerce unregistered churches to register or be shut down. Eight masked men assaulted the pastor of New Blessing Church in Valaichchenai and his family when they reportedly failed to comply with the "government requirement" to submit a registration letter. In April President Rajapaksa acknowledged for the first time the increase in religiously-motivated violence and established a special religious police unit within the Ministry of Buddha Sasana (doctrine and practice) and Religious Affairs to address complaints. Some religious minorities, however, questioned the sincerity and efficacy of the effort, and the unit took no credible steps during the year to pursue prosecution of perpetrators of violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2014%26dlid%3D238506%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127371.htm">"Sri Lanka"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2016-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2009%2F127371.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/">"Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. January 14, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2019. <q>In Buddhist-majority Sri Lanka, for example, monks attacked Muslim and Christian places of worship, including reportedly attacking a mosque in the town of Dambulla in April 2012 and forcibly occupying a Seventh-day Adventist church in the town of Deniyaya and converting it into a Buddhist temple in August 2012.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Hostilities+Reach+Six-Year+High&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F01%2F14%2Freligious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaviland2011" class="citation web cs1">Haviland, Charles (September 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14926002">"Sri Lanka Buddhist monks destroy Muslim shrine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved October 12, 2019. <q>The monk who led the group told the BBC he did it because the shrine was on land that was given to Sinhalese Buddhists 2,000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+Buddhist+monks+destroy+Muslim+shrine&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.aulast=Haviland&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-14926002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17816285">"Sri Lanka Muslims decry radical Buddhist mosque attack - BBC News"</a>. BBC News. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>A Dambulla monk told the BBC that the actions were necessary because Sri Lanka was "the only country to safeguard Buddhism".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+Muslims+decry+radical+Buddhist+mosque+attack+-+BBC+News&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-17816285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/17/world/asia/sri-lanka-bodu-bala-sena-profile/index.html">"Bodu Bala Sena, Sri Lanka's Buddhist ultra-nationalists - CNN.com"</a>. CNN. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>The ultra-nationalist Sinhalese Buddhist organization has emerged as a troubling presence on the Sri Lankan political landscape in recent years, and is blamed by many for inciting the deadly violence in Aluthgama.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Bodu+Bala+Sena%2C+Sri+Lanka%27s+Buddhist+ultra-nationalists+-+CNN.com&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsri-lanka-bodu-bala-sena-profile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130217/news/bbso-challenges-mangala-equating-it-to-a-terrorist-outfit-33653.html">"BBSO challenges Mangala equating it to a terrorist outfit | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka"</a>. www.sundaytimes.lk. Retrieved 2016-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sundaytimes.lk&rft.atitle=BBSO+challenges+Mangala+equating+it+to+a+terrorist+outfit+%7C+The+Sundaytimes+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaytimes.lk%2F130217%2Fnews%2Fbbso-challenges-mangala-equating-it-to-a-terrorist-outfit-33653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21840600">"The hardline Buddhists targeting Sri Lanka's Muslims - BBC News"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 2016-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+hardline+Buddhists+targeting+Sri+Lanka%27s+Muslims+-+BBC+News&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-21840600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2012" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, William (2 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2012-08-02/buddhists-behaving-badly">"Buddhists Behaving Badly"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <q>Another sign of militant Buddhism's enduring power is the government's refusal to confront the human rights abuses committed in the war's final push. President Rajapaksa, who went to Kandy, the cultural capital, immediately after the 2009 victory to genuflect to the country's top Buddhist clerics, has rejected a UN Human Rights Council resolution, passed in March, that called for an inquiry into humanitarian abuses and possible war crimes. Only recently did the Rajapaksa government concede that there were any civilian casualties at all. In fact, as the UNHRC voted on the March resolution, hundreds of Buddhist monks led a prayer vigil in Colombo against it. Hundreds more led protests when it passed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Buddhists+Behaving+Badly&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fasia%2F2012-08-02%2Fbuddhists-behaving-badly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST170213-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ST170213_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ST170213_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandara2013" class="citation news cs1">Bandara, Hansani (17 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130217/news/bbso-challenges-mangala-equating-it-to-a-terrorist-outfit-33653.html">"BBSO challenges Mangala equating it to a terrorist outfit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Sri_Lanka)" title="The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)">The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times+%28Sri+Lanka%29&rft.atitle=BBSO+challenges+Mangala+equating+it+to+a+terrorist+outfit&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft.aulast=Bandara&rft.aufirst=Hansani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaytimes.lk%2F130217%2Fnews%2Fbbso-challenges-mangala-equating-it-to-a-terrorist-outfit-33653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFT150213-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DFT150213_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFT150213_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastians2013" class="citation news cs1">Bastians, Dharisha (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208231716/http://www.ft.lk/2013/02/15/mangala-says-anti-muslim-campaign-is-playing-with-fire/">"Mangala says anti-Muslim campaign is 'playing with fire'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_FT" title="Daily FT">Daily FT</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.lk/2013/02/15/mangala-says-anti-muslim-campaign-is-playing-with-fire/">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+FT&rft.atitle=Mangala+says+anti-Muslim+campaign+is+%27playing+with+fire%27&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Bastians&rft.aufirst=Dharisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.lk%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2Fmangala-says-anti-muslim-campaign-is-playing-with-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040229/http://www.ft.lk/2013/03/12/bbs-does-not-represent-entire-sangha/">"BBS does not represent entire Sangha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_FT" title="Daily FT">Daily FT</a>. 12 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.lk/2013/03/12/bbs-does-not-represent-entire-sangha/">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+FT&rft.atitle=BBS+does+not+represent+entire+Sangha&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.lk%2F2013%2F03%2F12%2Fbbs-does-not-represent-entire-sangha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2015" class="citation news cs1">Mohan, Rohini (3 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/03/opinion/sri-lankas-violent-buddhists.html">"Sri Lanka's Violent Buddhists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+Violent+Buddhists&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Rohini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fsri-lankas-violent-buddhists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/19/sri-lanka-justice-key-end-anti-muslim-violence">"Sri Lanka: Justice Key to End Anti-Muslim Violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 19 June 2014. 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Snow Lion Publications. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-788-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-788-9"><bdi>978-1-55939-788-9</bdi></a>. 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T. Suzuki's Relationship to War"</a> (PDF), The Eastern Buddhist, 41 (2): 97–138</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=The+%22Negative+Side%22+of+D.+T.+Suzuki%27s+Relationship+to+War&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-138&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Brian+Daizen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FDTSuzukiandWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988">* </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Stone, Jaquelin (2000). Japanese Lotus Millennialism. 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Routledge. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-48732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-48732-4"><bdi>978-1-135-48732-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%2C+War%2C+and+Nationalism%3A+Chinese+Monks+in+the+Struggle+Against+Japanese+Aggression+1931-1945&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-135-48732-4&rft.au=Xue+Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2uZTAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Brian Victoria. Zen at War, 2006. p.87 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Ives, Christopher (2009). Imperial-Way Zen, University of Hawaiì Press </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Stone, Jaqueline I. (2003). In: Buswell, Robert E. ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865718-7">0-02-865718-7</a>, p. 598 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/journal/6/issue/123/article/680">"NIRC"</a>. nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=NIRC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fjournal%2F6%2Fissue%2F123%2Farticle%2F680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Cultures_p._61-186"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Cultures_p._61_186-0">^</a> Religion and American Cultures, An Encyclopedia, vol 1 p. 61 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-238-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-238-X">1-57607-238-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaoko_Shimazu2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naoko_Shimazu" title="Naoko Shimazu">Naoko Shimazu</a> (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ixJ4wd9TjIC">Nationalisms in Japan (Sheffield Centre for Japanese Studies/Routledge)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54684-3"><bdi>978-0-415-54684-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalisms+in+Japan+%28Sheffield+Centre+for+Japanese+Studies%2FRoutledge%29&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-08&rft.isbn=978-0-415-54684-3&rft.au=Naoko+Shimazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ixJ4wd9TjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Zen at War (2nd ed.) by Brian Daizen Victoria, Rowman and Littlefield 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3926-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3926-1">0-7425-3926-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennington2012" class="citation book cs1">Pennington, Brian K. 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OUP USA. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537242-7"><bdi>978-0-19-537242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Religion+and+Violence&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537242-7&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BW_RA-7AtQC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> 堀まきよう　（Makiyo Hori）,「井上日召と"かぎの折伏"：血盟団事件について」（"Inoue Nissho and his Terrorist Ideas: Some Notes on the Oath of Blood Group"）早稲田政治経済学雑誌（The Waseda Journal of Political Science and Economics） 328 p.178 (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonJohn_C._Baker2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Brian Anthony; John C. Baker (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Aptitude_for_destruction_2">Aptitude for Destruction: Case Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3767-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3767-1"><bdi>978-0-8330-3767-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aptitude+for+Destruction%3A+Case+Studies+of+Organizational+Learning+in+Five+Terrorist+Groups&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-3767-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Brian+Anthony&rft.au=John+C.+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAptitude_for_destruction_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Reader2000" class="citation book cs1">Ian Reader (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousviolenc0000read/page/66">Religious Violence in Contemporary Japan: The Case of Aum Shinrikyō</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousviolenc0000read/page/66">66–68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2340-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Violence+in+Contemporary+Japan%3A+The+Case+of+Aum+Shinriky%C5%8D&rft.pages=66-68&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2340-5&rft.au=Ian+Reader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousviolenc0000read%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_DanzigMarc_SagemanTerrance_LeightonLloyd_Hough2000" class="citation book cs1">Richard Danzig; Marc Sageman; Terrance Leighton; Lloyd Hough; Hidemi Yuki; Rui Kotani; Zachary M. Hosford (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316122438/http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AumShinrikyo_SecondEdition_English.pdf">Aum Shinrikyo Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Center_for_a_New_American_Security" title="Center for a New American Security">Center for a New American Security</a>. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AumShinrikyo_SecondEdition_English.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2013-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aum+Shinrikyo+Insights+Into+How+Terrorists+Develop+Biological+and+Chemical+Weapons&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Center+for+a+New+American+Security&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Richard+Danzig&rft.au=Marc+Sageman&rft.au=Terrance+Leighton&rft.au=Lloyd+Hough&rft.au=Hidemi+Yuki&rft.au=Rui+Kotani&rft.au=Zachary+M.+Hosford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnas.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2FCNAS_AumShinrikyo_SecondEdition_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2003" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Robert L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlycultscrime00snow/page/17">Deadly Cults: The Crimes of True Believers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlycultscrime00snow/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98052-8"><bdi>978-0-275-98052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Cults%3A+The+Crimes+of+True+Believers&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98052-8&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlycultscrime00snow%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2006). The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04133-3"><bdi>978-0-567-04133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Re-Enchantment+of+the+West%3A+Alternative+Spiritualities%2C+Sacralization%2C+Popular+Culture%2C+and+Occulture&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04133-3&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2004" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Lee (2004). The War on Terrorism and the Terror of God. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2860-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-2860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+on+Terrorism+and+the+Terror+of+God&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2860-6&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence by Mark Juergensmeyer, University of California Press 2003, p.103 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24011-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24011-1">0-520-24011-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Poisonous Cocktail: Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence by Ian Reader, NIAS Publications 1996, p.16 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-87062-55-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-87062-55-0">87-87062-55-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religionwatch.com/buddhists-compete-under-traditional-religion-status-in-russias-religious-economy/">"Buddhists compete under "traditional religion" status in Russia's religious economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a>. Vol. 38, no. 4. Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Buddhists+compete+under+%22traditional+religion%22+status+in+Russia%27s+religious+economy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionwatch.com%2Fbuddhists-compete-under-traditional-religion-status-in-russias-religious-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_violence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbaro2010" class="citation cs2">Barbaro, Paolo (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_DqBgAAQBAJ&q=buddhism+and+violence+ross&pg=PT207">"Buddhism and Violence". In: Jeffrey Ian Ross (ed.), Religion and Violence: an Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present</a>, vol. 1, <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2048-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-2048-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Buddhism+and+Violence%22.+In%3A+Jeffrey+Ian+Ross+%28ed.%29%2C+Religion+and+Violence%3A+an+Encyclopedia+of+Faith+and+Conflict+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2048-4&rft.aulast=Barbaro&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_DqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbuddhism%2Band%2Bviolence%2Bross%26pg%3DPT207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroni2002" class="citation cs2">Baroni, Helen Josephine (January 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC&pg=PA3">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism</a>, The Rosen Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2240-6"><bdi>978-0-8239-2240-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6&rft.aulast=Baroni&rft.aufirst=Helen+Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmNM4ElP3XgC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomeusz2005" class="citation cs2">Bartholomeusz, Tessa J. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Dharma%3A+Just-War+Ideology+in+Buddhist+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78857-5&rft.aulast=Bartholomeusz&rft.aufirst=Tessa+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.misterdanger.net%2Fbooks%2FBuddhism%2520Books%2FIn%2520defense%2520of%2520dharma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdKPAgAAQBAJ">Via Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu, Thanissaro</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn45/sn45.008.than.html">Magga-vibhanga Sutta</a>, Access to Insight</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magga-vibhanga+Sutta&rft.pub=Access+to+Insight&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bhikkhu&rft.aufirst=Thanissaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fsn%2Fsn45%2Fsn45.008.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu, Thanissaro</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.176.than.html">Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta</a>, Access to Insight</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunda+Kammaraputta+Sutta&rft.pub=Access+to+Insight&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bhikkhu&rft.aufirst=Thanissaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fan%2Fan10%2Fan10.176.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu, Thanissaro</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.141.than.html">Saccavibhanga Sutta</a>, Access to Insight</cite><span 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class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/22/world/asia/buddhism-violence/">Conflict in Buddhism: 'Violence for the sake of peace?'</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Buddhism%3A+%27Violence+for+the+sake+of+peace%3F%27&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shadbolt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbuddhism-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore2005" class="citation cs2">Skidmore, Monique (2005), Burma At The Turn Of The Twenty-first Century, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2857-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2857-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+At+The+Turn+Of+The+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2857-8&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathern2013" class="citation cs2">Strathern, Alan (2013), "Why are Buddhist monks attacking Muslims?", <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Why+are+Buddhist+monks+attacking+Muslims%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumedho2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Sumedho, Ajahn</a> (2014), Seeds of Understanding, Amaravati Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78432-001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78432-001-0"><bdi>978-1-78432-001-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Understanding&rft.pub=Amaravati+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78432-001-0&rft.aulast=Sumedho&rft.aufirst=Ajahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThera2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Narada_Maha_Thera" title="Narada Maha Thera">Thera, Narada Maha</a> (2006), The Buddha and His Teachings, <a href="/wiki/Jaico_Publishing_House" title="Jaico Publishing House">Jaico Publishing House</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-617-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-617-8"><bdi>978-81-7992-617-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+and+His+Teachings&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7992-617-8&rft.aulast=Thera&rft.aufirst=Narada+Maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThera1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Thera, Nyanaponika</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/wheel006.html">The Four Sublime StatesContemplations on Love, Compassion, Sympathetic Joy and Equanimity</a></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Pali+Literature%3A+The+Pali+canon&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-261-3560-8&rft.aulast=Trip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Ar%C4%ABdhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUoqAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaun2002" class="citation cs2">Zaun, Kathy (2002), Inside Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Educational_Press" title="Lorenz Educational Press">Lorenz Educational Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4291-0985-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4291-0985-7"><bdi>978-1-4291-0985-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Buddhism&rft.pub=Lorenz+Educational+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4291-0985-7&rft.aulast=Zaun&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+violence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'i Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zorostianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_critical_of_religion" title="Category:Books critical of religion">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caged_Virgin" title="The Caged Virgin">The Caged Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Books critical of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Books critical of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Books critical of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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