CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Counterterrorism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ae60ae77-3101-449e-aa42-263f6514e0d2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Counterterrorism","wgTitle":"Counterterrorism","wgCurRevisionId":1275113909,"wgRevisionId":1275113909,"wgArticleId":83392,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from April 2019","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022", "Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013","Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2021","All articles with style issues","Commons category link from Wikidata","Counterterrorism","Gendarmerie","Law enforcement","National security","Paramilitary","Private security industry","Public safety","Security"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Counterterrorism","wgRelevantArticleId":83392,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q909459","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PI2G_2F.jpg/1200px-PI2G_2F.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1576"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PI2G_2F.jpg/800px-PI2G_2F.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1050"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PI2G_2F.jpg/640px-PI2G_2F.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="840"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Counterterrorism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Counterterrorism rootpage-Counterterrorism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Counterterrorism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Counterterrorism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Counterterrorism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Counterterrorism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Planning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Planning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intelligence,_surveillance,_and_reconnaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence,_surveillance,_and_reconnaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence,_surveillance,_and_reconnaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legal contexts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preemptive_neutralization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preemptive_neutralization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Preemptive neutralization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preemptive_neutralization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Non-military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Target_hardening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_hardening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Target hardening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_hardening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Command and control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Damage mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Local security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Medical services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tactical units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterterrorist_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterterrorist_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Counterterrorist operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counterterrorist_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counterterrorist operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counterterrorist_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Designing_counterterrorist_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designing_counterterrorist_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Designing counterterrorist systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designing_counterterrorist_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>American law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterterrorism_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterterrorism_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Counterterrorism agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterterrorism_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Counterterrorism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="مكافحة الإرهاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكافحة الإرهاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrterrorizm" title="Kontrterrorizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kontrterrorizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Контртэрарызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Контртэрарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Контратероризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Контратероризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiterrorisme" title="Antiterrorisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boj_proti_terorismu" title="Boj proti terorismu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boj proti terorismu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterrorisme" title="Kontraterrorisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kontraterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismusbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Terrorismusbekämpfung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terrorismusbekämpfung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraterrorismo" title="Contraterrorismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contraterrorismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADterorismo" title="Kontraŭterorismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭterorismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterrorismo" title="Kontraterrorismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontraterrorismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ضدتروریسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضدتروریسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiterrorisme" title="Antiterrorisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%85%8C%EB%9F%AC_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99" title="대테러 활동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대테러 활동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protuterorizam" title="Protuterorizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protuterorizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterorisme" title="Kontraterorisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kontraterorisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מלחמה בטרור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמה בטרור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretterorisms" title="Pretterorisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pretterorisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisme_balas" title="Terorisme balas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terorisme balas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraterrorisme" title="Contraterrorisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Contraterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="対テロ作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対テロ作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterrorisme" title="Kontraterrorisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kontraterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterrorisme" title="Kontraterrorisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kontraterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="انسداد دہشت گردی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسداد دہشت گردی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyterroryzm" title="Antyterroryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyterroryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiterrorismo" title="Antiterrorismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiterrorismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Контртерроризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контртерроризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kund%C3%ABr-terrorizmi" title="Kundër-terrorizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kundër-terrorizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C" title="ත්‍රස්තවාදයට එරෙහි ක්‍රියාමාර්ග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රස්තවාදයට එරෙහි ක්‍රියාමාර්ග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Counterterrorism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne_protiteroristick%C3%A9_jednotky" title="Špeciálne protiteroristické jednotky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Špeciálne protiteroristické jednotky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protiteroristi%C4%8Dno_bojevanje" title="Protiteroristično bojevanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protiteroristično bojevanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Противтероризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Противтероризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterorizam" title="Kontraterorizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontraterorizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraterrorism" title="Kontraterrorism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kontraterrorism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การต่อต้านการก่อการร้าย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การต่อต้านการก่อการร้าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%B6rle_m%C3%BCcadele" title="Terörle mücadele – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terörle mücadele" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Боротьба з тероризмом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боротьба з тероризмом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="انسداد دہشت گردی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسداد دہشت گردی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%91ng_kh%E1%BB%A7ng_b%E1%BB%91" title="Chống khủng bố – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chống khủng bố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קאנטערטעראריזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנטערטעראריזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90" title="反恐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反恐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q909459#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Counterterrorism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Counterterrorism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Counterterrorism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&oldid=1275113909" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Counterterrorism&id=1275113909&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCounterterrorism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCounterterrorism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Counterterrorism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Counter-terrorism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q909459" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Activity to defend against or prevent terrorist actions</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PI2G_2F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PI2G_2F.jpg/220px-PI2G_2F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PI2G_2F.jpg/330px-PI2G_2F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PI2G_2F.jpg/440px-PI2G_2F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GIGN" title="GIGN">GIGN</a> operators in 2015. GIGN is the counterterrorist <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">tactical unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a> of France.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Counterterrorism</b> (alternatively spelled: <b>counter-terrorism</b>), also known as <b>anti-terrorism</b>, relates to the practices, <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a>, techniques, and strategies that governments, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, businesses, and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a> use to combat or eliminate <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent extremism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If an act of terrorism occurs as part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> (and insurgency is included in the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">definition of terrorism</a>) then counterterrorism may additionally employ <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> measures. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> uses the term "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">foreign internal defense</a>" for programs that support other countries' attempts to suppress insurgency, <a href="/wiki/Lawlessness" title="Lawlessness">lawlessness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a>, or to reduce the conditions under which threats to <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> may develop.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first counterterrorism body to be formed was the Special Irish Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a> after it expanded its scope beyond its original focus on <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> terrorism. Various <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agencies</a> established similar units in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists</a> has been identified as the first international conference against terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-t136_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t136-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first tactical counterterrorist unit was <a href="/wiki/GSG_9" title="GSG 9">GSG 9</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">German Federal Police</a>, formed in response to the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Counterterrorist forces expanded with the perceived growing threat of terrorism in the late 20th century. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Western governments made counterterrorism efforts a priority. This included more extensive collaboration with foreign governments, shifting tactics involving <a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">red teams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and preventive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although terrorist attacks affecting Western countries generally receive a disproportionately large share of media attention,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most terrorism occurs in less developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government responses to terrorism, in some cases, tend to lead to substantial unintended consequences,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="What kind of "unintended consequences"? (August 2023)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> such as what occurred in the above-mentioned Munich massacre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (August 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence,_surveillance,_and_reconnaissance"><span id="Intelligence.2C_surveillance.2C_and_reconnaissance"></span>Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence cycle management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis">Intelligence analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">HUMINT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg/240px-Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg/360px-Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg/480px-Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yamam" title="Yamam">Yamam</a>, one of Israel's counterterrorism units</figcaption></figure> <p>Most counterterrorism strategies involve an increase in policing and domestic <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> gathering. Central techniques include <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">intercepting communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tracking_system" title="Tracking system">location tracking</a>. New technology has expanded the range of <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(military)" title="Manhunt (military)">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(law_enforcement)" title="Manhunt (law enforcement)">law enforcement</a> options for intelligence gathering. Many countries increasingly employ <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a> in policing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic intelligence gathering is sometimes directed to specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic</a> or religious groups, which are the sources of political conversy. <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a> of an entire population raises objections on <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> grounds. <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic terrorists</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">lone wolves</a>, are often harder to detect because of their citizenship or legal status and ability to stay under the radar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To select the effective action when terrorism appears to be more of an isolated event, the appropriate government organizations need to understand the source, motivation, methods of preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups. Good intelligence is at the heart of such preparation, as well as a political and social understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside the group, a very difficult challenge for <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">human intelligence</a> operations because <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">operational terrorist cells</a> are often small, with all members known to one another, perhaps even related.<sup id="cite_ref-Feiler2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feiler2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a> is a great challenge with the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but the nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_human_intelligence" title="Clandestine human intelligence">clandestine source</a> within the cell. Financial tracking can play a role, as a <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">communications intercept</a>. However, both of these approaches need to be balanced against legitimate expectations of privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_contexts">Legal contexts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></div> <p>In response to the growing legislation. </p> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>The United Kingdom has had counterterrorism legislation in place for more than thirty years. The Prevention of Violence Act 1938 was brought in response to an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) campaign of violence under the <a href="/wiki/S-Plan" title="S-Plan">S-Plan</a>. This act had been allowed to expire in 1953. It was repealed in 1973 to be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Acts" title="Prevention of Terrorism Acts">Prevention of Terrorism Acts</a>, a response to <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland. From 1974 to 1989, the temporary provisions of the act were renewed annually. Their original counterterrorism legislation was used to predict future IRA attacks and respond accordingly based on their predictions. For example, if British Security Forces attacked, they predicted the IRA would target civilian areas as a response.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2000 the Acts were replaced with the more permanent <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a>, which contained many of their powers, and then the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism,_Crime_and_Security_Act_2001" title="Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001">Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001</a> was formally introduced into the Parliament on November 19, 2001, two months after the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a> in the United States. It received royal assent and went into force on December 13, 2001. On December 16, 2004, the Law Lords ruled that Part 4 was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>, it remained in force. The <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a> was drafted to answer the Law Lords ruling and the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">Terrorism Act 2006</a> creates new offenses related to terrorism, and amends existing ones. The act was drafted in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a> and, like its predecessors, some of its terms have proven to be highly controversial.</li></ul> <p>Since 1978 the UK's terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared <a href="/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation" title="Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation">Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation</a>, whose often influential reports are submitted to Parliament and published in full. </p> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>U.S. legal issues surrounding this issue include rulings on the domestic employment of <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">deadly force</a> by law enforcement agencies.</li> <li>Search and seizure is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.</li> <li>The U.S. passed the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> after the September 11 attacks, as well as a range of other legislation and <a href="/wiki/Executive_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive orders">executive orders</a> relating to national security.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> was established to consolidate domestic security agencies to coordinate counterterrorism and national response to major natural disasters and accidents.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>'s mission, only military branch with law enforcement jurisdiction to board and seize <i>"The direct or indirect supply, sale, or transfer of weapons to terrorist organizations violates U.N. Security Resolution 2216 (as extended and renewed by resolutions 2675 and 2707) and international law."</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> limits domestic employment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, requiring Presidential approval before deploying the Army or the Air Force. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> policy also applies this limitation to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, because the Posse Comitatus Act does not cover naval services, even though they are federal military forces. The Department of Defense can be employed domestically on Presidential order, as was done during the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_riots_of_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles riots of 1992">Los Angeles riots of 1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beltway_Sniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway Sniper">Beltway Sniper</a> incidents.</li> <li>External or international use of lethal force would require a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_finding" title="Presidential finding">Presidential finding</a>.</li> <li>In February 2017, sources claimed that the Trump administration intends to rename and revamp the U.S. government program <a href="/wiki/Countering_Violent_Extremism_Task_Force" title="Countering Violent Extremism Task Force">Countering Violent Extremism</a> (CVE) to focus solely on Islamist extremism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>Australia has passed several counterterrorism acts. In 2004, a bill comprising three acts <a href="/wiki/Australian_anti-terrorism_legislation,_2004" title="Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004">Anti-terrorism Act, 2004, (No 2) and (No 3)</a> was passed. Then Attorney-General, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruddock" title="Philip Ruddock">Philip Ruddock</a>, introduced the <i>Anti-terrorism bill, 2004</i> on March 31. He described it as "a bill to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism laws in a number of respects – a task made more urgent following the recent tragic <a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">terrorist bombings</a> in Spain." He said that Australia's counterterrorism laws "require review and, where necessary, updating if we are to have a legal framework capable of safeguarding all Australians from the scourge of terrorism." The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Anti-Terrorism_Act_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005">Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005</a> supplemented the powers of the earlier acts. The Australian legislation allows police to detain suspects for up to two weeks without charge and to electronically track suspects for up to a year. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Anti-Terrorism_Act_2005#The_"Shoot_to_Kill"_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005">Australian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2005</a> included a "shoot-to-kill" clause. In a country with entrenched <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> traditions, the measures are controversial and have been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil libertarian">civil libertarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>Israel monitors a list of designated <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organizations</a> and has laws forbidding membership in such organizations and funding or helping them.</li> <li>On December 14, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Supreme Court">Israeli Supreme Court</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Israeli_targeted_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli targeted killings">targeted killings</a> were a permitted form of self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2016 the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed a comprehensive law against terrorism, forbidding any kind of terrorism and support of terrorism, and setting severe punishments for terrorists. The law also regulates legal efforts against terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel-ani-terror-law_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel-ani-terror-law-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg/170px-John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg/255px-John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg/340px-John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Walker_Lindh" title="John Walker Lindh">John Walker Lindh</a> was captured as an enemy combatant during the United States' <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the primary difficulties of implementing effective counterterrorist measures is the waning of civil liberties and individual privacy that such measures often entail, both for citizens of, and for those detained by states attempting to combat terror.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, measures designed to tighten security have been seen as <a href="/wiki/Abuses_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuses of power">abuses of power</a> or even violations of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of these problems can include prolonged, incommunicado detention without judicial review or long periods of 'preventive detention';<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> risk of subjecting to torture during the transfer, return and extradition of people between or within countries; and the adoption of security measures that restrain the rights or freedoms of citizens and breach principles of non-discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include: </p> <ul><li>In November 2003, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> passed new counterterrorism laws, widely criticized by local human rights groups for being vague and overbroad. Critics claim that the laws put the fundamental rights of free expression, association, and assembly at risk. Malaysia persisted in holding around 100 alleged militants without trial, including five Malaysian students detained for alleged terrorist activity while studying in Karachi, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2003, a Canadian-Syrian national, Maher Arar, publicly alleged that he had been tortured in a Syrian prison after being handed over to the Syrian authorities by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In December 2003, Colombia's congress approved legislation that would give the military the power to arrest, tap telephones, and carry out searches without warrants or any previous judicial order.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Images of torture and ill-treatment of detainees in U.S. custody in Iraq and other locations have encouraged international scrutiny of U.S. operations in the war on terror.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hundreds of foreign nationals remain in prolonged indefinite detention without charge or trial in Guantánamo Bay, despite international and U.S. constitutional standards some groups believe outlaw such practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hundreds of people suspected of connections with the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> or <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> remain in long-term detention in Pakistan or in U.S.-controlled centers in Afghanistan without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>China has used the "war on terror" to justify its policies in the predominantly Muslim <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> to stifle Uyghur identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Yemen, and other countries, scores of people have been arrested and arbitrarily detained in connection with suspected terrorist acts or links to opposition armed groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Until 2005, eleven men remained in high security detention in the UK under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Nations experts condemned the misuse of counterterrorism powers by the Egyptian authorities following the arrest, detention, and designation of human rights activists Ramy Shaath and Zyad El-Elaimy as terrorists. The two activists were arrested in June 2019, and the first-ever renewal of remand detention for Shaath came for the 21st time in 19 months on 24 January 2021. Experts called it alarming, and demanded the urgent implementation of the Working Group's opinion and removal of the two's names from the "terrorism entities' list.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many argue that such violations of rights could exacerbate rather than counter the terrorist threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights activists argue for the crucial role of human rights protection as an intrinsic part to fight against terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests, as proponents of <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a> have long argued, that respecting human rights may indeed help us to incur security. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> included a section on confronting terrorism in the recommendations in the Madrid Agenda arising from the Madrid Summit on Democracy and Terrorism (Madrid March 8–11, 2005): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Democratic principles and values are essential tools in the fight against terrorism. Any successful strategy for dealing with terrorism requires terrorists to be isolated. Consequently, the preference must be to treat terrorism as criminal acts to be handled through existing systems of law enforcement and with full respect for human rights and the rule of law. We recommend: (1) taking effective measures to make impunity impossible either for acts of terrorism or for the abuse of human rights in counter-terrorism measures. (2) the incorporation of human rights laws in all anti-terrorism programs and policies of national governments as well as international bodies."<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While international efforts to combat terrorism have focused on the need to enhance cooperation between states, proponents of human rights (as well as <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a>) have suggested that more effort needs to be given to the effective inclusion of human rights protection as a crucial element in that cooperation. They argue that international human rights obligations do not stop at borders, and a failure to respect human rights in one state may undermine its effectiveness in the global effort to cooperate to combat terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preemptive_neutralization">Preemptive neutralization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preemptive neutralization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach, while Western European states generally do not.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another major method of preemptive neutralization is the <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a> of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, the identity of other terrorists, whether or not the interrogation subjects himself is guilty of terrorist involvement. Sometimes more extreme methods are used to increase <a href="/wiki/Suggestibility" title="Suggestibility">suggestibility</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a> or drugs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such methods may lead captives to offer false information in an attempt to stop the treatment, or due to the confusion caused by it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1978 the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled in the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_v._United_Kingdom_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978)">Ireland v. United Kingdom</a> case that <a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">such methods</a> amounted to a practice of <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman and degrading treatment</a>, and that such practices were in breach of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> Article 3 (art. 3).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-military">Non-military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg/170px-Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg/255px-Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg/340px-Transparent_garbage_bins_at_Central_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="4309" /></a><figcaption>Transparent <a href="/wiki/Waste_container" title="Waste container">garbage bin</a> installed at <a href="/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney" title="Central railway station, Sydney">Central Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia. The bin's transparency allows police to easily examine its contents, discouraging the placement of bombs or weaponry inside.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a> paradigm outlines a non-military approach that aims to address the enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal access to resources and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> for all people. Such activities empower citizens, providing "freedom from fear" and "freedom from want".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This can take many forms, including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and shelter and protection from violence, military or otherwise. Successful human security campaigns have been characterized by the participation of a diverse group of actors, including governments, <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a>, and citizens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">Foreign internal defense</a> programs provide outside expert assistance to a threatened government. FID can involve both non-military and military aspects of counterterrorism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A 2017 study found that "governance and civil society aid is effective in dampening domestic terrorism, but this effect is only present if the recipient country is not experiencing a civil conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism#Prevention_of_radicalization_and_deradicalization" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism § Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg/220px-3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg/330px-3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg/440px-3RAR_Afghanistan_patrol_Aug_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> soldiers under the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> interacting with a civilian in <a href="/wiki/Tarinkot" title="Tarinkot">Tarinkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 2008 during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Terrorism has often been used to justify <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention">military intervention</a> in countries where terrorists are said to be based. Similar justifications were used for the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">second Russian invasion of Chechnya</a>. </p><p>Military intervention has not always been successful in stopping or preventing future terrorism, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau uprising">Mau Mau uprising</a>, and most of the campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/S-Plan" title="S-Plan">S-Plan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland. Although military action can temporarily disrupt a terrorist group's operations temporarily, it sometimes does not end the threat completely.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repression by the military in itself usually leads to short term victories, but tend to be unsuccessful in the long run (e.g., the French doctrine used in colonial <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trinquier_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinquier-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), particularly if it is not accompanied by other measures. However, new methods such as those taken in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> have yet to be seen as beneficial or ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-FM3-24_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM3-24-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_hardening">Target hardening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Target hardening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the targets to prevent the terrorists from hitting their mark, or reducing the damage of attacks. One method is to place <a href="/wiki/Hostile_vehicle_mitigation" title="Hostile vehicle mitigation">hostile vehicle mitigation</a> to enforce protective standoff distance outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to prevent <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombings</a>. Another way to reduce the impact of attacks is to design buildings for rapid evacuation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aircraft cockpits are kept locked during flights and have reinforced doors, which only the pilots in the cabin are capable of opening. UK <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway stations">railway stations</a> removed their garbage bins in response to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a> threat, as convenient locations for depositing bombs. Scottish stations removed theirs after the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_Bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="7 July 2005 London Bombings">7 July 2005 London Bombings</a> as a precautionary measure. The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a> purchased bomb-resistant barriers after the September 11 attacks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls,_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg/220px-Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg/330px-Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg/440px-Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._XVIII.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Israeli <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> active protection system, capable of intercepting airborne rockets and artillery shells</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to frequent shelling of Israel's cities, towns, and settlements by <a href="/wiki/Artillery_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery rocket">artillery rockets</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> (mainly by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, but also by other Palestinian factions) and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (mainly by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>), Israel has developed several defensive measures against artillery, rockets, and missiles. These include building a <a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">bomb shelter</a> in every building and school, but also deploying <a href="/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">active protection systems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(missile_family)" title="Arrow (missile family)">Arrow ABM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> and <a href="/wiki/David%27s_Sling" title="David's Sling">David's Sling</a>, which intercept the incoming threat in the air. <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> has successfully intercepted hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">Grad rockets</a> fired by Palestinians from the Gaza Strip.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more sophisticated target-hardening approach must consider industrial and other critical industrial infrastructure that could be attacked. Terrorists do not need to import chemical weapons if they can cause a major industrial accident such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a>. Industrial chemicals in manufacturing, shipping, and storage thus require greater protection, and some efforts are in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equipping likely targets with containers of pig lard has been used to discourage attacks by suicide bombers. The technique was apparently used on a limited scale by British authorities in the 1940s. The approach stems from the idea that Muslims perpetrating the attack would not want to be "soiled" by the lard in the moment before dying.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea has been suggested more recently as a deterrent to suicide bombings in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the actual effectiveness of this tactic is likely limited. A sympathetic Islamic scholar could issue a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> proclaiming that a suicide bomber would not be polluted by the swine products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_and_control">Command and control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Command and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a threatened or completed terrorist attack, an <a href="/wiki/Incident_Command_System" title="Incident Command System">Incident Command System</a> (ICS) may be invoked to control the various services that may need to be involved in the response. ICS has varied levels of escalation, such as might be required for multiple incidents in a given area (e.g. <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a> or the <a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a>), or all the way to a <a href="/wiki/National_Response_Plan" title="National Response Plan">National Response Plan</a> invocation if national-level resources are needed. For example, a national response might be required for a nuclear, biological, radiological, or significant chemical attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_mitigation">Damage mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Damage mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire departments</a>, perhaps supplemented by public works agencies, utility providers, and heavy construction contractors, are most apt to deal with the physical consequences of an attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_security">Local security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Local security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Again under an incident command model, local police can isolate the incident area, reducing confusion, and specialized police units can conduct tactical operations against terrorists, often using specialized counterterrorist tactical units. Bringing in such units will typically involve civil or military authority beyond the local level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_services">Medical services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medical services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a> are capable of triaging, treating, and transporting the more severely affected individuals to hospitals, which typically have <a href="/wiki/Mass-casualty_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-casualty incident">mass casualty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">triage</a> plans in place for terrorist attacks. </p><p>From the local to the national level, <a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">public health agencies</a> may be designated to deal with identification or mitigation of possible biological attacks, including chemical or radiological contamination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactical_units">Tactical units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tactical units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020,_Bundesgrenzschutz,_GSG_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020%2C_Bundesgrenzschutz%2C_GSG_9.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020%2C_Bundesgrenzschutz%2C_GSG_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020%2C_Bundesgrenzschutz%2C_GSG_9.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020%2C_Bundesgrenzschutz%2C_GSG_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020%2C_Bundesgrenzschutz%2C_GSG_9.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020%2C_Bundesgrenzschutz%2C_GSG_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GSG_9" title="GSG 9">GSG 9</a> troopers disembarking from a helicopter in 1978. GSG 9 was one of the first tactical units to be established for the specific purpose of counterterrorism.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many countries have dedicated counterterrorist units trained to handle terrorist threats. Besides various <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security agencies</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">police tactical units</a> whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. Such units perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue, and responding to ongoing attacks. Countries of all sizes can have highly trained counterterrorist teams. Tactics, techniques, and procedures for <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(military)" title="Manhunt (military)">manhunting</a> are under constant development. </p><p>These units are specially trained in <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a> and are equipped for <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">close-quarters combat</a>, with emphasis on stealth and performing the mission with minimal casualties. The units include assault teams, <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">snipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">EOD</a> experts, dog handlers, and intelligence officers. Most of these measures deal with terrorist attacks that affect an area or threaten to do so, or are lengthy situations such as <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Police standoff">standoffs</a> that allow the counterterrorist units to assemble and respond; it is harder to deal with shorter incidents such as assassinations, reprisal attacks, or bombings due to the short warning time and the quick exfiltration of the perpetrators.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of counterterrorism operations at the tactical level are conducted by state, federal, and national law enforcement or <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a>. In some countries, the military may be called in as a last resort. For countries whose military is legally permitted to conduct domestic law enforcement operations, this is not an issue, and such counterterrorism operations are conducted by their military. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counterterrorist_operations">Counterterrorist operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Counterterrorist operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some counterterrorist actions of the 20th and 21st centuries are listed below. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_hostage_crises" title="List of hostage crises">list of hostage crises</a> for a more extended list, including hostage-takings that did not end violently. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Representative counterterrorist operations</caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th colspan="2">Incident </th> <th>Main locale </th> <th>Hostage nationality </th> <th>Kidnappers<br />/hijackers </th> <th>Counterterrorist force </th> <th width="300">Results </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1972</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Lod_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv-Lod International Airport">Tel Aviv-Lod International Airport</a>, Israel </td> <td>Mixed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_September_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September (group)">Black September</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal" title="Sayeret Matkal">Sayeret Matkal</a> </td> <td>2 hijackers killed, 1 passenger died from wounds during raid. 2 passengers and 1 commando injured. 2 kidnappers captured. All other 96 passengers rescued. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1972</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> </td> <td>Israeli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_September_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September (group)">Black September</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">German Federal Border Guard</a> </td> <td>All hostages murdered; 5 kidnappers and 1 West German police officer killed. 3 kidnappers captured and released. This fatal result was the reason for the foundation of the German special counterterrorism unit <a href="/wiki/GSG9" class="mw-redirect" title="GSG9">GSG9</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a> </td> <td>AIA building, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia </td> <td>Mixed. American and Swedish </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Gerakan_Khas#UTK" title="Pasukan Gerakan Khas">Special Actions Unit</a> </td> <td>All hostages released, all kidnappers flown to Libya. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">Operation Entebbe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Entebbe_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Entebbe airport">Entebbe airport</a>, Uganda </td> <td>Israelis and Jews. Non-Jewish hostages were released shortly after capture. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal" title="Sayeret Matkal">Sayeret Matkal</a>, Sayeret Tzanhanim, Sayeret Golani </td> <td>All 7 hijackers, 45 Ugandan troops, 3 hostages, and 1 Israeli soldier were killed. 100 hostages rescued </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_181" title="Lufthansa Flight 181">Lufthansa Flight 181</a> </td> <td>Initially over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Sea</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">the French coast</a>; </p><p>subsequently <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogadishu International Airport">Mogadishu International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> </p> </td> <td>Mixed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GSG_9" title="GSG 9">GSG 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> consultants </td> <td>1 hostage killed before the raid; 3 hijackers killed and 1 captured. 90 hostages rescued. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1980</td> <td>Casa Circondariale di Trani <a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Prison riot</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trani,_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trani, Apulia">Trani</a>, Italy </td> <td>Italian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_di_intervento_speciale" title="Gruppo di intervento speciale">Gruppo di intervento speciale</a> (GIS) </td> <td>18 police officers rescued, all terrorists captured. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege</a> </td> <td>London, UK </td> <td>Mostly Iranian but some British </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revolutionary_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Arabistan" title="Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan">Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> </td> <td>5 kidnappers killed, 1 kidnapper captured. 1 hostage killed prior to raid, 1 hostage killed by kidnapper during raid; 24 hostages rescued. 1 SAS operative received minor burns. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1979-1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Americans </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">United States Army Special Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/75th_Infantry_Regiment_(Ranger)" title="75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger)">75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">CIA Special Activities Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Special_Operations_Wing" title="1st Special Operations Wing">1st Special Operations Wing</a> </td> <td>8 US servicemen killed & 4 injured 1 Iranian civilian (alleged by Iranian Army) killed in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a>. Negotiation finished in 1981. 53 hostages released. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_206" class="mw-redirect" title="Garuda Indonesia Flight 206">Garuda Indonesia Flight 206</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand </td> <td>Mostly Indonesian, some Europeans/Americans </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komando_Jihad" title="Komando Jihad">Komando Jihad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kopassus" title="Kopassus">Kopassus</a> assault group, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">RTAF</a> securing perimeter </td> <td>5 hijackers killed (2 likely killed extrajudicially after raid),1 Kopassus operative killed, 1 pilot fatally wounded by terrorist, all hostages rescued. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Harvest" title="Operation Winter Harvest">Operation Winter Harvest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy </td> <td>American </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Support_Activity" title="Intelligence Support Activity"> U.S. Army Intelligence Support Activity</a> (ISA), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_Operativo_Centrale_di_Sicurezza" title="Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza">Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza</a> (NOCS) </td> <td>Hostage saved, capture of the entire terrorist cell. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1983</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1983_Turkish_embassy_attack_in_Lisbon" title="1983 Turkish embassy attack in Lisbon">Turkish embassy attack</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal </td> <td>Turkish </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Army" title="Armenian Revolutionary Army">Armenian Revolutionary Army</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_Opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Especiais_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo de Operações Especiais (Portugal)">GOE</a> </td> <td>5 hijackers, 1 hostage, and 1 police officer killed, 1 hostage and 1 police officer wounded. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking"><i>Achille Lauro</i> hijacking</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MS_Achille_Lauro" title="MS Achille Lauro">MS <i>Achille Lauro</i></a> off the Egyptian coast </td> <td>Mixed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">Navy SEALs</a> turned over to <a href="/wiki/Italian_special_forces" title="Italian special forces">Italian special forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gruppo_di_intervento_speciale" title="Gruppo di intervento speciale">Gruppo di intervento speciale</a>) </td> <td>1 hostage killed during hijacking, 4 hijackers convicted in Italy </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pudu_Prison_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudu Prison siege">Pudu Prison siege</a> </td> <td>Pudu Prison, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia </td> <td>Two doctors </td> <td>Prisoners </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Gerakan_Khas#UTK" title="Pasukan Gerakan Khas">Special Actions Unit</a> </td> <td>6 kidnappers captured, 2 hostages rescued </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers Bus">Mothers Bus</a> </td> <td>Hijacked between <a href="/wiki/Beer_Sheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer Sheva">Beer Sheva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a>, Israel </td> <td>11 passengers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YAMAM" class="mw-redirect" title="YAMAM">YAMAM</a> </td> <td>3 hijacker killed, 3 hostages killed, 8 hostages rescued </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_427" title="Indian Airlines Flight 427">Indian Airlines Flight 427</a> </td> <td>Hijacked between Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, India </td> <td>141 passengers </td> <td>Islamic terrorist (Mohammed Yousuf Shah) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard</a> </td> <td>1 hijacker killed, all hostages rescued. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Air France Flight 8969</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France </td> <td>Mixed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group of Algeria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GIGN" title="GIGN">GIGN</a> </td> <td>4 hijackers killed. 3 hostages killed before the raid, 229 hostages rescued </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_embassy_hostage_crisis" title="Japanese embassy hostage crisis">Japanese embassy hostage crisis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru </td> <td>Japanese and guests (800+) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peruvian military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">police</a> mixed forces </td> <td>All 14 kidnappers, 1 hostage, and 2 rescuers killed. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapenduma_hostage_crisis" title="Mapenduma hostage crisis">Mapenduma hostage crisis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayawijaya_Regency" title="Jayawijaya Regency">Mapenduma</a>, Indonesia </td> <td>Mixed (19 Indonesians, 4 British, 2 Dutch, & 1 German) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Kwalik" title="Kelly Kwalik">Kelly Kwalik</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a> (OPM) Group </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kopassus" title="Kopassus">Kopassus</a>'s SAT-81 Gultor CT Group, <a href="/wiki/Kostrad" title="Kostrad">Kostrad</a>'s Infantry Battalion, Penerbad (Army Aviation) Mixed Forces </td> <td>8 kidnappers killed, 2 kidnappers captured. 2 hostages killed by kidnappers, 24 hostages rescued. 5 soldiers killed in helicopter accident. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauk_Arms_Heist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk Arms Heist">Sauk Siege</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, Malaysia </td> <td>Malaysian (2 police officers, 1 soldier and 1 civilian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Gerakan_Khas" title="Pasukan Gerakan Khas">Pasukan Gerakan Khas</a>, mixed forces </td> <td>2 hostages, 2 rescuers, and 1 kidnapper killed. Other 28 kidnappers captured. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2001–2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge_crisis" title="Pankisi Gorge crisis">Pankisi Gorge crisis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pankisi Gorge">Pankisi Gorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>, Georgia </td> <td> </td> <td>Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and Chechen rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab" title="Ibn al-Khattab">Ibn al-Khattab</a> </td> <td>2,400 troops, 1,000 police officers </td> <td>Terrorism threats in the gorge were repressed. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a> </td> <td>Moscow, Russia </td> <td>Mixed, mostly Russian (900+) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Purpose_Islamic_Regiment" title="Special Purpose Islamic Regiment">Special Purpose Islamic Regiment</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> </td> <td>All 39 kidnappers and 129–204 hostages killed. 600–700 hostages freed. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beslan" title="Beslan">Beslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a>, Russia </td> <td>Russian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riyad-us_Saliheen_Brigade_of_Martyrs" title="Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs">Riyad-us Saliheen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">MVD</a> (including <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a>), <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian army</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a>), Russian police (<a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a>) </td> <td>334 hostages killed and hundreds wounded. 10–21 rescuers killed. 31 kidnappers killed, 1 captured. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid" title="Siege of Lal Masjid">Siege of Lal Masjid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan </td> <td> </td> <td>Students and <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Rangers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group" title="Special Service Group">Special Service Group</a> </td> <td>91 students/militants killed, 50 militants captured. 10 SSG and 1 Ranger killed; 33 SSG, 3 Rangers, 8 soldiers wounded. 204 civilians injured. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2007</td> <td>Kirkuk Hostage Rescue<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Kirkuk, Iraq </td> <td>Turkman child </td> <td>Islamic State of Iraq <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> </td> <td>PUK's Kurdistan Regional Government's Counter Terrorism Group </td> <td>5 kidnappers arrested, 1 hostage rescued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque">Operation Jaque</a> </td> <td>Colombia </td> <td>Mixed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Columbian military</a> </td> <td>15 hostages rescued. 2 kidnappers captured </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2008</td> <td>Operations Dawn </td> <td>Gulf of Aden, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>Mixed </td> <td>Somali pirates and militants </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PASKAL" title="PASKAL">PASKAL</a> and mixed international forces </td> <td>Negotiation finished. 80 hostages released. RMN, including PASKAL navy commandos with mixed international forces patrolling the Gulf of Aden during this festive period.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a> </td> <td>Multiple locations in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> city </td> <td>Indian Nationals, Foreign tourists </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks#Attribution" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">Ajmal Qasab and other Pakistani nationals affiliated to Laskar-e-taiba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Police">Mumbai Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Force" title="Rapid Action Force">Rapid Action Force</a> </td> <td>141 Indian civilians, 30 foreigners, 15 police officers, and two NSG commandos were killed. 9 attackers killed, 1 attacker captured. 293 individuals injured </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a> </td> <td>Gulf of Aden, Somalia. </td> <td>23 crew </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">Somali pirates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six" title="SEAL Team Six">SEAL Team Six</a> </td> <td>3 kidnappers killed and 1 captured. All hostages rescued. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_attack_on_the_Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team" title="2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team">2009 Lahore Attacks</a> </td> <td>Multiple locations in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> city </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police Commandos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Rangers">Army Rangers Battalion</a> </td> <td>March 3, The Sri Lankan cricket team attack – 6 members of the Sri Lankan cricket team were injured, 6 Pakistani police officers and 2 civilians killed. <p>March 30, the Manawan Police Academy in Lahore attack – 8 gunmen, 8 police personnel and 2 civilians killed, 95 people injured, 4 gunmen captured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /> Plaza Cinema Chowk attack – 16 police officers, an army officer and unknown number of civilians killed. As many as 251 people injured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a> </td> <td>Gulf of Aden, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, Myanmar, Indonesian </td> <td>Somali pirates and militants </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy_Special_Warfare_Flotilla" title="Republic of Korea Navy Special Warfare Flotilla">Republic of Korea Navy Special Warfare Flotilla</a> (UDT/SEAL) </td> <td>4+ kidnappers killed or missing (Jan 18). 8 kidnappers killed, 5 captured. All hostages rescued. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lopota_Gorge_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopota Gorge hostage crisis">Lopota Gorge hostage crisis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lopota" title="Lopota">Lopota</a> Gorge, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> </td> <td>Ethnic Chechen, Russian, and Georgian militants </td> <td>Special Operations Center, SOD, KUD, <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigade_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigade (Georgia)">army special forces</a> </td> <td>2 KUD members and one special forces corpsman killed, 5 police officers wounded. 11 kidnappers killed, 5 wounded, and 1 captured. All hostages rescued. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a>, Sabah, Malaysia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_III" title="Jamalul Kiram III">Jamalul Kiram III</a>'s faction) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysian Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Royal Malaysia Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Maritime_Enforcement_Agency" title="Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency">Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Special_Operations_Force_(Malaysia)" title="National Special Operations Force (Malaysia)">joint counterterrorist forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Armed Forces">Philippine Armed Forces</a> </td> <td>8 police officers (including 2 <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Gerakan_Khas" title="Pasukan Gerakan Khas">PGK commandos</a>) and one soldier killed, 12 others wounded. 56 militants killed, 3 wounded, and 149 captured. All hostages rescued. 6 civilians killed and one wounded. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Isani_flat_siege" title="2017 Isani flat siege">2017 Isani flat siege</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isani_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isani district (page does not exist)">Isani district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> </td> <td>Chechen militants </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">State Security Service of Georgia</a>, police special forces </td> <td>3 militants killed, including <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Chatayev" title="Akhmed Chatayev">Akhmed Chatayev</a>. 1 special forces officer killed during skirmishes. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Golden_Hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Golden Hand">Operation Golden Hand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamam" title="Yamam">YAMAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> with support from the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> </td> <td>67–100+ Palestinians killed, all hostages rescued. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designing_counterterrorist_systems">Designing counterterrorist systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Designing counterterrorist systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The scope for counterterrorism systems is very large in physical terms and in other dimensions, such as type and degree of terrorist threats, political and diplomatic ramifications, and legal concerns. Ideal counterterrorist systems use technology to enable persistent <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and potential actions. Designing such a system-of-systems comprises a major technological project.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particular design problem for counterterrorist systems is the uncertainty of the future: the threat of terrorism may increase, decrease or remain the same, the type of terrorism and location are difficult to predict, and there are technological uncertainties. A potential solution is to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(engineering)" title="Flexibility (engineering)">engineering flexibility</a> into system design, allowing for flexibility when new information arrives. Flexibility can be incorporated in the design of a counter-terrorism system in the form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While some countries with longstanding terrorism problems have law enforcement agencies primarily designed to prevent and respond to terror attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other nations, counterterrorism is a relatively more recent objective of law enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Deflem_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deflem-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though some <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">civil libertarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a> scholars have criticized efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism as futile and expensive<sup id="cite_ref-HelmsCostanzaJohnson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmsCostanzaJohnson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as threats to civil liberties,<sup id="cite_ref-HelmsCostanzaJohnson_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmsCostanzaJohnson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other scholars have analyzed the most important dimensions of the policing of terrorism as an important dimension of counter-terrorism, especially in the post-9/11 era, and have discussed how police view terrorism as a matter of crime control.<sup id="cite_ref-Deflem_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deflem-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such analyses highlight the civilian police role in counterterrorism next to the military model of a war on terror.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_law_enforcement">American law enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: American law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Hostage_Rescue_Team_Agents_bei_einer_%C3%9Cbung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FBI_Hostage_Rescue_Team_Agents_bei_einer_%C3%9Cbung.jpg/170px-FBI_Hostage_Rescue_Team_Agents_bei_einer_%C3%9Cbung.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/FBI_Hostage_Rescue_Team_Agents_bei_einer_%C3%9Cbung.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a> agents</figcaption></figure> <p>Pursuant to passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002" title="Homeland Security Act of 2002">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a>, federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies began to systemically reorganize.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two primary federal agencies, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS), house most of the federal agencies that are prepared to combat domestic and international terrorist attacks. These include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>. </p><p>Following suit from federal changes pursuant to 9/11, however, most state and local law enforcement agencies began to include a commitment to "fighting terrorism" in their mission statements.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local agencies began to establish more patterned lines of communication with federal agencies. Some scholars have doubted the ability of local police to help in the war on terror and suggest their limited manpower is still best utilized by engaging community and targeting street crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-HelmsCostanzaJohnson_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmsCostanzaJohnson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While counter-terror measures (most notably heightened airport security, immigrant <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">profiling</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and border patrol) have been adapted during the last decade, to enhance counter-terror in law enforcement, there have been remarkable limitations to assessing the actual utility/effectiveness of law enforcement practices that are ostensibly preventative.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while sweeping changes in counterterrorist rhetoric redefined most American post 9/11 law enforcement agencies in theory, it is hard to assess how well such hyperbole has translated into practice. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-led_policing" title="Intelligence-led policing">intelligence-led policing</a> (ILP) efforts, the most quantitatively amenable starting point for measuring the effectiveness of any policing strategy (i.e.: Neighborhood Watch, Gun Abatement, Foot Patrols, etc.) is usually to assess total financial costs against clearance rates or arrest rates. Since terrorism is such a rare event phenomena,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> measuring arrests or clearance rates would be a non-generalizable and ineffective way to test enforcement policy effectiveness. Another methodological problem in assessing counterterrorism efforts in law enforcement hinges on finding operational measures for key concepts in the study of <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a>. Both terrorism and homeland security are relatively new concepts for criminologists, and academicians have yet to agree on the matter of how to properly define these ideas in a way that is accessible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_2">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special forces units">List of special forces units</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg/220px-DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg/330px-DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg/440px-DSA_2016_-_Breach_the_hideout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="2443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Army" title="Malaysian Army">Malaysian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerak_Khas_(Malaysian_Army_unit)" title="Gerak Khas (Malaysian Army unit)"><i>Gerak Khas</i></a> operatives during a <a href="/wiki/Training_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Training exercise">training exercise</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the nature of operational counterterrorism tasks, national military organizations do not generally have dedicated units whose sole responsibility is the prosecution of these tasks. Instead the counterterrorism function is an element of the role, allowing flexibility in their employment, with operations being undertaken in the domestic or international context. </p><p>In some cases the legal framework within which they operate prohibits military units conducting operations in the domestic arena; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> policy, based on the <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a>, forbids domestic counterterrorism operations by the U.S. military. Units allocated some operational counterterrorism tasks are frequently <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> or similar assets. </p><p>In cases where military organisations do operate in the domestic context, some form of formal handover from the law enforcement community is regularly required, to ensure adherence to the legislative framework and limitations. For instance, during the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> formally turned responsibility over to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> when the situation went beyond police capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterterrorism_agencies">Counterterrorism agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Counterterrorism agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counter-terrorism_agencies" title="List of counter-terrorism agencies">List of counter-terrorism agencies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio" title="Civilian casualty ratio">Civilian casualty ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-IED_efforts" title="Counter-IED efforts">Counter-IED efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterjihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterjihad">Counterjihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deradicalization" title="Deradicalization">Deradicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_detection" title="Explosive detection">Explosive detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial execution">Extrajudicial execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatwa_on_Terrorism" title="Fatwa on Terrorism">Fatwa on Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_antiterrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial antiterrorism">Industrial antiterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Informant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_security" title="Infrastructure security">Infrastructure security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_counter-terrorism_operations_of_Russia" title="International counter-terrorism operations of Russia">International counter-terrorism operations of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(law_enforcement)" title="Manhunt (law enforcement)">Manhunt (law enforcement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(military)" title="Manhunt (military)">Manhunt (military)</a></li> <li>Paramilitary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive State">Preventive State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_increase" title="Security increase">Security increase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Sociology of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a>, Central Intelligence Agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Research_Center" title="Terrorism Research Center">Terrorism Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_among_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="War among the people">War among the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStigallMillerDonnatucci2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stigall, Dan E.; Miller, Chris; Donnatucci, Lauren (October 7, 2019). "The 2018 National Strategy for Counterterrorism: A Synoptic Overview". <i>American University National Security Law Brief</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3466967">3466967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+University+National+Security+Law+Brief&rft.atitle=The+2018+National+Strategy+for+Counterterrorism%3A+A+Synoptic+Overview&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3466967%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stigall&rft.aufirst=Dan+E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Chris&rft.au=Donnatucci%2C+Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/AFDP_3-22/3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf">"Introduction to Foreign Internal Defense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Air Force Doctrine</i>. February 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Air+Force+Doctrine&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Foreign+Internal+Defense&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctrine.af.mil%2FPortals%2F61%2Fdocuments%2FAFDP_3-22%2F3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124234528/https://www.doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?filename=3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf">"Introduction to Foreign Internal Defense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Curtis E. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?filename=3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curtis+E.+Lemay+Center+for+Doctrine+Development+and+Education&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Foreign+Internal+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoctrine.af.mil%2Fdownload.jsp%3Ffilename%3D3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/differences-fid-coin-relate-sof/">"Differences Between Foreign Internal Defense (FID) and Counter Insurgency (COIN)"</a>. <i>SOFREP</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SOFREP&rft.atitle=Differences+Between+Foreign+Internal+Defense+%28FID%29+and+Counter+Insurgency+%28COIN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsofrep.com%2Fspecialoperations%2Fdifferences-fid-coin-relate-sof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Newburn,_Peter_Neyroud2013" class="citation book cs1">Tim Newburn, Peter Neyroud (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fqAZzIDlgYC"><i>Dictionary of Policing</i></a>. Routledge. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134011551" title="Special:BookSources/9781134011551"><bdi>9781134011551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Policing&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134011551&rft.au=Tim+Newburn%2C+Peter+Neyroud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1fqAZzIDlgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t136-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-t136_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The first international conference on terrorism: Rome 1898". <i>The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism</i>. Cambridge University Press. December 5, 2013. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139524124.008">10.1017/cbo9781139524124.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-52412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-52412-4"><bdi>978-1-139-52412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+first+international+conference+on+terrorism%3A+Rome+1898&rft.btitle=The+Battle+against+Anarchist+Terrorism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139524124.008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-52412-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapstf.org/pdf/1972%20GSG9%20Formation%20Document.pdf">"Conception for the Establishment and Employment of a Border-Guard for Special Police Action (GSG9)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 19, 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sapstf.org/pdf/1972%20GSG9%20Formation%20Document.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conception+for+the+Establishment+and+Employment+of+a+Border-Guard+for+Special+Police+Action+%28GSG9%29&rft.date=1972-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapstf.org%2Fpdf%2F1972%2520GSG9%2520Formation%2520Document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Ryan (2015). "Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11". <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">368–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2015.1006097">10.1080/09546553.2015.1006097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145270348">145270348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Counter-Terrorism+Intelligence%2C+Policy+and+Theory+Since+9%2F11&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2015.1006097&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145270348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/preventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation/">"Preventive Counter-Terrorism Measures and Non-Discrimination in the European Union: The Need for Systematic Evaluation"</a>. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). July 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preventive+Counter-Terrorism+Measures+and+Non-Discrimination+in+the+European+Union%3A+The+Need+for+Systematic+Evaluation&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Fpreventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/which-countries-terrorist-attacks-are-ignored-by-the-u-s-media/">"Which Countries' Terrorist Attacks Are Ignored By The U.S. Media?"</a>. <i>FiveThirtyEight</i>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=Which+Countries%27+Terrorist+Attacks+Are+Ignored+By+The+U.S.+Media%3F&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwhich-countries-terrorist-attacks-are-ignored-by-the-u-s-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/fourth-quarter-2017/impact-terrorism-developing-countries">"Trade and Terror: The Impact of Terrorism on Developing Countries"</a>. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</i>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Terror%3A+The+Impact+of+Terrorism+on+Developing+Countries&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouisfed.org%2Fpublications%2Fregional-economist%2Ffourth-quarter-2017%2Fimpact-terrorism-developing-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSextonWellhausenFindley2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sexton, Renard; Wellhausen, Rachel L.; Findley, Michael G. (2019). "How Government Reactions to Violence Worsen Social Welfare: Evidence from Peru". <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12415">10.1111/ajps.12415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907">1540-5907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159341592">159341592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=How+Government+Reactions+to+Violence+Worsen+Social+Welfare%3A+Evidence+from+Peru&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159341592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1540-5907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12415&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Renard&rft.au=Wellhausen%2C+Rachel+L.&rft.au=Findley%2C+Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Patrick K. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4095525">"How to Save Face & the Fourth Amendment: Developing an Algorithmic Auditing and Accountability Industry for Facial Recognition Technology in Law Enforcement"</a>. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.4095525">10.2139/ssrn.4095525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248582120">248582120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=How+to+Save+Face+%26+the+Fourth+Amendment%3A+Developing+an+Algorithmic+Auditing+and+Accountability+Industry+for+Facial+Recognition+Technology+in+Law+Enforcement&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248582120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.4095525&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.4095525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvie2022" class="citation cs2">Garvie, Clare (May 26, 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108775038.014">"Face Recognition and the Right to Stay Anonymous"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>152, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108775038.014">10.1017/9781108775038.014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108775038" title="Special:BookSources/9781108775038"><bdi>9781108775038</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Information+Technology%2C+Life+Sciences+and+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Face+Recognition+and+the+Right+to+Stay+Anonymous&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108775038.014&rft.isbn=9781108775038&rft.aulast=Garvie&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781108775038.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3108742/what-facial-recognition-and-why-more-relevant-ever-during-covid-19">"Why facial recognition use is growing amid the Covid-19 pandemic"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. November 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Why+facial+recognition+use+is+growing+amid+the+Covid-19+pandemic&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Ftech%2Fpolicy%2Farticle%2F3108742%2Fwhat-facial-recognition-and-why-more-relevant-ever-during-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/challenges-effective-counterterrorism-intelligence-2020s">"The Challenges of Effective Counterterrorism Intelligence in the 2020s"</a>. June 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Challenges+of+Effective+Counterterrorism+Intelligence+in+the+2020s&rft.date=2020-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawfaremedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchallenges-effective-counterterrorism-intelligence-2020s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feiler2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feiler2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiler,_Gil2007" class="citation journal cs1">Feiler, Gil (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS74.pdf">"The Globalization of Terror Funding"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University: 29. Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Globalization+of+Terror+Funding&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2007-09&rft.au=Feiler%2C+Gil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2FBesa%2FMSPS74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/terrorism/module-12/key-issues/surveillance-and-interception.html">"Counter-Terrorism Module 12 Key Issues: Surveillance & Interception"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counter-Terrorism+Module+12+Key+Issues%3A+Surveillance+%26+Interception&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fe4j%2Fen%2Fterrorism%2Fmodule-12%2Fkey-issues%2Fsurveillance-and-interception.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillPiazzaHorgan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Paul; Piazza, James A.; Horgan, John (May 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1477465/">"Counterterrorism Killings and Provisional IRA Bombings, 1970–1998"</a>. <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">473–</span>496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1155932">10.1080/09546553.2016.1155932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147673041">147673041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Counterterrorism+Killings+and+Provisional+IRA+Bombings%2C+1970%E2%80%931998&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1155932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147673041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Piazza%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Horgan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1477465%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3645241/uscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centcom.mil%2FMEDIA%2FPRESS-RELEASES%2FPress-Release-View%2FArticle%2F3645241%2Fuscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis%2F">"USCENTCOM Seizes Iranian Advanced Conventional Weapons Bound for Houthis"</a>. <i>U.S. Central Command</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Central+Command&rft.atitle=USCENTCOM+Seizes+Iranian+Advanced+Conventional+Weapons+Bound+for+Houthis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centcom.mil%2FMEDIA%2FPRESS-RELEASES%2FPress-Release-View%2FArticle%2F3645241%2Fuscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.centcom.mil%252FMEDIA%252FPRESS-RELEASES%252FPress-Release-View%252FArticle%252F3645241%252Fuscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-extremists-program-exclusiv-idUSKBN15G5VO">Exclusive: Trump to focus counter-extremism program solely on Islam – sources</a>, Reuters 2017-02-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/TerrorismLaws">"Proposals to further strengthen Australia s counter-terrorism laws 2005"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposals+to+further+strengthen+Australia+s+counter-terrorism+laws+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2FPublications_Archive%2Farchive%2FTerrorismLaws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.htm">Summary of Israeli Supreme Court Ruling on Targeted Killings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223012451/http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.htm">Archived</a> February 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> December 14, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-ani-terror-law-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Israel-ani-terror-law_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Terror-bill-passes-into-law-456857">"Terror bill passes into law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. June 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Terror+bill+passes+into+law&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FTerror-bill-passes-into-law-456857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080620/https://icct.nl/publication/accountability-and-transparency-in-the-united-states-counter-terrorism-strategy/">"Accountability and Transparency in the United States' Counter-Terrorism Strategy"</a>. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). January 22, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/accountability-and-transparency-in-the-united-states-counter-terrorism-strategy/">the original</a> on October 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Accountability+and+Transparency+in+the+United+States%27+Counter-Terrorism+Strategy&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Faccountability-and-transparency-in-the-united-states-counter-terrorism-strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fighting-terrorism-withou_b_9513034">"Fighting Terrorism Without Violating Human Rights"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Fighting+Terrorism+Without+Violating+Human+Rights&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Ffighting-terrorism-withou_b_9513034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Londras, Detention in the War on Terrorism: Can Human Rights Fight Back? (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights_News_2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_News_2004_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights News (2004): "Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism", in the Briefing to the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/01/29/global7127.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amnesty_International_2005-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2005_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International (2005): "Counter-terrorism and criminal law in the EU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior61/013/2005/en/">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26739&LangID=E">"UN experts call for removal of rights defenders Ramy Shaath and Zyad El-Elaimy from 'terrorism entities' list"</a>. <i>OHCHR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=UN+experts+call+for+removal+of+rights+defenders+Ramy+Shaath+and+Zyad+El-Elaimy+from+%27terrorism+entities%27+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D26739%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/preventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation/">"Preventive Counter-Terrorism Measures and Non-Discrimination in the European Union: The Need for Systematic Evaluation"</a>. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism-The Hague (ICCT). July 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preventive+Counter-Terrorism+Measures+and+Non-Discrimination+in+the+European+Union%3A+The+Need+for+Systematic+Evaluation&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficct.nl%2Fpublication%2Fpreventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavunTirone2018" class="citation journal cs1">Savun, Burcu; Tirone, Daniel C. (2018). "Foreign Aid as a Counterterrorism Tool – Burcu Savun, Daniel C. Tirone". <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>62</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1607–</span>1635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002717704952">10.1177/0022002717704952</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158017999">158017999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Foreign+Aid+as+a+Counterterrorism+Tool+%E2%80%93+Burcu+Savun%2C+Daniel+C.+Tirone&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1607-%3C%2Fspan%3E1635&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002717704952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158017999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Savun&rft.aufirst=Burcu&rft.au=Tirone%2C+Daniel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape,_Robert_A.2005" class="citation book cs1">Pape, Robert A. (2005). <i>Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism</i>. Random House. pp. <span class="nowrap">237–</span>250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+to+Win%3A+The+Strategic+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pape%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinquier-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trinquier_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinquier1961" class="citation web cs1">Trinquier, Roger (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112132017/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp">"Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp">the original</a> on January 12, 2008. <q>1964 English translation by Daniel Lee with an Introduction by Bernard B. Fall</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Warfare%3A+A+French+View+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Trinquier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Ftrinquier%2Ftrinquier.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FM3-24-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FM3-24_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaglPetraeusAmosSewall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Nagl, John A.; Petraeus, David H.; Amos, James F.; Sewall, Sarah (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf">"Field Manual 3–24 Counterinsurgency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Department of the Army<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>. <q>While military manuals rarely show individual authors, <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> is widely described as establishing many of this volume's concepts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Field+Manual+3%E2%80%9324+Counterinsurgency&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Nagl&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Petraeus%2C+David+H.&rft.au=Amos%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Sewall%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fdoddir%2Farmy%2Ffm3-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonchi,_E.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ronchi, E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F528333b">"Disaster management: Design buildings for rapid evacuation"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>528</b> (7582): 333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.528..333R">2015Natur.528..333R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F528333b">10.1038/528333b</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26672544">26672544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Disaster+management%3A+Design+buildings+for+rapid+evacuation&rft.volume=528&rft.issue=7582&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26672544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F528333b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.528..333R&rft.au=Ronchi%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F528333b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Johnson2012" class="citation news cs1">Robert Johnson (November 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-israel-developed-the-iron-dome-2012-11?op=1#ixzz2Cme6aQn5">"How Israel Developed Such A Shockingly Effective Rocket Defense System"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=How+Israel+Developed+Such+A+Shockingly+Effective+Rocket+Defense+System&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.au=Robert+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-israel-developed-the-iron-dome-2012-11%3Fop%3D1%23ixzz2Cme6aQn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-742641">"IDF's 'David's Sling' missile system used to shoot down rocket barrage"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. May 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=IDF%27s+%27David%27s+Sling%27+missile+system+used+to+shoot+down+rocket+barrage&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Farticle-742641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss,_Eric_M.2005" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Eric M. (January 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64224-2005Jan10.html">"D.C. Wants Rail Hazmats Banned: S.C. Wreck Renews Fears for Capital"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. B01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=D.C.+Wants+Rail+Hazmats+Banned%3A+S.C.+Wreck+Renews+Fears+for+Capital&rft.pages=B01&rft.date=2005-01-11&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA64224-2005Jan10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3484277.stm">"Suicide bombing 'pig fat threat"</a>. BBC News. February 13, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suicide+bombing+%27pig+fat+threat&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3484277.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/57793">"Swine: Secret Weapon Against Islamic Terror?"</a>. <i>ArutzSheva</i>. December 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ArutzSheva&rft.atitle=Swine%3A+Secret+Weapon+Against+Islamic+Terror%3F&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F57793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStathis_N._Kalyvas2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stathis N. Kalyvas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011055800/http://research.yale.edu/stathis/files/Paradox.pdf">"The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ethics</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOET.0000012254.69088.41">10.1023/B:JOET.0000012254.69088.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144121872">144121872</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.yale.edu/stathis/files/Paradox.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+Terrorism+in+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJOET.0000012254.69088.41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144121872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Stathis+N.+Kalyvas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.yale.edu%2Fstathis%2Ffiles%2FParadox.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/10/5/nation/2194475&sec=nation">Crewmen tell of scary ordeal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008053311/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F10%2F5%2Fnation%2F2194475&sec=nation">Archived</a> October 8, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a> Sunday October 5, 2008</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/9/29/focus/2143855&sec=focus">No choice but to pay ransom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205181118/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F9%2F29%2Ffocus%2F2143855&sec=focus">Archived</a> December 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a> Monday September 29, 2008</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024092954/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F10%2F21%2Fnation%2F2327961&sec=nation">"<i>Ops Fajar mission accomplished</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. October 10, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/10/21/nation/2327961&sec=nation">the original</a> on October 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Ops+Fajar+mission+accomplished&rft.date=2008-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2008%2F10%2F21%2Fnation%2F2327961%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuurmanZhangBabovic2009" class="citation journal cs1">Buurman, J.; Zhang, S.; Babovic, V. (2009). "Reducing Risk Through Real Options in Systems Design: The Case of Architecting a Maritime Domain Protection System". <i>Risk Analysis</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">366–</span>379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RiskA..29..366B">2009RiskA..29..366B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1539-6924.2008.01160.x">10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01160.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19076327">19076327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36370133">36370133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Risk+Analysis&rft.atitle=Reducing+Risk+Through+Real+Options+in+Systems+Design%3A+The+Case+of+Architecting+a+Maritime+Domain+Protection+System&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1539-6924.2008.01160.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36370133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19076327&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009RiskA..29..366B&rft.aulast=Buurman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&rft.au=Babovic%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deflem-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deflem_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deflem_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deflem, Mathieu. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deflem, Mathieu and Samantha Hauptman. 2013. "Policing International Terrorism." Pp. 64–72 in Globalisation and the Challenge to Criminology, edited by Francis Pakes. London: Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://deflem.blogspot.com/2013/01/policinginternationalterrorism.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelmsCostanzaJohnson-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HelmsCostanzaJohnson_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelmsCostanzaJohnson_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelmsCostanzaJohnson_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmsCostanzaJohnson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, Ronald; Costanza, S E; Johnson, Nicholas (February 1, 2012). "Crouching tiger or phantom dragon? Examining the discourse on global cyber-terror". <i>Security Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fsj.2011.6">10.1057/sj.2011.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-4645">1743-4645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154538050">154538050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+Journal&rft.atitle=Crouching+tiger+or+phantom+dragon%3F+Examining+the+discourse+on+global+cyber-terror&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154538050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1743-4645&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fsj.2011.6&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Costanza%2C+S+E&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Bayer. 2010. The Blue Planet: Informal International Police Networks and National Intelligence. Washington, DC: National Intelligence Defense College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ni-u.edu/ni_press/pdf/The_Blue_Planet.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzaKilburn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Costanza, S.E.; Kilburn, John C. Jr. (2005). "Symbolic Security, Moral Panic and Public Sentiment: Toward a sociology of Counterterrorism". <i>Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Ecological+Boundaries&rft.atitle=Symbolic+Security%2C+Moral+Panic+and+Public+Sentiment%3A+Toward+a+sociology+of+Counterterrorism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Costanza&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rft.au=Kilburn%2C+John+C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeflem2004" class="citation journal cs1">Deflem, M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deflem.blogspot.com/2004/08/social-control-and-policing-of.html">"Social Control and the Policing of Terrorism Foundations for a sociology of Counterterrorism"</a>. <i>American Sociologist</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02692398">10.1007/bf02692398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143868466">143868466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociologist&rft.atitle=Social+Control+and+the+Policing+of+Terrorism+Foundations+for+a+sociology+of+Counterterrorism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02692398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143868466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deflem&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeflem.blogspot.com%2F2004%2F08%2Fsocial-control-and-policing-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLone, Gregory J. 2007. "Law Enforcement Mission Statements Post September 11." Police Quarterly 10(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathieu Deflem. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramirez, D., J. Hoopes, and T.L. Quinlan. 2003 "Defining racial profiling in a post-September 11 world." American Criminal Law Review. 40(3): 1195–1233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilburnCostanzaMetchikBorgeson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kilburn, John C. Jr.; Costanza, S.E.; Metchik, Eric; Borgeson, Kevin (2011). "Policing Terror Threats and False Positives: Employing a Signal Detection Model to Examine Changes in National and Local Policing Strategy between 2001–2007". <i>Security Journal</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fsj.2009.7">10.1057/sj.2009.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153825273">153825273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+Journal&rft.atitle=Policing+Terror+Threats+and+False+Positives%3A+Employing+a+Signal+Detection+Model+to+Examine+Changes+in+National+and+Local+Policing+Strategy+between+2001%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fsj.2009.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153825273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kilburn&rft.aufirst=John+C.+Jr.&rft.au=Costanza%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Metchik%2C+Eric&rft.au=Borgeson%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterterrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilburn, John C. Jr. and Costanza, S.E. 2009 "Immigration and Homeland Security" published in Battleground: Immigration (Ed: Judith Ann Warner); Greenwood Publishing, Ca.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arreguín-Toft, Ivan. "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy," <i>Cambridge Review of International Affairs</i>, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549–563.</li> <li>Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure," in Jan Ångström and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Eds., <i>Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War</i> (London: Frank Cass, 2007).</li></ul> <ul><li>Bakker, Edwin, and Tinka Veldhuis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icct.nl/news/a-fear-management-approach-to-counter-terrorism"><i>A Fear Management Approach to Counter-Terrorism</i> (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402040414/http://www.icct.nl/news/a-fear-management-approach-to-counter-terrorism">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Barton, Mary S. <i>Counterterrorism between the Wars: An International History, 1919-1937</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57070">online book review</a></li> <li>Berger, J.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/J.-M.-Berger-Making-CVE-Work-A-Focused-Approach-Based-on-Process-Disruption-.pdf"><i>Making CVE Work: A Focused Approach Based on Process Disruption</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223729/http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/J.-M.-Berger-Making-CVE-Work-A-Focused-Approach-Based-on-Process-Disruption-.pdf">Archived</a> July 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, May 2016</li> <li>Besenyo, Janos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=531307">Low-cost attacks, unnoticeable plots?</a> Overview on the economical character of current terrorism, Strategic Impact (ROMANIA) (ISSN: 1841–5784) (eISSN: 1824–9904) 62/2017: (Issue No. 1) pp. 83–100.</li> <li>Deflem, Mathieu. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2020/01/responses-to-terror-policing-countering.html">"Responses to Terror: Policing and Countering Terrorism in the Modern Age."</a> In The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding, eds. C.A. Ireland, et al. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.</li> <li>Deflem, Mathieu, and Stephen Chicoine. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2019/01/terrorismpolicing.html">"Policing Terrorism."</a> In The Handbook of Social Control, edited by Mathieu Deflem. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Deflem, Mathieu and Shannon McDonough. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2015/01/fearofcounterterrorism.html">"The Fear of Counterterrorism: Surveillance and Civil Liberties Since 9/11."</a> Society 52(1):70–79.</li> <li>Gagliano Giuseppe, <i>Agitazione sovversiva, guerra psicologica e terrorismo</i> (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6178-600-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6178-600-4">978-88-6178-600-4</a>, Uniservice Books.</li> <li>Ishmael Jones, <i>The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture</i> (2008, revised 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-382-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-382-7">978-1-59403-382-7</a>, Encounter Books.</li> <li>James Mitchell, "Identifying Potential Terrorist Targets" a study in the use of convergence. G2 Whitepaper on terrorism, copyright 2006, G2. Counterterrorism Conference, June 2006, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Pastor" title="James F. Pastor">James F. Pastor</a>, "Terrorism and Public Safety Policing:Implications for the Obama Presidency" (2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1580-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1580-9">978-1-4398-1580-9</a>, Taylor & Francis).</li> <li>Jessica Dorsey, Christophe Paulussen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Dorsey-Paulussen-Boundaries-of-the-Battlefield-Report-April-2013_docx.pdf"><i>Boundaries of the Battlefield: A Critical Look at the Legal Paradigms and Rules in Countering Terrorism</i> (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2013)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022040650/http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Dorsey-Paulussen-Boundaries-of-the-Battlefield-Report-April-2013_docx.pdf">Archived</a> October 22, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Judy Kuriansky (Editor), "Terror in the Holy Land: Inside the Anguish of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99041-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99041-9">0-275-99041-9</a>, Praeger Publishers).</li> <li>Lynn Zusman (Editor), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.americanbar.org/abastore/index.cfm?pid=5010069&section=main&fm=Product.AddToCart">The Law of Counterterrorism</a>" (2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61438-037-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61438-037-5">978-1-61438-037-5</a>, American Bar Association).* Marc Sageman, <i>Understanding Terror Networks</i> (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7">0-8122-3808-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Lee" title="Newton Lee">Newton Lee</a>, <i>Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness (Second Edition)</i> (Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer International Publishing</a>, 2015), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17243-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17243-9">978-3-319-17243-9</a>.</li> <li>Merari, Ariel. "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213–251.</li></ul> <ul><li>Sinkkonen, Teemu.<i>Political Responses to Terrorism</i> (Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9514478710" title="Special:BookSources/978-9514478710">978-9514478710</a>.</li> <li>Vandana, Asthana., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704154956/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-cross-border-terrorism-in-india-counterterrorism-strategies-and-challenges.html">Cross-Border Terrorism in India: Counterterrorism Strategies and Challenges</a>," <i>ACDIS Occasional Paper</i> (June 2010), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Counter-terrorism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Counter-terrorism"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Counter-terrorism</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/ct/">U.S. Bureau of Counterterrorism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/">Counter Terrorism Policing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orderandsafety.org/">"Public order and safety" – International project on combating crime and terrorism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Terrorism174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism_topics" title="Template talk:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terrorism174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_terrorism" title="Economics of terrorism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_social_media" title="Terrorism and social media">Social media</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrorism topics"><img alt="Terrorism topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterterrorism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_terrorism" title="Economic terrorism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">Islamist terrorist attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Terrorism in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">denial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kuwait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a></li> <li>Qatar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">state</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (1792/1793–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a> (1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism">Soviet state-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1097" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909459#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00007517">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14456021v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14456021v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="boj proti terorismu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137691&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068750&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007291832905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&oldid=1275113909">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&oldid=1275113909</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counterterrorism" title="Category:Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gendarmerie" title="Category:Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement" title="Category:Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_security" title="Category:National security">National security</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary" title="Category:Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_security_industry" title="Category:Private security industry">Private security industry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_safety" title="Category:Public safety">Public safety</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Security" title="Category:Security">Security</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2019">Use mdy dates from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_June_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2021">Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 03:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterterrorism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Counterterrorism</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>42 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-f4qtn","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.178","walltime":"1.436","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8189,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":161396,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11598,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":204244,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1242.552 1 -total"," 35.07% 435.804 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.04% 211.697 17 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.55% 118.719 12 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.06% 112.566 1 Template:Terrorism_topics"," 8.97% 111.471 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.83% 109.664 13 Template:Fix"," 6.79% 84.375 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.65% 82.690 14 Template:Cite_web"," 4.95% 61.473 27 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.735","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7480725,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-knwst","timestamp":"20250216024945","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Counterterrorism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counterterrorism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q909459","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q909459","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-10T16:17:12Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T03:37:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/PI2G_2F.jpg","headline":"activity to defend against or prevent terrorist actions"}</script> </body> </html>