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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Readeption of Henry VI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readeption_of_Henry_VI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward's_landing_and_the_death_of_Warwick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward's_landing_and_the_death_of_Warwick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Edward's landing and the death of Warwick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward's_landing_and_the_death_of_Warwick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Tewkesbury_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Tewkesbury_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Tewkesbury campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Tewkesbury_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lancastrian_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancastrian_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lancastrian positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancastrian_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward's_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward's_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Edward's moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward's_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Aftermath of the battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauconberg's_repulse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauconberg's_repulse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fauconberg's repulse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauconberg's_repulse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Lancastrian_royal_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Lancastrian_royal_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>End of the Lancastrian royal family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Lancastrian_royal_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-enactment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-enactment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Re-enactment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-enactment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Tewkesbury</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="معركة توكسبوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة توكسبوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="توکسبوری دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توکسبوری دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A2%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бітва пры Т’юксберы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва пры Т’юксберы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Tewkesbury" title="Emgann Tewkesbury – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Tewkesbury" title="Bitva u Tewkesbury – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Tewkesbury" title="Brwydr Tewkesbury – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Tewkesbury" title="Slaget ved Tewkesbury – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Tewkesbury" title="Schlacht von Tewkesbury – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Tewkesbury" title="Batalla de Tewkesbury – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Tewkesbury" title="Batalo de Tewkesbury – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نبرد تیوکسبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد تیوکسبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Tewkesbury" title="Bataille de Tewkesbury – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Tewkesbury" title="Cath Tewkesbury – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Tewkesbury" title="Battaglia di Tewkesbury – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ტიუკსბერის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიუკსბერის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesburyi_csata" title="Tewkesburyi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tewkesburyi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="معركة توكسبيرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة توكسبيرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Tewkesbury" title="Pertempuran Tewkesbury – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="テュークスベリーの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テュークスベリーの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Tewkesbury" title="Slaget ved Tewkesbury – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Tewkesbury" title="Bitwa pod Tewkesbury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Битва при Тьюксбери – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Тьюксбери" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Tewkesbury" title="Slaget vid Tewkesbury – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Tewkesbury" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ยุทธการที่ทิวก์สบรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่ทิวก์สบรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Битва під Тьюксбері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва під Тьюксбері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%82%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="蒂克斯伯里战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒂克斯伯里战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1337059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&params=51_59_11_N_2_9_41_W_type:event_region:GB_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°59′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°9′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.98639°N 2.16139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.98639; -2.16139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Tewkesbury">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Tewkesbury%22">"Battle of Tewkesbury"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Tewkesbury%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Tewkesbury%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Tewkesbury%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Tewkesbury%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Tewkesbury%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1471 Yorkist victory in the Wars of the Roses</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Tewkesbury</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg/300px-MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg/450px-MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg/600px-MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1738" /></a></span><br />The battle depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> manuscript</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>4 May 1471</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury" title="Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&params=51_59_11_N_2_9_41_W_type:event_region:GB_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°59′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°9′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.98639°N 2.16139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.98639; -2.16139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Yorkist victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/17px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/26px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/34px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/17px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/26px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/34px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Prince Edward</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wenlock,_1st_Baron_Wenlock" title="John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock">John Wenlock, Baron Wenlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,000–6,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200328-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Approx. 6,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Warner96_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner96-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200328-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses2363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses"><span class="wrap">Wars of the Roses</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">1st St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">London (1460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">2nd St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">London (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford's & Lovell's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Tewkesbury</b>, which took place on Saturday 4 May 1471, was one of the most decisive battles of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> and his forces loyal to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> completely defeated those of the rival <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>. The Lancastrian heir to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a>, and many prominent Lancastrian nobles were killed during the battle or executed. The Lancastrian king, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, who was a prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, died shortly after the battle, perhaps murdered. Tewkesbury restored political stability to England until the death of Edward IV in 1483. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Wars of the Roses</i> refers to the informal <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">heraldic badges</a> of the two rival houses of Lancaster and York, which had been contending for the English throne since the late 1450s. In 1461 the Yorkist claimant, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward, Earl of March</a>, was proclaimed King Edward IV and defeated the supporters of the weak, intermittently insane Lancastrian King Henry VI at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancastrian revolts in the far north of England were defeated in 1464, and the fugitive King Henry was captured and imprisoned the next year. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, and their 13-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a> were exiled and impoverished in France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward IV's hold on the throne appeared to be secure, at least temporarily. </p><p>Edward owed his victory in large measure to the support of his cousin, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">16th Earl of Warwick</a>. They became estranged when Edward spurned the French diplomatic marriage that Warwick was seeking for him and instead married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, widow of an obscure Lancastrian gentleman, in secret in 1464.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the marriage became public knowledge, Edward placed many of his new queen's family in powerful positions that Warwick had hoped to control. Edward, meanwhile, reversed Warwick's policy of friendship with France by marrying his sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>. The embittered Warwick secured the support of Edward IV's brother <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, for a coup in exchange for Warwick's promise to crown Clarence king.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Edward was imprisoned briefly, Clarence was unacceptable as monarch to most of the country. Edward was allowed to resume his rule, outwardly reconciled with Warwick and Clarence. Within a year, though, he accused them of fresh <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treachery</a> and forced them to flee to France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Readeption_of_Henry_VI">Readeption of Henry VI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Readeption of Henry VI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></div> <p>With no hope of a reconciliation with King Edward, Warwick's best hope of regaining power in England lay in restoring Henry VI to the throne. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> feared a hostile alliance of Burgundy under Charles the Bold and England under Edward. He was prepared to support Warwick with men and money, but to give legitimacy to any uprising by Warwick, the acquiescence of Margaret of Anjou was required. Warwick and Margaret were previously sworn enemies, but her attendants (in particular Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(judge)" title="John Fortescue (judge)">John Fortescue</a>, formerly Chief Justice during Henry VI's reign) and Louis eventually persuaded her to ally the House of Lancaster with Warwick.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> Warwick begged her pardon on his knees for all past wrongs done to her, and was forgiven. Prince Edward was betrothed to Warwick's younger daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne</a> (the marriage was eventually solemnised at <a href="/wiki/Amboise" title="Amboise">Amboise</a> on 13 December 1470 but may not have been consummated, as Margaret was seeking a better match for Edward once he was king).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally they swore loyalty to Henry VI on a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angers_Cathedral" title="Angers Cathedral">Angers Cathedral</a>. However, Margaret declined to let Prince Edward land in England or to land there herself until Warwick had established a firm government and made the country safe for them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warwick landed in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> on 13 September 1470, accompanied by Clarence and some unswerving Lancastrian nobles, including the <a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">Earl of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, the Earl of Pembroke. As King Edward made his way south to face Warwick, he realised that Warwick's brother <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John, Marquess of Montagu</a>, who had up until then remained loyal to Edward, had defected at the head of a large army in the north of England. Edward fled to <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a>, where he took ship for <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, part of Burgundy, accompanied only by his youngest brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Gloucester">Richard of Gloucester</a> and a few faithful adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London Warwick released King Henry, led him in procession to <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Saint Paul's cathedral</a>, and installed him in Westminster palace. Warwick's position nevertheless remained precarious. His alliance with Louis of France and his intention to declare war on Burgundy was contrary to the interests of the merchants, as it threatened English trade with <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Clarence had long been excluded from Warwick's calculations. In November 1470 Parliament declared that Prince Edward and his (putative) descendants were Henry's heirs to the throne; Clarence would become king only if the Lancastrian line of succession failed. Unknown to Warwick, Clarence secretly became reconciled with his brother, King Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edward's_landing_and_the_death_of_Warwick"><span id="Edward.27s_landing_and_the_death_of_Warwick"></span>Edward's landing and the death of Warwick</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Edward's landing and the death of Warwick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Warwick in power in England, it was Charles of Burgundy's turn to fear a hostile alliance of England and France. As an obvious counter to Warwick, he supplied King Edward with money (50,000 florins), ships, and several hundred men (including handgunners). Edward set sail from <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Flushing</a> on 11 March 1471 with 36 ships and 1,200 men.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He touched briefly on the English coast at <a href="/wiki/Cromer" title="Cromer">Cromer</a> but found that the <a href="/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a>, who might have supported him, was away from the area and that Warwick controlled that part of the country. Instead, his ships made for <a href="/wiki/Ravenspurn" title="Ravenspurn">Ravenspurn</a>, near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Humber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Humber">River Humber</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bolingbroke">Henry Bolingbroke</a> had landed in 1399 on his way to reclaim the Duchy of Lancaster and ultimately depose <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a>. </p><p>Edward's landing was inauspicious at first; the ships were scattered by bad weather and his men landed in small detachments over a wide area on 14 March.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port of <a href="/wiki/Kingston-upon-Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston-upon-Hull">Kingston-upon-Hull</a> refused to allow Edward to enter, so he made for York, claiming rather like Bolingbroke that he was seeking only the restoration of the Duchy of York. He then began to march south. Near <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract Castle</a> he evaded the troops of Warwick's brother Montagu. By the time Edward reached the town of <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a> he had gathered enough supporters to proclaim himself king again. The Earl of Warwick sent urgent requests for Queen Margaret, who was gathering fresh forces in France, to join him in England. He himself was at <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, preparing to bar Edward's way to London, while Montagu hastened up behind the king's army. </p><p>Edward, however, knew that Clarence was ready to turn his coat once again and betray Warwick, his father-in-law. He marched rapidly west and joined with Clarence's men, who were approaching from <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>. Clarence appealed to Warwick to surrender, but Warwick refused to even speak to him. Edward's army made rapidly for London, pursued by Warwick and Montagu. London was supposedly defended by the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_4th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset">4th Duke of Somerset</a>, but he was absent and the city readily admitted Edward. The unfortunate and by now feeble Henry VI was sent back to the Tower of London.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward then turned about to face Warwick's approaching army. On 14 April, they met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a>. In a confused fight in thick fog, some of Warwick's army attacked each other by mistake, and at the cries of "Treachery!" his army disintegrated and was routed. Montagu died in the battle and Warwick was cut down trying to reach his horse to escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Tewkesbury_campaign">The Tewkesbury campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Tewkesbury campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urged on by Louis XI, Margaret finally sailed on 24 March. Storms forced her ships back to France several times, and she and Prince Edward finally landed at <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorsetshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsetshire">Dorsetshire</a> on the same day the Battle of Barnet was fought. While Margaret sheltered at nearby <a href="/wiki/Cerne_Abbey" title="Cerne Abbey">Cerne Abbey</a>, the Duke of Somerset brought news of the disaster at Barnet to her. She briefly wished to return to France, but Prince Edward persuaded her to gamble for victory.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somerset and the <a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">Earl of Devon</a> had already raised an army for Lancaster in the West Country. Their best hope was to march northward and join forces with the Lancastrians in Wales, led by <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>. Other Lancastrian forces could be relied upon to distract King Edward; in particular, a fleet under Warwick's relation, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Bastard of Fauconberg</a>, was preparing to descend on Kent, where the Nevilles and Warwick, in particular, had always been popular. </p><p>In London King Edward had learned of Margaret's landing only two days after she arrived. Although he had given many of his supporters and troops leave after the victory at Barnet, he was nonetheless able to rapidly muster a substantial force at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>, just west of London. It was difficult at first to determine Margaret's intentions, as the Lancastrians had sent out several feints that suggested they might be making directly for London, but Edward's army set out for the West Country within a few days. </p><p>On 30 April Margaret's army had reached <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, on its way towards Wales. She turned aside briefly to secure guns, reinforcements, and money from the city of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowse169_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowse169-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day King Edward reached <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>. On hearing that Margaret was at Bristol, he turned south to meet her army. However, the Lancastrians made a feint towards <a href="/wiki/Little_Sodbury" title="Little Sodbury">Little Sodbury</a>, about 12 miles (19 km) north-east of Bristol. Nearby was Sodbury Hill, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> hill fort that was an obvious strategic point for the Lancastrians to seize. When Yorkist scouts reached the hill there was a sharp fight in which they suffered heavy casualties. Believing that the Lancastrians were about to offer battle, Edward temporarily halted his army while the stragglers caught up and the remainder could rest after their rapid march from Windsor. However, the Lancastrians instead made a swift move north by night, passing within 3 miles (4.8 km) of Edward's army. By the morning of 2 May, they had gained the safety of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Castle" title="Berkeley Castle">Berkeley Castle</a> and had a head start of 15 miles (24 km) over Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner102_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Edward realized that the Lancastrians were seeking to cross the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> into Wales. The nearest crossing point they could use was at the city of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>. He sent urgent messages to the governor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_2nd_Baron_Beauchamp" title="Richard Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp">Richard Beauchamp</a>, ordering him to bar the gates to Margaret and man the city's defences. When Margaret arrived on the morning of 3 May, Beauchamp refused her summons to let her army pass, and she realized that there was insufficient time to storm the city before Edward's army arrived. Instead, her army made another forced march of 10 miles (16 km) to Tewkesbury, attempting to reach the next bridge at <a href="/wiki/Upton-upon-Severn" title="Upton-upon-Severn">Upton-upon-Severn</a>, 7 miles (11 km) further on. Edward meanwhile had marched no less than 31 miles (50 km), passing through <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a> (then little more than a village) in the late afternoon. The day was very hot, and both the Lancastrians and Edward's pursuing army were exhausted. The Lancastrians were forced to abandon some of their artillery, which was captured by Yorkist reinforcements following from Gloucester.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner102_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Tewkesbury, the tired Lancastrians halted for the night. Most of their army were footmen and unable to continue further without rest, and even the mounted troops were weary. By contrast, King Edward's army was composed mainly of mounted men, who nevertheless dismounted to fight on foot as most English armies did during this period. Hearing from his "prickers" or mounted scouts of Margaret's position, Edward drove his army to make another march of 6 miles (9.7 km) from Cheltenham, finally halting 3 miles (4.8 km) from the Lancastrians. The Lancastrians knew they could retreat no further before Edward attacked their rear, and that they would be forced to give battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancastrian_positions">Lancastrian positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lancastrian positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg/290px-Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg/435px-Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg/580px-Tewkesbury_abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey" title="Tewkesbury Abbey">Tewkesbury Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As day broke on 4 May, the Lancastrians took up a defensive position a mile south of the town of Tewkesbury. To their rear were the <a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Warwickshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Warwickshire)">River Avon</a> and the Severn. <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey" title="Tewkesbury Abbey">Tewkesbury Abbey</a> was just behind the Lancastrian centre. A farmhouse then known as Gobes Hall marked the centre of the Lancastrian position; nearby was "Margaret's camp", earthworks of uncertain age. Queen Margaret is said to have spent the night at Gobes Hall, before hastily taking refuge on the day of battle in a religious house some distance from the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrivall5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main strength of the Lancastrians' position was provided by the ground in front, which was broken up by hedges, woods, embankments, and "evil lanes". This was especially true on their right. </p><p>The Lancastrian army numbered approximately 6,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Warner96_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner96-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likely outnumbering the Yorkists by only a few hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200328-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was customary at the time, it was organised into three "battles". The right battle was commanded by the Duke of Somerset. A stream, the Colnbrook, flowed through his position, making some of the ground difficult to traverse. The Lancastrian centre was commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Wenlock,_1st_Baron_Wenlock" title="John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock">Lord Wenlock</a>. Unlike the other principal Lancastrian commanders, Wenlock had deserted the Lancastrian cause after the First Battle of Saint Albans, only to revert to the Lancastrians when he was deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_of_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenancy of Calais">Lieutenancy of Calais</a>. Prince Edward was present with the centre. At 17 Prince Edward was no stranger to battlefields, having been given by his mother the task of condemning to death Yorkist prisoners taken at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">Second Battle of St Albans</a>, but he lacked experience of actual command. The left battle was commanded by the <a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">Earl of Devon</a>, another devoted Lancastrian. His battle, and part of the centre, occupied a low ridge known locally as the "Gastons".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small river, the <a href="/wiki/River_Swilgate" title="River Swilgate">Swilgate</a>, protected Devon's left flank, before curving behind the Lancastrian position to join the Avon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward's_moves"><span id="Edward.27s_moves"></span>Edward's moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Edward's moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yorkists numbered around 5,000–6,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200328-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Lancastrians, King Edward organised his army into three battles. </p><p>Edward's vanguard was commanded by his youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>. Although he was only 18 years old, Richard was already an experienced commander and had led a division at the Battle of Barnet. Edward himself commanded the main battle, in which Clarence was also stationed. Edward was 29 years old and at the height of his prowess as a soldier. His lifelong friend and supporter <a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">Lord Hastings</a> commanded the rear. He also was an experienced commander and, like Richard, had accompanied Edward into exile in the Low Countries and had led a battle at Barnet. </p><p>Although by tradition the vanguard occupied the right of the line of battle, several authors have conjectured from descriptions in near-contemporary accounts (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Historie_of_the_arrivall_of_Edward_IV" title="Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV">Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV</a></i>) that Richard of Gloucester's division actually took position to the left of Edward's battle<sup id="cite_ref-Warner96_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner96-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that the divisions of Edward's army advanced in line ahead, with Edward's division leading. </p><p>Edward made one other important tactical disposition. To the left of his army was a thickly wooded park. Concerned that hidden Lancastrians might attack from this quarter, he ordered 200 mounted spearmen to occupy part of the woods and prevent the Lancastrians making use of them, or act on their own initiative if they were not themselves attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner96_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner96-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then "displayed his bannars: dyd blowe up the trompets: commytted his caws and qwarell to Almyghty God, to owr most blessyd lady his mother: Vyrgyn Mary, the glorious Seint George, and all the saynts: and advaunced, directly upon his enemyes."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action">Action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_(1867)_contrasted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_%281867%29_contrasted.jpg/350px-Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_%281867%29_contrasted.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_%281867%29_contrasted.jpg/525px-Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_%281867%29_contrasted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_%281867%29_contrasted.jpg/700px-Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_%281867%29_contrasted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_(painting)" title="Sanctuary (painting)">Sanctuary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burchett" title="Richard Burchett">Richard Burchett</a>, 1867, in the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>As they moved towards the Lancastrian position, King Edward's army found that the ground was so broken up by woods, ditches, and embankments that it was difficult to attack in any sort of order. However, the Yorkist archers and artillery showered the Lancastrians with arrows and shot. The Yorkists certainly had more guns than their enemies, and they were apparently better served.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner97_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner97-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Either to escape the cannonade and volleys of archery or because he saw an opportunity to outflank King Edward's isolated battle, the Duke of Somerset led at least part of his men via some of the "evil lanes" to attack Edward's left flank. Although taken by surprise, Edward's men resisted stoutly, beating back Somerset's attack among the hedges and banks. At the vital moment, the 200 spearmen Edward had earlier posted in the woods far out on the left attacked Somerset from his own right flank and rear, as Gloucester's battle also joined in the fighting. </p><p>Somerset's battle was routed, and his surviving troops tried to escape across the Severn. Most were cut down as they fled. The long meadow astride the Colnbrook leading down to the river is known to this day as "Bloody Meadow".<sup id="cite_ref-Warner97_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner97-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somerset galloped up to Wenlock, commanding the centre, and demanded to know why Wenlock had failed to support him. According to legend (recounted in <i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hall" title="Edward Hall">Edward Hall</a>'s</i> chronicle, written several years afterwards though from first-hand accounts), he did not wait for an answer but dashed out Wenlock's brains with a battleaxe<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before seeking sanctuary in the Abbey. </p><p>As its morale collapsed, the rest of the Lancastrian army tried to flee, but the Swilgate became a deadly barrier. Many who succeeded in crossing it converged on a mill south of the town of Tewkesbury and a weir in the town itself, where there were crossings over the Avon. Here, too, many drowned or were killed by their pursuers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_battle">Aftermath of the battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg/220px-Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg/330px-Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg/440px-Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>The execution of the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Duke of Somerset</a> after the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the leading Lancastrians who died on the field were Somerset's younger brother <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset">John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset</a>, and the Earl of Devon. The Prince of Wales was slain on the field during the retreat by some of Clarence's men, despite pleading for help to Clarence, who had sworn allegiance to him in France barely a year before.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowse169_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowse169-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the other Lancastrian nobles and knights sought sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey" title="Tewkesbury Abbey">Tewkesbury Abbey</a>. King Edward attended prayers in the Abbey shortly after the battle. He granted permission for the Prince of Wales and others slain in the battle to be buried within the Abbey or elsewhere in the town without being <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">quartered</a> as traitors as was customary. However, two days after the battle, Somerset and other leaders were dragged out of the Abbey and ordered by Gloucester and the Duke of Norfolk to be put to death after perfunctory trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrivall5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them were Hugh Courtenay, cousin of the Earls of Devon, and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Langstrother" title="John Langstrother">John Langstrother</a>, the prior of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">military order of St. John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowse169_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowse169-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abbey was not officially a sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had to be reconsecrated a month after the battle, following the violence done within its precincts. </p><p>A few days later Queen Margaret sent word to Edward from her refuge that she was "at his commandment".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauconberg's_repulse"><span id="Fauconberg.27s_repulse"></span>Fauconberg's repulse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fauconberg's repulse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London (1471)</a></div> <p>Edward was unable to rest after the battle. Lancastrians under Jasper Tudor were still active in Wales, and there was an ineffective rising in the North. Edward went to <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> in the Midlands to make dispositions against the northern and Welsh Lancastrians, and give his army three days' rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrivall5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most dangerous Lancastrian force, however, was that commanded by the Bastard of Fauconberg. As anticipated, he had landed at <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> and rapidly recruited a force from among the pro-Neville Kentishmen. Together with exiled Lancastrians and freebooters from several countries, his army may have numbered 16,000 or even 17,000 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrivall5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 May, he attacked London from the south. His men burned part of the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, but were beaten back at <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>. The next day, they attacked <a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a> from the east. The garrison of the Tower of London, led by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Earl Rivers</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth</a>'s brother, who had been injured at Barnet, repulsed them. Citizens defending their property undoubtedly played a major role. </p><p>Had Fauconberg succeeded in capturing the city, he might also have captured Edward's wife and their children and released King Henry from the Tower. However, on hearing that Edward's army was approaching, he retreated to Sandwich. Like Margaret, he appeared to be dispirited by the news of Tewkesbury and the Prince's death, and later rather tamely surrendered himself and his ships. He was executed five months later after attempting to escape from custody. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Lancastrian_royal_family">End of the Lancastrian royal family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of the Lancastrian royal family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_London_(MS_1168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg/260px-Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Yorkist defenders of London sally against <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Fauconberg</a>’s besieging force.</figcaption></figure> <p>On his way to suppress Fauconberg and the Kentish rebels, Edward passed through London in triumph on 21 May, with the captive Queen Margaret beside him in a chariot. King Henry VI died in the Tower of London that night, at the hands of or by the order of Richard of Gloucester according to several near contemporary accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most contemporary account only states that Gloucester was there 'along with many others' and the murder was almost certainly on the orders of the new king, Edward IV. The deposed king's death was announced in public that he had died "of pure displeasure and melancholy", but few believed this. </p><p>Gloucester later married <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>, the younger daughter of Warwick and the widow of Henry and Margaret's son Edward. </p><p>With the deaths of Somerset and his younger brother, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a>, who were distant cousins of Henry VI and had a remote claim to succeed him, had been almost exterminated. Only the female line of Somerset's uncle, the <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">1st Duke of Somerset</a>, remained, represented by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> (later King Henry VII). Henry escaped from Wales with Jasper Tudor, his paternal uncle, and remained in exile in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> for the remainder of Edward's reign. The year after the Battle of Tewkesbury, however, Lady Margaret married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a>, one of King Edward's supporters, who later turned against Edward's brother Richard of Gloucester when he became king as Richard III and was instrumental in putting Henry Tudor on the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Re-enactment">Re-enactment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Re-enactment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Tewkesbury_reenactment_-_fighting_while_arrows_fly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Arrows fly at a battle re-enactment at the <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Medieval_Festival" title="Tewkesbury Medieval Festival">Tewkesbury Medieval Festival</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Every year the battle is re-enacted on the second whole weekend in July at the <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Medieval_Festival" title="Tewkesbury Medieval Festival">Tewkesbury Medieval Festival</a>. The event (founded in 1984) is one of the largest events of its kind in Europe, attracting enthusiasts from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monument">Monument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tewkesbury Battlefield Society erected a monument to the battle in the form of two sculptures 5 metres (16 ft) high, of a victorious mounted knight and a defeated horse. Titled <i>Arrivall</i> after the contemporary account of the battle, the work was created by Phil Bews out of green oak wood felled in Gloucestershire, and was dedicated on the anniversary of the battle in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200328-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200328_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2003">Gravett 2003</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild2005114_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodchild2005">Goodchild 2005</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner96-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner96_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner96_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battlefieldsofbritain.co.uk/battle_towton_1461.html">"Battle of Towton (1461)"</a>. Battlefields of Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028100948/http://www.battlefieldsofbritain.co.uk/battle_towton_1461.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Towton+%281461%29&rft.pub=Battlefields+of+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefieldsofbritain.co.uk%2Fbattle_towton_1461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=char-dir&f=anjou">"Margaret of Anjou"</a>. 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Amazing Women in History. 18 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626103945/https://amazingwomeninhistory.com/elizabeth-woodville-the-white-queen/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet_21.htm">the original</a> on 24 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence&rft.pub=English+Monarchs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishmonarchs.co.uk%2Fplantagenet_21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain" class="citation web cs1">Brain, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Warwick-The-Kingmaker/">"Warwick the Kingmaker"</a>. Historic UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824101132/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Warwick-The-Kingmaker/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warwick+the+Kingmaker&rft.pub=Historic+UK&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofEngland%2FWarwick-The-Kingmaker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle (2009), p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardiii.net/9_1_wotr.php">"The Richard III Society"</a>. The Richard III Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102053/http://www.richardiii.net/9_1_wotr.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Richard+III+Society&rft.pub=The+Richard+III+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net%2F9_1_wotr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravett, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravett, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowse169-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowse169_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowse169_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowse169_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner102-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner102_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner102_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrivall5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrivall5_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709204052/http://www.r3.org/bookcase/arrival5.html">"Part 5 of the <i>Arrivall</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r3.org/bookcase/arrival5.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+5+of+the+Arrivall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org%2Fbookcase%2Farrival5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709204052/http://www.r3.org/bookcase/arrival5.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/tewkesbury.pdf?1253781010">"English Heritage Battlefield Report: Tewkesbury 1471"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. 1995. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824101110/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/tewkesbury.pdf?1253781010&1253781010">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Heritage+Battlefield+Report%3A+Tewkesbury+1471&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Ftewkesbury.pdf%3F1253781010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i><a href="/wiki/Historie_of_the_arrivall_of_Edward_IV" title="Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV">Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner97-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner97_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner97_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, pp. 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, pp. 170–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tewkesbury.town/tewkesbury-medieval-festival/">"Tewkesbury Medieval Festival"</a>. <i>tewkesbury.town</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726154821/https://www.tewkesbury.town/tewkesbury-medieval-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tewkesbury.town&rft.atitle=Tewkesbury+Medieval+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tewkesbury.town%2Ftewkesbury-medieval-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-27189358">"Battle of Tewkesbury giant horse sculptures erected"</a>. BBC. 28 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514120123/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-27189358">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Tewkesbury+giant+horse+sculptures+erected&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-gloucestershire-27189358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newworld00wins"><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29500-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-29500-0"><bdi>0-304-29500-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-304-29500-0&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewworld00wins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish_Heritage1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140801152602/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/p-t/tewkesbury.pdf">"English Heritage Battlefield Report: Tewkesbury 1471"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/p-t/tewkesbury.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Heritage+Battlefield+Report%3A+Tewkesbury+1471&rft.date=1995&rft.au=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fimported-docs%2Fp-t%2Ftewkesbury.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodchild2005" class="citation book cs1">Goodchild, Steven J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBnOAwAAQBAJ"><i>Tewkesbury: Eclipse of the House of Lancaster – 1471</i></a>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-190-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-190-5"><bdi>1-84415-190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tewkesbury%3A+Eclipse+of+the+House+of+Lancaster+%E2%80%93+1471&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84415-190-5&rft.aulast=Goodchild&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdBnOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravett2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gravett" title="Christopher Gravett">Gravett, Christopher</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227153854/http://droppdf.com/files/PUZeq/gravetttewkesbury1971.pdf"><i>Tewkesbury 1471: The last Yorkist victory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-514-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-514-7"><bdi>1-84176-514-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droppdf.com/files/PUZeq/gravetttewkesbury1971.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tewkesbury+1471%3A+The+last+Yorkist+victory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-514-7&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdroppdf.com%2Ffiles%2FPUZeq%2Fgravetttewkesbury1971.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A.L.</a> (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bosworthfieldwar0000rows"><i>Bosworth Field & the Wars of the Roses</i></a></span>. Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-691-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-691-4"><bdi>1-85326-691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+Field+%26+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=1-85326-691-4&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbosworthfieldwar0000rows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2009" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2009). <i>The Road to Bosworth Field</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-72767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-72767-9"><bdi>978-0-316-72767-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Bosworth+Field&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-316-72767-9&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1972" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Philip (1972). <i>British Battlefields: The South</i>. Fontana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-633822-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-633822-4"><bdi>0-00-633822-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battlefields%3A+The+South&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-00-633822-4&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofroses00weir_0"><i>The Wars of the Roses</i></a></span>. Ballantyne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40433-6"><bdi>978-0-345-40433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Ballantyne&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-345-40433-6&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsofroses00weir_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tewkesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tewkesbury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Tewkesbury" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912235549/http://www.hillsdale.edu/personal/stewart/war/Ren/1471-Tewkesbury.htm">A contemporary account</a> This reference should be to the 1838 translation of a contemporary chronicle on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501173200/http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/hstewart/war/Ren/1471-Tewkesbury.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20090501173200/http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/hstewart/war/Ren/1471-Tewkesbury.htm</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/the-arrivall-of-edward-iv/part-iv-the-coming-of-queen-margaret-through-the-battle-of-tewkesbury/">The Coming of Queen Margaret through the Battle of Tewkesbury</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623031458/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/the-arrivall-of-edward-iv/part-iv-the-coming-of-queen-margaret-through-the-battle-of-tewkesbury/">Archived</a> 23 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, extract from the published edition of the <i>Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV</i>, ed. J. Bruce (<a href="/wiki/Camden_Society" title="Camden Society">Camden Society</a>, 1838)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/the-arrivall-of-edward-iv/part-v-the-aftermath-of-tewkesbury-through-the-surrender-of-the-bastard-of-fauconberg/">Part V: The Aftermath of Tewkesbury through the Surrender of the Bastard of Fauconberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623042035/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/the-arrivall-of-edward-iv/part-v-the-aftermath-of-tewkesbury-through-the-surrender-of-the-bastard-of-fauconberg/">Archived</a> 23 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, extract from the published edition of the <i>Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV</i>, ed. J. Bruce (Camden Society, 1838)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tewkesbury.org.uk/">Tewkesbury Battlefield Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcjdS_krgSU">4K UHD VIDEO: Battle of Tewkesbury 1471 re-enactment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">Fall of George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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