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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Arrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accused_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accused_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Accused parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accused_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Trial and execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarence's_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarence's_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Clarence's involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarence's_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stacy_and_Burdet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stacy_and_Burdet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stacy and Burdet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stacy_and_Burdet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Proposed marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarence's_arrest_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarence's_arrest_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Clarence's arrest and fall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarence's_arrest_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1477–78 English legal dispute</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="16th-century oil painting of Clarence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/George_Plantagenet%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg/220px-George_Plantagenet%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/George_Plantagenet%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg/330px-George_Plantagenet%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/George_Plantagenet%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg/440px-George_Plantagenet%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>George, Duke of Clarence, brother to Kings <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a></figcaption></figure> On 18 February 1478, <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a> was executed in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> following his conviction for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> in parliament. He was probably <a href="/wiki/Drown" class="mw-redirect" title="Drown">drowned</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Butt_of_malmsey" title="Butt of malmsey">butt of malmsey</a>, by order of his brother, King <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward IV">Edward IV</a>. Relations between Clarence and the King had been tempestuous for several years. They had fallen out in the late 1460s when the Duke defied his brother and married <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Neville,_Duchess_of_Clarence" title="Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence">Isabel</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard, Earl of Warwick</a>, then joined the Earl's <a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">ill-fated rebellion in 1470</a>. Although Clarence had returned to his brother's side the following year, his authority over his <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh March">Welsh March</a> heartlands gradually declined. For this, Edward was partially responsible, as he had liberally recruited from his brother's tenantry. The King had also promoted his in-laws—personal enemies of Clarence—often at the Duke's expense. In December 1476, Isabel died in <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury" title="Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a> following childbirth, as did their newly-born son a few days later. Historians have speculated that Clarence now became near deranged with grief, and that he came to imagine she had been poisoned. The following April he sent an armed force to arrest one of her <a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_maid" title="Lady's maid">ladies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankarette_Twynho" title="Ankarette Twynho">Ankarette Twynho</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Frome" title="Frome">Frome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. A servant of Clarence's, John Thursby, was accused of poisoning the Duke and Duchess's newly-born son. Another man, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tocotes" title="Roger Tocotes">Roger Tocotes</a>, was accused of harbouring them, but evaded arrest. Twynho and Thursby were found guilty and immediately executed. The following month, in response, the King ordered an investigation into possible treason among some of Clarence's closest <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retainers</a> and servants. This resulted in the execution of two of the Duke's associates, Thomas Burdet and <a href="/wiki/John_Stacy_(alchemist)" title="John Stacy (alchemist)">John Stacy</a>. Clarence publicly disputed the findings of the commission, and this, and other allegations, led to his own arrest and eventual execution. Historians have generally considered Clarence's fall from power to have been the direct result of his abuse of his feudal authority and usurping of the King's justice. While none consider Clarence's actions as justifiable, differing motives have been presented. His original attack on Twynho, Tocotes and Thursby has been variously been put down to either petulance or a lack of mental stability. The executions, in turn, were probably a symptom of his declining authority. Haemorrhaging support as his <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">affinity</a> was, Clarence may have intended both a show of strength and a warning to his followers not to betray him. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg/220px-Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg/330px-Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg/440px-Cardiff_castle_-_Eingangshalle_1c_Erkerfenster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Neville">Isabel Neville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> Relations between King <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a>, had been fraught since the late 1460s, when Clarence had drifted into the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a>, who himself had become increasingly dissatisfied with Edward's rule. Originally Warwick's protégé—the Earl had been largely responsible for Edward's accession in 1461<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2005105-1">[1]</a>—Edward had become increasingly independent. In 1464, he angered Warwick by marrying <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, whom the Earl saw as being from a <a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">parvenu</a> family, and thus a marriage against the country's interests. In 1469, Warwick had rebelled; Clarence was by now his ally, as Edward had tried to prevent the Duke's marriage to Warwick's daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Neville">Isabel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2005106,_108-3">[3]</a> Although Clarence had returned to Edward's side in 1471, and fought with him against Warwick at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a>, he was no longer fully trusted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201440-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> was the heart of Clarence's power in the 1470s. Since 1473, it had become his primary residence, and he went out of his way to recruit local families traditionally loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Warwick#1088_creation" title="Earl of Warwick">Beauchamp earls of Warwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-4">[4]</a> Notwithstanding the Duke's efforts, his authority was slowly being eroded, mainly through the competitive recruitment of his tenants by other nobles and the King himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639–41-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521-7">[7]</a> The power of <a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William, Lord Hastings</a>—a new <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> of the King—had been gradually increased in the Midlands at the Duke's expense, who had lost the <a href="/wiki/Honour_(feudal_barony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (feudal barony)">Honour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tutbury" title="Tutbury">Tutbury</a> to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> The King appears to have been dismayed at Clarence's inability to rule the region effectively<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard201665-9">[9]</a> and regularly intervened to buttress his brother's power in the region. His having to do so emphasised Clarence's own ineffectualness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> This regional weakness was in part due to Edward's own policy of appointing <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> (i.e. royal) castles surrounding the Duke's lands, encircling him with men loyal to the King rather than the Duke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521-7">[7]</a> Clarence was also jealous of the power of his and Edward's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>, while the Woodvilles encroached on his <a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher</a> lands, where they were building a regional <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201440–41-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Warwick Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg/170px-Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg/255px-Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg/340px-Warwick_leaves_8064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Warwick Castle, view on entering passing through the <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a>, seen in 2018. This was Clarence's main residence in the 1470s and the centre of his power.</figcaption></figure> By the early 1470s, suggests the historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Charles Ross</a>, the two brothers were on "thoroughly hostile terms".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974241-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Croyland_Chronicle" title="Croyland Chronicle">Croyland Chronicle</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[note 1]</a> reports that both parties had spies in the other's household—whom the chronicler calls "flatterers"—reporting back on the private conversations of the other<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980167-17">[16]</a> and that Edward and Clarence "now each began to look upon the other with no very fraternal eyes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1854478-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deaths">edit</a>]</div> Clarence and Isabel already had a son, <a href="/wiki/Edward,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, Earl of Warwick">Edward</a>, and on 5 October 1476 in <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey" title="Tewkesbury Abbey">Tewkesbury Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, Isabel gave birth to another, whom they named Richard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> Contemporary reports suggest she looked healthy in the period immediately after the birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019124-20">[19]</a> Clarence took her back to <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Castle" title="Warwick Castle">Warwick Castle</a> on 12 November, but she may have become ill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> Contemporaries—including the Abbey's own chronicler—believed Isabel to be suffering a <a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">postpartum</a> illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138–139-21">[20]</a> She died on 22 December 1476, aged 25.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce20134-22">[21]</a> By then her death appears to have been expected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1981307-23">[22]</a> In a double blow, Richard died eight days later on 1 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> Isabel was buried in Tewkesbury Abbey, accompanied by "elaborate obsequies"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce20134-22">[21]</a> and a month-long <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funerary_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary mass">funerary masses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce20134-22">[21]</a> Richard was buried in Warwick Castle with less fanfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019124–125-24">[23]</a> Clarence may have been suspicious that the deaths of two people close to him―possibly by poison―in such a short space of time were not a coincidence. But if so, he did not immediately act upon his suspicions, and it is possible that he had to travel to Ireland in the meantime, where he was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">lord lieutenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019125,_128-25">[24]</a> It is curious, suggests the <a href="/wiki/Medievalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medievalist">medievalist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ashdown-Hill" title="John Ashdown-Hill">John Ashdown-Hill</a>, that the deaths of Isabel and her son occurred at such different lengths of time following their supposed ingestion of poison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019128-26">[25]</a> According to the later charge, Isabel was poisoned on 10 October 1476,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> but did not die until 22 December, a period of 73 days. Their son Richard was supposed to have been poisoned on 21 December 1476 and to have died on 1 January, a period of only 11 days. Ashdown-Hill explains this by suggesting that October was actually a scribal error for December, in which case she died the day, possibly a few hours, after her son. This would also explain why Isabel was erroneously said to have been at Warwick when she was actually in Tewkesbury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019128-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest">Arrest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrest">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;">Indictments against Ankerett Twinnewe, Roger Tocotes and John Thursby, Warwick Castle</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Whereby it is found that Ankerett Twinnewe otherwise late of Warwick, widow, late servant of George Duke of Clarence and Isabella his wife, did on the 10th October, 16 Edw. 4, at Warwick, give to the said Isabella poisoned ale, of which poison she died on Sunday next before the then following Christmas. Also against Roger Tocotes, late of Warwick, Knight, servant of the said Duke and Duchess, for that on the said 10th October, he abetted the said Ankerett to commit the said felony. Also that John Thuresby, late of Warwick, yeoman, late servant of Richard Plantagenet, second son of George Duke of Clarence, compassing the death Of the said Richard, gave him on the 21st December, 16 Edw. 4, certain poisoned ale, of which poison he died on the 1st January then next ensuing. And furthermore that the said Roger Tocotes, otherwise Tokettes, late of Warwick, Knight, on the said 21st December, procured and abetted the said John Thuresby to commit the said felony. And furthermore stating that the said Ankerett Twinnere and John Thuresby, before arrival of the writ to said indictment annexed, had been attainted of the said felony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDKR1842214-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019127–128-28">[27]</a> </blockquote> </div> Ankarette Twynho was seized at her house in Keyford, near Frome, on 12 April 1477;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357-29">[28]</a> Clarence may have believed her to be a <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929139-30">[29]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Michael Hicks</a> has called the method of Twynho's arrest "highly irregular"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> and it has been compared to an abduction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey2023131-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19676-32">[31]</a> She was taken 90 mi (140 km)—across three shires—in three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> For context, this was akin to the speed with which some of the most important political news of the previous 20 years had travelled. For example, the report of the dumping of <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk">William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk</a>'s murdered body on the <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> shore on 2 May 1450 arrived in London on 4 May. This was a distance of approximately 70 mi (110 km), averaging 35 mi (56 km) a day. Similarly, in 1455, news of the murder of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Radford" title="Nicholas Radford">Nicholas Radford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> took five days to travel the 185 mi (298 km) from <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> to London, averaging 37 mi (60 km) a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1983113-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accused_parties">Accused parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accused parties">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_warwickshire,_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Location_of_warwickshire%2C_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png/300px-Location_of_warwickshire%2C_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Location_of_warwickshire%2C_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png/450px-Location_of_warwickshire%2C_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Location_of_warwickshire%2C_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png/600px-Location_of_warwickshire%2C_Gloucesterrshire_and_Somerset.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>The counties traversed by Twynho in 1477</div><div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle,_1477.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle%2C_1477.png/300px-Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle%2C_1477.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle%2C_1477.png/450px-Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle%2C_1477.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle%2C_1477.png/600px-Twynho%27s_route_from_Frome_to_Warwick_Castle%2C_1477.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Detail of her route</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ankarette_Twynho" title="Ankarette Twynho">Ankarette Twynho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tocotes" title="Roger Tocotes">Roger Tocotes</a></div> Ankarette Twynho and her husband William,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019124-20">[19]</a> who had died by 1476,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019124-20">[19]</a> were minor Somerset <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2024268-34">[33]</a> William had been a long-term Clarence retainer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2007101-35">[34]</a> while Twynho had been in the Duchess of Clarence's <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">service</a> until her death, possibly as a <a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_maid" title="Lady's maid">lady's maid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197324-36">[35]</a> She had a role caring for Isabel after Richard's birth but seems not to have been a <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> nor involved in the birth itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019123–124-37">[36]</a> It seems unlikely that Twynho accompanied her mistress to Warwick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2014132-38">[37]</a> Accused with Twynho was one John Thursby, a politically insignificant Warwickshire <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a>. He was charged with poisoning baby Richard, in whose service he had been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980140-39">[38]</a> Another man, Sir <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tocotes" title="Roger Tocotes">Roger Tocotes</a>, was accused by Clarence of <a href="/wiki/Aiding,_abetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiding, abetting">aiding, abetting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">harbouring</a> the criminals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> and possibly of orchestrating the whole plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2014133-40">[39]</a> He managed to avoid capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967187-41">[40]</a> Of the three accused, Tocotes was the most important; he was brother-in-law to the influential ecclesiastic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp_(bishop)" title="Richard Beauchamp (bishop)">Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a> he was to be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> By 1477, he was a <a href="/wiki/Knight_banneret" title="Knight banneret">knight banneret</a> and had twice been <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> Tocotes is known to have been in Clarence's inner circle from 1468. A close personal friend, "nobody was a more constant associate of the Duke of Clarence in adversity or prosperity", according to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Michael Hicks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> As such, Hicks suggests, "a more improbable object of Clarence's hostility it is difficult to imagine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_and_execution">Trial and execution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trial and execution">edit</a>]</div> Clarence forbade Twynho's daughter and son-in-law from entering <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, and they had to await news in <a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>. Twynho was stripped of her jewels and money and imprisoned in the castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967186-44">[43]</a> On Tuesday 15th,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357-29">[28]</a> with Thursby,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> she was tried in the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">guildhall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357-29">[28]</a> She was charged with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/veneficium" class="extiw" title="wikt:veneficium">veneficium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2022132-45">[44]</a> by giving Isabel "a venomous drink of ale mixed with poison".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967187-41">[40]</a> The killing of a master or mistress by a servant was legally <a href="/wiki/Petty_treason" title="Petty treason">petty treason</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197324-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESillem1936lxxi-46">[45]</a> Twynho pleaded not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967187-41">[40]</a> Thursby was accused of poisoning Richard, also with bad ale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> The trial was brief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> The Duke was present for the proceedings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> and may even have led the prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929138-47">[46]</a> Twynho and Thursby were found guilty;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> there was only one penalty. Sentenced to death, they were to be "led from the bar to the said lord King's gaol of Warwick aforesaid, and drawn from that gaol through the centre of that town of Warwick to the gallows at Myton, and be hanged there on that gallows until ... dead".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019128-26">[25]</a> Before Twynho was taken from the castle for the last time, several jurors visited her in remorse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357-29">[28]</a> They explained how being in fear of the Duke, they came to a judgment "contrary to their conscience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> The Parliament Roll later recorded that<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Diverse of the same Jurre, after the said Judgment goven, came to the seid Ankarette, havyng grete remorce in their consciens, knowyng they hadde goven an untrue Verdyt in that behalf, humbly and pituously asked forgefnes thereof of the seid Ankarette...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19676_n.27-48">[47]</a></blockquote> Both Twynho and Thursby were "drawn at the horse's tail" through Warwick to their execution. This had been carried out by noon;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967187-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357-29">[28]</a> between arraignment and death less than three hours had passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19676-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clarence's_involvement">Clarence's involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clarence's involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill,_Myton,_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of the field where the executions took place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill%2C_Myton%2C_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg/170px-Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill%2C_Myton%2C_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill%2C_Myton%2C_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg/255px-Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill%2C_Myton%2C_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill%2C_Myton%2C_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg/340px-Field_alongside_Gallows_Hill%2C_Myton%2C_Warwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1804490.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Gallows Hill, Myton, southeast of Warwick, where Twynho and Thursby were hanged, seen in 2010</figcaption></figure> As Warwick was the Duke's <a href="/wiki/Caput_baroniae" title="Caput baroniae">caput baroniae</a>, it was unlikely that the accused would receive a fair trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> Clarence could bring influence to bear both on jurors—four of whom were his tenants from Warwick and <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>—and on the justices. All of these were local men. Hicks argues that "undue pressure" was undoubtedly required to reach the verdicts Clarence wanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._Pollard" title="A. J. Pollard">A. J. Pollard</a> has called it a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2001103-49">[48]</a> with Clarence acting, a contemporary record says, "as though he had used a Kyng's power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> It is possible that the Duke deliberately altered the chronology of events, depending on whether October was a scribal error for December when the charges were read.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> Twynho was accused of committing the crime while she and Isabel were at Warwick Castle—thus allowing the Duke to try her there—although contemporaneous evidence indicates that the Duchess was at Tewkesbury until mid-November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967187_n.1-50">[49]</a> To gain the verdicts he needed, Clarence probably engineered proceedings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2024268-34">[33]</a> and if he deliberately changed December to October in the charges, then he also fabricated evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> Further, all the responsible officials were his men. These included not only the <a href="/wiki/County_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="County clerk">county clerk</a>, but also the justices of <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">the bench</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hugford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hugford (page does not exist)">John Hugford</a> and Henry Boteler. The latter were the Duke's current and former <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">retainers</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> On these grounds, suggests the historian <a href="/wiki/Christine_Carpenter_(historian)" title="Christine Carpenter (historian)">Christine Carpenter</a>, the indictments were most improper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> Addressing the possibility that Clarence's suspicions were correct, Hicks considers it unlikely that Isabel was poisoned at all because it took so long for her to die:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980138-19">[18]</a> there were no contemporary poisons capable of producing such a protracted death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19677-51">[50]</a> He suggests that the Duke was guilty of <a href="/wiki/Embracery" title="Embracery">embracery</a> at the least, and Twynho's original arrest and detention was probably illegal also since the royal commission later referred to "the unlawful taking of Ankarette through three shires".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357–58-52">[51]</a> On the other hand, the speed with which proceedings had been conducted—and the swiftness to execution—"about which the petitioner also complained might have been unfair, but it was not illegal", says the legal scholar John Bellamy. Even the charge of embracery is not watertight; as a member of the Warwickshire bench, recommending a verdict to a jury was within the Duke's remit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197358-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_events">Later events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="16th-century oil painting of Edward IV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/170px-King_Edward_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/255px-King_Edward_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/340px-King_Edward_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption>King Edward IV, oil painting by an unknown artist, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stacy_and_Burdet">Stacy and Burdet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stacy and Burdet">edit</a>]</div> In what the scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cora_Scofield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cora Scofield (page does not exist)">Cora Scofield</a> calls "revenge ... in a manner scarcely less extraordinary" than the Duke's own,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967188-54">[53]</a> and what may have been a subtle warning to Clarence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19677-51">[50]</a> the King instructed a commission of 17 lay magnates to investigate the judicial proceedings. Investigation swiftly led to an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> clerk called <a href="/wiki/John_Stacy_(alchemist)" title="John Stacy (alchemist)">John Stacy</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2002289-55">[54]</a> alleged <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologer</a> and magnus necromanticus, or great sorcerer. Contemporaries suspected him of practising the <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">dark arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201076-56">[55]</a> and it was known he had predicted the death of <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk">William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201076-56">[55]</a> Stacy—under acerrimum examen, literally, "severe examination" (i.e. torture)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2001231-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929138-47">[46]</a>—in turn implicated <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burdet" title="Thomas Burdet">Thomas Burdet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arrow,_Warwickshire" title="Arrow, Warwickshire">Arowe,</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967188-54">[53]</a> a member of Clarence's household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201440-5">[5]</a> Burdet had supposedly turned against the King after he had hunted in Burdet's park and killed his favourite white <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">buck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2002289-55">[54]</a> Following Stacy's confession, Burdet and another Oxford clerk, Thomas Blake, were arrested. The commission condemned all three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967188-54">[53]</a> In what Ross has called a "staged <a href="/wiki/Political_trial" title="Political trial">political trial</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974241-11">[11]</a> they were found guilty of "calculat[ing] by art magic, astronomy, and <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1972686-58">[57]</a> the fates of the King and his heir, and thereby "'imagining and compassing' the King's death"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005-59">[58]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantations</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929139-30">[29]</a> over a three-year period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2001111-60">[59]</a> This was high treason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2007100-61">[60]</a> Blake was reprieved after a petition from <a href="/wiki/James_Goldwell" title="James Goldwell">the Bishop of Norwich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2022133-62">[61]</a> but Burdet and Stacy, still protesting their innocence, were taken to <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a> the following day and <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19676-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967189-63">[62]</a> The same day—and although two of the parties were by now dead—a <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> was dispatched to the sheriff of Warwick, transferring the Twynho-Thursby-Tocotes case to the King<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Division" title="King's Bench Division">'s Bench</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929138-47">[46]</a> On learning of this writ<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929138-47">[46]</a>—which removed the danger of his arrest by the Duke—Sir Roger Tocotes surrendered himself to the <a href="/wiki/Marshalsea_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshalsea Prison">Marshalsea Prison</a>; he was later acquitted of complicity in the death of the Duchess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield1967189-63">[62]</a> Clarence proclaimed Burdet innocent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980165-64">[63]</a> Accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Minorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorite">Minorite</a> preacher Dr John Goddard, the Duke interrupted a <a href="/wiki/Royal_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal council">royal council</a> meeting while the King was in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy1965146-65">[64]</a> Goddard read out Burdet's <a href="/wiki/Gallows_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallows statement">gallows statement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198638-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19679-67">[66]</a> When Edward heard, reports Croyland, "he was greatly displeased and recalled information laid against his brother which he had long kept in his breast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1854478-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019134-68">[67]</a> An appeal to the King's council, however impromptu, was within the boundaries of acceptable political protest, particularly for a leading magnate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010211-69">[68]</a> It was, though, unwise; in voicing his belief so publicly, Clarence associated himself with Burdet's treason. It was also near-treasonable to criticise the findings of a royal commission as this could be interpreted as a denunciation of royal justice, which to contemporaries was an extension of <a href="/wiki/Divine_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine justice">divine justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980165-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazour-MatusevicBejczy2007228,_235_n.53-70">[69]</a> Clarence's choice of spokesman was also unfortunate. Goddard was the priest who had publicly, and vehemently, advocated <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI's</a> <a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">return to the throne</a> in April 1470 at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, after Edward had been forced into exile by Warwick and Clarence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19679-67">[66]</a> Compounding his appearance of guilt, Clarence may have also been circulating rumours of the King's illegitimacy—rumours originally promulgated by him and Warwick in the late 1460s. This was also treason, as it implicitly alleged the illegitimacy of Edward's heir, thus endangering the succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2005224-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[note 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_marriages">Proposed marriages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Proposed marriages">edit</a>]</div> Clarence felt that he had multiple legitimate reasons for unrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2005108-75">[73]</a> Following his wife's death, he proposed that he should marry Duchess <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>. This proposal failed to gain the King's support, who prohibited the match;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980165-64">[63]</a> Croyland reports that "such an exalted destiny for an ungrateful brother was not to the liking of the King".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2017107–108-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1854478-18">[17]</a> Worse for Clarence, Edward proposed that their brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Earl Rivers</a> marry Mary instead.<a href="#cite_note-78">[note 3]</a> While this match was never likely to come to fruition—Mary was already engaged to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>—it furthered the Duke's discontent:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19676-32">[31]</a> Rivers was a Woodville, and to Clarence the whole family was an enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPidgeon200630-79">[76]</a> Worse, Edward also vetoed King <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a>'s suggestion—of which Clarence approved—that the Duke should marry James's sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrummitt2013109-80">[77]</a> Hicks notes that, at this point, Clarence might justifiably have recalled how Edward had tried to prevent his first marriage too. The Duke at this point had done nothing new wrong: "the animosity was on the King's side".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2017107–108-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clarence's_arrest_and_fall">Clarence's arrest and fall</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clarence's arrest and fall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Butt_of_malmsey" title="Butt of malmsey">Butt of malmsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg/220px-The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg/330px-The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg/440px-The_Duke_of_Clarence_being_drowned_in_malmsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Drowning of the Duke of Clarence (1858 illustration)</figcaption></figure> In late June 1477, Clarence was arrested and imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> on charges of usurping royal authority, or "violating the laws of the realm by threatening the safety of judges and jurors", states Bellamy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy1965146-65">[64]</a> He remained in custody until parliament met in January 1478. Except for some minor business, this parliament—to which a large number of both royal and Woodville clients had got themselves elected<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2017107–108-76">[74]</a>—had been called expressly to <a href="/wiki/Attaint" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaint">attaint</a> him of high treason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974241-11">[11]</a> The trial and executions of Twynho and Thursby did not form part of the prosecution case,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019129-81">[78]</a> although during the course of the parliament, Roger Twynho successfully petitioned that the proceedings and verdict against his grandmother should be overturned. He was probably aided by several MPs connected to the case, who included John and William Twynho—sitting for <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> respectively—and Robert Tocotes, Sir Roger's brother. Tocotes's brother-in-law, the bishop of Salisbury, was also sitting as a <a href="/wiki/Lord_spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord spiritual">Lord spiritual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980165-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005-59">[58]</a> The petition was politically opportune, as the King was unlikely to ignore an opportunity to discredit his brother further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197358-53">[52]</a> Croyland reports how the parliament became a battle of wills between the brothers: "no one spoke against the Duke but the King, and no one answered but the Duke".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1854478-18">[17]</a> Clarence, in desperation, offered to submit to <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a>; his request was ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005-59">[58]</a> On top of the charges of spreading slander and usurping royal authority were further accusations. Clarence was alleged to have encouraged Edward's subjects to withdraw their allegiance from him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980164-82">[79]</a> Clarence was also supposed to have claimed that the King poisoned his subjects—and had intended to poison the Duke—through necromancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2002290-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1972686-58">[57]</a> Clarence was accused of planning violent resistance to the King, ordering his men to be ready to fight at an hour's warning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980164-82">[79]</a> He was also judged guilty himself of sorcery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2002290-83">[80]</a> and of scheming to usurp Edward's throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1972686-58">[57]</a> Found guilty, Clarence was sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974243-84">[81]</a> Although the King hesitated for several days, the sentence was carried out in a private execution within the Tower on 18 February 1478.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974243-84">[81]</a> Tradition has it, immortalised by Shakespeare in <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[note 4]</a> that the Duke was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">drowned</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Butt_of_malmsey" title="Butt of malmsey">butt of malmsey</a>, a sweet wine from Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonHarding2015427-87">[83]</a> Although Clarence had procured the execution of Ankarette, <a href="/wiki/John_Twynyho" title="John Twynyho">John Twynho</a> of Bristol seems to have remembered the Duke sympathetically despite the death of his kinswoman. In his will,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2024269-88">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">proven</a> in 1485,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatwright200365-89">[85]</a> he left a silver cup to the <a href="/wiki/Abbess_of_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbess of Shaftesbury">Abbess of Shaftesbury</a> inscribed venerabilis dux Clarencie ex sua benevolencia michi dedit ("given me by the Duke of Clarence in his benevolence").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2024269-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> Although a local affair, the Twynho case has attracted commentary from modern <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Social historians">social historians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Folklorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">folklorist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Lyman_Kittredge" title="George Lyman Kittredge">George Kittredge</a> called it a <a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredge1929138-47">[46]</a> while more recently Carpenter has described it and the subsequent arrests and execution of Burdet and Stacy as being of "considerable significance" at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198638-66">[65]</a> To Hicks, Twynho's execution was <a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">judicial murder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1983135-90">[86]</a> and "one of the most flagrant abuses of noble power in late medieval England",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1983135-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010211-69">[68]</a> and a blatant example of how an overmighty subject could abuse his position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-4">[4]</a> Ross called it a "scandalous demonstration" of the misuse of magnate authority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974392-91">[87]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Horrox" title="Rosemary Horrox">Rosemary Horrox</a> cites Clarence's over-awing of the jury as a "classic symptom of <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">bastard feudalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox199635-92">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabel_Neville,_Duchess_of_Clarence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="contemporary drawing of the Duchess" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Isabel_Neville%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence.png/170px-Isabel_Neville%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Isabel_Neville%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence.png/255px-Isabel_Neville%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Isabel_Neville%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence.png/340px-Isabel_Neville%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Isabel, Duchess of Clarence from the <a href="/wiki/Rous_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rous Roll">Rous Roll</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERous198059-93">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> Clarence's degree of personal responsibility has also been discussed. Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._Lander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. R. Lander (page does not exist)">J. R. Lander</a> found the charges against Twynho and Thursby too implausible to credit, calling them "fantastic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander197793-94">[90]</a> He blames Clarence's actions as the result of a "seriously disturbed mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19677-51">[50]</a> However, Hicks criticises this as "too facile a solution", as it effectively absolves Clarence of <a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a>. He also argues that there is a contradiction, if Clarence was both sufficiently disturbed to believe in Twynho's guilt but sensible enough to recognise the weaknesses in the case and to stage-manage evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980139-43">[42]</a> Conversely, David Hipshon considers Clarence to have been merely petulant (albeit to an "alarming degree").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHipshon2009170-95">[91]</a> Fleming also sees an interplay between the Twynho affair and national politics, although he considers the precise connection unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2024268-34">[33]</a> That previously loyal household servants such as Twynho and Thursby, and intimates as Tocotes, no longer felt the Duke's service provided security or the prospect of promotion is apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980167-17">[16]</a> Members of Clarence's affinity were wavering in their loyalties; Carpenter comments that "even in this bastion of Warwick [Clarence's] power began to fall apart".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521-7">[7]</a> It was alleged, for example, that he planned to send his son and heir, Edward, abroad to drum up support for his cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2025114-96">[92]</a> His long-time servants John Harewood and John Tapton were supposedly to find a child, 'in likeness' of the Duke's own, and place him in Warwick Castle, and Edward taken to Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> or Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton197811-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980133-98">[94]</a> That Clarence could no longer rely on his word being faithfully obeyed is indicated by Harewood and Tapton's subsequent behaviour. Far from doing as the Duke requested, they immediately revealed his plans to the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[note 5]</a> Ashdown-Hill has proposed an innocent explanation for Clarence to do so: that following the deaths of his wife and baby in quick succession, he was not only suspicious but also fearful of further deaths, and particularly the well-being of his two-year-old heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019125-101">[96]</a> Further indicating the loss of cohesion in Clarence's power base, Burdet—a personal squire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPidgeon2019182-102">[97]</a>—was himself betrayed by another Clarence retainer and "constant associate", Alexander Rushton, who had also been approached by Burdet and Stacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> Even before their arrests, relations between Clarence and King had been under strain. Afterwards, it must have been clear that Clarence's fortunes were liable to break sooner rather than later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980167-17">[16]</a> From the King's point of view, Clarence was proving to be completely ineffectual as a mighty lord in his own lands; now he had suborned royal justice and forced Edward's local royal officials to obey him rather than their King. This was despite Edward's having made law and order the centrepiece of his return to power in 1471.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521-7">[7]</a> Compared to Clarence, the Woodville family, headed by Queen Elizabeth, had grown powerful, and with the royal children growing up, their households were also increasing. For example, John Twynho, the Bristol recorder, joined the household of <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">the Prince of Wales</a>. Ankarette Twynho was unemployed after Isabel's death and would have presumably accepted employment with any lord or lady, while Tocotes had become Master of Game for the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980167-17">[16]</a> Hicks suggests that the possible disintegration of his affinity at the hands of his brother and in-laws was sufficient to drive Clarence to seek revenge;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980167-17">[16]</a> it also demonstrated "a talent for swift and ruthless action" in him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980194-103">[98]</a> Carpenter agrees that the weakening of Clarence's authority in the Midlands was central to Clarence's response. He may have thought a dramatic demonstration of his power in his heartland would stop the bleeding of retainers to Hastings and Woodville. But, she comments, "if this was his purpose, the gesture was meaningless":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All Clarence had succeeded in showing was that by the use of military force near the heart of his domain he could overawe some of the middling gentry ... where, if he had been a real force, his word would normally have been law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a></blockquote> Hicks speculates that Clarence wanted to show he was not to be "trifled with", but in fact, by doing so, he helped prepare the way for his own downfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199122–23-104">[99]</a> Bellamy has argued that Clarence's wielding of the legal machinery for personal motives only caused the subsequent outcry it did because he was out of royal favour and with waning prospects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy197357-29">[28]</a> Clarence may have intended Twynho's execution as a lesson not just to the community at large but also a warning to his retainers on the penalties of betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> Bellamy also doubts whether there was any basis for the Duke's suspicions. By 1477, his behaviour was "quite irresponsible, even unbalanced".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> This included public insults to the King, such as ostentatiously dropping <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_horn" title="Unicorn horn">unicorn horn</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard1993127-105">[100]</a> into his cup at a 1477 royal banquet, thus suggesting to observers that he was reluctant to trust the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974240-77">[75]</a> Carpenter also suggests that Clarence could quite possibly have become deranged,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> possibly delusional<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2002289-55">[54]</a> following the loss of his wife;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">[8]</a> there seems no doubt that his grief was genuine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce20134-22">[21]</a> Lander considers that Clarence's self-control—"never very strong"—completely collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander19676-32">[31]</a> David Cook suggests that Clarence was motivated by "greed and resentment",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201440-5">[5]</a> while Hazel Pierce notes that Twynho could have been one of the so-called "flatterers" who reported Clarence's private statements to the King, if not directly, then possibly via men such as Tocotes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce20135-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980167-17">[16]</a> On this phenomenon, Croyland comments how <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You might then have seen (as such men are generally to be found in the courts of all princes), flatterers running to and fro, from the one side to the other, and carrying backwards and forwards the words which had fallen from the two brothers, even if they had happened to be spoken in the most secret closet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1854478-18">[17]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The Croyland Chronicle—occasionally Crowland Chronicle—is an important source for historians regarding events of 15th-century England. Written by several contributors, it is of unknown authorship,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1985142-12">[12]</a> although the last section—dealing with the years following 1470 to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a>—is suspected of being written either by a clerk close to <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(bishop)" title="John Russell (bishop)">John Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Chancellor of England</a> or the bishop himself, as this would account for a supposed-<a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fenland</a> monk having such an intimate knowledge of high politics as the chronicle demonstrates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201467–68-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000140-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19814-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Specifically, that Edward was the son of an archer from <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> named Blaybourne, with whom the <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Duchess of York</a> supposedly had an affair while <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">her husband</a> was Lord Lieutenant of France in 1441. Accusations of illegitimacy were among the most potent that could be made in 15th-century England; it was also one of the most frequent. Before Edward IV, Henry VI's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, faced the same charge, and so did <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> after Edward. Edward's sons, <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of York">Richard of York</a>, were also accused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurties1988154–156-72">[71]</a> The allegations against Edward were to be revived by his brother Gloucester in 1483 as part of his campaign to usurp the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper-Bill2004-73">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Ross points out that Clarence marrying into the House of Burgundy would make him one of the most powerful men in Europe, and with a legitimate claim to the English throne, undoubtedly strong enough to attempt another overthrow of Edward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974240-77">[75]</a> Rivers was not viewed abroad as a bona fide member of the royal family, and the French chronicler <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a> calls him "a mere earl".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2017107–108-76">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The First Murderer refers to it twice in front of the Duke: "throw him into the malmsey butt in the next room", and "I'll drown you in the malmsey butt within".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare2009160,_281-85">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The Duchess of York had sent George and Richard to Burgundy in January 1461 for their protection following the death of her husband at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a> the previous December. Then, it was a place of safety; in 1477, it was leaderless after the death of its duke, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a> in January, and experiencing civil war and under threat of invasion from France. This makes it unlikely that Clarence would have considered sending his heir there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman1989130-99">[95]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2005105-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettle2005105_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKettle2005">Kettle 2005</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2004-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2004_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2004">Pollard 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2005106,_108-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettle2005106,_108_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKettle2005">Kettle 2005</a>, pp. 106, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2004_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2004_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2004_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2004_4-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2004">Hicks 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201440-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook201440_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook201440_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook201440_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2014">Cook 2014</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639–41-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639–41_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1986">Carpenter 1986</a>, pp. 39–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1992521_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1992">Carpenter 1992</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter198639_8-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1986">Carpenter 1986</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard201665-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard201665_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard2016">Ward 2016</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201440–41-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook201440–41_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2014">Cook 2014</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974241-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974241_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974241_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974241_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1985142-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1985142_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1985">Kelly 1985</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook201467–68-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook201467–68_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2014">Cook 2014</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000140-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000140_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2000">Kelly 2000</a>, p. 140. </li> <li 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href="#CITEREFHughes2002">Hughes 2002</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974243-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974243_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974243_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare2009160,_281-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare2009160,_281_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShakespeare2009">Shakespeare 2009</a>, 160, 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonHarding2015427-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonHarding2015427_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonHarding2015">Robinson & Harding 2015</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2024269-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2024269_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2024269_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2024">Fleming 2024</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatwright200365-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatwright200365_89-0">^</a> <a 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href="#CITEREFHipshon2009">Hipshon 2009</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2025114-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindler2025114_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchindler2025">Schindler 2025</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton197811-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampton197811_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHampton1978">Hampton 1978</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980133-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980133_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks1980">Hicks 1980</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman1989130-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman1989130_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeightman1989">Weightman 1989</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019125-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2019125_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshdown-Hill2019">Ashdown-Hill 2019</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPidgeon2019182-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPidgeon2019182_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPidgeon2019">Pidgeon 2019</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980194-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980194_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks1980">Hicks 1980</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199122–23-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks199122–23_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks1991">Hicks 1991</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard1993127-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepard1993127_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepard1993">Shepard 1993</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce20135-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce20135_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPierce2013">Pierce 2013</a>, p. 5. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved 11 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beauchamp%2C+Richard+%28d.+1481%29%2C+Bishop+of+Salisbury&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1839&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-1839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDKR1842" class="citation book cs1">DKR (1842). Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (ed.). Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Vol. III. London: William Clowes and sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1181525784">1181525784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Deputy+Keeper+of+the+Public+Records&rft.place=London&rft.series=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.pub=William+Clowes+and+sons&rft.date=1842&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1181525784&rft.au=DKR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2024" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, P. (2024). Late Medieval Bristol: Time, Space and Power. Donington: Yorkist History Trust & Shaun Tyas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-91577-418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-91577-418-7"><bdi>978-1-91577-418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Medieval+Bristol%3A+Time%2C+Space+and+Power&rft.place=Donington&rft.pub=Yorkist+History+Trust+%26+Shaun+Tyas&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-91577-418-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005" class="citation web cs1">Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval/january-1478">"Introduction: Edward IV: January 1478"</a>. British History Online. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/wip/0NVj0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2025. 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London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41502-826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41502-826-4"><bdi>978-0-41502-826-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Bastards+of+Medieval+England&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-41502-826-4&rft.aulast=Given-Wilson&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Curties%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1981" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, R. A. (1981). The Reign of Henry VI. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52004-372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52004-372-5"><bdi>978-0-52004-372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Henry+VI&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-52004-372-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrummitt2013" class="citation book cs1">Grummitt, D. (2013). A Short History of the Wars of the Roses. New York, NY: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-303-0"><bdi>978-0-85773-303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-303-0&rft.aulast=Grummitt&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hampton, W. E. (1978). "Sir Robert Percy and Joyce his Wife". The Ricardian. 4 (60): 9–18. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11995669">11995669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Robert+Percy+and+Joyce+his+Wife&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11995669&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper-Bill2004" class="citation web cs1">Harper-Bill, C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50231">"Cecily [Cicely] [née Cecily Neville], duchess of York (1415–1495), Yorkist matriarch"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 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Barnsley: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-39906-489-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-39906-489-7"><bdi>978-1-39906-489-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingmaker%27s+Women%3A+Anne+Beauchamp+and+Her+Daughters%2C+Isabel+and+Anne+Neville&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-39906-489-7&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1980" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, M. A. (1980). False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence 1449–1478. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-87304-113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-87304-113-0"><bdi>978-1-87304-113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False%2C+Fleeting%2C+Perjur%27d+Clarence%3A+George%2C+Duke+of+Clarence+1449%E2%80%931478&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-87304-113-0&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, M. A. (1981). "The Middle Brother: 'False Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence'". The Ricardian. 4 (60): 302–310. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11995669">11995669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Brother%3A+%27False+Fleeting%2C+Perjur%27d+Clarence%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11995669&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, M. A. (1983). "Restraint, Mediation and Private Justice: George, Duke of Clarence as "Good Lord"". The Journal of Legal History. 4 (2): 56–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440368308530783">10.1080/01440368308530783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Restraint%2C+Mediation+and+Private+Justice%3A+George%2C+Duke+of+Clarence+as+%22Good+Lord%22&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440368308530783&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1991" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, M. A. (1991). "Bastard Feudalism: Society and Politics in Fifteenth-Century England". Richard III and His Rivals: Magnates and Their Motives in the Wars of the Roses. 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Frome: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19870-538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19870-538-3"><bdi>978-0-19870-538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.place=Frome&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19870-538-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Harding%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1974" class="citation book cs1">Ross, C. D. (1974). Edward IV. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1259845">1259845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1259845&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRous1980" class="citation book cs1">Rous, J. (1980). Ross, C. (ed.). The Rous Roll. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-90438-743-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-90438-743-8"><bdi>978-0-90438-743-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6765426">6765426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rous+Roll&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6765426&rft.isbn=978-0-90438-743-8&rft.aulast=Rous&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2005" class="citation book cs1">Sadler, J. (2005). Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1598. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13814-343-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13814-343-2"><bdi>978-1-13814-343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Fury%3A+England+and+Scotland+at+War%2C+1296%E2%80%931598&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-13814-343-2&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2010" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, C. J. (2010). Magic and the Supernatural in Medieval English Romance. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-221-7"><bdi>978-1-84384-221-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+the+Supernatural+in+Medieval+English+Romance&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-221-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2025" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, M. (2025). Mental Health in Late Medieval England: A Surprising History of Mental Illness and Its Treatment in Society. Barnsley: Pen and Sword History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-39909-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-39909-245-6"><bdi>978-1-39909-245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+in+Late+Medieval+England%3A+A+Surprising+History+of+Mental+Illness+and+Its+Treatment+in+Society&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+History&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=978-1-39909-245-6&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScofield1967" class="citation book cs1">Scofield, C. L. (1967). The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland. Vol. II (New impr. ed.). London: Cass. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/310646653">310646653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Reign+of+Edward+the+Fourth%2C+King+of+England+and+of+France+and+Lord+of+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New+impr.&rft.pub=Cass&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F310646653&rft.aulast=Scofield&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2009" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, W. (2009). Siemon, J. R. (ed.). The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. 3rd. London: Arden Shakespeare. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90343-689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90343-689-9"><bdi>978-1-90343-689-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+King+Richard+the+Third&rft.place=London&rft.series=3rd&rft.pub=Arden+Shakespeare&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-90343-689-9&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1993" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, O. (1993). The Lore of the Unicorn (repr. ed.). New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-48627-803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-48627-803-2"><bdi>978-0-48627-803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lore+of+the+Unicorn&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-48627-803-2&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSillem1936" class="citation book cs1">Sillem, R., ed. (1936). Records of Some Sessions of the Peace in Lincolnshire: 1360–1375. Publications of the Lincoln Record Society. Vol. XXX. Lincoln: Lincoln Record Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29331375">29331375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+Some+Sessions+of+the+Peace+in+Lincolnshire%3A+1360%E2%80%931375&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Lincoln+Record+Society&rft.pub=Lincoln+Record+Society&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29331375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2016" class="citation book cs1">Ward, M. (2016). The Livery Collar in Late Medieval England and Wales: Politics, Identity and Affinity. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-115-3"><bdi>978-1-78327-115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Livery+Collar+in+Late+Medieval+England+and+Wales%3A+Politics%2C+Identity+and+Affinity&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-115-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeightman1989" class="citation book cs1">Weightman, C. B. (1989). Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 1446–1503. New York: St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-555-3"><bdi>978-0-86299-555-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+of+York%2C+Duchess+of+Burgundy%2C+1446%E2%80%931503&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-86299-555-3&rft.aulast=Weightman&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2022" class="citation book cs1">Young, F. (2022). Magic in Merlin's Realm: A History of Occult Politics in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31651-240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31651-240-1"><bdi>978-1-31651-240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+in+Merlin%27s+Realm%3A+A+History+of+Occult+Politics+in+Britain&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-31651-240-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+George+Plantagenet%2C+Duke+of+Clarence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fall of George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Briefly joined the Lancastrians. 2 Briefly joined the Yorkists. 3 Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. 4 Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. 5 Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Wars of the Roses">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&oldid=1276900844">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence&oldid=1276900844</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Category:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England" 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