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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Tuareg</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">4,015 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Tuareg</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Tuareg">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40536276" data-work_id="40536276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40536276/Charles_de_Foucauld_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9coute_des_voix_touar%C3%A8gues">Charles de Foucauld à l'écoute des voix touarègues</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The original intention of Charles de Foucauld was to prepare the arrival of the missionaries in the Hoggar, by composing a Tuareg lexicon and grammar. Then the collection of poems became for him a goal in itself. The six thousand verses... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40536276" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The original intention of Charles de Foucauld was to prepare the arrival of the missionaries in the Hoggar, by composing a Tuareg lexicon and grammar. Then the collection of poems became for him a goal in itself. The six thousand verses he has collected are one of the few documents that allow us to hear the voice of the Tuaregs of the pre-colonial era.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40536276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1f6113b041715ca0ca3695772e52475f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63000360,"asset_id":40536276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63000360/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40536276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40536276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40536276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40536276", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40536276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40536276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40536276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40536276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Linguistics">History of Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="95" type="text/json">{"id":95,"name":"History of Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Linguistics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2283" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholic_Missionary_History">Catholic Missionary History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2283" type="text/json">{"id":2283,"name":"Catholic Missionary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholic_Missionary_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3581" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry">Poetry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3581" type="text/json">{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9922" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploration_History">Exploration History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9922" type="text/json">{"id":9922,"name":"Exploration History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploration_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40536276]'), work: {"id":40536276,"title":"Charles de Foucauld à l'écoute des voix touarègues","created_at":"2019-10-06T02:15:11.748-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40536276/Charles_de_Foucauld_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9coute_des_voix_touar%C3%A8gues?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_40536276","summary":"The original intention of Charles de Foucauld was to prepare the arrival of the missionaries in the Hoggar, by composing a Tuareg lexicon and grammar. 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The six thousand verses he has collected are one of the few documents that allow us to hear the voice of the Tuaregs of the pre-colonial era.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63000360,"asset_id":40536276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":95,"name":"History of Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Linguistics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":2283,"name":"Catholic Missionary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholic_Missionary_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":9922,"name":"Exploration History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploration_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":13334,"name":"Global History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_History?f_ri=99877"},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877"},{"id":48303,"name":"Colonization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonization?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":416183,"name":"Charles De Foucauld","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charles_De_Foucauld?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39373672" data-work_id="39373672" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39373672/CONFLITO_NO_MALI_ORIGENS">CONFLITO NO MALI: ORIGENS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">O paradigma realista vestefaliano, assente na geografia das fronteiras, fundamentou ao longo dos anos a separação entre o que é a segurança interna e a segurança externa, focandose essencialmente nesta última e na sua dimensão militar. No... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39373672" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O paradigma realista vestefaliano, assente na geografia das fronteiras, fundamentou ao longo dos anos a separação entre o que é a segurança interna e a segurança externa, focandose essencialmente nesta última e na sua dimensão militar. No entanto, em virtude da sua interdependência e interpenetrabilidade, o conceito de segurança no pós-Guerra Fria passou a abordar perspetivas diferentes da segurança.<br />As várias dimensões da Segurança tendem a explicar o conflito no Mali, não pela deterioração das condições de Segurança do Povo Tuaregue, mas sim pela sua melhoria.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39373672" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="814910269701c86458531febb347c8df" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59516792,"asset_id":39373672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59516792/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="799526" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PedrodaGra%C3%A7a">Pedro Duarte da Graça</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="799526" type="text/json">{"id":799526,"first_name":"Pedro Duarte","last_name":"da Graça","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PedrodaGraça","display_name":"Pedro Duarte da Graça","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PedrodaGra%C3%A7a?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/799526/273410/323272/s65_pedro.da_gra_a.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39373672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39373672"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39373672, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39373672", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39373672]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39373672").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39373672").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39373672"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali">Mali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52869" type="text/json">{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="227098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barry_Buzan">Barry Buzan</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="227098" type="text/json">{"id":227098,"name":"Barry Buzan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barry_Buzan?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39373672]'), work: {"id":39373672,"title":"CONFLITO NO MALI: ORIGENS","created_at":"2019-06-04T13:18:02.771-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39373672/CONFLITO_NO_MALI_ORIGENS?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_39373672","summary":"O paradigma realista vestefaliano, assente na geografia das fronteiras, fundamentou ao longo dos anos a separação entre o que é a segurança interna e a segurança externa, focandose essencialmente nesta última e na sua dimensão militar. 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Graça","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PedrodaGra%C3%A7a?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/799526/273410/323272/s65_pedro.da_gra_a.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":227098,"name":"Barry Buzan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barry_Buzan?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1065432" data-work_id="1065432" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1065432/Lislamizzazione_dei_Tuareg_alla_luce_dei_dati_linguistici">L'islamizzazione dei Tuareg alla luce dei dati linguistici</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">[Paper in Italian] The discovery of an ancient borrowing from Arabic in the domain of religion (FAKRU, the "name" of the she-camel of prophet Saleh, derived from "FA-‘AQARU..." i.e. the starting words of the quranic verses containing this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1065432" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">[Paper in Italian]<br />The discovery of an ancient borrowing from Arabic in the domain of religion (FAKRU, the "name" of the she-camel of prophet Saleh, derived from "FA-‘AQARU..." i.e. the starting words of the quranic verses containing this story) suggests that the oldest relations with Arabs were not limited to secular, commercial ties, but included religious instruction.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1065432" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="19df10f9e8383c28285987c4df457a1f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6519593,"asset_id":1065432,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1065432"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism">Transnationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2793" type="text/json">{"id":2793,"name":"Transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6579" type="text/json">{"id":6579,"name":"Cosmopolitanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmopolitanism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14288" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Islamic_World">History of the Islamic World</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14288" type="text/json">{"id":14288,"name":"History of the Islamic World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Islamic_World?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1065432]'), work: {"id":1065432,"title":"L'islamizzazione dei Tuareg alla luce dei dati 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Brugnatelli","profile_url":"https://unimib.academia.edu/VermondoBrugnatelli?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113223/30559/28099/s65_vermondo.brugnatelli.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2793,"name":"Transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":6579,"name":"Cosmopolitanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmopolitanism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14288,"name":"History of the Islamic World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Islamic_World?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=99877"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=99877"},{"id":50690,"name":"Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":113461,"name":"Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomads?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":223361,"name":"Tuareg Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Languages?f_ri=99877"},{"id":292488,"name":"Tuareg History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_History?f_ri=99877"},{"id":292490,"name":"Spread of Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_of_Islam?f_ri=99877"},{"id":391688,"name":"Elite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elite?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16316880" data-work_id="16316880" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16316880/2010_Tuareg_moving_global_An_Introduction_Together_with_Anja_Fischer_In_Fischer_Anja_and_Kohl_Ines_eds_Tuareg_Society_within_a_Globalized_World_Saharan_Life_in_Transition_I_B_Tauris_Academic_Studies_London_New_York_1_8">2010: “Tuareg” moving global: An Introduction. Together with Anja Fischer. In: Fischer, Anja and Kohl, Ines (eds.): Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition, I.B.Tauris Academic Studies: London / New York, 1 – 8</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Increasingly forced to switch from nomadic to urban lifestyles over the last few decades, lots of Kel Tamasheq in the Sahara and Sahel are being squeezed into sedentarization. Furthermore, the vagaries of international politics are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16316880" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Increasingly forced to switch from nomadic to urban lifestyles over the last few decades, lots of Kel Tamasheq in the Sahara and Sahel are being squeezed into sedentarization. Furthermore, the vagaries of international politics are pushing them into making transnational border crossings without<br />documents, nationalities or citizenships. Global economic interests, EU sanctions, as well as several local and supra local attempts to enforce political hegemony have turned nomadic life into a challenging business. Recent geopolitical changes have had a crucial impact on the Saharan-Sahel population, but the rest of the world has neglected them. The Sahara and Sahel are more and more being transformed into a gateway for<br />international politics and economic manoeuvres. Anthropologists should have a responsibility to bring the harsh political and economic circumstances with which these people are dealing to a broader audience. <br /><br />The contributors to this volume were free to approach the Kel Tamasheq from a wide range of themes, angles and regions. Our aim in this book is to identify a population living in deserted areas in the central Sahara and on its Sahelian fringes in the context of ‘global interconnectedness, suggesting<br />a world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages, and persistent cultural interaction and exchange’.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16316880" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1e4e03954538194eb310a350772341f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38945210,"asset_id":16316880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38945210/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186733" href="https://independent.academia.edu/InesKohl">Ines Kohl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186733" type="text/json">{"id":186733,"first_name":"Ines","last_name":"Kohl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"InesKohl","display_name":"Ines Kohl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/InesKohl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186733/45683/16646094/s65_ines.kohl.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16316880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16316880"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16316880, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16316880", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16316880]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16316880").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16316880").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16316880"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara">Sahara</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="138642" type="text/json">{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16316880]'), work: {"id":16316880,"title":"2010: “Tuareg” moving global: An Introduction. Together with Anja Fischer. In: Fischer, Anja and Kohl, Ines (eds.): Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition, I.B.Tauris Academic Studies: London / New York, 1 – 8","created_at":"2015-09-30T03:02:38.660-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16316880/2010_Tuareg_moving_global_An_Introduction_Together_with_Anja_Fischer_In_Fischer_Anja_and_Kohl_Ines_eds_Tuareg_Society_within_a_Globalized_World_Saharan_Life_in_Transition_I_B_Tauris_Academic_Studies_London_New_York_1_8?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_16316880","summary":"Increasingly forced to switch from nomadic to urban lifestyles over the last few decades, lots of Kel Tamasheq in the Sahara and Sahel are being squeezed into sedentarization. Furthermore, the vagaries of international politics are pushing them into making transnational border crossings without\ndocuments, nationalities or citizenships. Global economic interests, EU sanctions, as well as several local and supra local attempts to enforce political hegemony have turned nomadic life into a challenging business. Recent geopolitical changes have had a crucial impact on the Saharan-Sahel population, but the rest of the world has neglected them. The Sahara and Sahel are more and more being transformed into a gateway for\ninternational politics and economic manoeuvres. Anthropologists should have a responsibility to bring the harsh political and economic circumstances with which these people are dealing to a broader audience. \n\nThe contributors to this volume were free to approach the Kel Tamasheq from a wide range of themes, angles and regions. Our aim in this book is to identify a population living in deserted areas in the central Sahara and on its Sahelian fringes in the context of ‘global interconnectedness, suggesting\na world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages, and persistent cultural interaction and exchange’.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38945210,"asset_id":16316880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186733,"first_name":"Ines","last_name":"Kohl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"InesKohl","display_name":"Ines Kohl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/InesKohl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186733/45683/16646094/s65_ines.kohl.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43022937" data-work_id="43022937" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43022937/Un_t%C3%A9moignage_in%C3%A9dit_Foucauld_vu_par_Meynier_1914_">Un 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43022937"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara">Sahara</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="138642" type="text/json">{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43022937]'), work: {"id":43022937,"title":"Un témoignage inédit : Foucauld vu par Meynier (1914)","created_at":"2020-05-12T08:17:34.997-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43022937/Un_t%C3%A9moignage_in%C3%A9dit_Foucauld_vu_par_Meynier_1914_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_43022937","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63286015,"asset_id":43022937,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":271063,"name":"Algérie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alg%C3%A9rie?f_ri=99877"},{"id":354708,"name":"Touareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Touareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":416183,"name":"Charles De Foucauld","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charles_De_Foucauld?f_ri=99877"},{"id":571564,"name":"Afrique du Nord","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afrique_du_Nord?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31011105" data-work_id="31011105" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31011105/Bedingungslose_Gastfreundschaft_als_Utopie_%C3%9Cber_die_Kontextualit%C3%A4t_universalistischer_Konstrukte_am_Beispiel_des_Wandels_der_Gastfreundschaft_bei_Tuareg_Nomaden">Bedingungslose Gastfreundschaft als Utopie Über die Kontextualität universalistischer Konstrukte am Beispiel des Wandels der Gastfreundschaft bei Tuareg- Nomaden</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In diesem Beitrag wird in einem ersten Schritt Gastfreundschaft in theoretischer Hinsicht als ökonomische Tauschstrategie zwecks Integration von Haushalten in ihre soziale Umwelten zum Zweck der langfristigen ökonomischen... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31011105" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In diesem Beitrag wird in einem ersten Schritt Gastfreundschaft in theoretischer Hinsicht als ökonomische Tauschstrategie zwecks Integration von Haushalten in ihre soziale Umwelten zum Zweck der langfristigen ökonomischen Überlebenssicherung und dabei die Wirkungsmechanismen sowohl auf zwischenmenschlicher wie auch auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene dargestellt.<br /><br />Im zweiten Schritt werden Gründe für die Dysfunktionalität von Gastfreundschaft mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Kohärenzgefühls (A. Antonovsky) und dessen Verlust erläutert. Dazu wird dargestellt, wie der Verlust des Vertrauens in gesellschaftliche Bezugssysteme – auf Miko- wie Makro-Ebene – zur Abwertung und Verminderung von gastfreundschaftlichem Handeln führt.<br /> <br />Als empirische Beispiele zur Illustration dieser Funktionalismen wird zunächst den Wandel der Beziehungen zwischen den Tuareg-Nomaden der Zentralsahara und Europäern skizziert, wurden doch die Tuareg vor ihrer Unterwerfung als „Piraten der Wüste“ bezeichnet, weil sie europäische Gäste umzubringen pflegten. Allerdings wurden seit der Eroberung Algiers durch Frankreich Europäer von Tuareg als mit allen Mitteln zu bekämpfende Eindringlinge wahrgenommen.<br />Nach ihrer Unterwerfung hingegen arrangierten sich die resignierten Tuareg mit den als übermächtig wahrgenommenen Franzosen und erfuhren dadurch in ihrer Wahrnehmung nunmehr eine Karriere als „gastfreundliche, edle und treue Wüstenritter“ sowie als touristisches Maskottchen. Ökonomisch profitierten gewisse Tuareg-Gruppen wesentlich durch ihre „Gastfreundschaft“ gegenüber ihren französischen Bewunderern.<br />Mit dem zunehmenden politischen, ökonomischen und militärischen Bedeutungsverlust Europas in Westafrika in den letzten 10 Jahren wandelte sich das Verhältnis der Tuareg gegenüber Europäern vom servilen Verhältnis als Reiseführer hin zu einem dominanten Position als wiedererstarkende Herren der Sahara, die von Europäern nunmehr in deren Rolle als lukrative Entführungsopfer profitieren, sowie von der Migrationskrise als ortskundige Schlepper im boomenden Menschenhandel durch die Sahara.<br /> <br />Analoge Wirkmechanismen lassen sich auch im Tourismus erkennen, wo die „Fähigkeit“ des Personals zur herzlichen Gastfreundschaft gegenüber Gästen von seiner Einschätzung der verschiedenen relevanten Beziehungsebenen abhängt:<br />-          Mikro-Ebene: Wie erfolgreich funktioniert die Kommunikation mit dem Gast, um beidseitige Zufriedenheit (und gutes Trinkgeld) zu erreichen?<br />-          Meso-Ebene: Wie sehr trägt der persönliche kommunikative Einsatz des Servicepersonals zu einem angenehmen Arbeitsklima im Betrieb sowie zu dessen dauerhaftem Gedeihen bei?<br />-          Makro-Ebene: Wird die Tourismusbranche – oder ein noch höher stehendes Bezugssystem – noch in einer Weise wahrgenommen, wonach langfristige persönliche sozio-ökonomische Sicherheit und Entwicklung möglich sei?<br /> <br />Anhand dieser beiden Fälle wird aufzeigt, dass aus Sicht von Antonovsky‘s Kohärenz-Konzept die Einschätzung der gesellschaftlichen Meso- oder gar Makro-Ebene eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, um gastfreundliches Verhalten im Kontext unmittelbarer Beziehungen als sinnvoll („kohärent“) zu empfinden und insofern weiter zu praktizieren.  <br /> <br />In den abschließenden Empfehlungen werden kurz Instrumente der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung als effektive und langfristig kostengünstige Mittel zur Stärkung des individuellen und innerbetrieblichen „Kohärenzgefühls“ und damit einer gelebten Willkommenskultur skizziert.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31011105" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="31ebad1b65b06c30ef2304204508b8ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51444588,"asset_id":31011105,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51444588/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17231903" href="https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl">Harald Friedl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17231903" type="text/json">{"id":17231903,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Friedl","domain_name":"fh-joanneum","page_name":"HaraldFriedl","display_name":"Harald Friedl","profile_url":"https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17231903/4765708/5492372/s65_harald.friedl.jpg_oh_401f8e80397c9359475c62ff6cdb8b93_oe_5485634d___gda___1422160599_a11e795ce3b1d4f10959b2426b4863d8"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31011105 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31011105"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31011105, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31011105", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31011105 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31011105; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31011105"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31011105 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31011105"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31011105; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31011105]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31011105").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31011105").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31011105"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration">Migration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4850" type="text/json">{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13931" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sense_of_Coherence_Antonovsky_">Sense of Coherence (Antonovsky)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13931" type="text/json">{"id":13931,"name":"Sense of Coherence (Antonovsky)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sense_of_Coherence_Antonovsky_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22656" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality">Hospitality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22656" type="text/json">{"id":22656,"name":"Hospitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68118" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Ethics">Tourism Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="68118" type="text/json">{"id":68118,"name":"Tourism Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Ethics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31011105]'), work: {"id":31011105,"title":"Bedingungslose Gastfreundschaft als Utopie Über die Kontextualität universalistischer Konstrukte am Beispiel des Wandels der Gastfreundschaft bei Tuareg- Nomaden","created_at":"2017-01-20T08:12:28.584-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31011105/Bedingungslose_Gastfreundschaft_als_Utopie_%C3%9Cber_die_Kontextualit%C3%A4t_universalistischer_Konstrukte_am_Beispiel_des_Wandels_der_Gastfreundschaft_bei_Tuareg_Nomaden?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_31011105","summary":"In diesem Beitrag wird in einem ersten Schritt Gastfreundschaft in theoretischer Hinsicht als ökonomische Tauschstrategie zwecks Integration von Haushalten in ihre soziale Umwelten zum Zweck der langfristigen ökonomischen Überlebenssicherung und dabei die Wirkungsmechanismen sowohl auf zwischenmenschlicher wie auch auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene dargestellt.\n\nIm zweiten Schritt werden Gründe für die Dysfunktionalität von Gastfreundschaft mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Kohärenzgefühls (A. Antonovsky) und dessen Verlust erläutert. Dazu wird dargestellt, wie der Verlust des Vertrauens in gesellschaftliche Bezugssysteme – auf Miko- wie Makro-Ebene – zur Abwertung und Verminderung von gastfreundschaftlichem Handeln führt.\n \nAls empirische Beispiele zur Illustration dieser Funktionalismen wird zunächst den Wandel der Beziehungen zwischen den Tuareg-Nomaden der Zentralsahara und Europäern skizziert, wurden doch die Tuareg vor ihrer Unterwerfung als „Piraten der Wüste“ bezeichnet, weil sie europäische Gäste umzubringen pflegten. Allerdings wurden seit der Eroberung Algiers durch Frankreich Europäer von Tuareg als mit allen Mitteln zu bekämpfende Eindringlinge wahrgenommen.\nNach ihrer Unterwerfung hingegen arrangierten sich die resignierten Tuareg mit den als übermächtig wahrgenommenen Franzosen und erfuhren dadurch in ihrer Wahrnehmung nunmehr eine Karriere als „gastfreundliche, edle und treue Wüstenritter“ sowie als touristisches Maskottchen. Ökonomisch profitierten gewisse Tuareg-Gruppen wesentlich durch ihre „Gastfreundschaft“ gegenüber ihren französischen Bewunderern.\nMit dem zunehmenden politischen, ökonomischen und militärischen Bedeutungsverlust Europas in Westafrika in den letzten 10 Jahren wandelte sich das Verhältnis der Tuareg gegenüber Europäern vom servilen Verhältnis als Reiseführer hin zu einem dominanten Position als wiedererstarkende Herren der Sahara, die von Europäern nunmehr in deren Rolle als lukrative Entführungsopfer profitieren, sowie von der Migrationskrise als ortskundige Schlepper im boomenden Menschenhandel durch die Sahara.\n \nAnaloge Wirkmechanismen lassen sich auch im Tourismus erkennen, wo die „Fähigkeit“ des Personals zur herzlichen Gastfreundschaft gegenüber Gästen von seiner Einschätzung der verschiedenen relevanten Beziehungsebenen abhängt:\n- Mikro-Ebene: Wie erfolgreich funktioniert die Kommunikation mit dem Gast, um beidseitige Zufriedenheit (und gutes Trinkgeld) zu erreichen?\n- Meso-Ebene: Wie sehr trägt der persönliche kommunikative Einsatz des Servicepersonals zu einem angenehmen Arbeitsklima im Betrieb sowie zu dessen dauerhaftem Gedeihen bei?\n- Makro-Ebene: Wird die Tourismusbranche – oder ein noch höher stehendes Bezugssystem – noch in einer Weise wahrgenommen, wonach langfristige persönliche sozio-ökonomische Sicherheit und Entwicklung möglich sei?\n \nAnhand dieser beiden Fälle wird aufzeigt, dass aus Sicht von Antonovsky‘s Kohärenz-Konzept die Einschätzung der gesellschaftlichen Meso- oder gar Makro-Ebene eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, um gastfreundliches Verhalten im Kontext unmittelbarer Beziehungen als sinnvoll („kohärent“) zu empfinden und insofern weiter zu praktizieren. \n \nIn den abschließenden Empfehlungen werden kurz Instrumente der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung als effektive und langfristig kostengünstige Mittel zur Stärkung des individuellen und innerbetrieblichen „Kohärenzgefühls“ und damit einer gelebten Willkommenskultur skizziert.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51444588,"asset_id":31011105,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17231903,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Friedl","domain_name":"fh-joanneum","page_name":"HaraldFriedl","display_name":"Harald Friedl","profile_url":"https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17231903/4765708/5492372/s65_harald.friedl.jpg_oh_401f8e80397c9359475c62ff6cdb8b93_oe_5485634d___gda___1422160599_a11e795ce3b1d4f10959b2426b4863d8"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":13931,"name":"Sense of Coherence (Antonovsky)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sense_of_Coherence_Antonovsky_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":22656,"name":"Hospitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":68118,"name":"Tourism Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Ethics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":139419,"name":"Antonovsky","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antonovsky?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12160678" data-work_id="12160678" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12160678/Tuareg_Society_within_a_Globalized_World">Tuareg Society within a Globalized World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">TUAREG SOCIETY WITHIN A GLOBALIZED WORLD ANJA FISCHER & INES KOHL (eds.) The Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) are an ancient nomadic people who have inhabited the Sahara, one of the most extreme environments in the world, for millennia. In what... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12160678" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">TUAREG SOCIETY WITHIN A GLOBALIZED WORLD <br />ANJA FISCHER & INES KOHL (eds.) <br /> <br />The Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) are an ancient nomadic people who have inhabited the Sahara, one of the most extreme environments in the world, for millennia. In what ways have the lives of the Tuareg changed, and what roles do they have, in a modern and increasingly globalized world? Here, leading scholars explore the many facets of contemporary Tuareg existence: from transnational identity to international politics, from economy to social structure, from music to beauty, from mobility to slavery. <br />The ancient ways of the Tuareg were largely uninterrupted until the arrival of the colonial powers during the nineteenth century. Colonial forces divided traditional Tuareg territory across five separate new countries, causing profound changes in the social, political and economic structure of the Tuareg. The Tuareg today continue to face the risk of marginalisation within national and international politics. At the same time, the Tuareg are seen as a link between the Arab and African worlds, and their familiarity with the Sahara makes them a port of call for African migrants traversing the desert to reach Europe. Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) between Niger, Algeria and Libya.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12160678" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="15b696b622dad75db639af9f8ba950da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37472844,"asset_id":12160678,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37472844/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30541437" href="https://univie.academia.edu/AnjaFischer">Anja Fischer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30541437" type="text/json">{"id":30541437,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Fischer","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"AnjaFischer","display_name":"Anja Fischer","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/AnjaFischer?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30541437/8877308/9908773/s65_anja.fischer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12160678 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12160678"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12160678, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12160678", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12160678 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12160678; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12160678"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12160678 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12160678"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12160678; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12160678]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12160678").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12160678").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12160678"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara">Sahara</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="138642" type="text/json">{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="281958" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture">Tuareg culture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="281958" type="text/json">{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12160678]'), work: {"id":12160678,"title":"Tuareg Society within a Globalized World","created_at":"2015-04-29T23:00:48.997-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12160678/Tuareg_Society_within_a_Globalized_World?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_12160678","summary":"TUAREG SOCIETY WITHIN A GLOBALIZED WORLD\r\nANJA FISCHER \u0026 INES KOHL (eds.)\r\n\r\nThe Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) are an ancient nomadic people who have inhabited the Sahara, one of the most extreme environments in the world, for millennia. In what ways have the lives of the Tuareg changed, and what roles do they have, in a modern and increasingly globalized world? Here, leading scholars explore the many facets of contemporary Tuareg existence: from transnational identity to international politics, from economy to social structure, from music to beauty, from mobility to slavery.\r\nThe ancient ways of the Tuareg were largely uninterrupted until the arrival of the colonial powers during the nineteenth century. Colonial forces divided traditional Tuareg territory across five separate new countries, causing profound changes in the social, political and economic structure of the Tuareg. The Tuareg today continue to face the risk of marginalisation within national and international politics. At the same time, the Tuareg are seen as a link between the Arab and African worlds, and their familiarity with the Sahara makes them a port of call for African migrants traversing the desert to reach Europe. Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) between Niger, Algeria and Libya.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37472844,"asset_id":12160678,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30541437,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Fischer","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"AnjaFischer","display_name":"Anja Fischer","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/AnjaFischer?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30541437/8877308/9908773/s65_anja.fischer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9769208" data-work_id="9769208" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9769208/Ultranationalism_and_the_Art_of_the_Stateless_State">Ultranationalism and the Art of the Stateless State</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ultimate outcome of ultranationalism is the disappearance of the state altogether, and its replacement by power structures that do not recognize any form of democratic control by the very people these structures affect. Nor do these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9769208" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ultimate outcome of ultranationalism is the disappearance of the state altogether, and its replacement by power structures that do not recognize any form of democratic control by the very people these structures affect. Nor do these structures restrict themselves to what used to be known as national borders. This reality of globalism after the annihilation of the nation-state forms a dark and perverted version of that other dream of decentralized powers that reaches beyond the nation-state: the progressive project of stateless internationalism. I will introduce here a number of examples of the infrastructures proposed by groups advocating for different practices of stateless internationalism. These examples are gathered from my work as founder of the New World Summit—an artistic and political organization that develops parliaments for stateless and blacklisted organizations—and as cofounder (with BAK, basis voor actuele kunst, Utrecht) of the New World Academy, where stateless political groups have developed collaborative projects with artists and students, exploring the role of art in political struggles for representation. The aim of the New World Academy is to investigate artistic practice in relation to the stateless state, with the concept of “state” referring as much to a condition as to an administrative structure.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9769208" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="840f521cf9d9933624ebbcf56b8b2517" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35948407,"asset_id":9769208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35948407/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8269425" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JonasStaal">Jonas Staal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8269425" type="text/json">{"id":8269425,"first_name":"Jonas","last_name":"Staal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonasStaal","display_name":"Jonas Staal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonasStaal?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8269425/4063928/4740527/s65_jonas.staal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9769208 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9769208"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9769208, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9769208", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9769208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9769208").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9769208").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9769208"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5878" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism">Nationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5878" type="text/json">{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20816" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Theory_and_Politics">Art Theory and Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20816" type="text/json">{"id":20816,"name":"Art Theory and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Theory_and_Politics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28038" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Independence">Independence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28038" type="text/json">{"id":28038,"name":"Independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Independence?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30614" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Nationalism">Kurdish Nationalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30614" type="text/json">{"id":30614,"name":"Kurdish Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Nationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9769208]'), work: {"id":9769208,"title":"Ultranationalism and the Art of the Stateless State","created_at":"2014-12-14T14:09:46.840-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9769208/Ultranationalism_and_the_Art_of_the_Stateless_State?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_9769208","summary":"The ultimate outcome of ultranationalism is the disappearance of the state altogether, and its replacement by power structures that do not recognize any form of democratic control by the very people these structures affect. Nor do these structures restrict themselves to what used to be known as national borders. This reality of globalism after the annihilation of the nation-state forms a dark and perverted version of that other dream of decentralized powers that reaches beyond the nation-state: the progressive project of stateless internationalism. I will introduce here a number of examples of the infrastructures proposed by groups advocating for different practices of stateless internationalism. These examples are gathered from my work as founder of the New World Summit—an artistic and political organization that develops parliaments for stateless and blacklisted organizations—and as cofounder (with BAK, basis voor actuele kunst, Utrecht) of the New World Academy, where stateless political groups have developed collaborative projects with artists and students, exploring the role of art in political struggles for representation. The aim of the New World Academy is to investigate artistic practice in relation to the stateless state, with the concept of “state” referring as much to a condition as to an administrative structure.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35948407,"asset_id":9769208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8269425,"first_name":"Jonas","last_name":"Staal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonasStaal","display_name":"Jonas Staal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonasStaal?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8269425/4063928/4740527/s65_jonas.staal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":20816,"name":"Art Theory and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Theory_and_Politics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":28038,"name":"Independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Independence?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":30614,"name":"Kurdish Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Nationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":31886,"name":"Radical Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_Democracy?f_ri=99877"},{"id":38235,"name":"Kurdish Question","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Question?f_ri=99877"},{"id":39665,"name":"Art and Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Activism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":43798,"name":"Statelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statelessness?f_ri=99877"},{"id":54193,"name":"Art and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Politics?f_ri=99877"},{"id":78084,"name":"Zapatistas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zapatistas?f_ri=99877"},{"id":82458,"name":"Regional Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Autonomy?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":151078,"name":"Basque nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basque_nationalism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":179272,"name":"Radical direct democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_direct_democracy?f_ri=99877"},{"id":221555,"name":"Guerilla Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guerilla_Warfare?f_ri=99877"},{"id":427249,"name":"Kurdish Women in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Women_in_Turkey?f_ri=99877"},{"id":434396,"name":"Tuareg Rebellion Mali MNLA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Rebellion_Mali_MNLA?f_ri=99877"},{"id":472498,"name":"Filipino Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filipino_Culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":483104,"name":"National Liberation movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Liberation_movements?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1111905,"name":"Ultranationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultranationalism?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7963101" data-work_id="7963101" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7963101/Much_to_Learn_About_Living_Tuareg_Architecture_and_Reflections_of_Knowledge">Much to Learn About Living: Tuareg Architecture and Reflections of Knowledge</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The primary aim of this work is to examine the varied outlooks that have inﬂuenced perceptions of the Tuareg and their architecture from both within Tuareg groups and without. Beginning with a sample of studies of the Tuareg throughout... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7963101" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The primary aim of this work is to examine the varied outlooks that have inﬂuenced perceptions of the Tuareg and their architecture from both within Tuareg groups and without. Beginning with a sample of studies of the Tuareg throughout history, the story that emerges is ones of a mythic persona created of the European traveller’s hopes and fears. It becomes easy to see how contemporary ideas about culture and identity shape the dialogue more than actual interaction with the Tuareg themselves. Changes in perception are not a one way occurrence. Just as outsiders have used the the dialogue around the Tuareg as a cultural mirror, so have the Tuareg used their living situations to reﬂect their own changing ideals. We can speculate about  the ways in which the Tuareg tent may have always been used for the reﬂection of the ideas and ideals of Tuareg culture in the hopes that it will help us understand current patterns and further allow us to acknowledge the arbitrary frameworks imposed by ethnographers. Finally we can understand both ethnography and tent construction as  two of the many ways of making sense of the world around us.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7963101" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8909ba7b14ab2351fefd148e77fb3649" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34435158,"asset_id":7963101,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34435158/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15179308" href="https://soas-uk.academia.edu/GabeScelta">Gabe Scelta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15179308" type="text/json">{"id":15179308,"first_name":"Gabe","last_name":"Scelta","domain_name":"soas-uk","page_name":"GabeScelta","display_name":"Gabe Scelta","profile_url":"https://soas-uk.academia.edu/GabeScelta?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15179308/4095318/4774487/s65_gabe.scelta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7963101 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7963101"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7963101, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7963101", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7963101]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7963101").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7963101").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7963101"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture">Architecture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1372" type="text/json">{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2993" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Knowledge">Sociology of Knowledge</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2993" type="text/json">{"id":2993,"name":"Sociology of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Knowledge?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7963101]'), work: {"id":7963101,"title":"Much to Learn About Living: Tuareg Architecture and Reflections of Knowledge","created_at":"2014-08-13T09:02:25.188-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7963101/Much_to_Learn_About_Living_Tuareg_Architecture_and_Reflections_of_Knowledge?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_7963101","summary":"The primary aim of this work is to examine the varied outlooks that have inﬂuenced perceptions of the Tuareg and their architecture from both within Tuareg groups and without. Beginning with a sample of studies of the Tuareg throughout history, the story that emerges is ones of a mythic persona created of the European traveller’s hopes and fears. It becomes easy to see how contemporary ideas about culture and identity shape the dialogue more than actual interaction with the Tuareg themselves. Changes in perception are not a one way occurrence. Just as outsiders have used the the dialogue around the Tuareg as a cultural mirror, so have the Tuareg used their living situations to reﬂect their own changing ideals. We can speculate about the ways in which the Tuareg tent may have always been used for the reﬂection of the ideas and ideals of Tuareg culture in the hopes that it will help us understand current patterns and further allow us to acknowledge the arbitrary frameworks imposed by ethnographers. Finally we can understand both ethnography and tent construction as two of the many ways of making sense of the world around us.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34435158,"asset_id":7963101,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15179308,"first_name":"Gabe","last_name":"Scelta","domain_name":"soas-uk","page_name":"GabeScelta","display_name":"Gabe Scelta","profile_url":"https://soas-uk.academia.edu/GabeScelta?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15179308/4095318/4774487/s65_gabe.scelta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":2993,"name":"Sociology of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Knowledge?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":14439,"name":"Saharan Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saharan_Archaeology?f_ri=99877"},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=99877"},{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877"},{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":473462,"name":"Ways of Knowing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ways_of_Knowing?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8561716" data-work_id="8561716" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8561716/Trois_po%C3%A8mes_Touaregs_de_la_r%C3%A9gion_dAgadez_avec_Moussa_Albaka_">Trois poèmes Touaregs de la région d'Agadez [avec Moussa Albaka]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Here are the tuareg version, french traduction, juxtalinear translation and commentaries of three Tuareg poems collected during the 1970' in Northern Niger. These poems, in a revised forme, have been included in a book we published in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8561716" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Here are the tuareg version, french traduction, juxtalinear translation and commentaries of three Tuareg poems collected during the 1970' in Northern Niger. <br />These poems, in a revised forme, have been included in a book we published in 1992 : Poésies et chants touaregs de l'Aïr;</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8561716" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f45dc8e40ae3394d705c0a446934b628" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34934152,"asset_id":8561716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34934152/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8561716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8561716"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8561716, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8561716", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8561716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8561716; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8561716"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8561716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8561716"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8561716; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8561716]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8561716").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8561716").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8561716"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="104284" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courtly_Love">Courtly Love</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="104284" type="text/json">{"id":104284,"name":"Courtly Love","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courtly_Love?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="215928" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_Poetry">Oral Poetry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="215928" type="text/json">{"id":215928,"name":"Oral Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_Poetry?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8561716]'), work: {"id":8561716,"title":"Trois poèmes Touaregs de la région d'Agadez [avec Moussa Albaka]","created_at":"2014-09-29T22:11:19.332-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8561716/Trois_po%C3%A8mes_Touaregs_de_la_r%C3%A9gion_dAgadez_avec_Moussa_Albaka_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_8561716","summary":"Here are the tuareg version, french traduction, juxtalinear translation and commentaries of three Tuareg poems collected during the 1970' in Northern Niger.\r\nThese poems, in a revised forme, have been included in a book we published in 1992 : Poésies et chants touaregs de l'Aïr;","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34934152,"asset_id":8561716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":104284,"name":"Courtly Love","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courtly_Love?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":215928,"name":"Oral Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_Poetry?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":613917,"name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuaregs?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7634962" data-work_id="7634962" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7634962/The_Magic_Symbol_Repertoire_of_Talismanic_Rings_from_East_and_West_Africa">The Magic Symbol Repertoire of Talismanic Rings from East and West Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In West Africa, Berber groups such as the Tuareg of Mali and Niger use inscribed silver jewelry – rings, pendants and plaques – as talismans. A ring with a curved or flat frontal area may be inscribed with a linear cipher or, if large,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7634962" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In West Africa, Berber groups such as the Tuareg of Mali and Niger use inscribed silver jewelry – rings, pendants and plaques – as talismans. A ring with a curved or flat frontal area may be inscribed with a linear cipher or, if large, carry a “magic square” design. A survey of 132 Tuareg/Berber items revealed that the symbol repertoire appears to be drawn from overlapping categories that include Eastern Arabic and Perso-Arabic numerals, and possibly Western digits and Indian Devanagari numbers as well; Arabic letters; Tifinagh and Libyco-Berber characters; and the Islamic Seven Seals (the ism al-aʿzam or Greatest Name). Most items combine symbols of different types, and reflections and rotations of stock symbols are common. The magic squares sometimes display complete or partial symmetry, with diagonals containing repeats of a single symbol. No two designs were identical, but it was possible to define sub-groups based on style and content. With numerical considerations seemingly secondary to aesthetics, none of the magic squares were mathematically competent. Tuareg gri gri plaques also carry magic square designs, but seem to contain mainly Tifinagh letters. A distinct set of rings also carry Tifinagh-based magic squares; recently-made items of this type may be “Tifinagh alphabet” souvenirs made for tourists. Cryptic apotropaic rings are also found in East Africa. In Ethiopia, especially among the Oromo in the southwestern highland district of Jimma, smiths inscribe white-metal or silver rings with talismanic symbols. The former are just convex circular bands of hard alloy into which glyphs are stamped using simple punch tools. Being softer, silver rings may instead bear symbols incised by scratching or engraving. For either material, the symbols are typically arranged evenly around the ring band; there are usually two circular series, and sometimes the symbols of the upper circle are a reflection (through the ring’s equator) of those in the lower. The Ethiopian symbol repertoire appears to be drawn from Eastern Arabic and possibly Devanagari numbers; Arabic letters; the Islamic Seven Seals; and unique symbols that resist identification. Most Ethiopian rings combine numerical and non-numerical symbols, and reflections and rotations of characters are common. As one might expect from this makeup, there is a significant overlap with the symbol repertoire of Tuareg rings. The most extreme similarities occur in the small subset of Tuareg and Ethiopian rings that carry complete sets of the Islamic Seven Seals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7634962" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="170ad81c09f80b65346e2953d70fda45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50528497,"asset_id":7634962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50528497/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="330410" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LloydGraham">Lloyd Graham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="330410" type="text/json">{"id":330410,"first_name":"Lloyd","last_name":"Graham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LloydGraham","display_name":"Lloyd Graham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LloydGraham?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/330410/92264/26325815/s65_lloyd.graham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7634962 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7634962"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7634962, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7634962", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7634962]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7634962").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7634962").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7634962"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_Devices">Apotropaic Devices</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2911" type="text/json">{"id":2911,"name":"Apotropaic Devices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_Devices?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5408" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magic">Magic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5408" type="text/json">{"id":5408,"name":"Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magic?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_Objects">Apotropaic Objects</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19399" type="text/json">{"id":19399,"name":"Apotropaic Objects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_Objects?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magical_Practices">Magical Practices</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22392" type="text/json">{"id":22392,"name":"Magical Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magical_Practices?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7634962]'), work: {"id":7634962,"title":"The Magic Symbol Repertoire of Talismanic Rings from East and West Africa","created_at":"2014-07-11T12:48:37.873-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7634962/The_Magic_Symbol_Repertoire_of_Talismanic_Rings_from_East_and_West_Africa?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_7634962","summary":"In West Africa, Berber groups such as the Tuareg of Mali and Niger use inscribed silver jewelry – rings, pendants and plaques – as talismans. A ring with a curved or flat frontal area may be inscribed with a linear cipher or, if large, carry a “magic square” design. A survey of 132 Tuareg/Berber items revealed that the symbol repertoire appears to be drawn from overlapping categories that include Eastern Arabic and Perso-Arabic numerals, and possibly Western digits and Indian Devanagari numbers as well; Arabic letters; Tifinagh and Libyco-Berber characters; and the Islamic Seven Seals (the ism al-aʿzam or Greatest Name). Most items combine symbols of different types, and reflections and rotations of stock symbols are common. The magic squares sometimes display complete or partial symmetry, with diagonals containing repeats of a single symbol. No two designs were identical, but it was possible to define sub-groups based on style and content. With numerical considerations seemingly secondary to aesthetics, none of the magic squares were mathematically competent. Tuareg gri gri plaques also carry magic square designs, but seem to contain mainly Tifinagh letters. A distinct set of rings also carry Tifinagh-based magic squares; recently-made items of this type may be “Tifinagh alphabet” souvenirs made for tourists. Cryptic apotropaic rings are also found in East Africa. In Ethiopia, especially among the Oromo in the southwestern highland district of Jimma, smiths inscribe white-metal or silver rings with talismanic symbols. The former are just convex circular bands of hard alloy into which glyphs are stamped using simple punch tools. Being softer, silver rings may instead bear symbols incised by scratching or engraving. For either material, the symbols are typically arranged evenly around the ring band; there are usually two circular series, and sometimes the symbols of the upper circle are a reflection (through the ring’s equator) of those in the lower. The Ethiopian symbol repertoire appears to be drawn from Eastern Arabic and possibly Devanagari numbers; Arabic letters; the Islamic Seven Seals; and unique symbols that resist identification. Most Ethiopian rings combine numerical and non-numerical symbols, and reflections and rotations of characters are common. As one might expect from this makeup, there is a significant overlap with the symbol repertoire of Tuareg rings. The most extreme similarities occur in the small subset of Tuareg and Ethiopian rings that carry complete sets of the Islamic Seven Seals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50528497,"asset_id":7634962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":330410,"first_name":"Lloyd","last_name":"Graham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LloydGraham","display_name":"Lloyd Graham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LloydGraham?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/330410/92264/26325815/s65_lloyd.graham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2911,"name":"Apotropaic Devices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_Devices?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":5408,"name":"Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magic?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":19399,"name":"Apotropaic Objects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_Objects?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":22392,"name":"Magical Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magical_Practices?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":23447,"name":"Popular/Folk Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Folk_Magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":26967,"name":"Talismanic Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismanic_Art?f_ri=99877"},{"id":36747,"name":"Ahmad ibn ‘Ali ibn Yusuf al-Buni","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ahmad_ibn_Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Buni?f_ri=99877"},{"id":44918,"name":"Islam and Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":48343,"name":"Berber studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":61004,"name":"Amulets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets?f_ri=99877"},{"id":80360,"name":"Arabic magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":123373,"name":"Folk magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folk_magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":131714,"name":"Apotropaic marks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_marks?f_ri=99877"},{"id":223993,"name":"Occult Sciences in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occult_Sciences_in_Islam?f_ri=99877"},{"id":229345,"name":"Amazigh culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amazigh_culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":260502,"name":"The \"Seven Seals\" of Islamic and Jewish Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Seven_Seals_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_Magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":282104,"name":"Maraboutism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maraboutism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":390330,"name":"Apotropaic symbols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apotropaic_symbols?f_ri=99877"},{"id":412519,"name":"Amulets in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets_in_Islam?f_ri=99877"},{"id":412970,"name":"Seven Seals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seven_Seals?f_ri=99877"},{"id":447077,"name":"Islam Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_Magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":470679,"name":"Islamic Talismans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Talismans?f_ri=99877"},{"id":481112,"name":"Islamic magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":594623,"name":"Talismans and Amulets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismans_and_Amulets?f_ri=99877"},{"id":600783,"name":"Talismans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismans?f_ri=99877"},{"id":684158,"name":"Islamic Amulets and Talismans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Amulets_and_Talismans?f_ri=99877"},{"id":694525,"name":"Oromo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oromo?f_ri=99877"},{"id":784964,"name":"Ethiopian Magic Scrolls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethiopian_Magic_Scrolls?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1109260,"name":"Talismanic Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismanic_Magic?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1280400,"name":"Jewish Amulets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Amulets?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1280401,"name":"Hebrew Amulets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Amulets?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3074226" data-work_id="3074226" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3074226/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD">سعيد المصرى ، الشرع يحكم فى البادية ، دراسة حول اسلمة القضاء العرفى بين قبائل أولاد على بمطروح </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Islamization of Bedouin judiciary among the tribes of Awlad Aly in Matrouh, Egypt. سعت الحرآة الإسلامية خلال العقدين الماضيين إلى إحداث تغيرات اجتماعية في المجتمع البدوي بصفة عامة.يأتي ذلك في إطار الرغبة نحو تأسيس مجتمع إسلامي جديد،... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3074226" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Islamization of Bedouin judiciary among the tribes of Awlad Aly in Matrouh, Egypt. <br /> <br />سعت الحرآة الإسلامية خلال العقدين الماضيين إلى إحداث تغيرات اجتماعية في المجتمع البدوي بصفة عامة.يأتي ذلك في إطار الرغبة نحو تأسيس مجتمع إسلامي جديد، ليس في البادية فحسب، وإنما في المجتمع المصري ككل. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلي رصد أبعاد عملية أسلمة القضاء البدوي بين أولاد علي بمطروح، والتي نتج عنها تأسيس القضاء الشرعي آنمط من الحكم يقوم على فض المنازعات بتطبيق نصوص من الشريعة الإسلامية. تكمن أهمية الدراسة في تقليل الفجوة المعرفية القائمة حول أسلمة المجتمع البدوي، ولفت انتباه صناع القرار إلى أهمية الإسراع في تحقيق الاندماج الاجتماعي للبدو في مصر. تم الاعتماد على بيانات ميدانية باستخدام أدوات البحث الكيفي ببعض القبائل. ورآزت الدراسة على اسلمة المجتمع البدوي، والتغيرات المصاحبة لهذه العملية، وأهمها دور المهاجرين في التوجهات الدينية، وآذلك تأثير التعليم على تكوين عصبية دينية بدوية، وتجاوب النخبة البدوية الجديدة معها. ورصدت الدراسة مظاهر التغير في القضاء البدوي عبر مراحله المختلفة، بدءا من التوسط في النزاع، ثم التفاوض حول المشورة، وجلسات التحقيق، وإصدار الحكم، وصولا إلى تدابير تنفيذ الحكم الشرعي. <br />-------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />During the past two decades, the Islamic movement sought to ring about social changes in the Bedouin community in general. This comes within the framework of the desire to establish a new Islamic society, not only among Bedouins in the desert, but in the Egyptian society as a whole. The study aims at monitoring the dimensions of the islamization process of Bedouin judiciary rules among the tribes of Awlad Aly in Matrouh, which resulted in the establishment of Islamic ruling as a mode of governance for conflicts resolution. The importance of the study is to reduce the gap in the existing knowledge about the Islamization of the  Bedouin community, and to draw the attention of decision-makers to the importance of accelerating the achievement of social integration of the Bedouin in Egypt. The study relied on field data using the tools of qualitative research for some tribes. The study focused on the Islamization of the Bedouin community, and the changes associated with this process, the most important of which is the role of migrants in religious orientation; the impact of education on the composition of Bedouin religious fanaticism; and the response of the new elite Bedouin to the Islamization. The study monitored the manifestations of the change in the Bedouin judiciary  system through the various stages from mediating in the disputes, to negotiation advice and hearings, sentencing, leading to measures to implement the Islamic ruling. <br /> <br />"</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3074226" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3924075aa56394aafaeceaf4a06a0262" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31063254,"asset_id":3074226,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31063254/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3409115" href="https://cairo.academia.edu/SaeedElmasry">Saeed Elmasry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3409115" type="text/json">{"id":3409115,"first_name":"Saeed","last_name":"Elmasry","domain_name":"cairo","page_name":"SaeedElmasry","display_name":"Saeed Elmasry","profile_url":"https://cairo.academia.edu/SaeedElmasry?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3409115/1155590/1447232/s65_saeed.elmasry.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3074226 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3074226"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3074226, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3074226", }); 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This comes within the framework of the desire to establish a new Islamic society, not only among Bedouins in the desert, but in the Egyptian society as a whole. The study aims at monitoring the dimensions of the islamization process of Bedouin judiciary rules among the tribes of Awlad Aly in Matrouh, which resulted in the establishment of Islamic ruling as a mode of governance for conflicts resolution. The importance of the study is to reduce the gap in the existing knowledge about the Islamization of the Bedouin community, and to draw the attention of decision-makers to the importance of accelerating the achievement of social integration of the Bedouin in Egypt. The study relied on field data using the tools of qualitative research for some tribes. The study focused on the Islamization of the Bedouin community, and the changes associated with this process, the most important of which is the role of migrants in religious orientation; the impact of education on the composition of Bedouin religious fanaticism; and the response of the new elite Bedouin to the Islamization. The study monitored the manifestations of the change in the Bedouin judiciary system through the various stages from mediating in the disputes, to negotiation advice and hearings, sentencing, leading to measures to implement the Islamic ruling.\r\n\r\n\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31063254,"asset_id":3074226,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3409115,"first_name":"Saeed","last_name":"Elmasry","domain_name":"cairo","page_name":"SaeedElmasry","display_name":"Saeed Elmasry","profile_url":"https://cairo.academia.edu/SaeedElmasry?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3409115/1155590/1447232/s65_saeed.elmasry.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3768,"name":"Legal Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Anthropology?f_ri=99877"},{"id":4565,"name":"Law and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Religion?f_ri=99877"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":12764,"name":"Customary Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customary_Law?f_ri=99877"},{"id":15392,"name":"Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan?f_ri=99877"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=99877"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=99877"},{"id":39892,"name":"Tribal Culture and Local self Goverment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_Culture_and_Local_self_Goverment?f_ri=99877"},{"id":42054,"name":"Tribal and Nomadic Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_and_Nomadic_Society?f_ri=99877"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":65038,"name":"Tribal studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":71878,"name":"Arab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab?f_ri=99877"},{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":83557,"name":"Desert","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desert?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":136095,"name":"Bedouins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bedouins?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":139786,"name":"Pastoralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pastoralism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":179481,"name":"Assimilation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assimilation?f_ri=99877"},{"id":243439,"name":"Bedouin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bedouin?f_ri=99877"},{"id":292386,"name":"Tribal and customary laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_and_customary_laws?f_ri=99877"},{"id":430769,"name":"Tribal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal?f_ri=99877"},{"id":700973,"name":"Nomad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomad?f_ri=99877"},{"id":979948,"name":"Khaldun","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Khaldun?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1029451,"name":"Asabiyah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asabiyah?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42971025" data-work_id="42971025" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42971025/Arid_Fidelity_Reluctant_Capitalists_Salvage_Curation_and_the_Circulation_of_Tuareg_Music_on_Independent_Record_Labels">Arid Fidelity, Reluctant Capitalists: Salvage, Curation, and the Circulation of Tuareg Music on Independent Record Labels</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The record labels Sahel Sounds and Sublime Frequencies position themselves as insurgent alternatives to the mainstream music industry’s capitalist profiteering in the global circulation of Tuareg music. While they are rooted in an art... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42971025" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The record labels Sahel Sounds and Sublime Frequencies position themselves as insurgent alternatives to the mainstream music industry’s capitalist profiteering in the global circulation of Tuareg music. While they are rooted in an art scene promoting a new media ethics and mode of world music circulation characterised by David Novak [2011. ‘The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media’. Public Culture 23(3): 603–34] as ‘World Music 2.0,’ the relations of production among the Tuareg artists and American producers involved, in many respects, differ little from those of other labels. I argue that these producers’ claims to subversive subject positions are primarily motivated by the values of their U.S. social worlds rather than those of northwest Africa, though these worlds are entangled. To this end, I situate these labels within a particular global network of music circulation, examining their remediation of salvaged recordings, production of new studio albums, and competing claims of ethnographic authority to show their ambivalent reckonings with the commodification process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42971025" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69eff538b7ac1797358253d1c8b102c4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63349085,"asset_id":42971025,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63349085/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66545294" href="https://smu.academia.edu/EricSchmidt">Eric J Schmidt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66545294" type="text/json">{"id":66545294,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Schmidt","domain_name":"smu","page_name":"EricSchmidt","display_name":"Eric J Schmidt","profile_url":"https://smu.academia.edu/EricSchmidt?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66545294/17325480/110195574/s65_eric.schmidt.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42971025 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42971025"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42971025, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42971025", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42971025]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42971025").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42971025").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42971025"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="928" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies">Media Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="928" type="text/json">{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1987" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1987" type="text/json">{"id":1987,"name":"Ethnomusicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnomusicology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28061" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_music">World music</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28061" type="text/json">{"id":28061,"name":"World music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_music?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42971025]'), work: {"id":42971025,"title":"Arid Fidelity, Reluctant Capitalists: Salvage, Curation, and the Circulation of Tuareg Music on Independent Record Labels","created_at":"2020-05-07T07:32:41.483-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42971025/Arid_Fidelity_Reluctant_Capitalists_Salvage_Curation_and_the_Circulation_of_Tuareg_Music_on_Independent_Record_Labels?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_42971025","summary":"The record labels Sahel Sounds and Sublime Frequencies position themselves as insurgent alternatives to the mainstream music industry’s capitalist profiteering in the global circulation of Tuareg music. While they are rooted in an art scene promoting a new media ethics and mode of world music circulation characterised by David Novak [2011. ‘The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media’. Public Culture 23(3): 603–34] as ‘World Music 2.0,’ the relations of production among the Tuareg artists and American producers involved, in many respects, differ little from those of other labels. I argue that these producers’ claims to subversive subject positions are primarily motivated by the values of their U.S. social worlds rather than those of northwest Africa, though these worlds are entangled. To this end, I situate these labels within a particular global network of music circulation, examining their remediation of salvaged recordings, production of new studio albums, and competing claims of ethnographic authority to show their ambivalent reckonings with the commodification process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63349085,"asset_id":42971025,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66545294,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Schmidt","domain_name":"smu","page_name":"EricSchmidt","display_name":"Eric J Schmidt","profile_url":"https://smu.academia.edu/EricSchmidt?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66545294/17325480/110195574/s65_eric.schmidt.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":1987,"name":"Ethnomusicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnomusicology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":28061,"name":"World music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_music?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":36451,"name":"Niger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":107322,"name":"Commodification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commodification?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":315015,"name":"Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel?f_ri=99877"},{"id":444572,"name":"Anthropology of value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_value?f_ri=99877"},{"id":852542,"name":"Independent record labels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Independent_record_labels?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27240762" data-work_id="27240762" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27240762/La_transmission_du_pouvoir_chez_les_Touaregs_Dag_Rali_de_lAhaggar">La transmission du pouvoir chez les Touaregs Dag-Rali de l'Ahaggar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27240762" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd802173bba032e45b6d4706b546b0ca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47500189,"asset_id":27240762,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47500189/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26058619" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi">Paul Pandolfi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26058619" type="text/json">{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27240762 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27240762"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27240762, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27240762", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27240762 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27240762; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27240762"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27240762 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27240762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27240762; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27240762]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27240762").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27240762").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27240762"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3499" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology">Social and Cultural Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3499" type="text/json">{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10336" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnology">Ethnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10336" type="text/json">{"id":10336,"name":"Ethnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48343" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies">Berber studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48343" type="text/json">{"id":48343,"name":"Berber studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27240762]'), work: {"id":27240762,"title":"La transmission du pouvoir chez les Touaregs Dag-Rali de l'Ahaggar","created_at":"2016-07-25T05:45:30.999-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27240762/La_transmission_du_pouvoir_chez_les_Touaregs_Dag_Rali_de_lAhaggar?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_27240762","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47500189,"asset_id":27240762,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":10336,"name":"Ethnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":48343,"name":"Berber studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39673436" data-work_id="39673436" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39673436/The_male_lines_of_the_Maghreb_Phoenicians_Carthage_Muslim_conquest_and_Berbers">The male lines of the Maghreb: Phoenicians, Carthage, Muslim conquest and Berbers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Updated abstract; in this document i analysed Y-DNA from yfull and ftdna from the Maghreb. I concluded that the present descendants of E-M81 most likely originate from Phoenicia. The majority of males in the Maghreb has a Y-DNA that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39673436" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Updated abstract; in this document i analysed Y-DNA from yfull and ftdna from the Maghreb. I concluded that the present descendants of E-M81 most likely originate from Phoenicia. The majority of males in the Maghreb has a Y-DNA that descends from a male line ancestor that lived in Carthage about 500 BCE. This founding father effect is extremely strong and a similar founding mother effect is absent. About 20% has a Y-DNA that originates in Hejaz (Arabia) and arrived at the Muslim Conquest of the Maghreb. The Berber population has a lower Y-DNA percentage from Hejaz. A timescale correction of yfull +10% is more likely than a timescale of yfull without correction or a timescale correction of yfull +20%.<br /><br />In a second document (not yet stored), I conclude that it is more likely that the E-M81 male ancestor line has his origin near Carthage than originate in Phoenicia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39673436" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1621ef0e6f84b16f53e0bf3b40a6c82" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59840271,"asset_id":39673436,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59840271/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14803243" href="https://independent.academia.edu/wpenninx">Wim Penninx</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14803243" type="text/json">{"id":14803243,"first_name":"Wim","last_name":"Penninx","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"wpenninx","display_name":"Wim Penninx","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/wpenninx?f_ri=99877","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39673436 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39673436"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39673436, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39673436", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39673436 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39673436; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39673436"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39673436 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39673436"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39673436; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39673436]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39673436").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39673436").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39673436"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3016" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_prehistory">Mediterranean prehistory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3016" type="text/json">{"id":3016,"name":"Mediterranean prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_prehistory?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies">Migration Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14730" type="text/json">{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39673436]'), work: {"id":39673436,"title":"The male lines of the Maghreb: Phoenicians, Carthage, Muslim conquest and Berbers","created_at":"2019-06-23T08:53:42.194-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39673436/The_male_lines_of_the_Maghreb_Phoenicians_Carthage_Muslim_conquest_and_Berbers?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_39673436","summary":"Updated abstract; in this document i analysed Y-DNA from yfull and ftdna from the Maghreb. I concluded that the present descendants of E-M81 most likely originate from Phoenicia. The majority of males in the Maghreb has a Y-DNA that descends from a male line ancestor that lived in Carthage about 500 BCE. This founding father effect is extremely strong and a similar founding mother effect is absent. About 20% has a Y-DNA that originates in Hejaz (Arabia) and arrived at the Muslim Conquest of the Maghreb. The Berber population has a lower Y-DNA percentage from Hejaz. A timescale correction of yfull +10% is more likely than a timescale of yfull without correction or a timescale correction of yfull +20%.\n\nIn a second document (not yet stored), I conclude that it is more likely that the E-M81 male ancestor line has his origin near Carthage than originate in Phoenicia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59840271,"asset_id":39673436,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14803243,"first_name":"Wim","last_name":"Penninx","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"wpenninx","display_name":"Wim Penninx","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/wpenninx?f_ri=99877","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3016,"name":"Mediterranean prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_prehistory?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":15736,"name":"History of the Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mediterranean?f_ri=99877"},{"id":23398,"name":"Maghreb studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":29173,"name":"Genetic Genealogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Genealogy?f_ri=99877"},{"id":33043,"name":"Mediterranean and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877"},{"id":69463,"name":"Maghreb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":223330,"name":"Y-DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Y-DNA?f_ri=99877"},{"id":308564,"name":"Time Estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Estimation?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10635531" data-work_id="10635531" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10635531/Buveurs_de_lait_et_amateurs_de_viande_Aper%C3%A7u_des_pratiques_alimentaires_actuelles_des_Touaregs_de_la_Tagaraygarayt_Azawagh_Niger_">Buveurs de lait et amateurs de viande. Aperçu des pratiques alimentaires actuelles des Touaregs de la Tagaraygarayt (Azawagh, Niger)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10635531" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="53a47c94d82b31ebc361bee16189ab42" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36569339,"asset_id":10635531,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36569339/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="380839" href="https://ehess.academia.edu/sarahcabalion">sarah cabalion</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="380839" type="text/json">{"id":380839,"first_name":"sarah","last_name":"cabalion","domain_name":"ehess","page_name":"sarahcabalion","display_name":"sarah cabalion","profile_url":"https://ehess.academia.edu/sarahcabalion?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/380839/2668961/100603208/s65_sarah.cabalion.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10635531 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10635531"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10635531, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10635531", }); 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Aperçu des pratiques alimentaires actuelles des Touaregs de la Tagaraygarayt (Azawagh, Niger)","created_at":"2015-02-09T03:14:11.565-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10635531/Buveurs_de_lait_et_amateurs_de_viande_Aper%C3%A7u_des_pratiques_alimentaires_actuelles_des_Touaregs_de_la_Tagaraygarayt_Azawagh_Niger_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_10635531","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36569339,"asset_id":10635531,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":380839,"first_name":"sarah","last_name":"cabalion","domain_name":"ehess","page_name":"sarahcabalion","display_name":"sarah cabalion","profile_url":"https://ehess.academia.edu/sarahcabalion?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/380839/2668961/100603208/s65_sarah.cabalion.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":89290,"name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":315015,"name":"Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6314823" data-work_id="6314823" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6314823/Addendum_to_The_African_Heritage_and_Ethnohistory_of_the_Moors_in_Golden_Age_of_the_Moor">Addendum to "The African Heritage and Ethnohistory of the Moors", in Golden Age of the Moor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6314823" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="48965e3a780a08ef8010ff804c840fe0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33464849,"asset_id":6314823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33464849/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9169592" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/DanaReynoldsMarniche">Dana Marniche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9169592" type="text/json">{"id":9169592,"first_name":"Dana","last_name":"Marniche","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"DanaReynoldsMarniche","display_name":"Dana Marniche","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/DanaReynoldsMarniche?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9169592/3063305/143319456/s65_dana.marniche.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6314823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6314823"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6314823, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6314823", }); 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Amazighs. History of Berbers. Cultural and Political Claims. Cultural and Berber Movement. North of Africa. Algeria. Morocco.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berbers._Amazighs._History_of_Berbers._Cultural_and_Political_Claims._Cultural_and_Berber_Movement._?f_ri=99877"},{"id":605382,"name":"Songhay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Songhay?f_ri=99877"},{"id":892766,"name":"Moorish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moorish_History?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1019274,"name":"Nationalism and Decolonization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_and_Decolonization?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29728903" data-work_id="29728903" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29728903/Magic_Macquarie_Uni_TALISMANIA_Catalogue">Magic - Macquarie Uni. - TALISMANIA Catalogue</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Catalogue for talisman, amulet & magical documents exhibition in association with AHIS355, Macquarie Uni., Sydney.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29728903" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3e0dd6336a275873d710388f4a72f5b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50184336,"asset_id":29728903,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29728903"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61004" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets">Amulets</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="61004" type="text/json">{"id":61004,"name":"Amulets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="74050" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismans_and_Amulets_in_Iranian_Tradition">Talismans and Amulets in Iranian Tradition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="74050" type="text/json">{"id":74050,"name":"Talismans and Amulets in Iranian Tradition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismans_and_Amulets_in_Iranian_Tradition?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="412519" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets_in_Islam">Amulets in Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="412519" type="text/json">{"id":412519,"name":"Amulets in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets_in_Islam?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29728903]'), work: {"id":29728903,"title":"Magic - Macquarie Uni. - TALISMANIA 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Profile written at the request of the Ministry of Education of the Province of Ontario, Canada, in November 2001, following the request to include Tamazight among the languages taught within its Program of International Languages.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26395097" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bffc5f379faff21c54603ea11cb167e6" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":99785,"name":"AfroAsiatic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AfroAsiatic?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="178649" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamazight">Tamazight</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="178649" type="text/json">{"id":178649,"name":"Tamazight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamazight?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26395097]'), work: {"id":26395097,"title":"The Tamazight (Berber) Language 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11394292").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11394292"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3499" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology">Social and Cultural Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3499" type="text/json">{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10336" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnology">Ethnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10336" type="text/json">{"id":10336,"name":"Ethnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11394292]'), work: {"id":11394292,"title":"Document de synthèse HDR","created_at":"2015-03-12T09:59:37.999-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11394292/Document_de_synth%C3%A8se_HDR?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_11394292","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36952705,"asset_id":11394292,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":10336,"name":"Ethnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":24896,"name":"Nomadic Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Peoples?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9533454" data-work_id="9533454" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9533454/Dinamiche_geopolitiche_nel_Sahel_il_caso_del_Mali">Dinamiche geopolitiche nel Sahel: il caso del Mali</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Analisi dei fattori storici, politici ed economici che hanno portato all'ultima ribellione Tuareg del 2012 in Mali e all'intervento militare francese nel Paese nel 2013. Previsione degli sviluppi delle dinamiche geopolitiche che... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9533454" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Analisi dei fattori storici, politici ed economici che hanno portato all'ultima ribellione Tuareg del 2012 in Mali e all'intervento militare francese nel Paese nel 2013. Previsione degli sviluppi delle dinamiche geopolitiche che attraverseranno gli stati del Sahel nei prossimi anni.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9533454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b9a195fa1337e920b037463541bf1d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35756059,"asset_id":9533454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35756059/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11377372" href="https://independent.academia.edu/alessandrabeni">alessandra beni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11377372" type="text/json">{"id":11377372,"first_name":"alessandra","last_name":"beni","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"alessandrabeni","display_name":"alessandra beni","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/alessandrabeni?f_ri=99877","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9533454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9533454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9533454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9533454", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9533454]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9533454").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9533454").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9533454"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="268" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics">Political Geography and Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="268" type="text/json">{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali">Mali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52869" type="text/json">{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="315015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel">Sahel</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="315015" type="text/json">{"id":315015,"name":"Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9533454]'), work: {"id":9533454,"title":"Dinamiche geopolitiche nel Sahel: il caso del Mali","created_at":"2014-11-27T18:32:48.052-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9533454/Dinamiche_geopolitiche_nel_Sahel_il_caso_del_Mali?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_9533454","summary":"Analisi dei fattori storici, politici ed economici che hanno portato all'ultima ribellione Tuareg del 2012 in Mali e all'intervento militare francese nel Paese nel 2013. Previsione degli sviluppi delle dinamiche geopolitiche che attraverseranno gli stati del Sahel nei prossimi anni.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35756059,"asset_id":9533454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11377372,"first_name":"alessandra","last_name":"beni","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"alessandrabeni","display_name":"alessandra beni","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/alessandrabeni?f_ri=99877","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":315015,"name":"Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":316016,"name":"Geopolitica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitica?f_ri=99877"},{"id":349587,"name":"AQMI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AQMI?f_ri=99877"},{"id":778818,"name":"Mali Tuareg AQIM AQMI MUJWA MNLA Sanogo Azawad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali_Tuareg_AQIM_AQMI_MUJWA_MNLA_Sanogo_Azawad?f_ri=99877"},{"id":912382,"name":"Terrorismo Islamico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorismo_Islamico?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1475652" data-work_id="1475652" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1475652/Sahara_en_mouvement_Sahara_in_motion_">Sahara en mouvement (Sahara in motion)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What Fernand Braudel once said of the Mediterranean sea can be said of the Sahara desert: drawing up boundaries is a difficult task. However, some geographers attempted to do so, and their endeavors were part of what may be termed the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1475652" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What Fernand Braudel once said of the Mediterranean sea can be said of the Sahara desert: drawing up boundaries is a difficult task. However, some geographers attempted to do so, and their endeavors were part of what may be termed the “invention” of the Sahara. In our introduction we pointed out some key figures of this invention (Leo Africanus, Eugene Daumas, Emile Carette, Henri Duveyrier, Robert Capot-Rey ...) then briefly presented the various contributions to the project, from a historical perspective. Indeed the Sahara-inspired dreams of today’s solar engineers are every bit as wild as the utopias of technicians from the colonial era. Similarly, the rumors fueled by media about AQIM are not very different from those once spread about the Senussi brotherhood. In the same way, the political thinking of the Tuareg in Mali and Niger is not so far remote from the thinking of the Moorish scholars of the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. And again, the current migrations in the Sahara desert were preceded by other migrations, even if those took place under the duress of the slave trade. We cannot say that the Sahara has remained unchanged for centuries, but the movements and ideas that travel through it were not born yesterday.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1475652" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e10467da2718a10de3c1a32373ecb5d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55243758,"asset_id":1475652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55243758/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1475652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1475652"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1475652, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1475652", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1475652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1475652; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1475652"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1475652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1475652"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1475652; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1475652]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1475652").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1475652").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1475652"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4996" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Anthropology">History of Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4996" type="text/json">{"id":4996,"name":"History of Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14163" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saharan_Peoples">Saharan Peoples</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14163" type="text/json">{"id":14163,"name":"Saharan Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saharan_Peoples?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan">Jordan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15392" type="text/json">{"id":15392,"name":"Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43883" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism">Tourism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43883" type="text/json">{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1475652]'), work: {"id":1475652,"title":"Sahara en mouvement (Sahara in motion)","created_at":"2012-03-16T22:49:38.524-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1475652/Sahara_en_mouvement_Sahara_in_motion_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_1475652","summary":"What Fernand Braudel once said of the Mediterranean sea can be said of the Sahara desert: drawing up boundaries is a difficult task. However, some geographers attempted to do so, and their endeavors were part of what may be termed the “invention” of the Sahara. In our introduction we pointed out some key figures of this invention (Leo Africanus, Eugene Daumas, Emile Carette, Henri Duveyrier, Robert Capot-Rey ...) then briefly presented the various contributions to the project, from a historical perspective. Indeed the Sahara-inspired dreams of today’s solar engineers are every bit as wild as the utopias of technicians from the colonial era. Similarly, the rumors fueled by media about AQIM are not very different from those once spread about the Senussi brotherhood. In the same way, the political thinking of the Tuareg in Mali and Niger is not so far remote from the thinking of the Moorish scholars of the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. And again, the current migrations in the Sahara desert were preceded by other migrations, even if those took place under the duress of the slave trade. We cannot say that the Sahara has remained unchanged for centuries, but the movements and ideas that travel through it were not born yesterday.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55243758,"asset_id":1475652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4996,"name":"History of Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14163,"name":"Saharan Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saharan_Peoples?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":15392,"name":"Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":81833,"name":"Saharan trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saharan_trade?f_ri=99877"},{"id":83557,"name":"Desert","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desert?f_ri=99877"},{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877"},{"id":89290,"name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":139786,"name":"Pastoralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pastoralism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":174447,"name":"Western Sahara Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Sahara_Conflict?f_ri=99877"},{"id":243439,"name":"Bedouin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bedouin?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37460337" data-work_id="37460337" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37460337/_P%C3%A9riodiser_la_fin_de_l_esclavage_Le_droit_colonial_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Nations_et_la_r%C3%A9sistance_des_esclaves_dans_le_Sahel_nig%C3%A9rien_1920_1930_Annales_HSS_vol_72_no_4_2017_pp_983_1021">‘Périodiser la fin de l’esclavage. Le droit colonial, la Société des Nations et la résistance des esclaves dans le Sahel nigérien, 1920-1930’. Annales (HSS), vol. 72, no. 4 (2017), pp. 983-1021.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Quand, comment et pourquoi l’esclavage a-t-il disparu dans le Sahel nigérien – si tant est qu’il ait complètement disparu ? Quels processus ont favorisé l’émancipation des personnes réduites en esclavage ? Quelles étaient les stratégies... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37460337" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Quand, comment et pourquoi l’esclavage a-t-il disparu dans le Sahel nigérien – si tant est qu’il ait complètement disparu ? Quels processus ont favorisé l’émancipation des personnes réduites en esclavage ? Quelles étaient les stratégies des administrateurs coloniaux, des propriétaires d’esclaves, des trafiquants, des esclaves eux-mêmes et de leurs descendants ? Au cours des deux premières décennies de l’occupation française du Sahel central, l’abolition légale n’a pas abouti à l’éradication de l’esclavage car les lois coloniales n’étaient pas appliquées. Cet article entend montrer que l’émancipation a connu une impulsion initiale grâce à la mise en place de mécanismes internationaux de surveillance en mesure de (dé)légitimer le pouvoir colonial quand personne ne cherchait activement à mettre fin à l’esclavage dans cette région. L’article met tout d’abord l’accent sur les ambiguïtés de l’abolitionnisme européen et sur les interconnexions entre la Société des Nations, l’État français et les administrateurs français sur le terrain. Il propose ensuite une micro-analyse de la résistance à l’esclavage, en montrant comment des personnes asservies ou victimes de la traite des esclaves dans la région de l’Ader, en particulier de jeunes femmes, ont tiré profit des transformations institutionnelles à l’échelle mondiale pour poursuivre leurs propriétaires ou des trafiquants devant les tribunaux. Il examine enfin les souvenirs contemporains d’une femme âgée qui a connu, plus jeune, des situations analogues à celles décrites précédemment dans l’article. Sa perception présente, ainsi que celle d’autres personnes ayant eu des expériences similaires, s’inscrit dans un contexte marqué par la tension entre des discours pro-esclavage circonscris et la lutte pour l’abolition menée par des ONG au niveau local.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37460337" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9fcea6e790422975a6df3e29bc0a45e3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57428642,"asset_id":37460337,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57428642/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1050315" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi">Benedetta Rossi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1050315" type="text/json">{"id":1050315,"first_name":"Benedetta","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"BenedettaRossi","display_name":"Benedetta Rossi","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050315/361907/438545/s65_benedetta.rossi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37460337 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37460337"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37460337, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37460337", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37460337 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37460337; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37460337"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37460337 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37460337"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37460337; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37460337]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37460337").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37460337").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37460337"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5432" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery">Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5432" type="text/json">{"id":5432,"name":"Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7643" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery">Abolition of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7643" type="text/json">{"id":7643,"name":"Abolition of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slave_Trade">Slave Trade</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13017" type="text/json">{"id":13017,"name":"Slave Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slave_Trade?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18662" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa">Hausa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18662" type="text/json">{"id":18662,"name":"Hausa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37460337]'), work: {"id":37460337,"title":"‘Périodiser la fin de l’esclavage. Le droit colonial, la Société des Nations et la résistance des esclaves dans le Sahel nigérien, 1920-1930’. Annales (HSS), vol. 72, no. 4 (2017), pp. 983-1021.","created_at":"2018-09-22T12:25:56.929-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37460337/_P%C3%A9riodiser_la_fin_de_l_esclavage_Le_droit_colonial_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Nations_et_la_r%C3%A9sistance_des_esclaves_dans_le_Sahel_nig%C3%A9rien_1920_1930_Annales_HSS_vol_72_no_4_2017_pp_983_1021?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_37460337","summary":"Quand, comment et pourquoi l’esclavage a-t-il disparu dans le Sahel nigérien – si tant est qu’il ait complètement disparu ? Quels processus ont favorisé l’émancipation des personnes réduites en esclavage ? Quelles étaient les stratégies des administrateurs coloniaux, des propriétaires d’esclaves, des trafiquants, des esclaves eux-mêmes et de leurs descendants ? Au cours des deux premières décennies de l’occupation française du Sahel central, l’abolition légale n’a pas abouti à l’éradication de l’esclavage car les lois coloniales n’étaient pas appliquées. Cet article entend montrer que l’émancipation a connu une impulsion initiale grâce à la mise en place de mécanismes internationaux de surveillance en mesure de (dé)légitimer le pouvoir colonial quand personne ne cherchait activement à mettre fin à l’esclavage dans cette région. L’article met tout d’abord l’accent sur les ambiguïtés de l’abolitionnisme européen et sur les interconnexions entre la Société des Nations, l’État français et les administrateurs français sur le terrain. Il propose ensuite une micro-analyse de la résistance à l’esclavage, en montrant comment des personnes asservies ou victimes de la traite des esclaves dans la région de l’Ader, en particulier de jeunes femmes, ont tiré profit des transformations institutionnelles à l’échelle mondiale pour poursuivre leurs propriétaires ou des trafiquants devant les tribunaux. Il examine enfin les souvenirs contemporains d’une femme âgée qui a connu, plus jeune, des situations analogues à celles décrites précédemment dans l’article. Sa perception présente, ainsi que celle d’autres personnes ayant eu des expériences similaires, s’inscrit dans un contexte marqué par la tension entre des discours pro-esclavage circonscris et la lutte pour l’abolition menée par des ONG au niveau local. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57428642,"asset_id":37460337,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1050315,"first_name":"Benedetta","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"BenedettaRossi","display_name":"Benedetta Rossi","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050315/361907/438545/s65_benedetta.rossi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5432,"name":"Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":7643,"name":"Abolition of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":13017,"name":"Slave Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slave_Trade?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":18662,"name":"Hausa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":49663,"name":"Women and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":61132,"name":"The League of Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_League_of_Nations?f_ri=99877"},{"id":94986,"name":"West African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_African_History?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":160390,"name":"Antislavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antislavery?f_ri=99877"},{"id":315015,"name":"Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel?f_ri=99877"},{"id":779251,"name":"Slavery and Slave Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery_and_Slave_Resistance?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1177965,"name":"French Colonialism In West Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Colonialism_In_West_Africa?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8504646" data-work_id="8504646" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8504646/Die_Vertretbarkeit_von_Ethnotourismus_am_Beispiel_der_Tuareg_der_Region_Agadez_Republik_Niger_Westafrika_eine_Evaluation_aus_Sicht_der_angewandten_Tourismusethik">Die Vertretbarkeit von Ethnotourismus am Beispiel der Tuareg der Region Agadez, Republik Niger (Westafrika) : eine Evaluation aus Sicht der angewandten Tourismusethik.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tourism to indigenous populations is criticised as a form of modern colonialism, because the dominating tourist culture might overwhelm the so called fragile indigenous culture. This ethical research tries to evaluate this assertion on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8504646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tourism to indigenous populations is criticised as a form of modern colonialism, because the dominating tourist culture might overwhelm the so called fragile indigenous culture. This ethical research tries to evaluate this assertion on the example of tourism to the Tuareg-nomads in the region of Agadez, Republic of Niger, West Africa, Central Sahara. Therefore, interviews haven been done with a large number of local tour operators, tourists and the concerned Tuareg population of the Tuareg village of Timia in the central Aïr Mountains. The reconstructed structures and dynamics of the regional tourism development have been evaluated by an ethical model which is based on the principles of cybernetics and of sustainable development. <br />The ethical evaluation can proof, that tourism to Agadez in its present form doesn't destabilize the regional structures, even if there is a strong and sometimes even hostile concurrence between the Tuareg tour operators. Nevertheless tourism is an important economical factor of integration as the region suffers from unemployment, poverty and drought. By the population of Timia, tourism is seen as a tool to find contact to Europeans, who love to support this "idyllic but starving" village. <br />Obviously, the Tuareg from Timia have learnt to take advantage of those who are looking for an exotic, but endangered world to save. <br />Finally, most of the so found indicators don't support the assertion that tourisms to Tuareg nomads in the Agadez region could be a significant factor of its destabilization or something worse. <br /> <br />Reisen zu indigenen Kulturen sind umstritten, weil diese im Vergleich zur Tourismuskultur als fragil und somit als gefährdet gelten. <br />Die Richtigkeit dieser Hypothese wird am Beispiel von Tourismus zu Tuareg-Nomaden in der Region Agadez, Zentralsahara, überprüft. Dazu wurden die historischen, politischen, ökonomischen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen und Entwicklungsprozesse der Region als auch der Bevölkerung des Bergdorfes Timia untersucht. Im Zentrum der empirischen Untersuchungen standen die Strukturen der regionalen Tourismusentwicklung, wozu regionale Agenturbetreiber und Sahara-Touristen befragt wurden. Als Methode dienten Befragungen und Kataloganalysen. Als Evaluationsmaßstab wurde das System einer kybernetischen Ethik entwickelt, die sich an die Prinzipien der "nachhaltigen Entwicklung" anlehnt. Besonderes Augenmerk galt auch der ideologiekritischen Analyse des Tuareg-Mythos. <br />"Tuareg-Tourismus" wird überwiegend von urbanisierten Tuareg-Nomaden und einstigen Tuareg-Rebellen betrieben. Charakteristika der Tourismusstruktur sind ein weitgehend ungelenktes Tourismuswachstum, intensives Konkurrenzverhalten und geringe interkulturelle Qualifikation des Personals. Die Region leidet unter Arbeitslosigkeit und Dürren, weshalb die ökonomische Rolle des Tourismus signifikant ist, doch diese Einkommenschance trägt auch zu inneren Konflikten bei. Insofern weist Tourismus sowohl stabilisierende als auch destabilisierende Tendenzen auf. <br />Die Evaluation einer Rundreise konnte keine wesentlichen soziokulturellen und ökologischen Belastungen nachweisen. Die Belastungen des gesamten Tourismusaufkommens, maximal 4.000 Personen pro Jahr, halten sich aufgrund des großen Reisegebiets in Grenzen. <br />Die Befragung der Bewohner der Bergoase Timia ergab, dass Tourismus als willkommene Einkommensalternative sowie als Mittel betrachtet wird, um Entwicklungsprojekte zu requirieren. Dieser Haltung der Bevölkerung wird <br />vor dem Hinterrund der Transzendentalpragmatik und des Kulturalismus auf deren Legitimationskraft analysiert. Im Ergebnis kann die spezifische Form des Tuareg-Tourismus als vertretbar nachgewiesen werden, weil in seiner gegenwärtigen Form die stabilisierenden Effekte dominieren. Die Kritik am Tuareg-Tourismus wird zum Teil als Ausdruck exotisierender Projektionen entlarvt.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8504646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e7530fe562d5f09fb4c245f895a6cfff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34883903,"asset_id":8504646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34883903/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17231903" href="https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl">Harald Friedl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17231903" type="text/json">{"id":17231903,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Friedl","domain_name":"fh-joanneum","page_name":"HaraldFriedl","display_name":"Harald Friedl","profile_url":"https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17231903/4765708/5492372/s65_harald.friedl.jpg_oh_401f8e80397c9359475c62ff6cdb8b93_oe_5485634d___gda___1422160599_a11e795ce3b1d4f10959b2426b4863d8"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8504646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8504646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8504646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8504646", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8504646]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8504646").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8504646").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8504646"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">41</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies">Tourism Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="909" type="text/json">{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2068" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2068" type="text/json">{"id":2068,"name":"Ecotourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotourism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8504646]'), work: {"id":8504646,"title":"Die Vertretbarkeit von Ethnotourismus am Beispiel der Tuareg der Region Agadez, Republik Niger (Westafrika) : eine Evaluation aus Sicht der angewandten Tourismusethik.","created_at":"2014-09-26T00:55:08.957-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8504646/Die_Vertretbarkeit_von_Ethnotourismus_am_Beispiel_der_Tuareg_der_Region_Agadez_Republik_Niger_Westafrika_eine_Evaluation_aus_Sicht_der_angewandten_Tourismusethik?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_8504646","summary":"Tourism to indigenous populations is criticised as a form of modern colonialism, because the dominating tourist culture might overwhelm the so called fragile indigenous culture. This ethical research tries to evaluate this assertion on the example of tourism to the Tuareg-nomads in the region of Agadez, Republic of Niger, West Africa, Central Sahara. Therefore, interviews haven been done with a large number of local tour operators, tourists and the concerned Tuareg population of the Tuareg village of Timia in the central Aïr Mountains. The reconstructed structures and dynamics of the regional tourism development have been evaluated by an ethical model which is based on the principles of cybernetics and of sustainable development.\r\nThe ethical evaluation can proof, that tourism to Agadez in its present form doesn't destabilize the regional structures, even if there is a strong and sometimes even hostile concurrence between the Tuareg tour operators. Nevertheless tourism is an important economical factor of integration as the region suffers from unemployment, poverty and drought. By the population of Timia, tourism is seen as a tool to find contact to Europeans, who love to support this \"idyllic but starving\" village.\r\nObviously, the Tuareg from Timia have learnt to take advantage of those who are looking for an exotic, but endangered world to save.\r\nFinally, most of the so found indicators don't support the assertion that tourisms to Tuareg nomads in the Agadez region could be a significant factor of its destabilization or something worse. \r\n\r\nReisen zu indigenen Kulturen sind umstritten, weil diese im Vergleich zur Tourismuskultur als fragil und somit als gefährdet gelten.\r\nDie Richtigkeit dieser Hypothese wird am Beispiel von Tourismus zu Tuareg-Nomaden in der Region Agadez, Zentralsahara, überprüft. Dazu wurden die historischen, politischen, ökonomischen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen und Entwicklungsprozesse der Region als auch der Bevölkerung des Bergdorfes Timia untersucht. Im Zentrum der empirischen Untersuchungen standen die Strukturen der regionalen Tourismusentwicklung, wozu regionale Agenturbetreiber und Sahara-Touristen befragt wurden. Als Methode dienten Befragungen und Kataloganalysen. Als Evaluationsmaßstab wurde das System einer kybernetischen Ethik entwickelt, die sich an die Prinzipien der \"nachhaltigen Entwicklung\" anlehnt. Besonderes Augenmerk galt auch der ideologiekritischen Analyse des Tuareg-Mythos.\r\n\"Tuareg-Tourismus\" wird überwiegend von urbanisierten Tuareg-Nomaden und einstigen Tuareg-Rebellen betrieben. Charakteristika der Tourismusstruktur sind ein weitgehend ungelenktes Tourismuswachstum, intensives Konkurrenzverhalten und geringe interkulturelle Qualifikation des Personals. Die Region leidet unter Arbeitslosigkeit und Dürren, weshalb die ökonomische Rolle des Tourismus signifikant ist, doch diese Einkommenschance trägt auch zu inneren Konflikten bei. Insofern weist Tourismus sowohl stabilisierende als auch destabilisierende Tendenzen auf.\r\nDie Evaluation einer Rundreise konnte keine wesentlichen soziokulturellen und ökologischen Belastungen nachweisen. Die Belastungen des gesamten Tourismusaufkommens, maximal 4.000 Personen pro Jahr, halten sich aufgrund des großen Reisegebiets in Grenzen.\r\nDie Befragung der Bewohner der Bergoase Timia ergab, dass Tourismus als willkommene Einkommensalternative sowie als Mittel betrachtet wird, um Entwicklungsprojekte zu requirieren. Dieser Haltung der Bevölkerung wird \r\nvor dem Hinterrund der Transzendentalpragmatik und des Kulturalismus auf deren Legitimationskraft analysiert. Im Ergebnis kann die spezifische Form des Tuareg-Tourismus als vertretbar nachgewiesen werden, weil in seiner gegenwärtigen Form die stabilisierenden Effekte dominieren. Die Kritik am Tuareg-Tourismus wird zum Teil als Ausdruck exotisierender Projektionen entlarvt.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34883903,"asset_id":8504646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17231903,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Friedl","domain_name":"fh-joanneum","page_name":"HaraldFriedl","display_name":"Harald Friedl","profile_url":"https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17231903/4765708/5492372/s65_harald.friedl.jpg_oh_401f8e80397c9359475c62ff6cdb8b93_oe_5485634d___gda___1422160599_a11e795ce3b1d4f10959b2426b4863d8"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":909,"name":"Tourism 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Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877"},{"id":14396,"name":"Sustainable Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":21458,"name":"Tourism Destination Image and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Destination_Image_and_Development?f_ri=99877"},{"id":24896,"name":"Nomadic Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Peoples?f_ri=99877"},{"id":28797,"name":"Nomadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":31030,"name":"Sustainable Tourism Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Tourism_Development?f_ri=99877"},{"id":42627,"name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sub-Saharan_Africa?f_ri=99877"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":68118,"name":"Tourism 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LCDS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/thanatourism_ethics_of_tourism_tourism_in_LCDS?f_ri=99877"},{"id":109954,"name":"Ecotourism and Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotourism_and_Sustainable_Development?f_ri=99877"},{"id":113461,"name":"Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomads?f_ri=99877"},{"id":136960,"name":"Cultural Studies Cultural Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies_Cultural_Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":147500,"name":"Ethnography and Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography_and_Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":171992,"name":"Community-based Ecotourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community-based_Ecotourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":254622,"name":"Ecotourism 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Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":951304,"name":"Social Ecology \u0026 Sustainability Sustainable Tourism/ Ecotourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Ecology_and_Sustainability_Sustainable_Tourism_Ecotourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":999844,"name":"Tourisme Durable Et écotourisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourisme_Durable_Et_ecotourisme?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1011668,"name":"écotourisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C3%A9cotourisme?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12169387" data-work_id="12169387" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12169387/War_at_the_Background_of_Europe_The_Crisis_of_Mali">War at the Background of Europe: The Crisis of Mali</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">AARMS Vol. 12, No. 2 (2013) 247–271. In 2012 the seemingly stable country of Mali experienced a sudden collapse, this along with the declaration of independence of the brand new Tuareg state, the massive spread of extreme Islamism... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12169387" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">AARMS Vol. 12, No. 2 (2013) 247–271. <br /> <br />In 2012 the seemingly stable country of Mali experienced a sudden collapse, this along with the declaration of independence of the brand new Tuareg state, the massive spread of extreme Islamism shocked the international community. Initial disbelief gave way to the UN Security Council’s resolution to restore Mali’s territorial integrity. Fueled by the fear of a greater and bloodier conflict and its overspill, limited military operations began. Along with the Economic Community of West African State–led operation, the country’s former colonial master, France, began its own controversial military operation. Many people think that by doing so, France is trying to prove itself a great power and able to intervene on the world political stage according to its own diplomatic interest and being a force to contend with. Others however think that France is facing another Indochina-like fiasco in Mali. Who is right, will be determined by the failure or the success of the current operations and by the results of the restoration afterward. In this paper I would like to clarify the reasons for the events taking place in the country, their dynamics and possible consequences. <br />keywords: Mali, AQIM, Boko Haram, Tuareg, Azawad, rebellion, France, USA, European Union, peacekeeping, Operation Serval,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12169387" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="742834fcda5c34e4d8cd45568d11fe73" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37470493,"asset_id":12169387,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37470493/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30574904" href="https://uni-obuda.academia.edu/Beseny%C5%91J%C3%A1nos">Besenyő János</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30574904" type="text/json">{"id":30574904,"first_name":"Besenyő","last_name":"János","domain_name":"uni-obuda","page_name":"BesenyőJános","display_name":"Besenyő János","profile_url":"https://uni-obuda.academia.edu/Beseny%C5%91J%C3%A1nos?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30574904/8889288/35067722/s65_beseny_.j_nos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12169387 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12169387"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12169387, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12169387", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12169387]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12169387").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12169387").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12169387"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5671" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_Africa">West Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5671" type="text/json">{"id":5671,"name":"West Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12169387]'), work: {"id":12169387,"title":"War at the Background of Europe: The Crisis of Mali","created_at":"2015-04-30T13:05:48.570-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12169387/War_at_the_Background_of_Europe_The_Crisis_of_Mali?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_12169387","summary":"AARMS Vol. 12, No. 2 (2013) 247–271.\r\n\r\nIn 2012 the seemingly stable country of Mali experienced a sudden collapse, this along with the declaration of independence of the brand new Tuareg state, the massive spread of extreme Islamism shocked the international community. Initial disbelief gave way to the UN Security Council’s resolution to restore Mali’s territorial integrity. Fueled by the fear of a greater and bloodier conflict and its overspill, limited military operations began. Along with the Economic Community of West African State–led operation, the country’s former colonial master, France, began its own controversial military operation. Many people think that by doing so, France is trying to prove itself a great power and able to intervene on the world political stage according to its own diplomatic interest and being a force to contend with. Others however think that France is facing another Indochina-like fiasco in Mali. Who is right, will be determined by the failure or the success of the current operations and by the results of the restoration afterward. In this paper I would like to clarify the reasons for the events taking place in the country, their dynamics and possible consequences.\r\nkeywords: Mali, AQIM, Boko Haram, Tuareg, Azawad, rebellion, France, USA, European Union, peacekeeping, Operation Serval,","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37470493,"asset_id":12169387,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30574904,"first_name":"Besenyő","last_name":"János","domain_name":"uni-obuda","page_name":"BesenyőJános","display_name":"Besenyő János","profile_url":"https://uni-obuda.academia.edu/Beseny%C5%91J%C3%A1nos?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30574904/8889288/35067722/s65_beseny_.j_nos.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":5671,"name":"West Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":378626,"name":"Tuareg migrants and refugees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_migrants_and_refugees?f_ri=99877"},{"id":434396,"name":"Tuareg Rebellion Mali MNLA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Rebellion_Mali_MNLA?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8492723" data-work_id="8492723" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_">L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d'Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8492723" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d'Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until nowadays by the Tuaregs and describes the way there are used. <br />These alphabets derived from much older ones, which are usually said to be “Libyan” or “Libyco-Berber”. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are found throughout a region stretching from Libya to Morocco and even the Canary Islands — sometimes along with Punic or Latin engravings. Owing to the discovery in Dougga (Tunisia) of two bilingual Libyco-Punic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BC (one of them dedicated to the Numidic king Massinissa), one of the variants of the Libyco-Berber alphabet has been partly deciphered. But the “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier. <br />The book argues that their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters. It then proposes some hypotheses on the subsequent history of these alphabets, et concludes in evoking the current innovations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8492723" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="43f0e7207b34f4135784cc14fb4aab05" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36926482,"asset_id":8492723,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36926482/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8492723 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8492723"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8492723, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8492723", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8492723]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8492723").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8492723").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8492723"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2548" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Systems_and_Decipherment">Writing Systems & Decipherment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2548" type="text/json">{"id":2548,"name":"Writing Systems \u0026 Decipherment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Systems_and_Decipherment?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21834" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-Berber_Linguistics">Libyco-Berber Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21834" type="text/json">{"id":21834,"name":"Libyco-Berber Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-Berber_Linguistics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8492723]'), work: {"id":8492723,"title":"L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)","created_at":"2014-09-25T06:21:19.295-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_8492723","summary":"This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d'Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until nowadays by the Tuaregs and describes the way there are used. \nThese alphabets derived from much older ones, which are usually said to be “Libyan” or “Libyco-Berber”. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are found throughout a region stretching from Libya to Morocco and even the Canary Islands — sometimes along with Punic or Latin engravings. Owing to the discovery in Dougga (Tunisia) of two bilingual Libyco-Punic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BC (one of them dedicated to the Numidic king Massinissa), one of the variants of the Libyco-Berber alphabet has been partly deciphered. But the “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier. \nThe book argues that their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters. It then proposes some hypotheses on the subsequent history of these alphabets, et concludes in evoking the current innovations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36926482,"asset_id":8492723,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2548,"name":"Writing Systems \u0026 Decipherment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Systems_and_Decipherment?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":21834,"name":"Libyco-Berber Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-Berber_Linguistics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":23135,"name":"Carthage (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_Archaeology_?f_ri=99877"},{"id":24068,"name":"Roman North Africa (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_North_Africa_Archaeology_?f_ri=99877"},{"id":25758,"name":"Writing systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_systems?f_ri=99877"},{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=99877"},{"id":50554,"name":"Carthage (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_History_?f_ri=99877"},{"id":66986,"name":"archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/archaeology_of_Sardinia_in_phoenician_age?f_ri=99877"},{"id":86804,"name":"Phoenician Punic Sicily","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Sicily?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":100344,"name":"Protohistoire et archéologie libyque","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protohistoire_et_archeologie_libyque?f_ri=99877"},{"id":100369,"name":"Phoenician \u0026 Punic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Epigraphy?f_ri=99877"},{"id":100392,"name":"Phoenician and Punic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":148873,"name":"Thugga; Dougga","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thugga_Dougga?f_ri=99877"},{"id":253187,"name":"Carthage, Punic Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Punic world and Punic Archaeology, Phoenician and Punic Studies, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_Punic_Pottery_Mediterranean_archaeology_Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology_Punic_world_and_Pu?f_ri=99877"},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":281959,"name":"Tifinagh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tifinagh?f_ri=99877"},{"id":689365,"name":"Libyco-Berber Script","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-Berber_Script?f_ri=99877"},{"id":771407,"name":"Ecriture libyque , inscriptions libyques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecriture_libyque_inscriptions_libyques?f_ri=99877"},{"id":904468,"name":"Epigraphie Libyque","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphie_Libyque?f_ri=99877"},{"id":909539,"name":"Inscription Libyque","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inscription_Libyque?f_ri=99877"},{"id":909540,"name":"Libyque","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyque?f_ri=99877"},{"id":909563,"name":"épigraphie Libyque","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C3%A9pigraphie_Libyque?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1389024,"name":"Libyco-berber Scripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-berber_Scripts?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1394012,"name":"Libyco-berber Inscriptions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-berber_Inscriptions?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33585499" data-work_id="33585499" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33585499/Le_Voyage_en_France_de_M%C3%BBsa_agg_Amastan_1910_">Le Voyage en France de Mûsa agg Amastan (1910)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Début août 1910, Mûsa agg Amastan, le chef (ameno-kal) des Kel-Ahaggar arrive en gare de Lyon à Paris. Il est accompagné de deux autres nobles de l'Ahaggar : Soughi ag Chikkat et Ouenni ag Elmennir. Sur la célèbre une du « Petit Journal »... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33585499" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Début août 1910, Mûsa agg Amastan, le chef (ameno-kal) des Kel-Ahaggar arrive en gare de Lyon à Paris. Il est accompagné de deux autres nobles de l'Ahaggar : Soughi ag Chikkat et Ouenni ag Elmennir. Sur la célèbre une du « Petit Journal » qui illustre cet événement, on retrouve également les deux militaires français qui les escorteront durant leur périple sur le sol français : Laperrine et Nieger. La Mission Touareg (selon la dénomination officielle) avait débarqué du Charles Roux le 6 août à Marseille. Elle résidera en France métropolitaine durant plus d'un mois. Ce n'est que le 16 septembre que Mûsa et ses compagnons embarqueront sur le Ville d'Alger pour rejoindre l'Algérie. Ce voyage du chef touareg en France concrétise une idée qui remonte déjà à quelques années. S'il est bien évidemment approuvé par les autorités d'Alger et Paris, souhaité par Laperrine et les siens, il doit aussi beaucoup au Père de Foucauld.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33585499" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="514871a68b27dd140ef93fb2fd9897dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53607153,"asset_id":33585499,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53607153/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26058619" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi">Paul Pandolfi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26058619" type="text/json">{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33585499 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33585499"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33585499, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33585499", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33585499]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33585499").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33585499").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33585499"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies">Maghreb studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23398" type="text/json">{"id":23398,"name":"Maghreb studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa">History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84089" type="text/json">{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33585499]'), work: {"id":33585499,"title":"Le Voyage en France de Mûsa agg Amastan (1910)","created_at":"2017-06-21T02:32:43.315-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33585499/Le_Voyage_en_France_de_M%C3%BBsa_agg_Amastan_1910_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_33585499","summary":"Début août 1910, Mûsa agg Amastan, le chef (ameno-kal) des Kel-Ahaggar arrive en gare de Lyon à Paris. Il est accompagné de deux autres nobles de l'Ahaggar : Soughi ag Chikkat et Ouenni ag Elmennir. Sur la célèbre une du « Petit Journal » qui illustre cet événement, on retrouve également les deux militaires français qui les escorteront durant leur périple sur le sol français : Laperrine et Nieger. La Mission Touareg (selon la dénomination officielle) avait débarqué du Charles Roux le 6 août à Marseille. Elle résidera en France métropolitaine durant plus d'un mois. Ce n'est que le 16 septembre que Mûsa et ses compagnons embarqueront sur le Ville d'Alger pour rejoindre l'Algérie. Ce voyage du chef touareg en France concrétise une idée qui remonte déjà à quelques années. S'il est bien évidemment approuvé par les autorités d'Alger et Paris, souhaité par Laperrine et les siens, il doit aussi beaucoup au Père de Foucauld.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53607153,"asset_id":33585499,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":23398,"name":"Maghreb studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":110843,"name":"French colonial Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":354708,"name":"Touareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Touareg?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39301629" data-work_id="39301629" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39301629/Mali_The_Overlap_and_Combination_of_Separatist_Jihadist_and_Intercommunal_Conflicts">Mali: The Overlap and Combination of Separatist, Jihadist and Intercommunal Conflicts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 2018 Mali, supported by France, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and by militias of the Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MSA) and the Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39301629" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2018 Mali, supported by France, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and by militias of the Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MSA) and the Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies (GATIA), continued to be involved in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) on its territory against Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS). According to the War Report, intercommunal clashes between Dan Nan Ambassagou and the Alliance for the Salvation of the Sahel also reached the threshold of a NIAC during the last year.<br />This chapter in the War Report 2018 offers a complete overview of the several conflicts afflicting Mali in recent years. The first parttraces back the root causes of the initial Tuareg rebellion in the Northern regions, to then show the jihadist takeover of the insurgency. It provides an in-depth analysis of the planning, generation and deployment of two multinational operations, one sponsored by the African Union, the other authorised by the United Nations. It sheds light on the French intervention in Mali, first as Operation Serval and then under Operation Barkhane. Finally, it accounts for the progressive return to peace in the Northern territory, while intercommunal conflicts in the Central regions rise to the level of a separate non-international armed conflict. The second part of the chapter scrutinizes the status and legal position of each party to the conflict. Key developments in 2018 are then surveyed. The last part summarises concluded and ongoing prosecutions before the International Criminal Court for crimes committed in the Malian conflicts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39301629" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="72fbb91d965a97f4fb4c7f1ffa09354b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59633916,"asset_id":39301629,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59633916/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="98160468" href="https://sssup.academia.edu/AlessandroMarioAmoroso">Alessandro Mario Amoroso</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="98160468" type="text/json">{"id":98160468,"first_name":"Alessandro Mario","last_name":"Amoroso","domain_name":"sssup","page_name":"AlessandroMarioAmoroso","display_name":"Alessandro Mario Amoroso","profile_url":"https://sssup.academia.edu/AlessandroMarioAmoroso?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98160468/21402125/34634166/s65_alessandro_mario.amoroso.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39301629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39301629"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39301629, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39301629", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39301629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39301629; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39301629"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39301629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39301629"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39301629; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39301629]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39301629").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39301629").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39301629"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6618" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Court">International Criminal Court</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6618" type="text/json">{"id":6618,"name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Court?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11665" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Humanitarian_Law">International Humanitarian Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11665" type="text/json">{"id":11665,"name":"International Humanitarian Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Humanitarian_Law?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13057" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes">War Crimes</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13057" type="text/json">{"id":13057,"name":"War Crimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39301629]'), work: {"id":39301629,"title":"Mali: The Overlap and Combination of Separatist, Jihadist and Intercommunal Conflicts","created_at":"2019-05-29T07:35:00.669-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39301629/Mali_The_Overlap_and_Combination_of_Separatist_Jihadist_and_Intercommunal_Conflicts?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_39301629","summary":"In 2018 Mali, supported by France, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and by militias of the Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MSA) and the Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies (GATIA), continued to be involved in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) on its territory against Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS). According to the War Report, intercommunal clashes between Dan Nan Ambassagou and the Alliance for the Salvation of the Sahel also reached the threshold of a NIAC during the last year.\nThis chapter in the War Report 2018 offers a complete overview of the several conflicts afflicting Mali in recent years. The first parttraces back the root causes of the initial Tuareg rebellion in the Northern regions, to then show the jihadist takeover of the insurgency. It provides an in-depth analysis of the planning, generation and deployment of two multinational operations, one sponsored by the African Union, the other authorised by the United Nations. It sheds light on the French intervention in Mali, first as Operation Serval and then under Operation Barkhane. Finally, it accounts for the progressive return to peace in the Northern territory, while intercommunal conflicts in the Central regions rise to the level of a separate non-international armed conflict. The second part of the chapter scrutinizes the status and legal position of each party to the conflict. Key developments in 2018 are then surveyed. The last part summarises concluded and ongoing prosecutions before the International Criminal Court for crimes committed in the Malian conflicts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59633916,"asset_id":39301629,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":98160468,"first_name":"Alessandro Mario","last_name":"Amoroso","domain_name":"sssup","page_name":"AlessandroMarioAmoroso","display_name":"Alessandro Mario Amoroso","profile_url":"https://sssup.academia.edu/AlessandroMarioAmoroso?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98160468/21402125/34634166/s65_alessandro_mario.amoroso.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":6618,"name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Court?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":11665,"name":"International Humanitarian Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Humanitarian_Law?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":13057,"name":"War Crimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=99877"},{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877"},{"id":60641,"name":"Peacekeeping operations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacekeeping_operations?f_ri=99877"},{"id":80195,"name":"Salafi-jihadist groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafi-jihadist_groups?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":127515,"name":"Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1117740,"name":"Operation Serval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operation_Serval?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1749060,"name":"Peace Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_Enforcement?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1768059,"name":"MINUSMA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MINUSMA?f_ri=99877"},{"id":2842897,"name":"G5 Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/G5_Sahel?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20385655" data-work_id="20385655" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20385655/The_Agadez_Chronicles_and_Y_Tarichi_A_Reinterpretation_History_in_Africa_Volume_43_2016_46_pages_published_in_FirstView_">'The Agadez Chronicles and Y Tarichi: A Reinterpretation.' History in Africa, Volume 43 (2016), 46 pages (published in FirstView).</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article focuses on the texts known as the “Agadez Chronicles” and “Y Tarichi,” which have been used by historians of the Central Sahara and Sahel to reconstruct the history of the Sultanate of Agadez and the Ader Kingdom in today’s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20385655" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article focuses on the texts known as the “Agadez Chronicles” and “Y Tarichi,” which have been used by historians of the Central Sahara and Sahel to reconstruct the history of the Sultanate of Agadez and the Ader Kingdom in today’s Republic of Niger. The most frequently cited of these texts are published translations of copies of Arabic manuscripts that were made available to French and British colonial administrators by members of the elites of Agadez, Ader, and Sokoto in the first decade of the twentieth century. This article suggests that the copies handed over to the representatives of European empires had been altered to promote the interests of the local elites who circulated these sources. The article compares texts in the Agadez corpus with independent sources on the history of this region in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries; it discusses the political context in which the Agadez Chronicles were circulated at the beginning of the twentieth century; and it considers the implications of the proposed reinterpretations for the historiography of the Aïr and Ader regions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20385655" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0d1b5848638fc9378524b0da0d63cb73" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41330107,"asset_id":20385655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41330107/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1050315" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi">Benedetta Rossi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1050315" type="text/json">{"id":1050315,"first_name":"Benedetta","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"BenedettaRossi","display_name":"Benedetta Rossi","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050315/361907/438545/s65_benedetta.rossi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20385655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20385655"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20385655, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20385655", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20385655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20385655; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20385655"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20385655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20385655"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20385655; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20385655]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20385655").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20385655").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20385655"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3896" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History">African History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3896" type="text/json">{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18662" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa">Hausa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18662" type="text/json">{"id":18662,"name":"Hausa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36451" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger">Niger</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36451" type="text/json">{"id":36451,"name":"Niger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63026" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sources">Historical Sources</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="63026" type="text/json">{"id":63026,"name":"Historical Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sources?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20385655]'), work: {"id":20385655,"title":"'The Agadez Chronicles and Y Tarichi: A Reinterpretation.' History in Africa, Volume 43 (2016), 46 pages (published in FirstView).","created_at":"2016-01-19T10:10:23.067-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20385655/The_Agadez_Chronicles_and_Y_Tarichi_A_Reinterpretation_History_in_Africa_Volume_43_2016_46_pages_published_in_FirstView_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_20385655","summary":"This article focuses on the texts known as the “Agadez Chronicles” and “Y Tarichi,” which have been used by historians of the Central Sahara and Sahel to reconstruct the history of the Sultanate of Agadez and the Ader Kingdom in today’s Republic of Niger. The most frequently cited of these texts are published translations of copies of Arabic manuscripts that were made available to French and British colonial administrators by members of the elites of Agadez, Ader, and Sokoto in the first decade of the twentieth century. This article suggests that the copies handed over to the representatives of European empires had been altered to promote the interests of the local elites who circulated these sources. The article compares texts in the Agadez corpus with independent sources on the history of this region in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries; it discusses the political context in which the Agadez Chronicles were circulated at the beginning of the twentieth century; and it considers the implications of the proposed reinterpretations for the historiography of the Aïr and Ader regions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41330107,"asset_id":20385655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1050315,"first_name":"Benedetta","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"BenedettaRossi","display_name":"Benedetta Rossi","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050315/361907/438545/s65_benedetta.rossi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":18662,"name":"Hausa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":36451,"name":"Niger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":63026,"name":"Historical Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sources?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4498853" data-work_id="4498853" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4498853/Les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Charles_de_Foucauld_et_leur_pr%C3%A9sence_dans_la_recherche_actuelle">Les travaux scientifiques de Charles de Foucauld, et leur présence dans la recherche actuelle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This paper tries to evaluate the echo Charles de Foucauld's linguistic works have had on current academic research about tuareg culture and language.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4498853" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div 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Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4498853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4498853"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4498853, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4498853", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4498853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: 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$(".js-view-count-work_4498853").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4498853").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4498853"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14893" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History">Church History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14893" type="text/json">{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="44539" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church">Church</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="44539" type="text/json">{"id":44539,"name":"Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4498853]'), work: {"id":4498853,"title":"Les travaux scientifiques de Charles de Foucauld, et leur présence dans la recherche actuelle","created_at":"2013-09-16T03:52:21.092-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4498853/Les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Charles_de_Foucauld_et_leur_pr%C3%A9sence_dans_la_recherche_actuelle?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_4498853","summary":"This paper tries to evaluate the echo Charles de Foucauld's linguistic works have had on current academic research about tuareg culture and language.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38354167,"asset_id":4498853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6461536/Konflikt_w_Mali_w_latach_2012_2013">Konflikt w Mali w latach 2012-2013</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6461536" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71ea417860f11ef1116f4078c15277db" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58717" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebellion">Rebellion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58717" type="text/json">{"id":58717,"name":"Rebellion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebellion?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6461536]'), work: {"id":6461536,"title":"Konflikt w Mali w latach 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Un aperçu</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This is a short survey of the ethnographical and historical situation of the Sahara when Charles de Foucauld settled there.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14548715" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="352379d91b184e99b6cf53eaa5190ce8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38353534,"asset_id":14548715,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38353534/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14548715 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14548715"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14548715, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14548715", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14548715]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14548715").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14548715").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14548715"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa">History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84089" type="text/json">{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14548715]'), work: {"id":14548715,"title":"Le Sahara au temps de Charles de Foucauld. 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Il a paru dans les Actes d'un colloque tenu à l'Université libre de Bruxelles en 2001, et... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8045981" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L'article traite de la poésie touarègue contemporaine, des sentiments qu’elle exprime ou qu’elle suscite, des voies par lesquelles elle se transmet. Il a paru dans les Actes d'un colloque tenu à l'Université libre de Bruxelles en 2001, et dédié aux variations du sentiment triste dans les musiques du monde et les poésies ou chansons populaires. Les styles de musique abordés étaient, entre autres, le blues, le fado, le flamenco, le tango, etc. Le trouble provoqué par cette émotion mélancolique est conceptualisé et nuancé différemment selon les cultures : blues, saudade, etc. Dans le cas des Touaregs, le mot qui désigne le sentiment particulier attaché à la poésie est "esuf", qui reprend les diverses acceptions du mot français "solitude".</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8045981" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29091d6ef24da03dce754f482d16febf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34505013,"asset_id":8045981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34505013/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8045981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8045981"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8045981, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8045981", }); 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Il a paru dans les Actes d'un colloque tenu à l'Université libre de Bruxelles en 2001, et dédié aux variations du sentiment triste dans les musiques du monde et les poésies ou chansons populaires. Les styles de musique abordés étaient, entre autres, le blues, le fado, le flamenco, le tango, etc. Le trouble provoqué par cette émotion mélancolique est conceptualisé et nuancé différemment selon les cultures : blues, saudade, etc. Dans le cas des Touaregs, le mot qui désigne le sentiment particulier attaché à la poésie est \"esuf\", qui reprend les diverses acceptions du mot français \"solitude\".","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34505013,"asset_id":8045981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7540,"name":"Oral 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u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2223" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies">North Africa Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2223" type="text/json">{"id":2223,"name":"North Africa Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies">Maghreb studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23398" type="text/json">{"id":23398,"name":"Maghreb studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48343" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies">Berber studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48343" type="text/json">{"id":48343,"name":"Berber studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11337218]'), work: {"id":11337218,"title":"Jules Verne chez les 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studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":48343,"name":"Berber studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berber_studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":110843,"name":"French colonial Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":115793,"name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jules_Verne?f_ri=99877"},{"id":226026,"name":"Littératures coloniale de voyage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Litteratures_coloniale_de_voyage?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40765721" data-work_id="40765721" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40765721/Jules_Verne_au_Sahara">Jules Verne au Sahara</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40765721" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3d5d72a717c115287594369fd1dea061" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61046029,"asset_id":40765721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61046029/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26058619" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi">Paul Pandolfi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26058619" type="text/json">{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40765721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40765721"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40765721, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40765721", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40765721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40765721").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40765721"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="115793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jules_Verne">Jules Verne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="115793" type="text/json">{"id":115793,"name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jules_Verne?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40765721]'), work: {"id":40765721,"title":"Jules Verne au 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Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":115793,"name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jules_Verne?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":142242,"name":"Tunisie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisie?f_ri=99877"},{"id":354708,"name":"Touareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Touareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":972796,"name":"Littérature Coloniale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Litt%C3%A9rature_Coloniale?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8047738" data-work_id="8047738" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8047738/Savoir_local_%C3%A9loge_dun_informateur_">Savoir local : éloge d'un " informateur "</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En 1992, Moussa Albaka et moi avons publié Poésies et chants touaregs de l'Ayr, collection de pièces en vers recueillies entre 1976 et 1979. Le livre reprenait dans une large mesure l'agencement typographique d'un grand classique des... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8047738" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En 1992, Moussa Albaka et moi avons publié Poésies et chants touaregs de l'Ayr, collection de pièces en vers recueillies entre 1976 et 1979. Le livre reprenait dans une large mesure l'agencement typographique d'un grand classique des études berbères, Poésies touarègues (dialecte de l'Ahaggar). Nous marquions ainsi que ce maître ouvrage, dont les deux tomes avaient paru posthumément en 1925 et 1930 grâce aux soins d'André Basset, nous avait servi de modèle. Sur un point cependant, la présentation de notre livre différait de celle du modèle : il se donnait comme l'œuvre de deux auteurs alors que Poésies touarègues a paru sous le seul nom de Charles de Foucauld. Celui-ci n'y cachait pas sa dette à l'égard de son collaborateur arabo-touareg Ba-Hammou, mais il n'était pas alors d'usage que ceux qu'on appelait les informateurs indigènes figurassent sur la page de titre, trop heureux quand d'aventure leur nom apparaissait dans la tabula gratulatoria. Bien entendu, cette différence ne me crédite nullement de vertus dont un Bienheureux de l'Église romaine aurait été exempt. Sur la balance des vertus, le plateau penche de toute façon de son côté. S'il n'avait tenu qu'à lui, ses travaux scientifiques auraient paru sous le nom de l'interprète militaire Alexandre Motylinski, qui n'avait que très brièvement collaboré avec lui en 1906 avant d'être emporté par le typhus sur le chemin du retour : Foucauld voulait bien œuvrer pour la science et pour la mémoire de son ami, mais lui-même n'aspirait qu'au néant et à l'oubli. Sur ce point, il était inflexible. En 1908, René Basset - le père d'André - dut accepter de faire paraître sous le seul nom de Motylinski un petit opuscule, intitulé Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs, que l'ermite avait complètement remanié à partir de la très médiocre esquisse laissée par le défunt. Après la mort de Foucauld en 1916, René et André se tinrent pour déliés de leurs engagements, mais de là à mettre le nom d'un informateur sur la couverture d'un livre, il y avait un pas qu'ils ne se fussent pas avisés de franchir. Nous ne sommes pas plus vertueux aujourd'hui mais nous vivons dans des temps différents : c'est de ne pas franchir ce pas qui m'eût paru impensable. D'autant plus que Moussa Albaka aura été pour moi bien plus qu'un simple " informateur ". Qu'a-t-il été, qu'est-il encore pour moi ? C'est ce que cet article tente de dire.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8047738" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="132e8ce9fce5d36b11865c143bd60bd6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35765564,"asset_id":8047738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35765564/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8047738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8047738"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8047738, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8047738", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8047738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8047738; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8047738"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8047738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8047738"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8047738; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8047738]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8047738").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8047738").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8047738"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4924" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fieldwork_in_Anthropology">Fieldwork in Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4924" type="text/json">{"id":4924,"name":"Fieldwork in Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fieldwork_in_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnographic_Fieldwork_Anthropology_">Ethnographic Fieldwork (Anthropology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8123" type="text/json">{"id":8123,"name":"Ethnographic Fieldwork (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnographic_Fieldwork_Anthropology_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11492" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography_Research_Methodology_">Ethnography (Research Methodology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11492" type="text/json">{"id":11492,"name":"Ethnography (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8047738]'), work: {"id":8047738,"title":"Savoir local : éloge d'un \" informateur \"","created_at":"2014-08-21T22:31:19.388-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8047738/Savoir_local_%C3%A9loge_dun_informateur_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_8047738","summary":" \tEn 1992, Moussa Albaka et moi avons publié Poésies et chants touaregs de l'Ayr, collection de pièces en vers recueillies entre 1976 et 1979. Le livre reprenait dans une large mesure l'agencement typographique d'un grand classique des études berbères, Poésies touarègues (dialecte de l'Ahaggar). Nous marquions ainsi que ce maître ouvrage, dont les deux tomes avaient paru posthumément en 1925 et 1930 grâce aux soins d'André Basset, nous avait servi de modèle. Sur un point cependant, la présentation de notre livre différait de celle du modèle : il se donnait comme l'œuvre de deux auteurs alors que Poésies touarègues a paru sous le seul nom de Charles de Foucauld. Celui-ci n'y cachait pas sa dette à l'égard de son collaborateur arabo-touareg Ba-Hammou, mais il n'était pas alors d'usage que ceux qu'on appelait les informateurs indigènes figurassent sur la page de titre, trop heureux quand d'aventure leur nom apparaissait dans la tabula gratulatoria. Bien entendu, cette différence ne me crédite nullement de vertus dont un Bienheureux de l'Église romaine aurait été exempt. Sur la balance des vertus, le plateau penche de toute façon de son côté. S'il n'avait tenu qu'à lui, ses travaux scientifiques auraient paru sous le nom de l'interprète militaire Alexandre Motylinski, qui n'avait que très brièvement collaboré avec lui en 1906 avant d'être emporté par le typhus sur le chemin du retour : Foucauld voulait bien œuvrer pour la science et pour la mémoire de son ami, mais lui-même n'aspirait qu'au néant et à l'oubli. Sur ce point, il était inflexible. En 1908, René Basset - le père d'André - dut accepter de faire paraître sous le seul nom de Motylinski un petit opuscule, intitulé Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs, que l'ermite avait complètement remanié à partir de la très médiocre esquisse laissée par le défunt. Après la mort de Foucauld en 1916, René et André se tinrent pour déliés de leurs engagements, mais de là à mettre le nom d'un informateur sur la couverture d'un livre, il y avait un pas qu'ils ne se fussent pas avisés de franchir. Nous ne sommes pas plus vertueux aujourd'hui mais nous vivons dans des temps différents : c'est de ne pas franchir ce pas qui m'eût paru impensable. D'autant plus que Moussa Albaka aura été pour moi bien plus qu'un simple \" informateur \". Qu'a-t-il été, qu'est-il encore pour moi ? C'est ce que cet article tente de dire.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35765564,"asset_id":8047738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":4924,"name":"Fieldwork in Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fieldwork_in_Anthropology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":8123,"name":"Ethnographic Fieldwork (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnographic_Fieldwork_Anthropology_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":11492,"name":"Ethnography (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877"},{"id":16463,"name":"Fieldwork in linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fieldwork_in_linguistics?f_ri=99877"},{"id":22935,"name":"Ethnographic fieldwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnographic_fieldwork?f_ri=99877"},{"id":43707,"name":"Fieldwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fieldwork?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":354775,"name":"Linguistic Fieldwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Fieldwork?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3527393" data-work_id="3527393" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3527393/History_Does_Not_Repeat_Itself_Cyclicity_and_Particularism_in_Nomad_Sedentary_Relations_in_the_Negev_in_the_Long_Term">History Does Not Repeat Itself: Cyclicity and Particularism in Nomad-Sedentary Relations in the Negev in the Long Term</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nomads, Tribes, aNd The sTaTe iN The aNcieNT Near easT cross-discipliNary perspecTives edited by jeffrey szuchman with contributions by jeffrey szuchman, hans Barnard, robert ritner, steven a. rosen, Benjamin a. saidel, eveline van der... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3527393" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nomads, Tribes, aNd The sTaTe iN The aNcieNT Near easT cross-discipliNary perspecTives edited by jeffrey szuchman with contributions by jeffrey szuchman, hans Barnard, robert ritner, steven a. rosen, Benjamin a. saidel, eveline van der steen, anatoly m. Khazanov, abbas alizadeh, Thomas e. Levy, Bertille Lyonnet, anne Porter, Daniel e. fleming, Donald Whitcomb, and frank hole The OrienTaL insTiTuTe Of The universiTy Of chicagO OrienTaL insTiTuTe seminars • numBer 5 chicagO • iLLinOis iv Library of congress control number: 2008943404 isBn-13: 978-1-885923-61-5</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3527393" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1f76ff3c332a8bf776aa59573f482ce0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31253690,"asset_id":3527393,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31253690/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3810021" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen">Steve Rosen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3810021" type="text/json">{"id":3810021,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Rosen","domain_name":"bgu","page_name":"SteveRosen","display_name":"Steve Rosen","profile_url":"https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3810021/1666424/2004487/s65_steve.rosen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3527393 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3527393"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3527393, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3527393", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3527393 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3527393; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3527393"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3527393 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3527393"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3527393; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3527393]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3527393").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3527393").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3527393"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan">Jordan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15392" type="text/json">{"id":15392,"name":"Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24896" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Peoples">Nomadic Peoples</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24896" type="text/json">{"id":24896,"name":"Nomadic Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Peoples?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism">Nomadism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28797" type="text/json">{"id":28797,"name":"Nomadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_and_Nomadic_Society">Tribal and Nomadic Society</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="42054" type="text/json">{"id":42054,"name":"Tribal and Nomadic Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_and_Nomadic_Society?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3527393]'), work: {"id":3527393,"title":"History Does Not Repeat Itself: Cyclicity and Particularism in Nomad-Sedentary Relations in the Negev in the Long Term","created_at":"2013-05-13T16:59:31.264-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3527393/History_Does_Not_Repeat_Itself_Cyclicity_and_Particularism_in_Nomad_Sedentary_Relations_in_the_Negev_in_the_Long_Term?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_3527393","summary":"Nomads, Tribes, aNd The sTaTe iN The aNcieNT Near easT cross-discipliNary perspecTives edited by jeffrey szuchman with contributions by jeffrey szuchman, hans Barnard, robert ritner, steven a. rosen, Benjamin a. saidel, eveline van der steen, anatoly m. Khazanov, abbas alizadeh, Thomas e. Levy, Bertille Lyonnet, anne Porter, Daniel e. fleming, Donald Whitcomb, and frank hole The OrienTaL insTiTuTe Of The universiTy Of chicagO OrienTaL insTiTuTe seminars • numBer 5 chicagO • iLLinOis iv Library of congress control number: 2008943404 isBn-13: 978-1-885923-61-5","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31253690,"asset_id":3527393,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3810021,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Rosen","domain_name":"bgu","page_name":"SteveRosen","display_name":"Steve Rosen","profile_url":"https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3810021/1666424/2004487/s65_steve.rosen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15392,"name":"Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jordan?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":24896,"name":"Nomadic Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Peoples?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":28797,"name":"Nomadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":42054,"name":"Tribal and Nomadic Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tribal_and_Nomadic_Society?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877"},{"id":83557,"name":"Desert","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desert?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":139786,"name":"Pastoralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pastoralism?f_ri=99877"},{"id":172645,"name":"Archaeology of the Southern Levant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Southern_Levant?f_ri=99877"},{"id":230050,"name":"Longue durée","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longue_dur%C3%A9e?f_ri=99877"},{"id":243439,"name":"Bedouin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bedouin?f_ri=99877"},{"id":366635,"name":"Negev","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negev?f_ri=99877"},{"id":538435,"name":"Pastoral nomadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pastoral_nomadism?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37460367" data-work_id="37460367" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37460367/Periodizing_the_End_of_Slavery_Colonial_Law_the_League_of_Nations_and_Slave_Resistance_in_the_Nigerien_Sahel_1920s_1930s_Annales_HSS_vol_72_no_4_pp_983_1021_English_original_version_">'Periodizing the End of Slavery: Colonial Law, the League of Nations, and Slave Resistance in the Nigerien Sahel, 1920s-1930s.' Annales (HSS), vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 983-1021 (English original version)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">When, how, and why – if at all – did slavery end in the Nigerien Sahel? What processes facilitated the emancipation of enslaved persons? What were the strategies of colonial administrators, slave owners, slave traders, slaves, and slave... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37460367" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When, how, and why – if at all – did slavery end in the Nigerien Sahel? What processes facilitated the emancipation of enslaved persons? What were the strategies of colonial administrators, slave owners, slave traders, slaves, and slave descendants? In the first two decades following France's occupation of the Central Sahel legal abolition did not lead to the suppression of slavery because initially laws were not enforced. In the Ader region of the Nigerien Sahel slavery started being undermined not when it was legally abolished in 1905, but in the 1920s when the League of Nations put pressure on colonial empires to enforce their own anti-slavery legislation. This article argues that emancipation was initially propelled by the establishment of international surveillance mechanisms with the power to (de-)legitimize colonial rule at a time when no one was actively seeking to end slavery in this region. The first half of the paper focuses on the ambiguities of European abolitionism and the interconnections between the League of Nations, France, and French administrators on the ground. The second half of the paper develops a micro-analysis of slave resistance, showing how some enslaved and trafficked persons in Ader, especially young women, took advantage of global institutional transformations to incriminate their owners and traders. The concluding section examines the contemporary memories of an elderly lady who in her youth experienced circumstances analogous to those described earlier in the article. Her perceptions, and those of others like her, exist today in a context marked by tension between circumscribed pro-slavery discourses and grassroots abolitionism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37460367" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e5fcdde8046bf8e85fe2e35478dd3e6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57428671,"asset_id":37460367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57428671/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1050315" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi">Benedetta Rossi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1050315" type="text/json">{"id":1050315,"first_name":"Benedetta","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"BenedettaRossi","display_name":"Benedetta Rossi","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050315/361907/438545/s65_benedetta.rossi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37460367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37460367"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37460367, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37460367", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37460367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37460367; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37460367"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37460367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37460367"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37460367; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37460367]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37460367").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37460367").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37460367"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6283" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery">History of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6283" type="text/json">{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7643" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery">Abolition of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7643" type="text/json">{"id":7643,"name":"Abolition of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18662" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa">Hausa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18662" type="text/json">{"id":18662,"name":"Hausa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37460367]'), work: {"id":37460367,"title":"'Periodizing the End of Slavery: Colonial Law, the League of Nations, and Slave Resistance in the Nigerien Sahel, 1920s-1930s.' Annales (HSS), vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 983-1021 (English original version)","created_at":"2018-09-22T12:36:38.167-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37460367/Periodizing_the_End_of_Slavery_Colonial_Law_the_League_of_Nations_and_Slave_Resistance_in_the_Nigerien_Sahel_1920s_1930s_Annales_HSS_vol_72_no_4_pp_983_1021_English_original_version_?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_37460367","summary":"When, how, and why – if at all – did slavery end in the Nigerien Sahel? What processes facilitated the emancipation of enslaved persons? What were the strategies of colonial administrators, slave owners, slave traders, slaves, and slave descendants? In the first two decades following France's occupation of the Central Sahel legal abolition did not lead to the suppression of slavery because initially laws were not enforced. In the Ader region of the Nigerien Sahel slavery started being undermined not when it was legally abolished in 1905, but in the 1920s when the League of Nations put pressure on colonial empires to enforce their own anti-slavery legislation. This article argues that emancipation was initially propelled by the establishment of international surveillance mechanisms with the power to (de-)legitimize colonial rule at a time when no one was actively seeking to end slavery in this region. The first half of the paper focuses on the ambiguities of European abolitionism and the interconnections between the League of Nations, France, and French administrators on the ground. The second half of the paper develops a micro-analysis of slave resistance, showing how some enslaved and trafficked persons in Ader, especially young women, took advantage of global institutional transformations to incriminate their owners and traders. The concluding section examines the contemporary memories of an elderly lady who in her youth experienced circumstances analogous to those described earlier in the article. Her perceptions, and those of others like her, exist today in a context marked by tension between circumscribed pro-slavery discourses and grassroots abolitionism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57428671,"asset_id":37460367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1050315,"first_name":"Benedetta","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"BenedettaRossi","display_name":"Benedetta Rossi","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/BenedettaRossi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050315/361907/438545/s65_benedetta.rossi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":7643,"name":"Abolition of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":18662,"name":"Hausa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hausa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":49663,"name":"Women and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=99877"},{"id":61132,"name":"The League of Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_League_of_Nations?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":290589,"name":"Colonialism and Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism_and_Law?f_ri=99877"},{"id":518562,"name":"Slavery \u0026 Emancipation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery_and_Emancipation?f_ri=99877"},{"id":779251,"name":"Slavery and Slave Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery_and_Slave_Resistance?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10126062" data-work_id="10126062" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10126062/Azawad_and_the_rights_of_passage_The_role_of_illicit_trade_in_the_logic_of_armed_group_formation_in_northern_Mali">Azawad and the rights of passage: The role of illicit trade in the logic of armed group formation in northern Mali</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Over the past decade the displacement of narcotics supply lines has placed the remote and marginalised Sahara-Sahel region on the international drug route to the European market. Border control has become of primary importance, and an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10126062" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Over the past decade the displacement of narcotics supply lines has placed the remote and marginalised Sahara-Sahel region on the international drug route to the European market. Border control has become of primary importance, and an essential part of understanding the dynamics of competing political claims and armed movements.<br /><br />Secessionist, jihadist and statist political projects in northern Mali must now be interpreted in the light of dynamics of protection and extraction. In particular, the customary system of the droits de passage (rights of passage) has been transformed by the leap in scale and nature of traditional desert contraband. New actors have arisen, while others have been sidelined as various groups contend for the protection of illicit trade.<br /><br />This report explores the micro-level processes by which illicit economies have reshaped political and armed mobilisation. It explores the ways Tuareg traditions and grievances have been reconfigured under the influence of new illicit revenues. It also examines the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa, a jihadist splinter group that took control of the city of Gao in 2012 when it aligned with business figures seeking to wrest control over trafficking from rival Tuareg groups. In this context, both nationalism and jihadism tend to mask acute social tensions in the region.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10126062" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29d1131a35dc2cf512d5d971c5cdfdb8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36240532,"asset_id":10126062,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36240532/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4921504" href="https://sssup.academia.edu/FrancescoStrazzari">Francesco Strazzari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4921504" type="text/json">{"id":4921504,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Strazzari","domain_name":"sssup","page_name":"FrancescoStrazzari","display_name":"Francesco Strazzari","profile_url":"https://sssup.academia.edu/FrancescoStrazzari?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4921504/2122837/134510480/s65_francesco.strazzari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10126062 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10126062"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10126062, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10126062", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10126062]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10126062").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10126062").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10126062"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9451" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_">Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9451" type="text/json">{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali">Mali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52869" type="text/json">{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72283" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Security">European Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="72283" type="text/json">{"id":72283,"name":"European Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Security?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10126062]'), work: {"id":10126062,"title":"Azawad and the rights of passage: The role of illicit trade in the logic of armed group formation in northern Mali","created_at":"2015-01-12T06:34:56.610-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10126062/Azawad_and_the_rights_of_passage_The_role_of_illicit_trade_in_the_logic_of_armed_group_formation_in_northern_Mali?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_10126062","summary":"\nOver the past decade the displacement of narcotics supply lines has placed the remote and marginalised Sahara-Sahel region on the international drug route to the European market. Border control has become of primary importance, and an essential part of understanding the dynamics of competing political claims and armed movements.\n\nSecessionist, jihadist and statist political projects in northern Mali must now be interpreted in the light of dynamics of protection and extraction. In particular, the customary system of the droits de passage (rights of passage) has been transformed by the leap in scale and nature of traditional desert contraband. New actors have arisen, while others have been sidelined as various groups contend for the protection of illicit trade.\n\nThis report explores the micro-level processes by which illicit economies have reshaped political and armed mobilisation. It explores the ways Tuareg traditions and grievances have been reconfigured under the influence of new illicit revenues. It also examines the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa, a jihadist splinter group that took control of the city of Gao in 2012 when it aligned with business figures seeking to wrest control over trafficking from rival Tuareg groups. In this context, both nationalism and jihadism tend to mask acute social tensions in the region. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36240532,"asset_id":10126062,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4921504,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Strazzari","domain_name":"sssup","page_name":"FrancescoStrazzari","display_name":"Francesco Strazzari","profile_url":"https://sssup.academia.edu/FrancescoStrazzari?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4921504/2122837/134510480/s65_francesco.strazzari.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":52869,"name":"Mali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mali?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":72283,"name":"European Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Security?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":96303,"name":"Narcotrafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narcotrafficking?f_ri=99877"},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":315015,"name":"Sahel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahel?f_ri=99877"},{"id":518139,"name":"Armed Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Groups?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11337108" data-work_id="11337108" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11337108/La_construction_du_mythe_touareg_Quelques_remarques_et_hypoth%C3%A8ses">La construction du mythe touareg. Quelques remarques et hypothèses.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11337108" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eaaea68c02c30f2a5350fba5fd25596e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36908885,"asset_id":11337108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36908885/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26058619" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi">Paul Pandolfi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26058619" type="text/json">{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11337108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11337108"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11337108, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11337108", }); 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29727964/Magic_Macquarie_Uni_TALISMANIA_poster_ppt">Magic - Macquarie Uni. - TALISMANIA poster.ppt</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Poster for talisman, amulet & magical documents exhibition in association with AHIS355, Macquarie Uni., Sydney.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29727964" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9479ff5a8d5ad47b51d2fb398d1f16cf" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":74050,"name":"Talismans and Amulets in Iranian Tradition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talismans_and_Amulets_in_Iranian_Tradition?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="412519" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets_in_Islam">Amulets in Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="412519" type="text/json">{"id":412519,"name":"Amulets in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets_in_Islam?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29727964]'), work: 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type="text/json">{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43063305]'), work: {"id":43063305,"title":"CURRICULUM VITAE Actualise 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} })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5911204 coauthored" data-work_id="5911204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5911204/Hurons_chez_les_Touaregs_une_analyse_compar%C3%A9e_de_deux_r%C3%A9seaux_matrimoniaux">Hurons chez les Touaregs: une analyse comparée de deux réseaux matrimoniaux</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Grâce à l’examen minutieux que permet l’utilisation de nouveaux outils informatiques (Puck, Pajek), cet article propose une relecture de deux systèmes matrimoniaux touaregs étudiés dans les années 1970 : les Udalen du Burkina Faso... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5911204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Grâce à l’examen minutieux que permet l’utilisation de nouveaux outils informatiques (Puck, Pajek), cet article propose une relecture de deux systèmes matrimoniaux touaregs étudiés dans les années 1970 : les Udalen du Burkina Faso (Guignard) et les Iwellemedden du Mali (Chaventré). Contrairement aux ethnographes qui ont interprété ces sociétés sur le modèle de l’échange généralisé, les auteurs de cet article <br />s’attachent à décrire les mécanismes qui permettent à ces deux groupes touaregs d’associer une règle de mariage préférentielle pour la cousine croisée matrilatérale à une inflexion nettement endogame. Tant au niveau global des unions entre groupes de filiation qu’à l’échelle locale des agencements de mariages entre eux, il apparaît que l’hypothèse de cycles orientés entre trois unités d’échange ne peut être retenue.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5911204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0bc83d6f664914f45252a5847cc045df" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32892825,"asset_id":5911204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32892825/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8766271" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/LaurentGabail">Laurent Gabail</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8766271" type="text/json">{"id":8766271,"first_name":"Laurent","last_name":"Gabail","domain_name":"univ-tlse2","page_name":"LaurentGabail","display_name":"Laurent Gabail","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/LaurentGabail?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8766271/2898533/3386260/s65_laurent.gabail.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-5911204">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-5911204"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Olivier_Kyburz">Olivier Kyburz</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-5911204'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-5911204').html(); 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Contrairement aux ethnographes qui ont interprété ces sociétés sur le modèle de l’échange généralisé, les auteurs de cet article\r\ns’attachent à décrire les mécanismes qui permettent à ces deux groupes touaregs d’associer une règle de mariage préférentielle pour la cousine croisée matrilatérale à une inflexion nettement endogame. 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Forex. dengan harga yang sangat murah dan di pastikan original di karenakan pembelian melalui sistem Cod, <br />forex sangat di recomendasikan untuk anda, karena obat ini sangat ampuh dan banyak yang cocok di luar negri sana, <br />2. Titan Gel, Obat kuat berbentuk cream ini sudah sangat populer di indonesia di karenakan sangat paten dan cocok, tapi dengan seiring nya waktu obat ini sangat banyak di palsukan , jadi anda jangan tergiur dengan harga murah, karena di pastikan itu obat jaminan palsu, <br />3.Hammer Of Thor, Obat Kuat dan pembesar ini sangat bagus sekali, karena sistem kerja nya sangat cepat , sayangnya obat ini jarang di temukan yang aslinya. <br />4. Viagra Usa . obat kuat paten ini sangat manjur dan benar benar bisa membuat anda bakal menang di ranjang, karena obat ini sangat paten sekali, sekali minum saja , alat vital anda bisa tegang sampai 5 jm. maka dari itu para dokter sangat menganjurkan obat viagra ini. <br />5. Erogan. obat kuat ini sama seperti obat kuat di atas, obat ini multifungsi, dengan harga murah tpi bukan murahan, obat ini sangat cocok di iklim indonesia. <br /> <br />Jual obat kuat di makassar, jual obat pembesar alat vital di makassar, harga obat kuat dan alat pembesar penis di , alamat apotek jual obat pembesar dan obat kuat di makassar, kepulauan riau,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42203574" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5dc95698b55fb99481e8d76dd40b5c36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62350323,"asset_id":42203574,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62350323/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="119488972" href="https://ugm.academia.edu/siya">obat kuat di makassar 0882008200305</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="119488972" type="text/json">{"id":119488972,"first_name":"obat kuat","last_name":"di makassar 0882008200305","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"siya","display_name":"obat kuat di makassar 0882008200305","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/siya?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119488972/29526143/27470204/s65_penjual_obat_kuat.di_makassar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42203574 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42203574"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42203574, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42203574", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42203574]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42203574").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42203574").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42203574"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="491" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology">Information Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="491" type="text/json">{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skripsi">Skripsi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="81486" type="text/json">{"id":81486,"name":"Skripsi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skripsi?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="149344" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TUGAS_AKHIR">TUGAS AKHIR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="149344" type="text/json">{"id":149344,"name":"TUGAS AKHIR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TUGAS_AKHIR?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42203574]'), work: {"id":42203574,"title":"Obat Pembesar Alat Vital Permanen Terbaik Direkomendasi Oleh Para Dokter Via Cod 0882008200305","created_at":"2020-03-12T11:49:15.041-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42203574/Obat_Pembesar_Alat_Vital_Permanen_Terbaik_Direkomendasi_Oleh_Para_Dokter_Via_Cod_0882008200305?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_42203574","summary":"Wa: 0882008200305 Only Jual obat Kuat dan Pembesar Alat vital Atau penis terbaik permanen di makasar melayani COD, dan sudah di anjurkan oleh dokter, berstandart Bpom, dengan bahan alami herbal dan sudah di formalisasikan dengan bahan bahan pilihan, sehingga bisa membuat alat vital anda menjadi besar dan kencang secara permanen, Diantara Lainya Obat Itu Adalah\r\n1. Forex. dengan harga yang sangat murah dan di pastikan original di karenakan pembelian melalui sistem Cod,\r\nforex sangat di recomendasikan untuk anda, karena obat ini sangat ampuh dan banyak yang cocok di luar negri sana,\r\n2. Titan Gel, Obat kuat berbentuk cream ini sudah sangat populer di indonesia di karenakan sangat paten dan cocok, tapi dengan seiring nya waktu obat ini sangat banyak di palsukan , jadi anda jangan tergiur dengan harga murah, karena di pastikan itu obat jaminan palsu,\r\n3.Hammer Of Thor, Obat Kuat dan pembesar ini sangat bagus sekali, karena sistem kerja nya sangat cepat , sayangnya obat ini jarang di temukan yang aslinya.\r\n4. Viagra Usa . obat kuat paten ini sangat manjur dan benar benar bisa membuat anda bakal menang di ranjang, karena obat ini sangat paten sekali, sekali minum saja , alat vital anda bisa tegang sampai 5 jm. maka dari itu para dokter sangat menganjurkan obat viagra ini.\r\n5. Erogan. obat kuat ini sama seperti obat kuat di atas, obat ini multifungsi, dengan harga murah tpi bukan murahan, obat ini sangat cocok di iklim indonesia.\r\n\r\nJual obat kuat di makassar, jual obat pembesar alat vital di makassar, harga obat kuat dan alat pembesar penis di , alamat apotek jual obat pembesar dan obat kuat di makassar, kepulauan riau,","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62350323,"asset_id":42203574,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":119488972,"first_name":"obat kuat","last_name":"di makassar 0882008200305","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"siya","display_name":"obat kuat di makassar 0882008200305","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/siya?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119488972/29526143/27470204/s65_penjual_obat_kuat.di_makassar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":81486,"name":"Skripsi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skripsi?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":149344,"name":"TUGAS AKHIR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TUGAS_AKHIR?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":548666,"name":"TUGAS AKHIR SKRIPSI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TUGAS_AKHIR_SKRIPSI?f_ri=99877"},{"id":724785,"name":"Sebagai Referensi Tugas Akhir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sebagai_Referensi_Tugas_Akhir?f_ri=99877"},{"id":837307,"name":"Quan tri kinh doanh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quan_tri_kinh_doanh?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1391478,"name":"judul Tugas Akhir S1 Tehnik informatika","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/judul_Tugas_Akhir_S1_Tehnik_informatika?f_ri=99877"},{"id":1720962,"name":"Tugas Akhir Manajemen Informatika","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tugas_Akhir_Manajemen_Informatika?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8034792" data-work_id="8034792" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8034792/2013_Afrod_le_business_Touareg_avec_la_fronti%C3%A8re_Nouvelles_conditions_et_d%C3%A9fis_In_Politique_Africaine_132_139_159">2013: Afrod, le business Touareg avec la frontière. Nouvelles conditions et défis. In: Politique Africaine/132: 139 – 159</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Pendant la dernière décennie les Touareg ont développé un espace transnational d’échange dans le Sahara, dans lequel les frontières entre légalité et illégalité, entre commerce, contrebande et migration, se brouillent. Les Touareg... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8034792" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Pendant la dernière décennie les Touareg ont développé un espace transnational d’échange dans le Sahara, dans lequel les frontières entre légalité et illégalité, entre commerce, contrebande et migration, se brouillent. Les Touareg organisent et assurent le transport de passagers et de biens à travers le Sahara. Ce business organisé autour de la frontière est appelé afrod. Il constitue pour eux une niche économique importante. Avec l’insécurité géopolitique dans le Sahara et dans le Sahel, cette activité connaît toutefois de nouvelles conditions et de nouveaux défis. La guerre libyenne, la crise politique au Mali, la montée des groupes djihadistes et l’augmentation du trafic de drogue ont eu des effets majeurs sur les Touareg du Niger. Nouveaux itinéraires, nouveaux acteurs et nouveaux biens entrent en scène. La perception locale de l’afrod en sort transformée. <br /> <br />During the last decades the Tuareg have developed in the Sahara a transnational space of agency, where the boundaries between legal and illegal are merged, and the differences between trade, smuggling and migration have become blurred. The Tuareg organize transport, provide necessary facilities, and deliver passengers and goods through the Sahara. This business with the border is called afrod and has become an important economic niche of the Tuareg. But in the course of the geopolitical insecurity in the Sahara and the Sahel their activities around the border experienced new conditions and challenges. The Libyan war, the political crisis in Mali, the rise of Islamist terror groups and the increase in drug trafficking had major impacts on the Tuareg in Niger. New itineraries, new players, and new goods entered the scene, and the local perception of afrod has changed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8034792" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8002a71377c37798747ce15a30b9d7f7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52442198,"asset_id":8034792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52442198/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186733" href="https://independent.academia.edu/InesKohl">Ines Kohl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186733" type="text/json">{"id":186733,"first_name":"Ines","last_name":"Kohl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"InesKohl","display_name":"Ines Kohl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/InesKohl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186733/45683/16646094/s65_ines.kohl.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8034792 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8034792"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8034792, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8034792", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8034792 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8034792; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8034792"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8034792 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8034792"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8034792; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8034792]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8034792").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8034792").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8034792"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism">Transnationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2793" type="text/json">{"id":2793,"name":"Transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36451" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger">Niger</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36451" type="text/json">{"id":36451,"name":"Niger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49153" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya">Libya</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49153" type="text/json">{"id":49153,"name":"Libya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75836" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria">Algeria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="75836" type="text/json">{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8034792]'), work: {"id":8034792,"title":"2013: Afrod, le business Touareg avec la frontière. Nouvelles conditions et défis. In: Politique Africaine/132: 139 – 159","created_at":"2014-08-20T18:02:18.817-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8034792/2013_Afrod_le_business_Touareg_avec_la_fronti%C3%A8re_Nouvelles_conditions_et_d%C3%A9fis_In_Politique_Africaine_132_139_159?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_8034792","summary":"Pendant la dernière décennie les Touareg ont développé un espace transnational d’échange dans le Sahara, dans lequel les frontières entre légalité et illégalité, entre commerce, contrebande et migration, se brouillent. Les Touareg organisent et assurent le transport de passagers et de biens à travers le Sahara. Ce business organisé autour de la frontière est appelé afrod. Il constitue pour eux une niche économique importante. Avec l’insécurité géopolitique dans le Sahara et dans le Sahel, cette activité connaît toutefois de nouvelles conditions et de nouveaux défis. La guerre libyenne, la crise politique au Mali, la montée des groupes djihadistes et l’augmentation du trafic de drogue ont eu des effets majeurs sur les Touareg du Niger. Nouveaux itinéraires, nouveaux acteurs et nouveaux biens entrent en scène. La perception locale de l’afrod en sort transformée.\r\n\r\nDuring the last decades the Tuareg have developed in the Sahara a transnational space of agency, where the boundaries between legal and illegal are merged, and the differences between trade, smuggling and migration have become blurred. The Tuareg organize transport, provide necessary facilities, and deliver passengers and goods through the Sahara. This business with the border is called afrod and has become an important economic niche of the Tuareg. But in the course of the geopolitical insecurity in the Sahara and the Sahel their activities around the border experienced new conditions and challenges. The Libyan war, the political crisis in Mali, the rise of Islamist terror groups and the increase in drug trafficking had major impacts on the Tuareg in Niger. New itineraries, new players, and new goods entered the scene, and the local perception of afrod has changed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52442198,"asset_id":8034792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186733,"first_name":"Ines","last_name":"Kohl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"InesKohl","display_name":"Ines Kohl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/InesKohl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186733/45683/16646094/s65_ines.kohl.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2793,"name":"Transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":36451,"name":"Niger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":49153,"name":"Libya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":75836,"name":"Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algeria?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877"},{"id":349587,"name":"AQMI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AQMI?f_ri=99877"},{"id":887070,"name":"Economic Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Strategy?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5956825" data-work_id="5956825" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5956825/Why_do_the_Tuaregs_veil_their_faces">Why do the Tuaregs veil their faces?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Male veiling is of central importance to the Tuareg, who define themselves as 'those who wear the veil'. They attribute two contradictory origins to the custom. This paper aims to explain this contradiction, and to explain Tuareg women,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5956825" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Male veiling is of central importance to the Tuareg, who define themselves as 'those who wear the veil'. They attribute two contradictory origins to the custom. This paper aims to explain this contradiction, and to explain Tuareg women, on the contrary, are not bound to veil their faces.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5956825" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a10a782d3a99a280240eb354cbebbd7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32921791,"asset_id":5956825,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32921791/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus">Dominique Casajus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311650" type="text/json">{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5956825 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5956825"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5956825, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5956825", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5956825]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5956825").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5956825").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5956825"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads">Tuareg Pastoral Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14164" type="text/json">{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135107" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_distance">Social distance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135107" type="text/json">{"id":135107,"name":"Social distance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_distance?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140036" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veiling">Veiling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="140036" type="text/json">{"id":140036,"name":"Veiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veiling?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5956825]'), work: {"id":5956825,"title":"Why do the Tuaregs veil their faces?","created_at":"2014-02-05T01:08:38.601-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5956825/Why_do_the_Tuaregs_veil_their_faces?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_5956825","summary":"Male veiling is of central importance to the Tuareg, who define themselves as 'those who wear the veil'. They attribute two contradictory origins to the custom. This paper aims to explain this contradiction, and to explain Tuareg women, on the contrary, are not bound to veil their faces.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32921791,"asset_id":5956825,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311650,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Casajus","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DominiqueCasajus","display_name":"Dominique Casajus","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14164,"name":"Tuareg Pastoral Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_Pastoral_Nomads?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":135107,"name":"Social distance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_distance?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":140036,"name":"Veiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veiling?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":281958,"name":"Tuareg culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg_culture?f_ri=99877"},{"id":465135,"name":"Veiling and headcovering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veiling_and_headcovering?f_ri=99877"},{"id":613917,"name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuaregs?f_ri=99877"},{"id":975712,"name":"Veiling and Embodiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veiling_and_Embodiment?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11337022" data-work_id="11337022" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11337022/In_Salah_1904_Tamanrasset_1905_Les_deux_soumissions_des_Touaregs">In Salah 1904 - Tamanrasset 1905 : Les deux soumissions des Touaregs </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11337022" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ad3f7db583ff42f1a10cbfc6c1cd601b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36908789,"asset_id":11337022,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36908789/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26058619" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi">Paul Pandolfi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26058619" type="text/json">{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11337022 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11337022"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11337022, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11337022", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11337022]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11337022").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11337022").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11337022"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2223" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies">North Africa Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2223" type="text/json">{"id":2223,"name":"North Africa Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa">History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84089" type="text/json">{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg">Tuareg</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99877" type="text/json">{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110843" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria">French colonial Algeria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="110843" type="text/json">{"id":110843,"name":"French colonial Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11337022]'), work: {"id":11337022,"title":"In Salah 1904 - Tamanrasset 1905 : Les deux soumissions des Touaregs ","created_at":"2015-03-09T04:55:03.622-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11337022/In_Salah_1904_Tamanrasset_1905_Les_deux_soumissions_des_Touaregs?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_11337022","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36908789,"asset_id":11337022,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26058619,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Pandolfi","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"PaulPandolfi","display_name":"Paul Pandolfi","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/PaulPandolfi?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26058619/7335048/17296271/s65_paul.pandolfi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2223,"name":"North Africa Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":84089,"name":"History of the Sahara, Sahel and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Sahara_Sahel_and_North_Africa?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":99877,"name":"Tuareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuareg?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":110843,"name":"French colonial Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":131775,"name":"French Colonial History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Colonial_History?f_ri=99877"},{"id":138642,"name":"Sahara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sahara?f_ri=99877"},{"id":354708,"name":"Touareg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Touareg?f_ri=99877"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8504752" data-work_id="8504752" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8504752/Und_ewig_zieht_die_Karawane_Kulturtourismus_als_Instrument_zur_F%C3%B6rderung_der_Tuareg_Kultur_in_der_Region_Agadez">Und ewig zieht die Karawane... Kulturtourismus als Instrument zur Förderung der Tuareg-Kultur in der Region Agadez?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the Sahel region of Agadez in Niger many members of the Kel Ewey Tuareg still live as nomads and caravaners. Part of their traditional natural territory, the Aïr-Ténéré Reserve, was inscribed on the UNESCO WHS list as early as 1991,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8504752" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the Sahel region of Agadez in Niger many members of the Kel Ewey Tuareg still live as nomads and caravaners. Part of their traditional natural territory, the Aïr-Ténéré Reserve, was inscribed on the UNESCO WHS list as early as 1991, due to its unique combination of natural and cultural elements. Now also the ancient caravan route and the traditional Tuareg ‘capital’ of Agadez are set for WHS inclusion. <br />The political, economic and environmental changes in living conditions in the Agadez region have been placing the Tuareg under increasing pressure to adapt. In the search for new sources of income, it appeared that ethnotourism could provide a chance to promote traditional lifestyles while also enabling some integration. Then, with the uncontrolled development of tourism, as well as years of military conflict and civil disturbance, these hopes seemed doomed. However, thanks not least to a thorough reappraisal and rethinking within the organisation of local tourism agencies, the development of tourism now appears set on a new and promising course, with a more integrated approach and fewer destructive side-effects. Against this backdrop, the inscription of Agadez as a World Heritage Site should be seen as a realistic contribution to promoting socially acceptable tourism in the area. <br /> <br />In der Sahel-Region Agadez (Westafrika) leben viele der Kel Ewey-Tuareg noch als Nomaden und Karawaniers. Ein Teil ihres natürlichen Lebensraums, das Aïr-Ténéré-Reservat, wurde aufgrund der einzigartigen Kombination von Natur- und Kulturelementen bereits vor Jahren in die UNESCO-Liste aufgenommen. Nun sollen auch die nach wie vor genutzten Karawanenwege sowie die alte „Hauptstadt“ der Tuareg, Agadez, zum Welt-Kulturerbe ernannt werden. <br />Der politische, ökonomische und ökologische Wandel der Lebensbedingungen in der Region Agadez setzt die Tuareg unter wachsenden Anpassungsdruck. Auf der Suche nach neuen Einkommensquellen wird im Ethnotourismus eine Chance gesehen traditionelle Lebensweisen zu fördern, aber auch Tuareg mit modernem Hintergrund zu integrieren. Die unkontrollierte Tourismusentwicklung, die aus einer langjährigen Rebellion hervorgegangen war, schien diese Hoffnungen vorerst zu enttäuschen. Seit sich innerhalb der Organisation der örtlichen Agenturbetreiber ein grundlegender Umdenkprozess durchsetzt, scheint sich die Tourismusentwicklung in geordnete Bahnen mit höheren integrativen Effekten und geringeren destruktiven Auswirkungen zu bewegen. Vor diesem neuen Hintergrund verspricht die Anerkennung von Agadez als Weltkulturerbe einen realistischen Beitrag zur Förderung eines sozialverträglichen Tourismus leisten zu können.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8504752" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba69ad6d4d0a814ebcf008d884eab090" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34884063,"asset_id":8504752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34884063/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NzMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17231903" href="https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl">Harald Friedl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17231903" type="text/json">{"id":17231903,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Friedl","domain_name":"fh-joanneum","page_name":"HaraldFriedl","display_name":"Harald Friedl","profile_url":"https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17231903/4765708/5492372/s65_harald.friedl.jpg_oh_401f8e80397c9359475c62ff6cdb8b93_oe_5485634d___gda___1422160599_a11e795ce3b1d4f10959b2426b4863d8"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8504752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8504752"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8504752, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8504752", }); 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Kulturtourismus als Instrument zur Förderung der Tuareg-Kultur in der Region Agadez?","created_at":"2014-09-26T01:06:36.571-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8504752/Und_ewig_zieht_die_Karawane_Kulturtourismus_als_Instrument_zur_F%C3%B6rderung_der_Tuareg_Kultur_in_der_Region_Agadez?f_ri=99877","dom_id":"work_8504752","summary":"In the Sahel region of Agadez in Niger many members of the Kel Ewey Tuareg still live as nomads and caravaners. Part of their traditional natural territory, the Aïr-Ténéré Reserve, was inscribed on the UNESCO WHS list as early as 1991, due to its unique combination of natural and cultural elements. Now also the ancient caravan route and the traditional Tuareg ‘capital’ of Agadez are set for WHS inclusion. \r\nThe political, economic and environmental changes in living conditions in the Agadez region have been placing the Tuareg under increasing pressure to adapt. In the search for new sources of income, it appeared that ethnotourism could provide a chance to promote traditional lifestyles while also enabling some integration. Then, with the uncontrolled development of tourism, as well as years of military conflict and civil disturbance, these hopes seemed doomed. However, thanks not least to a thorough reappraisal and rethinking within the organisation of local tourism agencies, the development of tourism now appears set on a new and promising course, with a more integrated approach and fewer destructive side-effects. Against this backdrop, the inscription of Agadez as a World Heritage Site should be seen as a realistic contribution to promoting socially acceptable tourism in the area.\r\n\r\nIn der Sahel-Region Agadez (Westafrika) leben viele der Kel Ewey-Tuareg noch als Nomaden und Karawaniers. Ein Teil ihres natürlichen Lebensraums, das Aïr-Ténéré-Reservat, wurde aufgrund der einzigartigen Kombination von Natur- und Kulturelementen bereits vor Jahren in die UNESCO-Liste aufgenommen. Nun sollen auch die nach wie vor genutzten Karawanenwege sowie die alte „Hauptstadt“ der Tuareg, Agadez, zum Welt-Kulturerbe ernannt werden.\r\nDer politische, ökonomische und ökologische Wandel der Lebensbedingungen in der Region Agadez setzt die Tuareg unter wachsenden Anpassungsdruck. Auf der Suche nach neuen Einkommensquellen wird im Ethnotourismus eine Chance gesehen traditionelle Lebensweisen zu fördern, aber auch Tuareg mit modernem Hintergrund zu integrieren. Die unkontrollierte Tourismusentwicklung, die aus einer langjährigen Rebellion hervorgegangen war, schien diese Hoffnungen vorerst zu enttäuschen. Seit sich innerhalb der Organisation der örtlichen Agenturbetreiber ein grundlegender Umdenkprozess durchsetzt, scheint sich die Tourismusentwicklung in geordnete Bahnen mit höheren integrativen Effekten und geringeren destruktiven Auswirkungen zu bewegen. Vor diesem neuen Hintergrund verspricht die Anerkennung von Agadez als Weltkulturerbe einen realistischen Beitrag zur Förderung eines sozialverträglichen Tourismus leisten zu können.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34884063,"asset_id":8504752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17231903,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Friedl","domain_name":"fh-joanneum","page_name":"HaraldFriedl","display_name":"Harald Friedl","profile_url":"https://fh-joanneum.academia.edu/HaraldFriedl?f_ri=99877","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17231903/4765708/5492372/s65_harald.friedl.jpg_oh_401f8e80397c9359475c62ff6cdb8b93_oe_5485634d___gda___1422160599_a11e795ce3b1d4f10959b2426b4863d8"}],"research_interests":[{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=99877","nofollow":false},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural 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