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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Meiji Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_study_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_study_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overseas study tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_study_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elder_statesman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder_statesman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Elder statesman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder_statesman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Japanese decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_precedence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_precedence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Order of precedence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_precedence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saionji Kinmochi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="كينموتشي سايونجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينموتشي سايونجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionzi_Kinmoti" title="Saionzi Kinmoti – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saionzi Kinmoti" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96" title="Саёндзі Кімоці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саёндзі Кімоці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96" title="Саёндзі Кінмоці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саёндзі Кінмоці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Сайонджи Кинмочи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сайонджи Кинмочи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmo%C4%8Di_Saiond%C5%BEi" title="Kinmoči Saiondži – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kinmoči Saiondži" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kimmochi" title="Saionji Kimmochi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saionji Kimmochi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Σαϊόντζι Κιμμότι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαϊόντζι Κιμμότι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C" title="سای‌اونجی کینموچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سای‌اونجی کینموچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8%EC%A7%80_%EA%B8%B4%EB%AA%A8%EC%B9%98" title="사이온지 긴모치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이온지 긴모치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmochi_Saionji" title="Kinmochi Saionji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kinmochi Saionji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="סיונג'י קינמוצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיונג'י קינמוצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="საიონძი კიმოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საიონძი კიმოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%89" title="كينموتشى سايونجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينموتشى سايونجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E5%AF%BA%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%9B" title="西園寺公望 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西園寺公望" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kimmochi" title="Saionji Kimmochi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saionji Kimmochi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmochi_Saionji" title="Kinmochi Saionji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kinmochi Saionji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сайондзи Киммоти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сайондзи Киммоти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmochi_Saionji" title="Kinmochi Saionji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinmochi Saionji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4" title="ไซอนจิ คิมโมจิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซอนจิ คิมโมจิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%27%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96" title="Сай'ондзі Кіммоті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сай'ондзі Кіммоті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E5%AF%BA%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%9B" title="西園寺公望 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西園寺公望" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Saionji Kinmochi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Japan (1906–1908, 1911–1912)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Special:EditPage/Saionji Kinmochi">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Talk:Saionji Kinmochi">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about his later life, death and role in Japanese militarism/fascism.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Talk:Saionji Kinmochi">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Saionji</i>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Junior_First_Rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior First Rank">Junior First Rank</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Prince</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Saionji Kinmochi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ja"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">西園寺公望</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg/220px-Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg/330px-Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg/440px-Kinmochi_Saionji_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1323" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">President of the Privy Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 August 1900 – 13 July 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda Kiyotaka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 August 1911 – 21 December 1912</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data">Meiji<br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 January 1906 – 14 July 1908</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Meiji</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister of Japan</a> (while being <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">President of the Privy Council</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 May 1901 – 2 June 1901</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Meiji</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1849-12-07</span>)</span>7 December 1849<br /><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-11-24)</span> (aged 90)<br /><a href="/wiki/Okitsu" title="Okitsu">Okitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Constitutional Association of Political Friendship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaionjiK_kao.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saionji Kinmochi's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SaionjiK_kao.png/103px-SaionjiK_kao.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/SaionjiK_kao.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Prince</a> <b>Saionji Kinmochi</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西園寺公望</span></span>, 7 December 1849 – 24 November 1940)</span> was a Japanese politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister of Japan</a> from 1906 to 1908, and from 1911 to 1912. As the last surviving member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">genrō</a></i>, the group of senior statesmen who had directed policy during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>, he was one of the most influential voices in Japanese politics from the mid-1920s to the early 1930s. For much of his career, Saionji worked to diminish the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> in political issues. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> to a noble family, Saionji took part in the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868. From 1871 to 1880, he studied European law and political institutions in France, and founded <a href="/wiki/Meiji_University" title="Meiji University">Meiji University</a> in 1881. In 1882, Saionji again traveled to Europe with <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> to study constitutional law. On his return, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council (Japan)">Privy Council</a>, serving as its president from 1900 to 1903, and twice served as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Japan)">Minister of Education</a> in Itō's cabinets. In 1900, Saionji assisted Itō in organizing the <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Rikken Seiyūkai</a> party. Both of Saionji's premierships ended under pressure from an expansionist military. He led the Japanese delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919, and was given the title of prince in 1920. Saionji was on the list of those to be assassinated in the <a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a>, a failed coup in 1936, but survived and died in 1940. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kinmochi was born in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> as the son of <a href="/wiki/Udaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaijin">Udaijin</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokudaiji_Kin%27ito" title="Tokudaiji Kin'ito">Tokudaiji Kin'ito</a> (1821–1883), head of a <i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">kuge</a></i> family of court nobility. He was adopted by another <i>kuge</i> family, the Saionji, in 1851. However, he grew up near his biological parents, since both the Tokudaiji and Saionji lived very near the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">Kyoto Imperial Palace</a>. The young Saionji Kinmochi was frequently ordered to visit the palace as a playmate of the young prince who later became <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Meiji of Japan">Emperor Meiji</a>. Over time they became close friends. Kinmochi's biological brother <a href="/wiki/Tokudaiji_Sanetsune" title="Tokudaiji Sanetsune">Tokudaiji Sanetsune</a> later became the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Chamberlain of Japan">Grand Chamberlain of Japan</a>. Another younger brother was adopted into the very wealthy Sumitomo family and as Sumitomo Kichizaemon became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>. Sumitomo money largely financed Saionji's political career. His close relationship to the Imperial Court opened all doors to him. In his later political life, as the "last elder," he gave advice to the Taisho and Showa Emperors and had a great influence on the political world as a practical selector of prime ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meiji_Restoration">Meiji Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meiji Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the heir of a noble family, Saionji participated in politics from an early age and was known for his brilliant talent. He took part in the climactic events of his time, the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>, the revolution in Japan of 1867 and 1868, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and installed the young Emperor Meiji as the (nominal) head of the government. Some noblemen at the Imperial Court considered the war to be a private dispute of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a> against those of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa</a>. Saionji held the strong opinion that the nobles of the Imperial Court should seize the initiative and take part in the war. He participated in various battles as an imperial representative. </p><p>One of his first encounters involved taking <a href="/wiki/Kameoka,_Kyoto" title="Kameoka, Kyoto">Kameoka Castle</a> without a fight. The next encounter was at <a href="/wiki/Sasayama_Castle" title="Sasayama Castle">Sasayama Castle</a>. Several hundred Samurai from both sides met on the road nearby, but the defenders immediately surrendered. Then <a href="/wiki/Fukuchiyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuchiyama">Fukuchiyama</a> surrendered without a fight. By this time he had acquired an Imperial banner made by <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Tomomi" title="Iwakura Tomomi">Iwakura Tomomi</a>, featuring a sun and moon on a red field. Other Samurai did not want to attack the army with the imperial banner, and readily deserted the <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i>. After two weeks Saionji reached <a href="/wiki/Kitsuki_Domain" title="Kitsuki Domain">Kitsuki</a>, and following another bloodless encounter, Saionji returned by ship to <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>. Matters did eventually come to an end at <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka Castle</a>. However, Saionji was relieved from command in the actual battle and appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Echigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Echigo">Echigo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overseas_study_tour">Overseas study tour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overseas study tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg/170px-Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg/255px-Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg/340px-Young_Saionji_in_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Studying in Paris, 1871–80</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, Saionji resigned. With the support of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmura_Masujir%C5%8D" title="Ōmura Masujirō">Ōmura Masujirō</a> he studied French in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. He left Japan on the SS <i>Costa Rica</i> with a group of thirty other Japanese students sailing to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. He traveled on to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> where he met <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United States of America">President of the United States of America</a>. He then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, spent 13 days in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> sightseeing, before finally arriving in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 27 May 1871. Paris was in the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Commune</a>, and Paris was not safe for Saionji – indeed his tutor was shot when they stumbled upon a street battle. Saionji went to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and Nice, before settling in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, where he learned <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> with the accent of that city. He made his way to Paris following the suppression of the Commune. He studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and became involved with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Acollas" title="Émile Acollas">Émile Acollas</a>, who had set up the Acollas Law School for foreign students studying law in Paris. These were the early years of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>, a time of high idealism in France. Saionji arrived in France with highly reactionary views but he was influenced by Acollas (a former member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Peace_and_Freedom" title="League of Peace and Freedom">League of Peace and Freedom</a>) and became the most liberal of Japanese major political figures of his generation. When the <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Mission" title="Iwakura Mission">Iwakura Mission</a> visited Paris in 1872, Iwakura was quite worried about the radicalism of Saionji and other Japanese students. He made many acquaintances in France, including <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goncourt_brothers" title="Goncourt brothers">Goncourt brothers</a>, and the fellow Sorbonne student <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to Japan, he founded Meiji Law School, which later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Meiji_University" title="Meiji University">Meiji University</a> in 1880. </p><p>In 1882, <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> visited Europe to research the constitutional systems of each major European country, and he asked Saionji to accompany him, as they knew each other very well. After the trip, he was appointed ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Returning to Japan, Saionji joined the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council (Japan)">Privy Council</a>, and served as vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese House of Peers">House of Peers</a>. He also served as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Japan)">Minister of Education</a> in the 2nd and 3rd Itō administrations (1894–1896, 1898) and 2nd <a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata</a> administration. During his tenure, he strove to improve the quality of the educational curriculum towards an international (i.e. western) standard. </p><p>In 1900, Itō founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Rikken Seiyūkai</a></i> political party, and Saionji joined as one of the first members. Due to his experiences in Europe, Saionji had a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> political point of view and supported <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary government">parliamentary government</a>. He was one of the few early politicians who claimed that the majority party in parliament had to be the basis for forming a cabinet. </p><p>Saionji became president of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council (Japan)">Privy Council</a> in August 1900, and president of the <i>Rikken Seiyūkai</i> in 1903. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg/220px-Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg/330px-Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg/440px-Saionji_Kinmochi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Saionji Kinmochi as Prime Minister</figcaption></figure> <p>From 7 January 1906, to 14 July 1908, and again from 30 August 1911, to 21 December 1912, Saionji served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>. </p><p>Both his ministries were marked by continuing tension between Saionji and the powerful arch-conservative <a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">genrō</a>, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a>. Saionji and Itō saw political parties as a useful part of the machinery of government; Yamagata looked on political parties and all democratic institutions as quarrelsome, corrupt, and irrational. </p><p>Saionji had to struggle with the national budget with many demands and finite resources, Yamagata sought ceaselessly the greatest expansion of the army. Saionji's first cabinet was brought down in 1908 by conservatives led by Yamagata who were alarmed at the growth of communism and socialism, who felt the government's suppression of communists and socialists (after a parade and riots) had been insufficiently forceful. </p><p>The fall of Saionji's second cabinet was a major reverse to constitutional government. The <a href="/wiki/Taisho_Political_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Political Crisis">Taishō Crisis</a> (so named for the newly enthroned emperor) erupted in late November 1912, out of the continuing bitter dispute over the military budget. The army minister, General Uehara, unable to get the cabinet to agree on the army's demands, resigned. Saionji sought to replace Uehara. </p><p>A Japanese law (intended to give added power to the army and navy) required that the army minister must be a lieutenant general or general on active duty. All of the eligible generals, on Yamagata's instruction, refused to serve in Saionji's cabinet. The cabinet was then forced to resign. The precedent had been established that the army could force the resignation of a cabinet. </p><p>Saionji's political philosophy was heavily influenced by his background; he believed the Imperial Court should be guarded and that it should not participate directly in politics: the same strategy employed by noblemen and the Court in Kyoto for hundreds of years. This was another point in which he was opposed by nationalists in the Army, who wished for the Emperor to participate in Japanese politics directly and thus weaken both parliament and the cabinet. Nationalists also accused him of being a "globalist". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elder_statesman">Elder statesman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elder statesman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg/220px-Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg/330px-Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg/440px-Kinmochi_Saionji_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matsui_Keishir%C5%8D" title="Matsui Keishirō">Matsui Keishirō</a> (left) and Saionji Kinmochi (right) at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saionji_in_kimono.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saionji_in_kimono.jpg/170px-Saionji_in_kimono.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saionji_in_kimono.jpg/255px-Saionji_in_kimono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saionji_in_kimono.jpg/340px-Saionji_in_kimono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Saionji at the villa <i>Zagyosō</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shizuoka, Shizuoka">Shizuoka</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagyosou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zagyosou.jpg/220px-Zagyosou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zagyosou.jpg/330px-Zagyosou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zagyosou.jpg/440px-Zagyosou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><i>Zagyosō</i> relocated to <a href="/wiki/Meiji-mura" title="Meiji-mura">Meiji-mura</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Saionji was appointed a <i><a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">genrō</a></i> in December 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of the <i>genrō</i> at this time was diminishing; their main function was to choose the prime ministers – formally, to nominate candidates for prime minister to the Emperor for approval, but no Emperor ever rejected their advice. From the death of <a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata Masayoshi</a> in 1924, Saionji was the sole surviving <i>genrō</i>. He exercised his prerogative of naming the prime ministers very nearly until his death in 1940 at the age of 90. Saionji, when he could, chose as prime minister the president of the majority party in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a>, but his power was always constrained by the necessity of at least the tacit consent of the army and navy. He could choose political leaders only when they might be strong enough to form an effective government. He nominated military men and non-party politicians when he felt necessary. </p><p>In 1919, Saionji led the Japanese delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, though his role remained largely confined to a symbolic role due to ill health. During the negotiations, Saionji proposed the addition of a "<a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">racial equality clause</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a>, though this met with strong American and Australian resistance (both nations being <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racially segregated</a>) and was not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saionji, by now an unmarried 70-year old, was accompanied to Paris by his son, his favorite daughter, and his current mistress. In 1920, he was given the title <i>kōshaku</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">公爵</span></span>, Prince) as an honor for a life in public service. </p><p>He was detested by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarists</a> and was on the list of those to be assassinated in the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">attempted coup of February 26, 1936</a>. Upon receiving news of the mutiny, Saionji fled in his car but was pursued for a great distance by a suspicious vehicle that he and his companions assumed held soldiers bent on his murder. In actuality, it held newspaper reporters. </p><p>For much of his career, Saionji tried to diminish the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> in political issues. He was one of the most liberal of Emperor Hirohito's advisors, and favored friendly relations with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. However, he was careful to pick his battles, and would concede defeat when he knew he could not win (e.g. his inability to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>). </p><p>Political scientist Kenneth Colegrove wrote in 1936 that Saionji had "extensive" influence over Japanese politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia</i> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saionji_Memorial_Hall_(Kinugasa_Campus,_Ritsumeikan_University,_Kyoto,_Japan).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Saionji_Memorial_Hall_%28Kinugasa_Campus%2C_Ritsumeikan_University%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan%29.JPG/200px-Saionji_Memorial_Hall_%28Kinugasa_Campus%2C_Ritsumeikan_University%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Saionji_Memorial_Hall_%28Kinugasa_Campus%2C_Ritsumeikan_University%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan%29.JPG/300px-Saionji_Memorial_Hall_%28Kinugasa_Campus%2C_Ritsumeikan_University%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Saionji_Memorial_Hall_%28Kinugasa_Campus%2C_Ritsumeikan_University%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan%29.JPG/400px-Saionji_Memorial_Hall_%28Kinugasa_Campus%2C_Ritsumeikan_University%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="2979" /></a><figcaption>Saionji Memorial Hall at Ritsumeikan University Kinugasa Campus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Count (7 July 1884)</li> <li>Marquess (xx1911)</li> <li>Prince (7 September 1920)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_decorations">Japanese decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Zuiho-sho_(WW2)_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/JPN_Zuiho-sho_%28WW2%29_1Class_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Zuiho-sho_%28WW2%29_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/JPN_Zuiho-sho_%28WW2%29_1Class_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Zuiho-sho_%28WW2%29_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/JPN_Zuiho-sho_%28WW2%29_1Class_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Zuiho-sho_%28WW2%29_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure" title="Order of the Sacred Treasure">Order of the Sacred Treasure</a> (21 June 1895)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Order of the Paulownia Flowers">Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers</a> (14 September 1907) <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ribbon bar"><img alt="ribbon bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (5 June 1896)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ribbon bar"><img alt="ribbon bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_2Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Second Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (29 May 1888)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ribbon bar"><img alt="ribbon bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_3Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Third Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (11 March 1882)</li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (10 November 1928) <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (21 December 1918)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_decorations">Other decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png/50px-Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png/75px-Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png/100px-Order_Pius_Ribbon_1kl.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Pius IX">Order of Pius IX</a> (25 February 1888)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png/50px-Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png/75px-Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png/100px-Ord.CoronaFerrea_-_GC.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> Knight First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown_(Austria)" title="Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)">Order of the Iron Crown</a> (9 May 1888)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (16 March 1891)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png/50px-Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png/75px-Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png/100px-Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a> (15 October 1891)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/50px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/75px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/100px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a> (8 March 1894)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png/50px-RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png/75px-RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png/100px-RUS_Order_White_Eagle_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russian_Empire)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)">Order of the White Eagle</a> (17 March 1896)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg/50px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg/75px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg/100px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> (10 November 1896)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/50px-DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/75px-DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/100px-DNK_Order_of_Danebrog_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a> (10 February 1898)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/50px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/75px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/100px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael_and_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Michael and St. George">Order of St. Michael and St. George</a> (GCMG) (20 February 1906)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/50px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/75px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/100px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (23 October 1907)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg/50px-Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg/75px-Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Russian_Imperial_Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Order of St. Alexander Nevsky</a> (30 October 1907)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_precedence">Order of precedence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Order of precedence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_court_ranks,_positions_and_hereditary_titles" title="List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles">Junior First Rank</a> (25 November 1940; posthumous)</li> <li>Senior second rank (20 December 1898)</li> <li>Second rank (11 December 1893)</li> <li>Senior third rank (19 December 1878; restored)</li> <li>Senior third rank (5 of 7th month 1862; relinquished 3rd of 7th 1869)</li> <li>Third rank (25 April 1861)</li> <li>Senior fourth rank, junior grade (5 February 1856)</li> <li>Fourth rank, senior grade (22 January 1855)</li> <li>Fourth rank, junior grade (22 January 1854)</li> <li>Senior fifth rank, junior grade (21 January 1853)</li> <li>Fifth rank, senior grade (27 December 1852)</li> <li>Fifth rank, junior grade (early 1852)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-descent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-descent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Saionji Kinmochi</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Masahiro" title="Takatsukasa Masahiro">Takatsukasa Masahiro</a> (1761–1841)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Masamichi" title="Takatsukasa Masamichi">Takatsukasa Masamichi</a> (1789–1868)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. Hachisuka Noriko (1771–1795)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Tokudaiji_Kin%27ito" title="Tokudaiji Kin'ito">Tokudaiji Kin'ito</a> (1821–1883)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Harutoshi" title="Tokugawa Harutoshi">Tokugawa Harutoshi</a>, 7th <i>daimyō</i> of <a href="/wiki/Mito_Domain" title="Mito Domain">Mito</a> (1773–1816)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. Tokugawa Kiyoko (1796–1861)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. Toyama</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Prince Saionji Kinmochi (1849–1940)</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ministers,_envoys_and_ambassadors_to_Germany" title="List of Japanese ministers, envoys and ambassadors to Germany">List of Japanese ministers, envoys and ambassadors to Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prince Saionji Kinmochi: Japan - Makers of the Modern World</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Jonathan Clements</a>, Haus Histories, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacMillan, Margaret. "Paris 1919". Random House, 2002, pp. 309–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColegrove1936" class="citation journal cs1">Colegrove, Kenneth (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400032287/type/journal_article">"The Japanese Cabinet"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>30</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">903–</span>923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1948356">10.2307/1948356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1948356">1948356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144415924">144415924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Cabinet&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E903-%3C%2Fspan%3E923&rft.date=1936&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144415924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1948356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1948356&rft.aulast=Colegrove&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400032287%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaionji+Kinmochi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1921" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Sidney (1921). "The Questions of Race Equality and Shantung". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Osbor1.html"><i>The Japanese Peril</i></a>. New York: MacMillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Japan and the Race Question at the Paris Peace Conference – A Western View of 1921</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Questions+of+Race+Equality+and+Shantung&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Peril&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FOsbor1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaionji+Kinmochi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27913/pages/3324">The London Gazette, 15 May 1906</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-descent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-descent_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reichsarchiv.jp/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E5%AF%BA%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%E8%8F%AF%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%89#kinnmoti">"Saionji genealogy"</a>. <i>Reichsarchiv</i> (in Japanese). May 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reichsarchiv&rft.atitle=Saionji+genealogy&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freichsarchiv.jp%2F%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%2588%2F%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%259C%2592%25E5%25AF%25BA%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%2588%25E6%25B8%2585%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%2589%23kinnmoti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaionji+Kinmochi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clements, Jonathan. <i>Makers of the Modern World: Prince Saionji</i>. Haus Publishing (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905791-68-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905791-68-2">978-1-905791-68-2</a></li> <li>Conners, Leslie. <i>The Emperor's Adviser: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-War Japanese Politics</i>. Routledge Kegan & Paul. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-3449-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-3449-1">0-7099-3449-1</a></li> <li>Hackett, Roger F. <i>Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan</i>. Harvard University Press (1971).</li> <li>Harada, Kumao. <i>The Saionji-Harada memoirs, 1931–1940: Complete translation into English</i>. University Publications of America (1978). ASIN: B000724T6W</li> <li>Oka Yoshitake, et al. <i>Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan: Ito Hirobumi, Okuma Shigenobu, Hara Takashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Saionji Kimmochi</i>. University of Tokyo Press (1984). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86008-379-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86008-379-9">0-86008-379-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saionji_Kinmochi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saionji_Kinmochi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/024854">Newspaper clippings about Saionji Kinmochi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_Munemitsu" title="Mutsu Munemitsu">Mutsu Munemitsu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></span> </b><br />1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma Shigenobu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span> </b><br />1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> </b><br />1906–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> </b><br />1911–1912 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="Template:Prime ministers of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Japan_(list)307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime ministers of Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> <br /> (1868–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <br /> (1868–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanj%C5%8D_Sanetomi" title="Sanjō Sanetomi">Sanjō</a> (caretaker)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saionji</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saionji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <br /> (1912–1926)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saionji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De" title="Yamamoto Gonnohyōe">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Takashi" title="Hara Takashi">Hara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo" title="Takahashi Korekiyo">Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D" title="Katō Tomosaburō">To. Katō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De" title="Yamamoto Gonnohyōe">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyoura_Keigo" title="Kiyoura Keigo">Kiyoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Ta. Katō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <br /> (1926–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi" title="Tanaka Giichi">G. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Hamaguchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Shidehara</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Hamaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo" title="Takahashi Korekiyo">Takahashi</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Okada" title="Keisuke Okada">Okada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Got%C5%8D" title="Fumio Gotō">Gotō</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Okada" title="Keisuke Okada">Okada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Hirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senj%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Hayashi" title="Senjūrō Hayashi">Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">N. Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Yonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tōjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Koiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">K. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Higashikuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Shidehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Yoshida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">State of Japan</a> <br /> (1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <br /> (1947–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Ashida" title="Hitoshi Ashida">Ashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Yoshida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">I. Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzan_Ishibashi" title="Tanzan Ishibashi">Ishibashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Ikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Satō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuei_Tanaka" title="Kakuei Tanaka">K. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Miki" title="Takeo Miki">Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">T. Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira" title="Masayoshi Ōhira">Ōhira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_Ito" title="Masayoshi Ito">M. Itō</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenko_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenko Suzuki">Z. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Takeshita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <br /> (1989–2019)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dsuke_Uno" title="Sōsuke Uno">Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Kaifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa" title="Kiichi Miyazawa">Miyazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Hosokawa" title="Morihiro Hosokawa">Hosokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Hata" title="Tsutomu Hata">Hata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutaro_Hashimoto" title="Ryutaro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi" title="Keizō Obuchi">Obuchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mikio_Aoki" title="Mikio Aoki">Aoki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori" title="Yoshirō Mori">Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Koizumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">S. Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda" title="Yasuo Fukuda">Y. Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Asō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Hatoyama" title="Yukio Hatoyama">Y. Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoto_Kan" title="Naoto Kan">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiko_Noda" title="Yoshihiko Noda">Noda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">S. Abe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <br /> (2019–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Suga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Kishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Ishiba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Japan (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_Ministers_of_Japan67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_foreign_ministers" title="Template:Japanese foreign ministers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_foreign_ministers" title="Template talk:Japanese foreign ministers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_foreign_ministers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese foreign ministers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_Ministers_of_Japan67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Ministers of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru" title="Inoue Kaoru">Inoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D" title="Aoki Shūzō">Aoki</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_Munemitsu" title="Mutsu Munemitsu">Mutsu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saionji</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Tokujir%C5%8D" title="Nishi Tokujirō">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a> (3rd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D" title="Aoki Shūzō">Aoki</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sone_Arasuke" title="Sone Arasuke">Sone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saionji</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Tadasu" title="Hayashi Tadasu">T. Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō</a> (3rd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makino_Nobuaki" title="Makino Nobuaki">Makino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō</a> (4th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a> (4th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishii_Kikujir%C5%8D" title="Ishii Kikujirō">Ishii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Motono" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichirō Motono">Motono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Got%C5%8D_Shinpei" title="Gotō Shinpei">Gotō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De" title="Yamamoto Gonnohyōe">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijuin_Hikokichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijuin Hikokichi">Ijuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsui_Keishir%C5%8D" title="Matsui Keishirō">Matsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Shidehara</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi" title="Tanaka Giichi">G. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Shidehara</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkichi_Yoshizawa" title="Kenkichi Yoshizawa">Yoshizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (4th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Hiroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachir%C5%8D_Arita" title="Hachirō Arita">Arita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senj%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Hayashi" title="Senjūrō Hayashi">S. Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naotake_Sat%C5%8D" title="Naotake Satō">N. Satō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Hirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Ugaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachir%C5%8D_Arita" title="Hachirō Arita">Arita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">N. Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichisabur%C5%8D_Nomura" title="Kichisaburō Nomura">K. Nomura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachir%C5%8D_Arita" title="Hachirō Arita">Arita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teijir%C5%8D_Toyoda" title="Teijirō Toyoda">Toyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" title="Shigenori Tōgō">S. Tōgō</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tōjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayuki_Tani" title="Masayuki Tani">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Shigemitsu</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" title="Shigenori Tōgō">S. Tōgō</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Shigemitsu</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">K. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Yoshida</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Ashida" title="Hitoshi Ashida">Ashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Yoshida</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Shigemitsu</a> (3rd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiichiro_Fujiyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiichiro Fujiyama">Fujiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentaro_Kosaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentaro Kosaka">Kosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira" title="Masayoshi Ōhira">Ōhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsusaburo_Shiina" title="Etsusaburo Shiina">Shiina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Miki" title="Takeo Miki">Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiichi_Aichi" title="Kiichi Aichi">Aichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira" title="Masayoshi Ōhira">Ōhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Kimura" title="Toshio Kimura">Kimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa" title="Kiichi Miyazawa">Miyazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentaro_Kosaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentaro Kosaka">Kosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Iichirō Hatoyama">Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunao_Sonoda" title="Sunao Sonoda">Sonoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saburo_Okita" title="Saburo Okita">Okita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_Ito" title="Masayoshi Ito">M. Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunao_Sonoda" title="Sunao Sonoda">Sonoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Sakurauchi" title="Yoshio Sakurauchi">Sakurauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintaro_Abe" title="Shintaro Abe">S. Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Kuranari" title="Tadashi Kuranari">Kuranari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dsuke_Uno" title="Sōsuke Uno">Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Mitsuzuka" title="Hiroshi Mitsuzuka">Mitsuzuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro_Nakayama" title="Taro Nakayama">Nakayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Watanabe" title="Michio Watanabe">Watanabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabun_Mut%C5%8D" title="Kabun Mutō">Mutō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Hata" title="Tsutomu Hata">Hata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Kakizawa" title="Koji Kakizawa">Kakizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dhei_K%C5%8Dno" title="Yōhei Kōno">Y. Kōno</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukihiko_Ikeda" title="Yukihiko Ikeda">Ikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi" title="Keizō Obuchi">Obuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahiko_K%C5%8Dmura" title="Masahiko Kōmura">Kōmura</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dhei_K%C5%8Dno" title="Yōhei Kōno">Y. Kōno</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiko_Tanaka" title="Makiko Tanaka">M. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Koizumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoriko_Kawaguchi" title="Yoriko Kawaguchi">Kawaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobutaka_Machimura" title="Nobutaka Machimura">Machimura</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Asō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobutaka_Machimura" title="Nobutaka Machimura">Machimura</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahiko_K%C5%8Dmura" title="Masahiko Kōmura">Kōmura</a> (2nd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Nakasone" title="Hirofumi Nakasone">Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuya_Okada" title="Katsuya Okada">Okada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiji_Maehara" title="Seiji Maehara">Maehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeaki_Matsumoto" title="Takeaki Matsumoto">Matsumoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Genba" title="Kōichirō Genba">Genba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Kishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro_Kono" title="Taro Kono">T. Kono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshimitsu_Motegi" title="Toshimitsu Motegi">Motegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshimasa_Hayashi" title="Yoshimasa Hayashi">Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Kamikawa" title="Yōko Kamikawa">Kamikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Iwaya" title="Takeshi Iwaya">Iwaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1770" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1770" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297628#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080878470">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8190101">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/125908/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfH33dtRffVKJMvjGRR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11909634X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83302497">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12364539k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12364539k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00064849">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36001495">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073732613">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276714105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04422626?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1179823">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11909634X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032657749">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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