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aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Berkeley_sockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berkeley_sockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Berkeley sockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berkeley_sockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Binary compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BSD_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BSD_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>BSD descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BSD_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Berkeley Software Distribution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="توزيعة برمجيات بيركلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توزيعة برمجيات بيركلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="বার্কলি সফটওয়্যার ডিস্ট্রিবিউশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্কলি সফটওয়্যার ডিস্ট্রিবিউশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="توزیع نرم‌افزاری برکلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توزیع نرم‌افزاری برکلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D4%B7%D5%BD%D4%B4%D5%AB" title="ԲիԷսԴի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԲիԷսԴի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_Unix" title="BSD Unix – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="BSD Unix" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ബെർക്കീലി സോഫ്‌റ്റ്‌വെയർ വിതരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർക്കീലി സോഫ്‌റ്റ്‌വെയർ വിതരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெர்க்லி மென்பொருள் பரவல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்க்லி மென்பொருள் பரவல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เบิร์กลีย์ซอฟต์แวร์ดิสตริบิวชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบิร์กลีย์ซอฟต์แวร์ดิสตริบิวชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%88%DB%8C" title="بی ایس ڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بی ایس ڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Berkeley Software Distribution" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD" title="BSD – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="BSD" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unix operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BSD" redirects here. For the family of free software licenses, see <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD licenses</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/BSD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BSD (disambiguation)">BSD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">BSD</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BSD_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BSD_wordmark.svg/138px-BSD_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BSD_wordmark.svg/206px-BSD_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BSD_wordmark.svg/275px-BSD_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group" title="Computer Systems Research Group">Computer Systems Research Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Discontinued</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally <a href="/wiki/Source-available" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-available">source-available</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">March 9, 1978<span class="noprint">; 47 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1978-03-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.4-Lite2 / June 1995<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995-06</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BSD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Berkeley Software Distribution</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>BSD</b>), also known as <b>Berkeley Unix</b> or <b>BSD Unix</b>, is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> developed and distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group" title="Computer Systems Research Group">Computer Systems Research Group</a> (CSRG) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, beginning in 1978. It began as an improved derivative of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>'s original Unix that was developed at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> but over time diverging into its own code. BSD would become a pioneer in the advancement of Unix and computing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BSD's development was begun initially by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a>, who added <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> capability to Unix running on a <a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a> computer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, BSD was widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> vendors in the form of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> Unix distributions such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">permissive licensing</a> and familiarity to many technology company founders and engineers. It also became the most popular Unix at universities, where it was used for the study of operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BSD was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> until 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the implementation of <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> stack to Unix by BSD,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were released in BSD NET/1 in 1988. The codebase had been rewritten so much that as little as 5% of BSD contained original AT&T code,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore NET/1 was released without an AT&T source license.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university ended its Unix research in 1992 following reduced funding as well as the <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc." title="UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.">Unix lawsuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the original BSD has become obsolete, the term "BSD" is now commonly used for its <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> descendants, including <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>. BSD code have also served as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/TrueOS" title="TrueOS">TrueOS</a>; these, in turn, have been used by proprietary operating systems, including <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> which used (at least) part of its TCP/IP code. Code from BSD's open descendants have themselves also been used to create modern operating systems, for example the system software for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="History of the Berkeley Software Distribution">History of the Berkeley Software Distribution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A simple flow chart showing the history and timeline of the development of Unix starting with one bubble at the top and 13 tributaries at the bottom of the flow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/300px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/450px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/600px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Simplified evolution of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems. Not shown are <a href="/wiki/Junos" class="mw-redirect" title="Junos">Junos</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_system_software" title="PlayStation 3 system software">PlayStation 3 system software</a> and other proprietary forks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">earliest distributions</a> of Unix from <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in the 1970s included the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify and extend Unix. The operating system arrived at Berkeley in 1974, at the request of computer science professor <a href="/wiki/Bob_Fabry" title="Bob Fabry">Bob Fabry</a> who had been on the program committee for the <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a> where Unix was first presented. A <a href="/wiki/PDP-11/45" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-11/45">PDP-11/45</a> was bought to run the system, but for budgetary reasons, this machine was shared with the mathematics and statistics groups at Berkeley, who used <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS</a>, so that Unix only ran on the machine eight hours per day (sometimes during the day, sometimes during the night). A larger <a href="/wiki/PDP-11/70" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-11/70">PDP-11/70</a> was installed at Berkeley the following year, using money from the <a href="/wiki/Ingres_(database)" title="Ingres (database)">Ingres</a> database project.<sup id="cite_ref-penguin7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penguin7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BSD began life as a variant of Unix that programmers at the University of California at Berkeley, initially led by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a>, began developing in the late 1970s. It included extra features, which were intertwined with code owned by AT&T. </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> took a <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> from Bell Labs and came to Berkeley as a visiting professor. He helped to install <a href="/wiki/Version_6_Unix" title="Version 6 Unix">Version 6 Unix</a> and started working on a <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> implementation for the system. Graduate students Chuck Haley and Bill Joy improved Thompson's Pascal and implemented an improved text editor, <a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-penguin7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penguin7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other universities became interested in the software at Berkeley, and so in 1977 Joy started compiling the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD), which was released on March 9, 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1BSD was an add-on to Version 6 Unix rather than a complete operating system in its own right. Some thirty copies were sent out.<sup id="cite_ref-penguin7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penguin7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Berkeley Software Distribution (2BSD), released in May 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-tuhs-2bsd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuhs-2bsd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included updated versions of the 1BSD software as well as two new programs by Joy that persist on Unix systems to this day: the <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a> text editor (a <a href="/wiki/Visual_editor" title="Visual editor">visual</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a>. Some 75 copies of 2BSD were sent out by Bill Joy.<sup id="cite_ref-penguin7_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penguin7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VAX_11-780_intero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VAX_11-780_intero.jpg/250px-VAX_11-780_intero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VAX_11-780_intero.jpg/330px-VAX_11-780_intero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VAX_11-780_intero.jpg/500px-VAX_11-780_intero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX-11/780</a>, a typical minicomputer used for early BSD timesharing systems</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> computer was installed at Berkeley in 1978, but the <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">port</a> of Unix to the VAX architecture, <a href="/wiki/UNIX/32V" title="UNIX/32V">UNIX/32V</a>, did not take advantage of the VAX's <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> capabilities. The <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> of 32V was largely rewritten to include Berkeley graduate student <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zalp_Babao%C4%9Flu" title="Özalp Babaoğlu">Özalp Babaoğlu</a>'s virtual memory implementation, and a complete operating system including the new kernel, ports of the 2BSD utilities to the VAX, and the utilities from 32V was released as 3BSD at the end of 1979. 3BSD was also alternatively called Virtual VAX/UNIX or VMUNIX (for Virtual Memory Unix), and BSD kernel images were normally called <code>/vmunix</code> until 4.4BSD. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white 4.3 BSD UWisc VAX Emulation Login screenshot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png/220px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png/330px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png/440px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Login.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>"4.3 BSD UNIX" from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1987</span>. System startup and login.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 4.3BSD was released in June 1986, it was determined that BSD would move away from the aging VAX platform. The <a href="/wiki/Computer_Consoles_Inc.#Power_5_and_Power_6_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Consoles Inc.">Power 6/32</a> platform (codenamed "Tahoe") developed by <a href="/wiki/Computer_Consoles_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Consoles Inc.">Computer Consoles Inc.</a> seemed promising at the time, but was abandoned by its developers shortly thereafter. Nonetheless, the <b>4.3BSD-Tahoe</b> port (June 1988) proved valuable, as it led to a separation of machine-dependent and machine-independent code in BSD which would improve the system's future portability. </p><p>In addition to portability, the CSRG worked on an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI</a> network protocol stack, improvements to the kernel virtual memory system and (with <a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">LBL</a>) new TCP/IP algorithms to accommodate the growth of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond43_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond43-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until then, all versions of BSD used proprietary AT&T Unix code, and were therefore subject to an AT&T software license. Source code licenses had become very expensive and several outside parties had expressed interest in a separate release of the networking code, which had been developed entirely outside AT&T and would not be subject to the licensing requirement. This led to <b>Networking Release 1</b> (<b>Net/1</b>), which was made available to non-licensees of AT&T code and was <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">freely redistributable</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD license</a>. It was released in June 1989. </p><p>After Net/1, BSD developer <a href="/wiki/Keith_Bostic_(software_engineer)" title="Keith Bostic (software engineer)">Keith Bostic</a> proposed that more non-AT&T sections of the BSD system be released under the same license as Net/1. To this end, he started a project to reimplement most of the standard Unix utilities without using the AT&T code. Within eighteen months, all of the AT&T utilities had been replaced, and it was determined that only a few AT&T files remained in the kernel. These files were removed, and the result was the June 1991 release of Networking Release 2 (Net/2), a nearly complete operating system that was freely distributable. </p><p>Net/2 was the basis for two separate ports of BSD to the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a> architecture: the free <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Jolitz" title="William Jolitz">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jolitz" title="Lynne Jolitz">Lynne Jolitz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/BSD/OS" title="BSD/OS">BSD/386</a> (later renamed BSD/OS) by <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Design" title="Berkeley Software Design">Berkeley Software Design</a> (BSDi). 386BSD itself was short-lived, but became the initial code base of the <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> projects that were started shortly thereafter. </p><p>BSDi soon found itself in legal trouble with AT&T's <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a> (USL) subsidiary, then the owners of the System V <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and the Unix trademark. The <i><a href="/wiki/USL_v._BSDi" class="mw-redirect" title="USL v. BSDi">USL v. BSDi</a></i> lawsuit was filed in 1992 and led to an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> on the distribution of Net/2 until the validity of USL's copyright claims on the source could be determined. The lawsuit slowed development of the free-software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a result systems based on the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, which did not have such legal ambiguity, gained greater support. The lawsuit was settled in January 1994, largely in Berkeley's favor. Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final release from Berkeley was 1995's <b>4.4BSD-Lite Release 2</b>, after which the CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased. Since then, several variants based directly or indirectly on 4.4BSD-Lite (such as <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>) have been maintained. </p><p>The permissive nature of the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD license</a> has allowed many other operating systems, both <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> and proprietary, to incorporate BSD source code. For example, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> used BSD code in its implementation of TCP/IP<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bundles recompiled versions of BSD's <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> networking tools since <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-windows_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>, the basis for Apple's <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, is based on 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD. Various commercial Unix operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, also incorporate BSD code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_Research_Unix">Relationship to Research Unix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to Research Unix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting with the 8th Edition, versions of <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a> at Bell Labs had a close relationship to BSD. This began when 4.1cBSD for the VAX was used as the basis for Research Unix 8th Edition. This continued in subsequent versions, such as the 9th Edition, which incorporated source code and improvements from 4.3BSD. The result was that these later versions of Research Unix were closer to BSD than they were to System V. In a <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> posting from 2000, Dennis Ritchie described this relationship between BSD and Research Unix:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is a USENET post containing DMR guessing about v8 being based on "BSD 4.1c"; see Talk page. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Research Unix 8th Edition started from (I think) BSD 4.1c, but with enormous amounts scooped out and replaced by our own stuff. This continued with 9th and 10th. The ordinary user command-set was, I guess, a bit more BSD-flavored than SysVish, but it was pretty eclectic.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_System_V">Relationship to System V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship to System V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> summarizes the longstanding relationship between <a href="/wiki/System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="System V">System V</a> and BSD, stating, "The divide was roughly between longhairs and shorthairs; <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a> and technical people tended to line up with Berkeley and BSD, more business-oriented types with AT&T and System V."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, David A. Curry wrote about the differences between BSD and System V. He characterized System V as being often regarded as the "standard Unix." However, he described BSD as more popular among university and government computer centers, due to its advanced features and performance:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Most university and government computer centers that use UNIX use Berkeley UNIX, rather than System V. There are several reasons for this, but perhaps the two most significant are that Berkeley UNIX provides networking capabilities that until recently (Release 3.0) were completely unavailable in System V, and that Berkeley UNIX is much more suited to a research environment, which requires a faster file system, better virtual memory handling, and a larger variety of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berkeley_sockets">Berkeley sockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Berkeley sockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white 4.3 BSD UWisc VAX Emulation Lisp Manual screenshot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png/220px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png/330px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png/440px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>4.3 BSD from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>. Displaying the <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man page</a> for <a href="/wiki/Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="SunOS 4.1.1 P1270750 1/4-inch tape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg/220px-SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg/330px-SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg/440px-SunOS_4.1.1_P1270750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Tape for <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> 4.1.1, a 4.3BSD derivative</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_news.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sony_news.jpg/220px-Sony_news.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sony_news.jpg/330px-Sony_news.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sony_news.jpg/440px-Sony_news.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">Sony NEWS</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> running the BSD-based <a href="/wiki/NEWS-OS" class="mw-redirect" title="NEWS-OS">NEWS-OS</a> operating system</figcaption></figure> <p>Berkeley's Unix was the first Unix to include libraries supporting the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> stacks: <i><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_sockets" title="Berkeley sockets">Berkeley sockets</a></i>. A Unix implementation of IP's predecessor, the ARPAnet's <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">NCP</a>, with <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a> clients, had been produced at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois</a> in 1975, and was available at Berkeley.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the memory scarcity on the PDP-11 forced a complicated design and performance problems.<sup id="cite_ref-quarterman42bsd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterman42bsd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By integrating sockets with the Unix operating system's <a href="/wiki/File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">file descriptors</a>, it became almost as easy to read and write data across a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> as it was to access a disk. The AT&T laboratory eventually released their own <a href="/wiki/STREAMS" title="STREAMS">STREAMS</a> library, which incorporated much of the same functionality in a software stack with a different architecture, but the wide distribution of the existing sockets library reduced the impact of the new <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>. Early versions of BSD were used to form <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>, founding the first wave of popular Unix workstations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_compatibility">Binary compatibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Binary compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some BSD operating systems can run native software of several other operating systems on the same <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architecture</a>, using a binary <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layer</a>. This is much simpler and faster than <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulation</a>; for example, it allows applications intended for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> to be run at effectively full speed. This makes BSDs not only suitable for server environments, but also for workstation ones, given the increasing availability of commercial or closed-source software for Linux only. This also allows administrators to migrate legacy commercial applications, which may have only supported commercial Unix variants, to a more modern operating system, retaining the functionality of such applications until they can be replaced by a better alternative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards">Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current BSD operating system variants support many of the common <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standards, while retaining most of the traditional BSD behavior. Like <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Unix">AT&T Unix</a>, the BSD kernel is <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic</a>, meaning that device drivers in the kernel run in <a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">privileged mode</a>, as part of the core of the operating system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BSD_descendants">BSD descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: BSD descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">Comparison of BSD operating systems</a></div> <p>Several operating systems are based on BSD, including <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MidnightBSD" title="MidnightBSD">MidnightBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MirOS_BSD" title="MirOS BSD">MirOS BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/GhostBSD" title="GhostBSD">GhostBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD were created in 1993. They were initially derived from <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> (also known as "Jolix"), and merged the 4.4BSD-Lite source code in 1994. OpenBSD was <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> from NetBSD in 1995, and DragonFly BSD was forked from FreeBSD in 2003. </p><p>BSD was also used as the basis for several proprietary versions of Unix, such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequent_Computer_Systems" title="Sequent Computer Systems">Sequent</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a> and OSF/1 AXP (now <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a>). NeXTSTEP later became the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSD_Daemon" title="BSD Daemon">BSD Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">Comparison of BSD operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="List of BSD operating systems">List of BSD operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumina_(desktop_environment)" title="Lumina (desktop environment)">Lumina (desktop environment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_wars" title="Unix wars">Unix wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or <b>Berkeley Standard Distribution</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/articles/bsdl-gpl/">"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project"</a>. <i>The FreeBSD Project</i>. 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(December 1985). "4.2BSD and 4.3BSD as examples of the Unix system". <i>Computing Surveys</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.117.9743">10.1.1.117.9743</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F6041.6043">10.1145/6041.6043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5700897">5700897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=4.2BSD+and+4.3BSD+as+examples+of+the+Unix+system&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1985-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.117.9743%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5700897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F6041.6043&rft.aulast=Quarterman&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Silberschatz%2C+Abraham&rft.au=Peterson%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkeley+Software+Distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marshall K. McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, John S. Quartermain, <i>The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System</i> (Addison Wesley, 1996; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-54979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-54979-9">978-0-201-54979-9</a>)</li> <li>Marshall K. McKusick, George V. Neville-Neil, <i>The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System</i> (Addison Wesley, August 2, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-70245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-70245-3">978-0-201-70245-3</a>)</li> <li>Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall K. McKusick, Michael J. Karels, <a href="/wiki/John_Quarterman" title="John Quarterman">John S. Quarterman</a>, <i>The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System</i> (Addison Wesley, November 1989; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-06196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-06196-3">978-0-201-06196-3</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKusick1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Kirk_McKusick" title="Marshall Kirk McKusick">McKusick, Marshall Kirk</a> (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/kirkmck.html">"Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix – From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable"</a>. In DiBona, Chris; Ockman, Sam; Stone, Mark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/"><i>Open Sources: Voices from the Revolution</i></a> (first ed.). O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-582-3"><bdi>978-1-56592-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twenty+Years+of+Berkeley+Unix+%E2%80%93+From+AT%26T-Owned+to+Freely+Redistributable&rft.btitle=Open+Sources%3A+Voices+from+the+Revolution&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-582-3&rft.aulast=McKusick&rft.aufirst=Marshall+Kirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2Fopensources%2Fbook%2Fkirkmck.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkeley+Software+Distribution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Salus" title="Peter H. Salus">Peter H. Salus</a>, <i>The Daemon, the GNU & The Penguin</i> (Reed Media Services, September 1, 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9790342-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9790342-3-7">978-0-9790342-3-7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Salus" title="Peter H. Salus">Peter H. Salus</a>, <i>A Quarter Century of UNIX</i> (Addison Wesley, June 1, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-54777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-54777-1">978-0-201-54777-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Salus" title="Peter H. Salus">Peter H. Salus</a>, <i>Casting the Net</i> (Addison-Wesley, March 1995; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-87674-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-87674-1">978-0-201-87674-1</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_Distribution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgit.freebsd.org/src/plain/share/misc/bsd-family-tree">A timeline of BSD and Research UNIX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levenez.com/unix/">UNIX History</a> – History of UNIX and BSD using diagrams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/design-44bsd/">The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl">The Unix Tree: Source code and manuals for old versions of Unix</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://EuroBSDCon.org/">EuroBSDCon</a>, an annual event in Europe in September, October or November, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukuug.org/events/eurobsdcon2009/history/">founded</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620125743/http://www.ukuug.org/events/eurobsdcon2009/history/">Archived</a> June 20, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://BSDCan.org/">BSDCan</a>, a conference in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, Canada, held annually in May since 2004, in June since 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://AsiaBSDCon.org/">AsiaBSDCon</a>, a conference in Tokyo, held annually in March of each year, since 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdoc.su/">mdoc.su – short manual page URLs for FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD</a>, a web-service <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nginx.conf.mdoc.su/mdoc.su.nginx.conf">written</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://BXR.SU/">BXR.SU – Super User's BSD Cross Reference</a>, a userland and kernel source code search engine based on <a href="/wiki/OpenGrok" title="OpenGrok">OpenGrok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Software Distribution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fabry" title="Bob Fabry">Bob Fabry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Bostic_(software_engineer)" title="Keith Bostic (software engineer)">Keith Bostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Kirk_McKusick" title="Marshall Kirk McKusick">Marshall Kirk McKusick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Karels" title="Michael J. Karels">Michael J. Karels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leffler" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Leffler">Samuel Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hubbard" title="Jordan Hubbard">Jordan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_de_Raadt" title="Theo de Raadt">Theo de Raadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul-Henning_Kamp" title="Poul-Henning Kamp">Poul-Henning Kamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon" title="Matthew Dillon">Matthew Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozalp_Babaoglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozalp Babaoglu">Ozalp Babaoglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jolitz" title="Lynne Jolitz">Lynne</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Jolitz" title="William Jolitz">William Jolitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GhostBSD" title="GhostBSD">GhostBSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MidnightBSD" title="MidnightBSD">MidnightBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirOS_BSD" title="MirOS BSD">MirOS BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junos_OS" title="Junos OS">Junos OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <ul><li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD/OS" title="BSD/OS">BSD/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueOS" title="TrueOS">TrueOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_Software" title="Sleepycat Software">Sleepycat Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek_CDROM" title="Walnut Creek CDROM">Walnut Creek CDROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Design" title="Berkeley Software Design">Berkeley Software Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXsystems" title="IXsystems">iXsystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="History of the Berkeley Software Distribution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_Daemon" title="BSD Daemon">BSD Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumina_(desktop_environment)" title="Lumina (desktop environment)">Lumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group" title="Computer Systems Research Group">Computer Systems Research Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berkeley_Software_Distribution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berkeley Software Distribution">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> 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