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href="#Closed-circuit_videophone_systems:_1936–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Closed-circuit videophone systems: 1936–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed-circuit_videophone_systems:_1936–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AT&T_Picturephone_Mod_I:_1964–1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AT&T_Picturephone_Mod_I:_1964–1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>AT&T Picturephone Mod I: 1964–1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AT&T_Picturephone_Mod_I:_1964–1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_video_conferencing_service:_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_video_conferencing_service:_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First video conferencing service: 1970</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_video_conferencing_service:_1970-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First video conferencing service: 1970 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_video_conferencing_service:_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Service pricing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Picturephone_Mod_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Picturephone_Mod_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Picturephone Mod II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Picturephone_Mod_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Commercial failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_development_(1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_development_(1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Later development (1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_development_(1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_early_videophones:_1968–1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_early_videophones:_1968–1984"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Videophone improvements: post-2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videophone_improvements:_post-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of videotelephony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefon_tarixi" title="Videotelefon tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Videotelefon tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ভিডিওটেলিফোনির ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিডিওটেলিফোনির ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>Videotelephony as a concept began to materialize shortly after the telephone was patented in 1876, and its history is closely connected to that of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telephonoscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Telephonoscope.jpg/327px-Telephonoscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="327" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Telephonoscope.jpg/491px-Telephonoscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Telephonoscope.jpg/654px-Telephonoscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>"Fiction becomes fact": Imaginary "<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a>" combination videophone-television, conceptualized by <a href="/wiki/George_du_Maurier" title="George du Maurier">George du Maurier</a> and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> magazine. The drawing also depicts then-contemporary <a href="/wiki/Speaking_tube" title="Speaking tube">speaking tubes</a>, used by the parents in the foreground and their daughter on the viewing display (1878).</figcaption></figure> <p>Barely two years after the telephone was first patented in the United States in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, an early concept of a combined videophone and wide-screen television called a <i><a href="/wiki/Telephonoscope" title="Telephonoscope">telephonoscope</a></i> was conceptualized in the popular periodicals of the day. It was also mentioned in various early science fiction works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Vingti%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle._La_vie_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Le Vingtième siècle. La vie électrique">Le Vingtième siècle. La vie électrique</a></i> (The 20th century. The electrical life) and other works written by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Robida" title="Albert Robida">Albert Robida</a>, and was also sketched in various cartoons by <a href="/wiki/George_du_Maurier" title="George du Maurier">George du Maurier</a> as a fictional invention of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. One such sketch was published on December 9, 1878, in <i>Punch</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronomedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronomedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Punch-duMaurier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Punch-duMaurier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns.TVInternationalHistory-1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns.TVInternationalHistory-1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Telectroscope" title="Telectroscope">telectroscope</a>" was also used in 1878 by French writer and publisher <a href="/wiki/Louis_Figuier" title="Louis Figuier">Louis Figuier</a>, to popularize an invention wrongly interpreted as real and incorrectly ascribed to Dr. Bell, possibly after his <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Sound_recording_and_phonograph_development" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a> discreetly deposited a sealed container of a <a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone phonograph</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> for safekeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphic_Journal_and_Electrical_Review-1880.05.01_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphic_Journal_and_Electrical_Review-1880.05.01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Figuier-1878_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figuier-1878-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written under the pseudonym "Electrician", one article earlier claimed that "an eminent scientist" had invented a device whereby objects or people anywhere in the world "....could be seen anywhere by anybody". The device, among other functions, would allow merchants to transmit pictures of their wares to their customers, and the contents of museum collections to be made available to scholars in distant cities...."<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the era prior to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, electrical "seeing" devices were conceived as adjuncts to the telephone, thus creating the concept of a videophone.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraudulent reports of "amazing" advances in video telephones would be publicized as early as 1880 and would reoccur every few years, such as the episode of "Dr. Sylvestre" of Paris who claimed in 1902 to have invented a powerful (and inexpensive) video telephone, termed a "spectograph", the intellectual property rights he believed were worth $5,000,000. After reviewing his claim Dr. Bell denounced the supposed invention as a "<a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a>", and publicly commented on the charlatans promoting bogus inventions for financial gain or self-promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-PittsburghPress-1902.01.04_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PittsburghPress-1902.01.04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Electrician&Mechanic-1906.08_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electrician&Mechanic-1906.08-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However Dr. Alexander Graham Bell personally thought that videotelephony was achievable even though his contributions to its advancement were incidental.<sup id="cite_ref-Lange_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1891, Dr. Bell actually did record conceptual notes on an "electrical radiophone", which discussed the possibility of "seeing by electricity" using devices that employed <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> imaging components.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell-1891_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-1891-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell wrote, decades prior to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Image_dissector" title="Image dissector">image dissector</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Bell-1891_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-1891-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Should it be found ... [that the image sensor] is illuminated, then an apparatus might be constructed in which each piece of selenium is a mere speck, like the head of a small pin, the smaller the better. The darkened selenium should be placed in a cup-like receiver which can fit over the eye ... Then, when the first selenium speck is presented to an illuminated object, it may be possible that the eye in the darkened receiver, should perceive, not merely light, but an image of the object ...</p></blockquote> <p>Bell went on to later predict that: "...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking."<sup id="cite_ref-Andberg_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-1927.04.08_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-1927.04.08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discoveries in physics, chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">electromechanical television</a>. More practical "all-electronic" video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg/220px-France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg/330px-France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg/440px-France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception: 21st-century videotelephony imagined in the early 20th century (1910)</figcaption></figure> <p>The compound term "videophone" slowly entered into general usage after 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-MW_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although "video telephone" likely entered the lexicon earlier after <i>video</i> was coined in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that time there appeared to be no standard terms for "video telephone", with expressions such as "sight-sound television system", "visual radio" and nearly 20 others (in English) being used to describe the marriage of telegraph, telephone, television and radio technologies employed in early experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-1930.04.13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-1930.04.13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-1930.04.10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-1930.04.10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT19270408a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT19270408a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the technological precursors to the videophone were telegraphic image transmitters created by several companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wirephoto" title="Wirephoto">wirephoto</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, and the <i>teleostereograph</i> developed by AT&T's <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-1924.05.20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-1924.05.20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were forerunners of today's <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax (facsimile) machines</a>. Such early image transmitters were themselves based on previous work by Ernest Hummel and others in the 19th century. By 1927 AT&T had created its earliest <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">electromechanical television-videophone</a> called the <i>ikonophone</i> (from Greek: "image-sound"),<sup id="cite_ref-Outlook_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlook-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which operated at 18 frames per second and occupied half a room full of equipment cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-Mäkinen_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mäkinen-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns-1998_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-1998-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early U.S. test in 1927 had their then-Commerce Secretary <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> address an audience in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; although the audio portion was two-way, the video portion was one-way with only those in New York being able to see Hoover. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_(1927),_front_view,_MoMI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_front_view%2C_MoMI.jpg/96px-Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_front_view%2C_MoMI.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_front_view%2C_MoMI.jpg/144px-Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_front_view%2C_MoMI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_front_view%2C_MoMI.jpg/192px-Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_front_view%2C_MoMI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_(1927),_side_view,_MoMI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_side_view%2C_MoMI.jpg/229px-Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_side_view%2C_MoMI.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_side_view%2C_MoMI.jpg/344px-Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_side_view%2C_MoMI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_side_view%2C_MoMI.jpg/458px-Bell_Labs_videophone_prototype_%281927%29%2C_side_view%2C_MoMI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3239" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A 1927 Bell Labs videophone prototype (its <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a> not visible), exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Moving_Image_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Moving Image (New York City)">Museum of the Moving Image</a> in New York</div></div></div></div> <p>By 1930, AT&T's "two-way television-telephone" system was in full-scale experimental use.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT19270408a_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT19270408a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)">Bell Labs' Manhattan</a> facility devoted years of research to it during the 1930s, led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Ives" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Eugene Ives">Herbert Ives</a> along with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians, intending to develop it for both telecommunication and broadcast entertainment purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BairdTelevision.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BairdTelevision.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also other public demonstrations of "two-way television-telephone" systems during this period by inventors and entrepreneurs who sought to compete with AT&T, although none appeared capable of dealing with the technical issues of <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">signal compression</a> that Bell Labs would eventually resolve. Signal compression, and its later sibling <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> were fundamental to the issue of transmitting the very large bandwidth of low-resolution black and white video through the very limited capacity of low-speed copper <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">PSTN</a> telephone lines (higher resolution colour videophones would require even far greater capabilities).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Second World War, Bell Labs resumed its efforts during the 1950s and 1960s, eventually leading to AT&T's Picturephone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Closed-circuit_videophone_systems:_1936–1940"><span id="Closed-circuit_videophone_systems:_1936.E2.80.931940"></span>Closed-circuit videophone systems: 1936–1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Closed-circuit videophone systems: 1936–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1936, the first public video telephone service, Nazi Germany's <i>Gegensehn-Fernsprechanlagen</i> (visual telephone system), was developed by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Oskar_Schubert" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Oskar Schubert">Dr. Georg Schubert</a>, who headed the development department at the <i>Fernseh-AG</i>, a technical combine for television broadcasting technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Vsee_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vsee-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit televisions</a> were installed in the German <i><a href="/wiki/Reichspost" title="Reichspost">Reichspost</a></i> (post offices) in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and connected together via a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">broadband coaxial cable</a> to cover the distance of approximately 160 km (100 miles). The system's opening was inaugurated by the Minister of Posts <a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul von Eltz-Rübenach</a> in Berlin on March 1, 1936, who viewed and spoke with Leipzig's chief burgomaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StPetersburgIndepedent-1934.09.01_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StPetersburgIndepedent-1934.09.01-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schubert's system was based on Gunter Krawinkel's earlier research of the late-1920s that he displayed at the <i><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin">1929 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin</a></i> (Berlin International Radio Exposition).<sup id="cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zworykin_1958-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schubet's higher-performance system employed a <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying-spot_scanner" title="Flying-spot scanner">flying-spot scanner</a> for its transmitter (a form of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a>) and a 20 cm (8 inch) <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray display tube</a> with a resolution of 150 lines (180 lines in later versions) running at 25 frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zworykin_1958-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Electronics-2013.02.26_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Electronics-2013.02.26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist-2010.10.12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-2010.10.12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 93%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> was invented at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1948, an AT&T electrical engineer predicted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... whenever a baby is born anywhere in the world, he is given at birth a ... telephone number for life [and] ... a watch-like device with ten little buttons on one side and a screen on the other ... when he wishes to talk with anyone in the world, he will pull out the device and [call] his friend. Then turning the device over, he will hear the voice of his friend and see his face on the screen, in color and in three dimensions. If he does not see and hear him he will know that the friend is dead.</p></blockquote> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><small> —<a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Osborne" title="Harold S. Osborne">Harold Osborne</a>, 1948<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></cite></p> </div> <p>After a period of experimentation, the system entered public use and was soon extended with another 160 km (100 miles) of coaxial cable from Berlin to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, and then in July 1938 from Leipzig to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. Point-to-point video calling required swapping connections on a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">telephone switchboard</a>. The system eventually operated with more than 1,000 km (620 miles) of coaxial cable transmission lines. The videophones were integrated within large public videophone booths, with two booths provided per city. Calls between Berlin and Leipzig cost <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">RM</a>3½, approximately one sixth of a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound sterling</a>, or about one-fifteenth of the average weekly wage.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The video telephone equipment used in Berlin was designed and built by the German Post Office Laboratory. Videophone equipment used in other German cities were developed by <a href="/wiki/Fernseh" title="Fernseh">Fernseh A.G.</a>, partly owned by <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">Baird Television Ltd.</a> of the U.K.,<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inventors of the world's first functional television. During its life the German system underwent further development and testing, resulting in higher resolutions and a conversion to an all-electronic <a href="/wiki/Camera_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera tube">camera tube</a> transmission system to replace its <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipkow disc">mechanical Nipkow scanning disc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zworykin_1958-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the system's image quality was primitive by modern standards, it was deemed impressive in contemporary reports of the era, with users able to clearly discern the hands on wristwatches.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The videophones were offered to the general public, which had to visit special post office <i>Fernsehsprechstellen</i> (video telephone booths, from "<i>far sight speech place</i>") simultaneously in their respective cities,<sup id="cite_ref-Economist-2010.10.12_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-2010.10.12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but which at the same time also had <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> political and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandistic</a> overtones similar to the broadcasting of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Summer Olympic Games">1936 Olympic Games</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasher-1992_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasher-1992-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German post office announced ambitious plans to extend their public videophone network to Cologne, Frankfurt and <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna, Austria</a>, but expansion plans were discontinued in 1939 with the start of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SiemensHistory.website_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiemensHistory.website-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Germany subsequently became fully engaged in the war its public videophone system was closed in 1940, with its expensive inter-city broadband cables converted to telegraphic message traffic and broadcast television service.<sup id="cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zworykin_1958-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mulbach-1995_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulbach-1995-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar commercial post office system was also created in France during the late-1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost" title="Deutsche Bundespost">Deutsche Bundespost</a> postal service would decades later develop and deploy its <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIGFON" class="extiw" title="de:BIGFON">BIGFON</a> (Broadband Integrated Glass-Fiber Optical Network) <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> network from 1981 to 1988, serving several large German cities, and also created one of Europe's first public switched broadband services in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulbach-1995b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulbach-1995b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AT&T_Picturephone_Mod_I:_1964–1970"><span id="AT.26T_Picturephone_Mod_I:_1964.E2.80.931970"></span>AT&T Picturephone Mod I: 1964–1970</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: AT&T Picturephone Mod I: 1964–1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> conducted extensive research and development of videophones, eventually leading to public demonstrations of its trademarked "Picturephone" product in the 1960s. Its <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)">large Manhattan experimental laboratory</a> devoted years of technical research during the 1930s, led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Ives" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Eugene Ives">Herbert Ives</a> along with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BairdTelevision.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BairdTelevision.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bell Labs early experimental model of 1930 had transmitted <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> through multiple phone lines, a highly impractical and expensive method unsuitable for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-AT&T-Techchannel_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT&T-Techchannel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-1950s, its laboratory work had produced another early test prototype capable of transmitting still images every two seconds over regular analog <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">PSTN</a> telephone lines.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Electronics-2013.02.26_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Electronics-2013.02.26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images were captured by the Picturephone's compact <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Vidicon" title="Video camera tube">Vidicon</a> camera and then transferred to a storage tube or magnetic drum for transmission over regular phone lines at two-second intervals to the receiving unit, which displayed them on a small cathode-ray television tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zworykin_1958-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AT&T had earlier promoted its experimental video for telephone service at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleofuture-2013.01_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleofuture-2013.01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more advanced Picturephone "Mod I" (Model No. 1) had public evaluation displays at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>, with the first transcontinental videocall between the two venues made on April 20, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-BellTel-1964.3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellTel-1964.3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These demonstration units used small oval housings on swivel stands, intended to stand on desks. Similar AT&T Picturephone units were also featured at the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_Pavilion_(Expo_67)" title="Telephone Pavilion (Expo 67)">Telephone Pavilion</a> (also called the "Bell Telephone Pavilion") at <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>, an International World's Fair held in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ExpoLounge_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExpoLounge-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSHWI_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHWI-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstration units were available at the fairs for the public to test, with fairgoers permitted to make videophone calls to volunteer recipients at other locations. </p><p>The United States would not see its first public videophone booths until 1964, when AT&T installed their earliest commercial videophone units, the Picturephone "Mod I", in booths that were set up in New York's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>, Washington D.C., and Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Mäkinen_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mäkinen-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was the result of decades of research and development at Bell Labs, its principal supplier, <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, plus other researchers working under contract to the Bell Labs.<sup id="cite_ref-AT&T-Techchannel_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT&T-Techchannel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the use of reservation time slots and their cost of US$16 (Washington, D.C., to New York) to $27 (New York to Chicago) (equivalent to $118 to $200 in 2012 dollars) for a three-minute call at the public videophone booths greatly limited their appeal resulting in their closure by 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Andberg_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mäkinen_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mäkinen-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_video_conferencing_service:_1970">First video conferencing service: 1970</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First video conferencing service: 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg/220px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg/330px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg/440px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Advertisement_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>AT&T magazine advertisement announcing commercial launch of Picturephone service.</figcaption></figure> <p>AT&T developed a refined Picturephone throughout the late 1960s, resulting in the "Mod II" (Model No. 2), which served as the basis for AT&T's launch of the first true video conferencing service. Unlike earlier systems, in which people had to visit public videophone booths, any company or individual could pay to be connected to the system, after which they could call anyone in the network from their home or office. </p><p>The inaugural video call occurred on June 30, 1970, between Pittsburgh Mayor <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Flaherty" title="Peter F. Flaherty">Peter Flaherty</a> and Chairman and CEO John Harper of <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AT&T-Techchannel_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT&T-Techchannel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service officially launched the next day, July 1, 1970, with 38 Picturephones located at eight Pittsburgh companies. Among the first subscribers, <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> became Bell's largest Picturephone customer, leasing 12 sets. The following year, Picturephone service expanded to central Chicago and the suburb of Oak Brook, before expanding to other large East Coast cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_pricing">Service pricing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Service pricing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to an installation charge of $150 for the first set, companies paid $160 per month ($947/month in 2012 dollars) for the service on the first set and $50 per month for each additional set. Thirty minutes of video calling was included with each Picturephone, with extra minutes costing 25 cents<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. AT&T later reduced the price to $75 per month with forty-five minutes of video calling included to stimulate demand.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Picturephone_Mod_II">Picturephone Mod II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Picturephone Mod II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Picturephone's video bandwidth was 1 <a href="/wiki/MegaHertz" class="mw-redirect" title="MegaHertz">MHz</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_scan_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical scan rate">vertical scan rate</a> of 30 Hz, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">horizontal scan rate</a> of 8 kHz, and about 250 visible scan lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The equipment included a <a href="/wiki/Speakerphone" title="Speakerphone">speakerphone</a> (hands free telephone), with an added box to control picture transmission. Each Picturephone line used three <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pairs</a> of ordinary telephone cable, two pairs for video and one for audio and signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cable amplifiers were spaced about a mile apart (1.6 kilometres) with built-in six-band adjustable <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(communications)" title="Equalization (communications)">equalization</a> filters. For distances of more than a few miles, the signal was digitized at 2 MHz and 3 bits per sample <a href="/wiki/Differential_Pulse_Code_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential Pulse Code Modulation">DPCM</a>, and transmitted on a <a href="/wiki/T-carrier#Higher_T" title="T-carrier">T-2 carrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Color on AT&T's Picturephone was not employed with their early models. These Picturephone units packaged <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Plumbicon_(1963)" title="Video camera tube">Plumbicon</a> cameras and small <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> displays within their housings. The cameras were located atop their screens to help users see eye to eye. Later generation display screens were larger than in the original demonstration units, approximately six inches (15 cm) square in a roughly cubical cabinet. </p><p>The original Picturephone system used contemporary crossbar and multi-frequency operation. Lines and trunks were six wire, one pair each way for video and one pair two way for audio. MF address signaling on the audio pair was supplemented by a Video Supervisory Signal (VSS) looping around on the video quad to ensure continuity. More complex protocols were later adopted for conferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To deploy Picturephone service, new wideband <a href="/wiki/Crossbar_switch" title="Crossbar switch">crossbar switches</a> were designed and installed into the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System's</a> <a href="/wiki/5XB_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="5XB switch">5XB switch</a> offices, this being the most widespread of the relatively modern kind.<sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of technicians attended schools to learn to operate the Cable Equalizer Test Set and other equipment, and to install Picturephones. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">AT&T's advanced Mod II Picturephone (1969)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AT&T Picturephone (Mod II) fully enclosed in its housing, control pad at bottom (courtesy: Richard Diehl)"><img alt="AT&T Picturephone (Mod II) fully enclosed in its housing, control pad at bottom (courtesy: Richard Diehl)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg/148px-AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg/222px-AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg/296px-AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>AT&T Picturephone</i> (Mod II) fully enclosed in its housing, control pad at bottom <small>(courtesy: <i>Richard Diehl</i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right side view, housing removed, one of its printed circuit boards exposed (courtesy: Richard Diehl)"><img alt="Right side view, housing removed, one of its printed circuit boards exposed (courtesy: Richard Diehl)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg/165px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg/248px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg/330px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_right_side_view_with_its_cover_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right side view, housing removed, one of its <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> exposed <small>(courtesy: <i>Richard Diehl</i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view,_cover_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An exposed view of the Picturephone's rear circuit board (courtesy: Richard Diehl)"><img alt="An exposed view of the Picturephone's rear circuit board (courtesy: Richard Diehl)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view%2C_cover_removed.jpg/111px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view%2C_cover_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view%2C_cover_removed.jpg/166px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view%2C_cover_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view%2C_cover_removed.jpg/221px-AT%26T_Picturephone_Mod_II_-_exposed_upper-rear_view%2C_cover_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An exposed view of the Picturephone's rear circuit board <small>(courtesy: <i>Richard Diehl</i>)</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_failure">Commercial failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AT&T's initial Picturephone "Mod I" (Model No. 1) and then its upgraded "Mod II" programs, were a continuation of its many years of prior research during the 1920s, 1930s, late 1940s and 1950s. Both Picturephone programs, like their experimental AT&T predecessors, were researched principally at its <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, formally spanned some 15 years and consumed more than US$500 million,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually meeting with commercial failure.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopædiaBritannica-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its first launch, AT&T foresaw a hundred thousand Picturephones in use across the Bell System by 1975. However, by the end of July 1974, only five Picturephones were being leased in Pittsburgh, and U.S.-wide there were only a few hundred, mostly in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-AT&T-Techchannel_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT&T-Techchannel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrelated difficulties at <a href="/wiki/1975_New_York_Telephone_Exchange_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 New York Telephone Exchange fire">New York Telephone</a> also slowed AT&T's efforts, and few customers signed up for the service in either city. Customers peaked at 453 in early 1973. AT&T ultimately concluded that its early Picturephones were a "concept looking for a market".<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopædiaBritannica-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_development_(1990s)"><span id="Later_development_.281990s.29"></span>Later development (1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later development (1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AT&T would later market its VideoPhone 2500 to the general public from 1992 to 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Silberg_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silberg-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with prices starting at <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,500 (approximately $3,260 in current dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later dropping to $1,000 ($2,110 in current dollars), marketed by its Global VideoPhone Systems unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VideoPhone 2500 was designed to provide low-frame rate compressed color video on ordinary <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">Plain Old Telephone Service</a> (POTS) lines, circumventing the significantly higher cost <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> telephone service lines used by several other videoconferencing manufacturers. It was limited by analog phone line connection speeds of about 19 Kilobits per second, the video portion being 11,200 bit/s, and with a maximum frame rate of 10 frames per second, but typically much slower, as low as a third of a video frame per second. The VideoPhone 2500 used proprietary technology protocols, including AT&T's Global VideoPhone Standard (GVS).<sup id="cite_ref-Silberg_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silberg-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, AT&T met with very little commercial success, selling only about 30,000 units, mainly outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Silberg_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silberg-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite AT&T's various videophone products meeting with commercial failure, they were widely viewed as technical successes which expanded the limits of the telecommunications sciences in several areas. Its videotelephony programs were critically acclaimed for their technical brilliance and even the novel uses they experimented with. The research and development programs conducted by Bell Labs were highly notable for their beyond-the-state-of-the-art results produced in <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, advanced <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectronic">microelectronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technologies</a>. </p><p>AT&T's published research additionally helped pave the way for other companies to later enter the field of <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>. The company's videophones also generated significant media coverage in science journals, the general news media and in popular culture. The image of a futuristic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWwo6JpMceg">AT&T videophone being casually used</a> in the science fiction film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)"><i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i></a>, became iconic of both the movie and, arguably, the public's general view of the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_early_videophones:_1968–1984"><span id="Other_early_videophones:_1968.E2.80.931984"></span>Other early videophones: 1968–1984</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other early videophones: 1968–1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beginning in the late 1960s, several countries worldwide sought to compete with AT&T's advanced development of its Picturephone service in the United States. However such projects were research and capital intensive, and fraught with difficulties in being deployed commercially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg/220px-Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg/330px-Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg/440px-Videophone_IMG_1107-white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The French Matra videophone (1970)</figcaption></figure> <p>France's post office telecommunications branch had earlier set up a commercial videophone system similar to the German <i><a href="/wiki/Reichspost" title="Reichspost">Reichspost</a></i> public videophone system of the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972 the defense and electronics manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Matra" title="Matra">Matra</a> was one of three French companies that sought to develop advanced videophones in the early 1970s, spurred by AT&T's Picturephone in the United States. Initial plans by Matra included the deployment of 25 units to France's <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Centre national d'études des télécommunications">Centre national d'études des télécommunications</a> (CNET of <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a>) for their internal use. CNET intended to guide its initial use towards the business sector, to be later followed by personal home usage. Its estimated unit cost in 1971 was the equivalent of £325, with a monthly usage subscription charge of £3.35.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist-1971.07.15_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-1971.07.15-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of applications of <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> were conducted by CNET in France in 1972, with its first commercial applications for videophones appearing in 1984. The delay was due to the problem of insufficient bandwidth, with 2 Mb per second being required for transmitting both video and audio signals. The problem was solved worldwide by the creation of software for data encoding and compression via <a href="/wiki/Video_codecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Video codecs">video coding and decoding algorithms</a>, also known as codecs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg/220px-Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg/330px-Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg/440px-Tage_Erlander_1960-tal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Swedish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Tage Erlander</a> using an Ericsson videophone to speak with <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Hyland" title="Lennart Hyland">Lennart Hyland</a>, a popular TV show host (1969)</figcaption></figure><p> In Sweden, electronics maker <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> began developing a videophone in the mid-1960s, intending to market it to government, institutions, businesses and industry, but not to consumers due to AT&T's lack of success in that market segment. Tests were conducted in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, including trial communications in banking. Ultimately Ericsson chose not to proceed with further production.<sup id="cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricssonHistory.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv/220px--Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv/Eerste_proef_met_beeldtelefoon_Weeknummer_74-12_-_Open_Beelden_-_23173.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>An experimental Philips videophone demonstration, Netherlands (1974 video, 1:23) <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970 the British <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> had 16 demonstration models of its Viewphone built, meant to be the equivalent to AT&T's Picturephone.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist-1966.11.24_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist-1966.11.24-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their initial attempt at a first generation commercial videophone later led to the <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">British Telecom</a> Relate 2000, which was released for sale in 1993, costing between £400-£500 each. The Relate 2000 featured a 74 millimetres (2.9 in) flip-up colour LCD display screen operating at a nominal rate of 8 video frames per second, which could be depressed to 3-4 frames per second if the PSTN bandwidth was limited. In the era prior to low-cost, high-speed broadband service, its video quality was found to be generally poor by the public with images shifting jerkily between frames, due to British phone lines that generally provided less than 3.4 kHz of bandwidth.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Electronics-2013.02.26_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Electronics-2013.02.26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Telecom had initially expected the device, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Marconi Electronics</a>, to sell at a rate of 10,000 per year, but its actual sales were minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Times-1993.03.26_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-1993.03.26-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritishTelephones.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishTelephones.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its second generation videophone thus also proved to be commercially unsuccessful,<sup id="cite_ref-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connected_Earth-video_from_the_phone-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Salford_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Salford-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to AT&T's <a href="/wiki/Videophone#Later_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">VideoPhone 2500</a> of the same time period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_videotelephony:_1985–1999"><span id="Digital_videotelephony:_1985.E2.80.931999"></span>Digital videotelephony: 1985–1999</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital videotelephony: 1985–1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This time period saw the research, development and commercial roll-out of what would become powerful <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> and decompression software <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codecs</a>, which would eventually lead to low cost <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> in the early 2000s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_compression">Video compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Video compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a>. To achieve <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a> (VGA) quality video (<a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a> resolution and <a href="/wiki/256_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="256 colors">256 colors</a>) with raw uncompressed video, it would require a bandwidth of over 92<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbps">Mbps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belmudez_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belmudez-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common compression technique used to significantly reduce bandwidth requirements in videotelephony and videoconferencing is the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT),<sup id="cite_ref-Belmudez_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belmudez-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huang_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a>, T. Natarajan and <a href="/wiki/K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standard</a> that was useful for online videoconferencing, <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a>, standardised by the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> in 1988, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_videophones">Japanese videophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japanese videophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan the <i>Lumaphone</i> was developed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> in 1985. The project was originally started by the Ataritel division of the <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari Video Game Company</a> in 1983 under the direction of Atari's Steve Bristow.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atari then sold its division to <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a> in 1984. The Lumaphone was marketed by Mitsubishi Electric of America in 1986 as the Luma LU-1000, costing US$1,500, <sup id="cite_ref-Popular_Mechanics-1988.02_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popular_Mechanics-1988.02-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed with a small black and white video display, approximately 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in size, and a video camera adjacent to the display which could be blocked with a sliding door for privacy. Although promoted as a "videophone", it operated similar to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>' early experimental image transfer phone of 1956, transmitting still images every 3–5 seconds over analog <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a> lines. It could also be hooked up to a printer or connected to a regular TV or monitor for improved <a href="/wiki/Teleconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconferencing">teleconferencing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DigicamHistory.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DigicamHistory.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtariMuseum2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtariMuseum2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg/170px-Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg/255px-Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg/340px-Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption> The Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone. The <a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">Personal Handy-phone System</a> (PHS) phone was introduced in Japan (1999).</figcaption></figure> <p>Mitsubishi also marketed its lower-cost VisiTel LU-500 image phone in 1988 costing about US$400, aimed at the consumer market. It came with reduced capabilities but had with a larger black and white display. Other Japanese electronic manufacturers marketed similar image transfer phones during the late-1980s, including Sony's PCT-15 (US$500), and two models from Panasonic, its WG-R2 (US$450) and its KX-TV10 (US$500).<sup id="cite_ref-Popular_Mechanics-1988.02_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popular_Mechanics-1988.02-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Popular_Mechanics-1989.01_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popular_Mechanics-1989.01-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much later the <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera Corporation</a>, an electronics manufacturer based in Kyoto, conducted a two-year development campaign from 1997 to 1999 that resulted in the release of the VP-210 VisualPhone, the world's first mobile colour videophone that also doubled as a <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phone</a> for still photos.<sup id="cite_ref-S&S_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&S-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN-1999.05.18_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-1999.05.18-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour <a href="/wiki/Thin-film-transistor_liquid-crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display">TFT display</a> capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second. The 155 gram (5.5 oz.) camera could also take 20 photos and convey them by e-mail, with the camera phone retailing at the time for 40,000 yen, about US$325 in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-1999.05.18_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-1999.05.18-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Computerworld-2012.05.11_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computerworld-2012.05.11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The VP-210 was released in May 1999 and used its single front-facing 110,000-pixel camera to send two images per second through Japan's PHS mobile phone network system. Although its frame rate was crude and its memory is considered tiny in the present day, the phone was viewed as "revolutionary" at the time of its release.<sup id="cite_ref-Computerworld-2012.05.11_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computerworld-2012.05.11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kyocera project was initiated at their Yokohama research and development center by Kazumi Saburi, one of their section managers. His explanation for the project was "Around that time, cellular handsets with enabled voice and SMS communication capabilities were considered to be just one among many personal communication tools. One day a simple idea hit us - 'What if we were able to enjoy talking with the intended person watching his/her face on the display?' We were certain that such a device would make cell phone communications much more convenient and enjoyable."<sup id="cite_ref-TomsGuide-2005_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomsGuide-2005-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saburi also stated that their R&D section had "nourished [the idea] for several years before" they received project approval from their top management which had encourage such forward-thinking research, because they "also believed that such a product would improve Kyocera's brand image." Their research showed that a "cell phone with a camera and color display provided a completely new value for users, It could be used as a phone, a camera and a photo album".<sup id="cite_ref-TomsGuide-2005_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomsGuide-2005-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technical challenges handled by about a dozen engineers at Kyocera over the two year development period included the camera module's placement within the phone at a time when electronic components had not been fully reduced in size, as well as increasing its data transmission rate. After its release the mobile video-camera phone was commercially successful, spawning several other competitors such as the <a href="/wiki/Willcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Willcom">DDI Pocket</a>, and one from <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank Mobile">Vodafone K.K.</a><sup id="cite_ref-TomsGuide-2005_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomsGuide-2005-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Videophone_improvements:_post-2000">Videophone improvements: post-2000</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Videophone improvements: post-2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webcam000c1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Webcam000c1.jpg/220px-Webcam000c1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Webcam000c1.jpg/330px-Webcam000c1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Webcam000c1.jpg/440px-Webcam000c1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Typical low-cost webcam used with many personal computers</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a></div> <p>Significant improvements in <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video call</a> quality of service for the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">deaf</a> occurred in the United States in 2003 when <a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Media Inc.</a> (formerly Sorenson Vision), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone videophone specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">deaf community</a>. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition, and to offer remote control and a powerful <a href="/wiki/Sorenson_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorenson codec">video compression codec</a> for unequaled video quality and ease of use with a video relay service (VRS). Favourable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times-2003.12.18_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-2003.12.18-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">availability of high speed Internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service#U.S._VRS_regulation" title="Video relay service">sponsored video relay services</a> authorized by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times-2003.12.18_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-2003.12.18-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Videophone" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Videophone">Videophone</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Videophones" class="extiw" title="commons:Videophones"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Videophones</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony" class="extiw" title="commons:Videotelephony"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Videotelephony</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="extiw" title="commons:Videoconferencing"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Videoconferencing</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Webcams" class="extiw" title="commons:Webcams"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Webcams</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History of mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History of telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">History of the telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">List of video telecommunication services and product brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone" title="Timeline of the telephone">Timeline of the telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the pseudonymous letter was accompanied by a technical description of how the telectroscope would work and was published in a reputable New York newspaper, researchers later noted that it was published close to <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> and believed the article was submitted as an elaborate hoax.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One such demonstration that likely omitted any signal compression was performed in Mobile, Alabama, on April 27, 1938. An Alabama news article reported that a "...technician of the American Television Institute, [promoted a videophone from a display booth for] the Roche Home Equipment Company... and through the medium of a scientific marvel... flashed a living picture over an ordinary telephone wire. Forming a practical insight into things that are to come, the television contrivance afforded a small, but clear, picture of speakers at each end of the wire."<sup id="cite_ref-MobilePress_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MobilePress-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Several uses of the Picturephone were novel and ahead of their time. At Alcoa in Pittsburgh, their Picturephone system was integrated into the company's corporate <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a> system under its APRIS, or Alcoa Picturephone Remote Information System. APRIS let users retrieve information from Alcoa's databases, controlled by the buttons on their <a href="/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling">touch-tone telephones</a>, with the data being presented on their Picturephone's video display, long before computer monitors came into popular use.<sup id="cite_ref-AT&T-Techchannel_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT&T-Techchannel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AT&T's Bell Labs would also soon experiment with multiple users on the same videocall, creating one of the earliest forms of <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The $500M figure is attributed only to the AT&T and Bell Labs' 15 year program covering its Picturephone Mod I and Mod II versions. Earlier videotelephony programs during the later half of the 1920s, 1930s, late 1940s and 1950s, plus the AT&T VideoPhone 2500 model program of the late 1980s led to a cumulative cost which approached, by some estimates, one billion dollars in total for all videotelephony development.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chronomedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chronomedia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/Edison_Telephonoscope.htm">"Telephonoscope, A Cartoon of a Television/Videophone"</a>. <i>Terramedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terramedia&rft.atitle=Telephonoscope%2C+A+Cartoon+of+a+Television%2FVideophone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terramedia.co.uk%2FChronomedia%2Fyears%2FEdison_Telephonoscope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+videotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punch-duMaurier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Punch-duMaurier_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George du Maurier (1878) <i>Punch</i> magazine, December 9th, 1878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns.TVInternationalHistory-1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns.TVInternationalHistory-1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns 1998, <i>Distant vision (c 1880–1920)</i>, p. 78-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraphic_Journal_and_Electrical_Review-1880.05.01-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraphic_Journal_and_Electrical_Review-1880.05.01_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206102952/http://histv2.free.fr/19/seeing.htm">"Seeing By Electricity"</a>. <i>The Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review</i>. <b>VIII</b> (174): 149. May 1, 1880. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histv2.free.fr/19/seeing.htm">the original</a> on 2010-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraphic+Journal+and+Electrical+Review&rft.atitle=Seeing+By+Electricity&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=174&rft.pages=149&rft.date=1880-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistv2.free.fr%2F19%2Fseeing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+videotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figuier-1878-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Figuier-1878_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Figuier, <i>L'année scientifique et industrielle ou Exposé annuel des travaux scientifiques, des inventions et des principales applications de la science à l'industrie et aux arts, qui ont attiré l'attention publique en France et à l'étranger</i>. Vingt et unième année (1877), Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1878. Reproduced on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.histv.net/louis-figuier-1878">https://www.histv.net/louis-figuier-1878</a> Retrieved 14 July 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkSun-1877.05.29_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Electroscope in <i>The New York Sun</i>, March 29, 1877. Reproduced on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.histv.net/electroscope-1877">https://www.histv.net/electroscope-1877</a> retrieved 14 July 2024 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, D.N (October 1, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_record-at-t-bell-laboratories_1968-10_46_9/page/n3/mode/2up">"The Evolution of Picturephone Service"</a>. <i>Bell Laboratories Record</i>. <b>46</b> (9). Bell Laboratories: 282–291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+Laboratories+Record&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Picturephone+Service&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=282-291&rft.date=1968-10-01&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_record-at-t-bell-laboratories_1968-10_46_9%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+videotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns 1998. p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PittsburghPress-1902.01.04-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PittsburghPress-1902.01.04_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/141833547/">"Seeing By Phone"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>. 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June 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vsee.com+blog&rft.atitle=A+Missing+Link+in+the+History+of+the+Videophone&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvsee.com%2Fblog%2Fa-missing-link-in-the-history-of-the-videophone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+videotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns 1998. 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St. Petersburg, Florida. 1 September 1934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=German+Postoffice+to+Use+Television-Telephone+for+its+Communication+System&rft.date=1934-09-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+videotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zworykin_1958-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zworykin_1958_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZworykinRambergFlory1958" class="citation book cs1">Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma; Ramberg, E.G.; Flory, L.E. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xg0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Television in Science and Industry</i></a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 12–13, 254–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471987697" title="Special:BookSources/9780471987697"><bdi>9780471987697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+in+Science+and+Industry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12-13%2C+254-255&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9780471987697&rft.aulast=Zworykin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Kosma&rft.au=Ramberg%2C+E.G.&rft.au=Flory%2C+L.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Xg0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+videotelephony" class="Z3988"></span>. This work in turn cites: <ul><li>Electronics magazine. 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"<i>Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact</i>", Human Factors, June 1995, Vol.37, No.2, p. 290, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-7208">0018-7208</a>, Gale Document Number: GALE|A18253819. Accessed December 23, 2011, via General Science eCollection (subscription). This study in turn cites:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Norby, K. "A Window To The Future: The Videophone Experience In Norway", Kjeller, Norway: Norwegian Telecom Research Department, 1991, pp. 66-77.</li></ul></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_videotelephony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416121324/http://histv2.free.fr/perry.htm">Les premiers travaux britanniques sur la vision à distance (1880–1881): J. Perry, W.E. Ayrton, G. Middleton, S. Bidwell</a>, History of Television website. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telephony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telephony" title="Template:Telephony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telephony" title="Template talk:Telephony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telephony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telephony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telephony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">Telephony</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">Landline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_telephony" title="Cable telephony">Cable telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">Answering machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">Caller ID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fibre-optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Mobile phone signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">PSTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine cables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdialed_call" title="Misdialed call">Misdialed call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuisance_call" title="Nuisance call">Nuisance call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_tag" title="Phone tag">Phone tag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">Fax transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">Telephone calls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_newspaper" title="Telephone newspaper">Telephone newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Video calls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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