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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two_kingdoms_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_kingdoms_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Two kingdoms of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_kingdoms_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_kingdoms_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_kingdoms_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Three kingdoms of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_kingdoms_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Four kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Five kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Six kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eight_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Eight kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_kingdoms_(1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_kingdoms_(1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Six kingdoms (1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_kingdoms_(1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Seven kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_traditional_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_traditional_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beyond traditional kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_traditional_kingdoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond traditional kingdoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_traditional_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three_domains_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_domains_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Three domains of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_domains_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eukaryotic_supergroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukaryotic_supergroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eukaryotic supergroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eukaryotic_supergroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_top_level_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_top_level_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Comparison of top level classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_top_level_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom (biology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_(biologie)" title="Koninkryk (biologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="مملكة (تصنيف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(bioloch%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (biolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino (biolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ৰাজ্য (জীৱবিজ্ঞান) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজ্য (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Reinu (bioloxía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavet%C3%A3_(tekovekuaaty)" title="Tavetã (tekovekuaaty) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavetã (tekovekuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="عالم (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عالم (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8E_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="জগৎ (জীববিদ্যা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জগৎ (জীববিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0i_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Kài (hun-lūi-ha̍k) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kài (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Батшалыҡ (биология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Батшалыҡ (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царства (біялогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Царства (біялогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царства (біялёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Царства (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जगत (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahadean_(biyolohiya)" title="Kahadean (biyolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kahadean (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(biologija)" title="Carstvo (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carstvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riezad" title="Riezad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riezad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_(biologia)" title="Regne (biologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Патшалăх (биологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_(biologie)" title="Říše (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas (bioleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rige (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مملكة (بيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مملكة (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik_(bioloogia)" title="Riik (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βασίλειο (βιολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (biología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologio)" title="Regno (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regno (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9inu_(biologia)" title="Réinu (biologia) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Réinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreinu_(biologia)" title="Erreinu (biologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرمانرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمانرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Règne (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_(taksonomy)" title="Ryk (taksonomy) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ryk (taksonomy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Ríocht (bitheolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_(bea-oaylleeaght)" title="Reeriaght (bea-oaylleeaght) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght (bea-oaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="계 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Թագավորություն (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թագավորություն (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%9Bt_(biologija)" title="Swět (biologija) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swět (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carstvo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagarian_(biolohia)" title="Pagarian (biolohia) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagarian (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(rango_taxonomic)" title="Regno (rango taxonomic) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno (rango taxonomic)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Паддзахад (биологи) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_(kumchazampilo)" title="Umbuso (kumchazampilo) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso (kumchazampilo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Ríki (flokkunarfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologia)" title="Regno (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ממלכה (טקסונומיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכה (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajan_(biologi)" title="Krajan (biologi) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krajan (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarian_(biolohia)" title="Kaarian (biolohia) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kaarian (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D8%B1%D9%B2%D8%B2%D8%A0" title="سۄرٲزؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄرٲزؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaya_(biolojia)" title="Himaya (biolojia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Himaya (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8y_(biyoloji)" title="Rèy (biyoloji) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rèy (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_(taxinomia)" title="Regnum (taxinomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Valsts (bioloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts (bioloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ich_(Biologie)" title="Räich (Biologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Räich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalyst%C4%97_(biologija)" title="Karalystė (biologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karalystė (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_(taxonomie)" title="Riek (taxonomie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Riek (taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_(biolojia)" title="Rena (biolojia) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsz%C3%A1g_(rendszertan)" title="Ország (rendszertan) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ország (rendszertan)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="കിങ്ഡം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിങ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renju_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Renju (bijoloġija) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Renju (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="साम्राज्य (जीवशास्त्र) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साम्राज्य (जीवशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_(biologi)" title="Alam (biologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="界 (分類学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="界 (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologgia)" title="Regno (biologgia) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Regno (biologgia)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rike_(biologi)" title="Rike (biologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rike (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_rike" title="Biologisk rike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologia)" title="Règne (biologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Règne (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Кугыжаныш (биологий) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш (биологий)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F_(%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8)" title="ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyo_(biologiya)" title="Dunyo (biologiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunyo (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4_(%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਜਗਤ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗਤ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA)" title="دیس (جیون پڑھت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیس (جیون پڑھت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reino (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq_suyu" title="Rikch'aq suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царьство (біолоґія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Царьство (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Царство (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Царство (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Саарыстыба (биология) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саарыстыба (биология)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_(biologji)" title="Mbretëria (biologji) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Regnu (bioluggìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="රාජධානිය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජධානිය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AD%C5%A1a_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Ríša (taxonómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ríša (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljestvo_(biologija)" title="Kraljestvo (biologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljestvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%8Dlestwo_(biologij%C5%8F)" title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyo_(biyoloji)" title="Boqortooyo (biyoloji) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyo (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Царство (биологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Царство (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carstvo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_(biologia)" title="Kunta (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kunta (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rike_(biologi)" title="Rike (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rike (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_(biyolohiya)" title="Kaharian (biyolohiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திணை (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திணை (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnsartut_(Tasartut_tussnant)" title="Tasnsartut (Tasartut tussnant) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnsartut (Tasartut tussnant)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelda_(tasnudert)" title="Tagelda (tasnudert) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagelda (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Патшалык (биология) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патшалык (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="อาณาจักร (ชีววิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักร (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Силсила (зистшиносӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Силсила (зистшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82lem_(biyoloji)" title="Âlem (biyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Âlem (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ealyk_(biologi%C3%BDa)" title="Şalyk (biologiýa) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şalyk (biologiýa)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царство (біологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Царство (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مملکت (حیاتیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(tasonomia)" title="Regno (tasonomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno (tasonomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Giới (sinh học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringne_(biyolodjeye)" title="Ringne (biyolodjeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ringne (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_(biologie)" title="Ryk (biologie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ryk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_(biyolohiya)" title="Regnum (biyolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Regnum (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="界（生物） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="界（生物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C" title="界 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="界" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_(biologie)" title="Riek (biologie) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Riek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="界 (生物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_(%C3%A8lmu_hayat)" title="Kerajaan (èlmu hayat) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kerajaan (èlmu hayat)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36732#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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href="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" title="File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/225px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/300px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30" resource="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30"><area href="/wiki/Life" shape="rect" coords="63,9,141,36" alt="Life" title="Life" /><area href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,49,141,75" alt="Domain" title="Domain" /><area href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,89,141,115" alt="Kingdom" title="Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Phylum" shape="rect" coords="63,128,141,154" alt="Phylum" title="Phylum" /><area href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,168,141,194" alt="Class" title="Class" /><area href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,208,141,234" alt="Order" title="Order" /><area href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,247,141,273" alt="Family" title="Family" /><area href="/wiki/Genus" shape="rect" coords="63,287,141,313" alt="Genus" title="Genus" /><area href="/wiki/Species" shape="rect" coords="63,326,141,353" alt="Species" title="Species" /></map><figcaption>The hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a>'s eight major <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic ranks</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domain</a> contains one or more kingdoms. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a <b>kingdom</b> is the second highest <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a>, just below <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domain</a>. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> (singular phylum). </p><p>Traditionally, textbooks from Canada and the United States have used a system of <a href="#Six_kingdoms">six kingdoms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>/Archaebacteria, and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> or Eubacteria), while textbooks in other parts of the world, such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Greece, India, Pakistan, Spain, and the United Kingdom have used <a href="#Five_kingdoms">five kingdoms</a> (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>). </p><p>Some recent classifications based on modern <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> have explicitly abandoned the term <i>kingdom</i>, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>, meaning that they do not consist of all the <a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">descendants</a> of a common <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a>. The terms <i><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a></i> (for plants), <i><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a></i> (for animals), and, in the 21st century, <i><a href="/wiki/Funga" title="Funga">funga</a></i> (for fungi) are also used for life present in a particular region or time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_associated_terms">Definition and associated terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and associated terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> introduced the rank-based system of <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> into biology in 1735, the highest rank was given the name "kingdom" and was followed by four other main or principal ranks: <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later two further main ranks were introduced, making the sequence kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum or division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the rank of <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domain</a> was introduced above kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prefixes can be added so <i>subkingdom</i> (<i>subregnum</i>) and <i>infrakingdom</i> (also known as <i>infraregnum</i>) are the two ranks immediately below kingdom. Superkingdom may be considered as an equivalent of domain or empire or as an independent rank between kingdom and domain or subdomain. In some classification systems the additional rank <i>branch</i> (Latin: <i>ramus</i>) can be inserted between subkingdom and infrakingdom, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> in the classification of Cavalier-Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_kingdoms_of_life">Two kingdoms of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Two kingdoms of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Three_kingdoms:_animal,_vegetable,_and_mineral"></span> The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient one. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC) classified animal species in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>, while his pupil <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 371</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 287 BC</span>) wrote a parallel work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>, on plants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern <a href="/wiki/Biological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological nomenclature">biological nomenclature</a>, now regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature Codes">Nomenclature Codes</a>, in 1735. He distinguished two kingdoms of living things: <i>Regnum Animale</i> ('<a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> kingdom') and <i>Regnum Vegetabile</i> ('vegetable kingdom', for <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>). Linnaeus also included <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Classification_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification (biology)">classification system</a>, placing them in a third kingdom, <i><a href="/wiki/Mineralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralia">Regnum Lapideum</a></i>. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animale</a> (animals) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum Vegetabile ('vegetables'/plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  Non‑life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum Lapideum (minerals) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_kingdoms_of_life">Three kingdoms of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Three kingdoms of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Three_kingdoms:_plants,_protists,_and_animals"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life (biology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/330px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/495px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/660px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Haeckel's original (1866) conception of the three kingdoms of life, including the new kingdom Protista. Notice the inclusion of the cyanobacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Nostoc" title="Nostoc">Nostoc</a></i> with plants.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1674, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, often called the "father of microscopy", sent the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms. Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown. Despite this, Linnaeus did not include any microscopic creatures in his original taxonomy. </p><p>At first, microscopic organisms were classified within the animal and plant kingdoms. However, by the mid–19th century, it had become clear to many that "the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms [had become] rapidly blurred at its boundaries and outmoded".<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860 <a href="/wiki/John_Hogg_(biologist)" title="John Hogg (biologist)">John Hogg</a> proposed the <i>Protoctista</i>, a third kingdom of life composed of "all the lower creatures, or the primary organic beings"; he retained Regnum Lapideum as a fourth kingdom of minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> also proposed a third kingdom of life, the <i><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a></i>, for "neutral organisms" or "the kingdom of primitive forms", which were neither animal nor plant; he did not include the Regnum Lapideum in his scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel revised the content of this kingdom a number of times before settling on a division based on whether organisms were unicellular (Protista) or multicellular (animals and plants).<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> or Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  Non‑life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum Lapideum (minerals) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_kingdoms">Four kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Four kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> revealed important distinctions between those organisms whose cells do not have a distinct <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>) and organisms whose cells do have a distinct nucleus (<a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>). In 1937 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chatton" title="Édouard Chatton">Édouard Chatton</a> introduced the terms "prokaryote" and "eukaryote" to differentiate these organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-sapp2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">Herbert F. Copeland</a> proposed a four-kingdom classification by creating the novel Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> of prokaryotic organisms; as a revised phylum Monera of the Protista, it included organisms now classified as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>. Ernst Haeckel, in his 1904 book <i>The Wonders of Life</i>, had placed the blue-green algae (or Phycochromacea) in Monera; this would gradually gain acceptance, and the blue-green algae would become classified as bacteria in the phylum <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sapp2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Stanier" title="Roger Stanier">Roger Stanier</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a> promoted and popularized Édouard Chatton's earlier work, particularly in their paper of 1962, "The Concept of a Bacterium"; this created, for the first time, a rank above kingdom—a <i>superkingdom</i> or <i>empire</i>—with the <a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">two-empire system</a> of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-sapp2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two-empire system would later be expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">three-domain system</a> of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanier_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanier-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Empire <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Empire <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> or Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_kingdoms">Five kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Five kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Five_kingdoms"></span> The differences between <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognised by some; Haeckel had moved the fungi out of Plantae into Protista after his original classification,<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was largely ignored in this separation by scientists of his time. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)" title="Robert Whittaker (ecologist)">Robert Whittaker</a> recognized an additional kingdom for the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>; his Plantae were mostly multicellular <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a>, his Animalia multicellular <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a>, and his Fungi multicellular <a href="/wiki/Saprotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprotroph">saprotrophs</a>. </p><p>The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system. In the Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a>'s system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophyta</a>), and Protoctista has a broader definition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following publication of Whittaker's system, the five-kingdom model began to be commonly used in high school biology textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-Emily_Case_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_Case-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But despite the development from two kingdoms to five among most scientists, some authors as late as 1975 continued to employ a traditional two-kingdom system of animals and plants, dividing the plant kingdom into subkingdoms Prokaryota (bacteria and cyanobacteria), Mycota (fungi and supposed relatives), and Chlorota (algae and land plants).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Empire <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Empire <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> or Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Whittaker's five kingdom system (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 87%;vertical-align: top;background: white"> <td> <p><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Branch Myxomonera <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cyanophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanophyta">Cyanophyta</a></li> <li>Phylum Myxobacteriae</li></ul></li> <li>Branch Mastigomonera <ul><li>Phylum Eubacteriae</li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Actinomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomycota">Actinomycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Spirochaetae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetae">Spirochaetae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <p><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Euglenophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenophyta">Euglenophyta</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chrysophyta" title="Chrysophyta">Chrysophyta</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Pyrrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrrophyta">Pyrrophyta</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Hyphochytridiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphochytridiomycota">Hyphochytridiomycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Plasmodiophoromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmodiophoromycota">Plasmodiophoromycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sporozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporozoa">Sporozoa</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cnidosporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidosporidia">Cnidosporidia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Zoomastigina" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomastigina">Zoomastigina</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sarcodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcodina">Sarcodina</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <p><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophycophyta</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Phaeophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyta">Phaeophycophyta</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Phaeophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyta">Phaeophyta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Euchlorophyta</a> <ul><li>Branch <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">Chlorophycophyta</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branch <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Metaphyta</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <p><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Subkingdom Gymnomycota <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Mycetozoa" title="Mycetozoa">Myxomycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Acrasiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrasiomycota">Acrasiomycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthulomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthulomycota">Labyrinthulomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom Dimastigomycota <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Oomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycota">Oomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eumycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumycota">Eumycota</a> <ul><li>Branch Opisthomastigomycota <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branch <a href="/wiki/Amastigomycota" title="Amastigomycota">Amastigomycota</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <p><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Subkingdom Agnotozoa <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom Parazoa <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">Archaeocyatha</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> <ul><li>Branch <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiata</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branch <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> <ul><li>Grade <a href="/wiki/Acoelomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoelomata">Acoelomata</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a> or Rhynchocoela</li></ul></li> <li>Grade <a href="/wiki/Pseudocoelomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocoelomata">Pseudocoelomata</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Aschelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aschelminthes">Aschelminthes</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kamptozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamptozoa">Kamptozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grade <a href="/wiki/Coelomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelomata">Coelomata</a> <ul><li>Subgrade <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Schizocoela</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ectoprocta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoprocta">Ectoprocta</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Phoronida" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronida">Phoronida</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sipunculoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipunculoidea">Sipunculoidea</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Echiuroidea" title="Echiuroidea">Echiuroidea</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgrade <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Enterocoela</a> <ul><li>Phylum Brachiata or <a href="/wiki/Pogonophora_(worm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogonophora (worm)">Pogonophora</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_kingdoms">Six kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Six kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> and colleagues proposed the fundamental subdivision of the prokaryotes into the Eubacteria (later called the Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (later called the Archaea), based on <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> structure;<sup id="cite_ref-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this would later lead to the proposal of <a href="#Three_domains_of_life">three "domains" of life</a>, of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the five-kingdom model, this created a six-kingdom model, where the kingdom Monera is replaced by the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This six-kingdom model is commonly used in recent US high school biology textbooks, but has received criticism for compromising the current scientific consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-Emily_Case_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_Case-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the division of prokaryotes into two kingdoms remains in use with the recent <a href="#Seven_kingdoms">seven kingdoms</a> scheme of Thomas Cavalier-Smith, although it primarily differs in that Protista is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domain <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> (Bacteria) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> (Archaea) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domain <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> or Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight_kingdoms">Eight kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eight kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> supported the consensus at that time, that the difference between <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> was so great (particularly considering the genetic distance of ribosomal genes) that the prokaryotes needed to be separated into two different kingdoms. He then divided <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> into two subkingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Negibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Negibacteria">Negibacteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram-negative bacteria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Posibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Posibacteria">Posibacteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram-positive bacteria</a>). Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> kingdom. Indeed, the chloroplast of the chromists is located in the lumen of the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> instead of in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>. Moreover, only chromists contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_c" title="Chlorophyll c">chlorophyll c</a>. Since then, many non-photosynthetic phyla of protists, thought to have secondarily lost their chloroplasts, were integrated into the kingdom Chromista. </p><p>Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mitochondria were known to be the result of the <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiosis">endosymbiosis</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Proteobacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacterium">proteobacterium</a>, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryogenesis" title="Eukaryogenesis">eukaryogenesis</a>. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were separated from the protist kingdom, giving rise to the, at the same time, superkingdom and kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a>. This superkingdom was opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Metakaryota" title="Metakaryota">Metakaryota</a> superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>). This was known as the <a href="/wiki/Archezoa_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archezoa hypothesis">Archezoa hypothesis</a>, which has since been abandoned;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later schemes did not include the Archezoa–Metakaryota divide.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a>‡ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a>‡ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Metakaryota" title="Metakaryota">Metakaryota</a>‡ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>‡ No longer recognized by <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_kingdoms_(1998)"><span id="Six_kingdoms_.281998.29"></span>Six kingdoms (1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Six kingdoms (1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, Cavalier-Smith published a six-kingdom model,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been revised in subsequent papers. The version published in 2009 is shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.<sup id="cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (sole kingdom of empire <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a>) was subdivided into two sub-kingdoms according to their membrane topologies: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unibacteria (page does not exist)">Unibacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Negibacteria">Negibacteria</a>. Unibacteria was divided into phyla <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Posibacteria">Posibacteria</a>; the bimembranous-unimembranous transition was thought to be far more fundamental than the long branch of genetic distance of Archaebacteria, viewed as having no particular biological significance. </p><p>Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> ("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid. He defines Prokaryota, Bacteria, Negibacteria, Unibacteria, and Posibacteria as valid <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyla</a> (therefore "monophyletic" in the sense he uses this term) taxa, marking important innovations of biological significance (in regard of the concept of biological <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a>). </p><p>In the same way, his paraphyletic kingdom Protozoa includes the ancestors of Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Chromista. The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">archezoans</a> (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosomes</a>. This means that all living eukaryotes are in fact <a href="/wiki/Metakaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Metakaryote">metakaryotes</a>, according to the significance of the term given by Cavalier-Smith. Some of the members of the defunct kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a>, like the phylum <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a>, were reclassified into kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>. Others were reclassified in kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a> which is now part of infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a>. </p><p>Because Cavalier-Smith allows <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a>, the diagram below is an 'organization chart', not an 'ancestor chart', and does not represent an evolutionary tree. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Empire <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> — includes <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> as part of a subkingdom </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Empire <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptomonad" title="Cryptomonad">cryptophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokonta">Heterokonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_Algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Algae">Brown Algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">Diatoms</a> etc.), <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Red alga">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Green alga">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plants">land plants</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Cavalier-Smith's six kingdom system (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: top;background: white"> <td> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></b><br />     Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Negibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Negibacteria">Negibacteria</a><br />         Infrakingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipobacteria (page does not exist)">Lipobacteria</a><br />             Superphylum Eobacteria<br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Heliobacteria" title="Heliobacteria">Heliobacteria</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Hadobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadobacteria">Hadobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Chlorobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobacteria">Chlorobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinobacteria (page does not exist)">Deinobacteria</a><br />       Superphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoflagellata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoflagellata (page does not exist)">Endoflagellata</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Spirochaetae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetae">Spirochaetae</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euspirochaetae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euspirochaetae (page does not exist)">Euspirochaetae</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptospirae (page does not exist)">Leptospirae</a><br />     Infrakingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycobacteria (page does not exist)">Glycobacteria</a><br />       Superphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pimelobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pimelobacteria (page does not exist)">Pimelobacteria</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sphingobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingobacteria">Sphingobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobibacteria (page does not exist)">Chlorobibacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Flavobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavobacteria">Flavobacteria</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Eurybacteria" title="Eurybacteria">Eurybacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclenobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sclenobacteria (page does not exist)">Sclenobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Fusobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusobacteria">Fusobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteria (page does not exist)">Fibrobacteria</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Gloeobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloeobacteria">Gloeobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phycobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phycobacteria (page does not exist)">Phycobacteria</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodobacteria (page does not exist)">Rhodobacteria</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Alphabacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabacteria">Alphabacteria</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromatibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromatibacteria (page does not exist)">Chromatibacteria</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiobacteria (page does not exist)">Thiobacteria</a><br />       Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Planctobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Planctobacteria">Planctobacteria</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Planctobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Planctobacteria">Planctobacteria</a><br />   Subkingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unibacteria (page does not exist)">Unibacteria</a><br />     Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Posibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Posibacteria">Posibacteria</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Posibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Posibacteria">Posibacteria</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teichobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teichobacteria (page does not exist)">Teichobacteria</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Endobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Endobacteria">Endobacteria</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Togobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togobacteria (page does not exist)">Togobacteria</a><br />     Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Mendosicutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendosicutes">Mendosicutes</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Euryarcheota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarcheota">Euryarcheota</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Halomebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halomebacteria">Halomebacteria</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurytherma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurytherma (page does not exist)">Eurytherma</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfobacteria (page does not exist)">Sulfobacteria</a><br /></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a></b><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a></b><br />     Phylum <a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eopharyngia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eopharyngia (page does not exist)">Eopharyngia</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axostylaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axostylaria (page does not exist)">Axostylaria</a><br />     Phylum <a href="/wiki/Trichozoa" title="Trichozoa">Trichozoa</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Anaeromonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeromonada">Anaeromonada</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabasala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabasala (page does not exist)">Parabasala</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Neozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Neozoa">Neozoa</a></b><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Sarcomastigota" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcomastigota">Sarcomastigota</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neomonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neomonada (page does not exist)">Neomonada</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Apusozoa" title="Apusozoa">Apusozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomita (page does not exist)">Isomita</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Phytomyxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytomyxa">Phytomyxa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Reticulofilosa" title="Reticulofilosa">Reticulofilosa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Monadofilosa" title="Monadofilosa">Monadofilosa</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Lobosa" title="Lobosa">Lobosa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Conosa" title="Conosa">Conosa</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Archamoebae" title="Archamoebae">Archamoebae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Mycetozoa" title="Mycetozoa">Mycetozoa</a><br />             Superclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eumyxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eumyxa (page does not exist)">Eumyxa</a><br />             Superclass <a href="/wiki/Dictyostelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyostelia">Dictyostelia</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Percolozoa" title="Percolozoa">Percolozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetramitia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetramitia (page does not exist)">Tetramitia</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Pseudociliata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudociliata">Pseudociliata</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plicostoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plicostoma (page does not exist)">Plicostoma</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccostoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccostoma (page does not exist)">Saccostoma</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></b><br />       Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Miozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Miozoa">Miozoa</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinozoa (page does not exist)">Dinozoa</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protalveolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protalveolata (page does not exist)">Protalveolata</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sporozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporozoa">Sporozoa</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregarinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregarinae (page does not exist)">Gregarinae</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Coccidiomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccidiomorpha">Coccidiomorpha</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manubrispora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manubrispora (page does not exist)">Manubrispora</a><br />       Superphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterokaryota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterokaryota (page does not exist)">Heterokaryota</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubulicorticata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubulicorticata (page does not exist)">Tubulicorticata</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiplasmata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epiplasmata (page does not exist)">Epiplasmata</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filocorticata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filocorticata (page does not exist)">Filocorticata</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Actinopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinopod">Actinopoda</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Heliozoa" title="Heliozoa">Heliozoa</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Radiozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiozoa">Radiozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spasmaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spasmaria (page does not exist)">Spasmaria</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a><br /></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></b><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eomycota (page does not exist)">Eomycota</a></b><br />     <b>Phylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archemycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archemycota (page does not exist)">Archemycota</a></b><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyomycotina (page does not exist)">Dictyomycotina</a><br />         Class <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycetes" title="Chytridiomycetes">Chytridiomycetes</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpomycetidae (page does not exist)">Rumpomycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spizomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spizomycetidae (page does not exist)">Spizomycetidae</a><br />         Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enteromycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enteromycetes (page does not exist)">Enteromycetes</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melanomycotina (page does not exist)">Melanomycotina</a><br />         Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allomycotina (page does not exist)">Allomycotina</a><br />           Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allomycetes (page does not exist)">Allomycetes</a><br />         Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Zygomycotina" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomycotina">Zygomycotina</a><br />           Superclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eozygomycetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eozygomycetia (page does not exist)">Eozygomycetia</a><br />             Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolomycetes (page does not exist)">Bolomycetes</a><br />             Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomomycetes (page does not exist)">Glomomycetes</a><br />           Superclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neozygomycetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neozygomycetia (page does not exist)">Neozygomycetia</a><br />             Class <a href="/wiki/Zygomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomycetes">Zygomycetes</a><br />               Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycetidae (page does not exist)">Mucoromycetidae</a><br />               Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meromycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meromycetidae (page does not exist)">Meromycetidae</a><br />             Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoomycetes (page does not exist)">Zoomycetes</a><br />               Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomycetidae (page does not exist)">Entomycetidae</a><br />               Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedomycetidae (page does not exist)">Pedomycetidae</a><br />                 Superorder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichomycetalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichomycetalia (page does not exist)">Trichomycetalia</a><br />                 Superorder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyxomycetalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyxomycetalia (page does not exist)">Pyxomycetalia</a><br />     <b>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a></b><br />       Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minisporea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minisporea (page does not exist)">Minisporea</a><br />       Class <a href="/wiki/Microsporea" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporea">Microsporea</a><br />         Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistophorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistophorea (page does not exist)">Pleistophorea</a><br />         Subclas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disporea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disporea (page does not exist)">Disporea</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neomycota (page does not exist)">Neomycota</a></b><br />     <b>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></b><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemiascomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemiascomycotina (page does not exist)">Hemiascomycotina</a><br />         Class <a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycetes" title="Taphrinomycetes">Taphrinomycetes</a><br />         Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geomycetes (page does not exist)">Geomycetes</a><br />         Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endomycetes (page does not exist)">Endomycetes</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipomycetidae (page does not exist)">Dipomycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/wiki/Saccharomycetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharomycetidae">Saccharomycetidae</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euascomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euascomycotina (page does not exist)">Euascomycotina</a><br />         Class <a href="/wiki/Discomycetes" title="Discomycetes">Discomycetes</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calycomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calycomycetidae (page does not exist)">Calycomycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lecomycetidae (page does not exist)">Lecomycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pezomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pezomycetidae (page does not exist)">Pezomycetidae</a><br />         Class <a href="/wiki/Pyrenomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrenomycetes">Pyrenomycetes</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomycetidae (page does not exist)">Verrucomycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostiomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostiomycetidae (page does not exist)">Ostiomycetidae</a><br />         Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loculomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loculomycetes (page does not exist)">Loculomycetes</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendromycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendromycetidae (page does not exist)">Dendromycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loculoascomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loculoascomycetidae (page does not exist)">Loculoascomycetidae</a><br />         Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plectomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plectomycetes (page does not exist)">Plectomycetes</a><br />     <b>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></b><br />       Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septomycotina (page does not exist)">Septomycotina</a><br />         Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septomycetes (page does not exist)">Septomycetes</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporidiomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporidiomycetidae (page does not exist)">Sporidiomycetidae</a><br />           Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uredomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uredomycetidae (page does not exist)">Uredomycetidae</a><br />       Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Orthomycotina" title="Orthomycotina">Orthomycotina</a><br />         Superclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemibasidiomycetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemibasidiomycetia (page does not exist)">Hemibasidiomycetia</a><br />           Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ustomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ustomycetes (page does not exist)">Ustomycetes</a><br />         Superclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymenomycetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymenomycetia (page does not exist)">Hymenomycetia</a><br />           Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelimycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelimycetes (page does not exist)">Gelimycetes</a><br />             Subclass <a href="/wiki/Tremellomycetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremellomycetidae">Tremellomycetidae</a><br />             Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dacrymycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dacrymycetidae (page does not exist)">Dacrymycetidae</a><br />             Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auromycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auromycetidae (page does not exist)">Auromycetidae</a><br />           Class <a href="/wiki/Homobasidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Homobasidiomycetes">Homobasidiomycetes</a><br />             Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clavomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clavomycetidae (page does not exist)">Clavomycetidae</a><br />             Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pileomycetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pileomycetidae (page does not exist)">Pileomycetidae</a> </span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></b><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiata</a></b><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Spongiaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Spongiaria">Spongiaria</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Hyalospongiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyalospongiae">Hyalospongiae</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Calcispongiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcispongiae">Calcispongiae</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">Archaeocyatha</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Coelenterata" title="Coelenterata">Coelenterata</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoa</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoa</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a></b><br />     Phylum <a href="/wiki/Myxosporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxosporidia">Myxosporidia</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></b><br />     <b>Branch <a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a></b><br />       <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophozoa (page does not exist)">Lophozoa</a></b><br />         Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Polyzoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyzoa">Polyzoa</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophopoda (page does not exist)">Lophopoda</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Kamptozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamptozoa">Kamptozoa</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a><br />         Superphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conchozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conchozoa (page does not exist)">Conchozoa</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossophora (page does not exist)">Glossophora</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Univalvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Univalvia">Univalvia</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiculata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiculata (page does not exist)">Spiculata</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Cephalopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopoda">Cephalopoda</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Phoronida" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronida">Phoronida</a><br />         Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a><br />         Superphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermizoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermizoa (page does not exist)">Vermizoa</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Polychaeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychaeta">Polychaeta</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operculata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operculata (page does not exist)">Operculata</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharyngata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharyngata (page does not exist)">Pharyngata</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Echiura" title="Echiura">Echiura</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Pogonophora_(worm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogonophora (worm)">Pogonophora</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Nemertina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemertina">Nemertina</a><br />       <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaetognathi (page does not exist)">Chaetognathi</a></b><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a><br />       <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></b><br />         Superphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemopoda (page does not exist)">Haemopoda</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheliceromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheliceromorpha (page does not exist)">Cheliceromorpha</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Pycnogonida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnogonida">Pycnogonida</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Trilobitomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobitomorpha">Trilobitomorpha</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">Crustacea</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Lobopoda" title="Lobopoda">Lobopoda</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a><br />         Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Nemathelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemathelminthes">Nemathelminthes</a><br />           Phylum <a href="/wiki/Nemathelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemathelminthes">Nemathelminthes</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalidorhyncha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalidorhyncha (page does not exist)">Scalidorhyncha</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Priapozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priapozoa (page does not exist)">Priapozoa</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a><br />             Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a><br />               Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a><br />       <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Platyzoa" title="Platyzoa">Platyzoa</a></b><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Acanthognatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthognatha">Acanthognatha</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochata (page does not exist)">Trochata</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monokonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monokonta (page does not exist)">Monokonta</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucorhabda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucorhabda (page does not exist)">Mucorhabda</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Rhabditophora" title="Rhabditophora">Rhabditophora</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Neodermata" title="Neodermata">Neodermata</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercomeromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercomeromorpha (page does not exist)">Cercomeromorpha</a><br />     <b>Branch <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a></b><br />       <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Coelomopora" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelomopora">Coelomopora</a></b><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchia</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Enteropneusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteropneusta">Enteropneusta</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Homalozoa" title="Homalozoa">Homalozoa</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Pelmatozoa" title="Pelmatozoa">Pelmatozoa</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Blastozoa" title="Blastozoa">Blastozoa</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Crinozoa</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Eleutherozoa" title="Eleutherozoa">Eleutherozoa</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoa</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoa</a><br />       <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Chordonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordonia">Chordonia</a></b><br />         Phylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urochorda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urochorda (page does not exist)">Urochorda</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">Tunicata</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Ascidiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascidiae">Ascidiae</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaliae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaliae (page does not exist)">Thaliae</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Larvacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvacea">Appendicularia</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Acraniata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acraniata">Acraniata</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Conodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonta">Conodonta</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></b><br />     Phylum <a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a> </span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></b><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Biliphyta" title="Biliphyta">Biliphyta</a></b><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodellophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodellophytina (page does not exist)">Rhodellophytina</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrorhodophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrorhodophytina (page does not exist)">Macrorhodophytina</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a></b><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Chlorophytina" title="Chlorophytina">Chlorophytina</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasinophytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasinophytae (page does not exist)">Prasinophytae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphytae (page does not exist)">Tetraphytae</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phragmophytina (page does not exist)">Phragmophytina</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charophytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charophytae (page does not exist)">Charophytae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudophytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudophytae (page does not exist)">Rudophytae</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Cormophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cormophyta">Cormophyta</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Hepaticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepaticae">Hepaticae</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Anthocerotae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotae">Anthocerotae</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Musci" class="mw-redirect" title="Musci">Musci</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphagneae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphagneae (page does not exist)">Sphagneae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryatae (page does not exist)">Bryatae</a><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pteridophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pteridophytina (page does not exist)">Pteridophytina</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilophytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psilophytae (page does not exist)">Psilophytae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycophytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycophytae (page does not exist)">Lycophytae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenophytae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenophytae (page does not exist)">Sphenophytae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Filices" class="mw-redirect" title="Filices">Filices</a><br />         Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spermatophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spermatophytina (page does not exist)">Spermatophytina</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Gymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnospermae">Gymnospermae</a><br />           Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Angiospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiospermae">Angiospermae</a> </span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a></b><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></b><br />     Phylum <a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">Cryptophyta</a><br />   <b>Subkingdom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromobiota (page does not exist)">Chromobiota</a></b><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Heterokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokonta">Heterokonta</a></b><br />       Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Sagenista" title="Sagenista">Sagenista</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sagenista" title="Sagenista">Sagenista</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Bicoecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicoecia">Bicoecia</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinthista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labyrinthista (page does not exist)">Labyrinthista</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Phaeista" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeista">Phaeista</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypogyrista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypogyrista (page does not exist)">Hypogyrista</a><br />             Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Chrysista" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysista">Chrysista</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Diatomeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomeae">Diatomeae</a><br />         Phylum <a href="/wiki/Bigyra" title="Bigyra">Bigyra</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Bigyromonada" title="Bigyromonada">Bigyromonada</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Pseudofungi" title="Pseudofungi">Pseudofungi</a><br />           Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Opalinata" title="Opalinata">Opalinata</a><br />     <b>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a></b><br />       Phylum <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a> </span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_kingdoms">Seven kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seven kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised their classification in 2015. In this scheme they introduced two superkingdoms of Prokaryota and Eukaryota and seven kingdoms. Prokaryota have two kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>. (This was based on the consensus in the <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_taxonomy" title="Bacterial taxonomy">Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">Catalogue of Life</a>). The Eukaryota have five kingdoms: Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. In this classification a <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protist</a> is any of the eukaryotic <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Life   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptomonad" title="Cryptomonad">cryptophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokonta">Heterokonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_Algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Algae">Brown Algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">Diatoms</a> etc.), <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Red alga">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Green alga">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plants">land plants</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-left: 0.5em; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a><br />1735<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1735-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a><br />1866<sup id="cite_ref-Haeckel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeckel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chatton" title="Édouard Chatton">Chatton</a><br />1925<sup id="cite_ref-Chatton1925_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton1925-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chatton_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">Copeland</a><br />1938<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1938_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1938-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1956_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1956-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)" title="Robert Whittaker (ecologist)">Whittaker</a><br />1969<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a> <i>et al</i>.<br />1977<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977b_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977b-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Woese <i>et al.</i><br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a><br />1993<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Cavalier-Smith<br />1998<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20031978_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20031978-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Ruggiero <i>et al</i>.<br />2015<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 empires</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 empires</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 empires</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 empires</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">3 domains</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 superkingdoms </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 empires</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 superkingdoms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 kingdoms </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 kingdoms </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Four_kingdoms">4 kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Five_kingdoms">5 kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Six_kingdoms">6 kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_kingdoms">8 kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Six_kingdoms_(1998)">6 kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Seven_kingdoms">7 kingdoms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 4px;">— </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eucarya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:PeachPuff; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetabilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetabilia">Vegetabilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms, notwithstanding some problems with this approach: </p> <ul><li>Kingdoms such as Protozoa represent <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">grades</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>, and so are rejected by <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">phylogenetic classification</a> systems.</li> <li>The most recent research does not support the classification of the eukaryotes into any of the standard systems. As of April 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no set of kingdoms is sufficiently supported by research to attain widespread acceptance. In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson emphasized the need for diligence in analyzing new discoveries: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_traditional_kingdoms">Beyond traditional kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beyond traditional kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Modern_view"></span> While the concept of kingdoms continues to be used by some taxonomists, there has been a movement away from traditional kingdoms, as they are no longer seen as providing a <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a> classification, where there is emphasis in arranging organisms into <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">natural groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonRoger2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonRoger2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_domains_of_life">Three domains of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Three domains of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">Three-domain system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain (biology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/440px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/660px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/880px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" usemap="#ImageMap_19e7ae3424ee2cdd" resource="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_19e7ae3424ee2cdd"><area href="/wiki/Bacteria" shape="rect" coords="59,1,123,18" alt="Bacteria" title="Bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Archaea" shape="rect" coords="193,1,257,18" alt="Archaea" title="Archaea" /><area href="/wiki/Eukaryota" shape="rect" coords="307,1,384,18" alt="Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota" /><area href="/wiki/Aquificota" shape="rect" coords="6,183,43,195" alt="Aquifex" title="Aquifex" /><area href="/wiki/Thermotogota" shape="rect" coords="6,164,59,176" alt="Thermotoga" title="Thermotoga" /><area href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" shape="rect" coords="4,136,59,158" alt="Bacteroides–Cytophaga" title="Bacteroides–Cytophaga" /><area href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" shape="rect" coords="3,110,67,123" alt="Planctomyces" title="Planctomyces" /><area href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" shape="rect" coords="8,97,72,107" alt=""Cyanobacteria"" title=""Cyanobacteria"" /><area href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" shape="rect" coords="40,80,105,92" alt="Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" shape="rect" coords="58,47,111,59" alt="Spirochetes" title="Spirochetes" /><area href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" shape="rect" coords="110,62,153,83" alt="Gram-positives" title="Gram-positives" /><area href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" shape="rect" coords="153,46,203,58" alt="Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi" /><area href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" shape="rect" coords="152,115,221,135" alt="Thermoproteus–Pyrodictium" title="Thermoproteus–Pyrodictium" /><area href="/wiki/Thermococcus_celer" shape="rect" coords="162,97,227,115" alt="Thermococcus celer" title="Thermococcus celer" /><area href="/wiki/Methanococcus" shape="rect" coords="167,85,243,97" alt="Methanococcus" title="Methanococcus" /><area href="/wiki/Methanobacterium" shape="rect" coords="163,73,263,85" alt="Methanobacterium" title="Methanobacterium" /><area href="/wiki/Methanosarcina" shape="rect" coords="194,61,261,73" alt="Methanosarcina" title="Methanosarcina" /><area href="/wiki/Halobacteria" shape="rect" coords="256,74,311,86" alt="Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea" /><area href="/wiki/Entamoebae" shape="rect" coords="247,46,305,58" alt="Entamoebae" title="Entamoebae" /><area href="/wiki/Slime_mold" shape="rect" coords="316,43,346,64" alt="Slime molds" title="Slime molds" /><area href="/wiki/Animal" shape="rect" coords="359,47,398,59" alt="Animals" title="Animals" /><area href="/wiki/Fungus" shape="rect" coords="373,61,401,72" alt="Fungi" title="Fungi" /><area href="/wiki/Plant" shape="rect" coords="373,81,403,93" alt="Plants" title="Plants" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliate" shape="rect" coords="372,95,407,107" alt="Ciliates" title="Ciliates" /><area href="/wiki/Flagellate" shape="rect" coords="371,116,419,128" alt="Flagellates" title="Flagellates" /><area href="/wiki/Trichomonad" shape="rect" coords="369,136,432,148" alt="Trichomonads" title="Trichomonads" /><area href="/wiki/Microsporidia" shape="rect" coords="365,158,428,170" alt="Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia" /><area href="/wiki/Diplomonad" shape="rect" coords="363,180,423,192" alt="Diplomonads" title="Diplomonads" /></map><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> based on <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a> data showing Woese's <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a>. All smaller branches can be considered kingdoms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on RNA studies, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.<sup id="cite_ref-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the name "domain" was proposed for the highest rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1974_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1974-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Moore, Woese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the accurately introduced term dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-Luketa2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luketa2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Eubacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaebacteria</a>, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Domain <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Domain <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Domain <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukarya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>According to genetic data, although eukaryote groups such as plants, fungi, and animals may look different, they are more closely related to each other than they are to either the Eubacteria or Archaea. It was also found that the eukaryotes are more closely related to the Archaea than they are to the Eubacteria. Although the primacy of the Eubacteria-Archaea divide has been questioned, it has been upheld by subsequent research.<sup id="cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no consensus on how many kingdoms exist in the classification scheme proposed by Woese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eukaryotic_supergroups">Eukaryotic supergroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eukaryotic supergroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Kingdoms_of_the_Eukaryota"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supergroup_(biology)" title="Supergroup (biology)">Supergroup (biology)</a></div> <p>In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">grab-bag</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> that are not animals, plants or fungi". They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>") – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonRoger2004_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonRoger2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On this basis, the diagram opposite (redrawn from their article) showed the real "kingdoms" (their quotation marks) of the eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonRoger2004_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonRoger2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A classification which followed this approach was produced in 2005 for the International Society of Protistologists, by a committee which "worked in collaboration with specialists from many societies". It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups".<sup id="cite_ref-Adl2005_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl2005-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The published classification deliberately did not use formal taxonomic ranks, including that of "kingdom". </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domain <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domain <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaeans</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domain <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>various <a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">flagellate</a> protozoa </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>most lobose <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeboids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slime_mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime mould">slime moulds</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">choanoflagellates</a>, etc. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a>, and various other <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeboid</a> protozoa </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromalveolate">Chromalveolata</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">Stramenopiles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_Algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Algae">Brown Algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">Diatoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochrophyte" title="Ochrophyte">etc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptomonad" title="Cryptomonad">Cryptophyta</a> (or cryptomonads), and <a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">Alveolata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Primoplantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Primoplantae">Primoplantae</a>)  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Land plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Green alga">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Red alga">red algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In this system the multicellular animals (<a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a>) are descended from the same ancestor as both the unicellular <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">choanoflagellates</a> and the fungi which form the <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adl2005_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl2005-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eukaryotic tree of life showing the diversity of eukaryotic cells." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png/400px-Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png/600px-Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png/800px-Eukaryote_Phylogeny.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships depicted by Alastair Simpson</figcaption></figure> <p>However, in the same year as the International Society of Protistologists' classification was published (2005), doubts were being expressed as to whether some of these supergroups were monophyletic, particularly the Chromalveolata,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a review in 2006 noted the lack of evidence for several of the six proposed supergroups.<sup id="cite_ref-parfrey_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parfrey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is widespread agreement that the Rhizaria belong with the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata, in a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> dubbed the <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR supergroup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Burki2007p4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2007p4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that Rhizaria is not one of the main eukaryote groups.<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2009_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hackett2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackett2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond this, there does not appear to be a consensus. Rogozin <i>et al.</i> in 2009 noted that "The deep phylogeny of eukaryotes is an extremely difficult and controversial problem."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there appears to be a consensus that the six supergroup model proposed in 2005 does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes and hence how they should be classified, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki2007_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2008_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KimGraham2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KimGraham2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_top_level_classification">Comparison of top level classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparison of top level classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)#Developments_since_1990" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life (biology) § Developments since 1990</a></div> <p>Some authors have added <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a> to their classifications. This can create a "superdomain" called "Acytota", also called "Aphanobionta", of non-cellular life; with the other superdomain being "<a href="/wiki/Cytota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytota">cytota</a>" or cellular life.<sup id="cite_ref-pmidhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305806/_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmidhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305806/-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biological_systematics_:_the_state_of_the_art_p._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biological_systematics_:_the_state_of_the_art_p.-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">eocyte hypothesis</a> proposes that the <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> emerged from a phylum within the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a> (formerly known as eocytes or Crenarchaeota).<sup id="cite_ref-Archibald_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibald-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lake_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Taxonomical root node </th> <th>Two superdomains (controversial) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">Two empires</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">Three domains</a> </th> <th>Five Dominiums<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Five <a class="mw-selflink selflink">kingdoms</a> </th> <th>Six kingdoms </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">Eocyte hypothesis</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="tomato" rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biota</a> / Vitae / <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a> </td> <td bgcolor="violet" rowspan="2"><i>Acytota</i> / <i>Aphanobionta</i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="background-color:magenta;">Virusobiota (<a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroids</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="orchid">Prionobiota (<a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prions</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="orange" rowspan="6"><i>Cytota</i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular life">cellular life</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lavender" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota / Procarya</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="tangelo"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td bgcolor="tangelo"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td bgcolor="darkgray"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="tan" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> including eukaryotes </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" colspan="3" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota / Eukarya</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="pink" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viruses">Viruses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Viruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> uses the taxonomic rank "kingdom" in the classification of viruses (with the suffix <i>-virae</i>); but this is beneath the top level classifications of <a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">realm</a> and subrealm.<sup id="cite_ref-ictvcode_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvcode-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is ongoing debate as to whether <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a> can be included in the tree of life. The arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> that lack <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and are not capable of <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">replication</a> outside of a host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_and_López-García_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_and_López-García-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luketa_2012_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luketa_2012-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another argument is that their placement in the tree would be problematic, since it is suspected that viruses have various evolutionary origins,<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_and_López-García_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_and_López-García-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have a penchant for harvesting <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide sequences">nucleotide sequences</a> from their hosts. </p><p>On the other hand, there are arguments in favor of their inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagendra_et_al._2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagendra_et_al._2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these comes from the discovery of unusually large and complex viruses, such as <a href="/wiki/Mimivirus" title="Mimivirus">Mimivirus</a>, that possess typical cellular genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoult_et_al.,_2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoult_et_al.,_2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compared to the version Cavalier-Smith published in 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">alveolates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">rhizarians</a> have been moved from Kingdom Protozoa to Kingdom Chromista.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111141833/https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/statement-3f.pdf">"IUCN SSC acceptance of Fauna Flora Funga"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN SSC. 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/statement-3f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span></span>. <q>The IUCN Species Survival Commission calls for the due recognition of fungi as major components of biodiversity in legislation and policy. It fully endorses the Fauna Flora Funga Initiative and asks that the phrases <b>animals and plants</b> and <b>fauna and flora</b> be replaced with <b>animals, fungi, and plants</b> and <b>fauna, flora, and funga</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUCN+SSC+acceptance+of+Fauna+Flora+Funga&rft.pub=Fungal+Conservation+Committee%2C+IUCN+SSC&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fsites%2Fdev%2Ffiles%2Fstatement-3f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/news/species-survival-commission/202108/rewild-and-iucn-ssc-become-first-global-organizations-call-recognition-fungi-one-three-kingdoms-life-critical-protecting-and-restoring-earth">"Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth"</a>. <i>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</i>. 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+%28IUCN%29&rft.atitle=Re%3Awild+and+IUCN+SSC+become+first+global+organizations+to+call+for+the+recognition+of+fungi+as+one+of+three+kingdoms+of+life+critical+to+protecting+and+restoring+Earth&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fnews%2Fspecies-survival-commission%2F202108%2Frewild-and-iucn-ssc-become-first-global-organizations-call-recognition-fungi-one-three-kingdoms-life-critical-protecting-and-restoring-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus,_C.1735" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus, C. (1735). <i>Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systemae+Naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae%2C+systematics+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera+%26+species&rft.date=1735&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2006" class="citation conference cs1">McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm"><i>International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005</i></a> (electronic ed.). Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+%28Vienna+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Seventeenth+International+Botanical+Congress%2C+Vienna%2C+Austria%2C+July+2005&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibot.sav.sk%2Ficbn%2Fmain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/no%20frames/0007Ch1Art003.htm">"article 3.1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=article+3.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibot.sav.sk%2Ficbn%2Fno%2520frames%2F0007Ch1Art003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoeseKandlerWheelis1990" class="citation journal cs1">Woese, C.R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.L. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">"Towards a natural systs: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2112744">2112744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+systs%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">"A revised six-kingdom system of life"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Reviews">Biological Reviews</a></i>. <b>73</b> (3): 203–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9809012">9809012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6557779">6557779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-66&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6557779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9809012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1931" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Charles J. (1931). <i>A short history of biology, a general introduction to the study of living things</i>. 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"The 1.2 megabase genome sequence of Mimivirus". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>306</b> (5700): 1344–1350. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1344R">2004Sci...306.1344R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101485">10.1126/science.1101485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15486256">15486256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84298461">84298461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+1.2+megabase+genome+sequence+of+Mimivirus&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5700&rft.pages=1344-1350&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84298461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15486256&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1344R&rft.aulast=Raoult&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft.au=Audic%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Robert%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Abergel%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Renesto%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Ogata%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=La+Scola%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Suzan%2C+Marie&rft.au=Claverie%2C+Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pelentier, B. (2007-2015). <i>Empire Biota: a comprehensive taxonomy</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201721/http://www.empirebiota.info/">[1]</a>. [Historical overview.]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a> and Helena Curtis (1970), <i>Biology of Plants</i>, New York: Worth Publishers. [Early presentation of five-kingdom system.]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2011/12/05/a-brief-history-of-the-kingdoms-of-life/">A Brief History of the Kingdoms of Life</a> at Earthling Nature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/trfeb98.htm">The five kingdom concept</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107151103/https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/trfeb98.htm">Archived</a> 2021-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105094632/http://home.manhattan.edu/~frances.cardillo/plants/intro/plntlist.html">Whittaker's classification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subkingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrakingdom/Branch</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Superphylum</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Superdivision (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></strong>/<strong><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Division (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Subphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Infraphylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Microphylum</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Superclass</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Infraclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subterclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Parvclass</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Division (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" title="Legion (taxonomy)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohort (taxonomy)">Cohort</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Magnorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Superorder</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Infraorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Parvorder</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(biology)" title="Section (biology)">Section (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamily</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">Subfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Infrafamily</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Supertribe</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">Subtribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Infratribe</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><strong><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">Subgenus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Section (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Series_(botany)" title="Series (botany)">Series (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">Subspecies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">Variety (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">Form (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&oldid=1255326351">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&oldid=1255326351</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms_(biology)" title="Category:Kingdoms (biology)">Kingdoms 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