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id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolutionary history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_and_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_and_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Importance and uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance_and_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance and uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance_and_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edible_brown_algae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edible_brown_algae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Edible brown algae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edible_brown_algae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kelp_(Laminariales)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelp_(Laminariales)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Kelp (Laminariales)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelp_(Laminariales)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fucales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fucales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Fucales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fucales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ectocarpales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ectocarpales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Ectocarpales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ectocarpales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown algae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruinwier" title="Bruinwier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruinwier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طحالب بنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طحالب بنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qonur_yosunlar" title="Qonur yosunlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qonur yosunlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Бурыя водарасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бурыя водарасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кафяви водорасли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафяви водорасли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91e_alge" title="Smeđe alge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smeđe alge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algues_brunes" title="Algues brunes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Algues brunes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%C4%83" title="Хăмăр нальă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăмăр нальă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaluhy" title="Chaluhy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaluhy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalger" title="Brunalger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brunalger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunalgen" title="Braunalgen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Braunalgen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruunvetikad" title="Pruunvetikad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pruunvetikad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalgoj" title="Brunalgoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brunalgoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="جلبک قهوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلبک قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="갈조류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈조류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7_%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գորշ ջրիմուռներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գորշ ջրիմուռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बभ्रु शैवाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बभ्रु शैवाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91e_alge" title="Smeđe alge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smeđe alge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_coklat" title="Alga coklat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alga coklat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="חומיות (אצות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומיות (אצות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganggeng_soklat" title="Ganggeng soklat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ganggeng soklat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಂದು ಆಲ್ಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂದು ಆಲ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="წაბლა წყალმცენარეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წაბლა წყალმცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қоңыр балдырлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоңыр балдырлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Күрөң балырлар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күрөң балырлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABna%C4%BC%C4%A3es" title="Brūnaļģes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brūnaļģes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudadumbliai" title="Rudadumbliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudadumbliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnamoszatok" title="Barnamoszatok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barnamoszatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кафеави алги – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафеави алги" 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href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB" title="褐藻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="褐藻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCn_algen" title="Brün algen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brün algen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalger" title="Brunalger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brunalger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeophyta&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyta">Phaeophyta</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large group of multicellular algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Brown algae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> to present <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">150–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Medlin1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lim1986_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:169.23076923077px; width:50.769230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:169.23076923077px; width:50.769230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:170.23076923077px; width:48.769230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg/220px-Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg/330px-Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg/440px-Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="2301" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Giant kelp (<i><a href="/wiki/Macrocystis_pyrifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocystis pyrifera">Macrocystis pyrifera</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Phaeophyceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyte" title="Ochrophyte">Ochrophytina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chrysista" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysista">Chrysista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superclass: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fucistia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fucistia (page does not exist)">Fucistia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phaeophyceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Frans_Reinhold_Kjellman" title="Frans Reinhold Kjellman">Kjellman</a>, 1891<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See <a href="#Classification">classification</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Fucophyceae <small><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Warming</a>, 1884</small></li> <li>Melanophyceae <small><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Ludwig_Rabenhorst" title="Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst">Rabenhorst</a>, 1863</small></li> <li>Phaeophyta <small></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Brown algae</b> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>alga</b>) are a large group of <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> comprising the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Phaeophyceae</b>. They include many seaweeds located in colder waters of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. Brown <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> are the major <a href="/wiki/Seaweeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaweeds">seaweeds</a> of the temperate and polar regions. Many brown algae, such as members of the order <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a>, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Macrocystis" title="Macrocystis">Macrocystis</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Laminariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminariales">Laminariales</a>, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a> that contain a high level of biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Cock-2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cock-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i>, which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a> that serve as the habitats for many species. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food. </p><p>Between 1,500 and 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of brown algae are known worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ascophyllum_nodosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascophyllum nodosum">Ascophyllum nodosum</a></i>, have become subjects of extensive research in their own right due to their commercial importance. They also have environmental significance through <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cock-2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cock-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown algae belong to the <a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> organisms that are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">green plants</a> by having <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> surrounded by four membranes, suggesting that they were acquired secondarily from a <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic relationship">symbiotic relationship</a> between a basal eukaryote and a red or green alga. Most brown algae contain the pigment <a href="/wiki/Fucoxanthin" title="Fucoxanthin">fucoxanthin</a>, which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives them their name. Brown algae are unique among Stramenopiles in developing into multicellular forms with <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiated</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, but they reproduce by means of <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellated</a> <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> that closely resemble cells of single-celled Stramenopiles. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-green_algae" title="Yellow-green algae">yellow-green algae</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown algae exist in a wide range of sizes and forms. The smallest members of the group grow as tiny, feathery tufts of threadlike <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> no more than a few centimeters (a few inches) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Connor1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connor1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species have a stage in their life cycle that consists of only a few cells, making the entire alga microscopic. Other groups of brown algae grow to much larger sizes. The <a href="/wiki/Ascophyllum" title="Ascophyllum">rockweeds</a> and leathery <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelps</a> are often the most conspicuous algae in their habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer1964_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer1964-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelps can range in size from the 60-centimeter-tall (2 ft) sea palm <i><a href="/wiki/Postelsia" title="Postelsia">Postelsia</a></i> to the giant kelp <i><a href="/wiki/Macrocystis_pyrifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocystis pyrifera">Macrocystis pyrifera</a></i>, which grows to over 50 m (150 ft) long<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott_76_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott_76-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cribb1953_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cribb1953-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the largest of all the algae. In form, the brown algae range from small crusts or cushions<sup id="cite_ref-Jones62_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to leafy free-floating mats formed by species of <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i>. They may consist of delicate felt-like strands of cells, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Ectocarpus" title="Ectocarpus">Ectocarpus</a></i>, or of 30-centimeter-long (1 ft) flattened branches resembling a fan, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Padina_(alga)" title="Padina (alga)">Padina</a></i>. </p><p>Regardless of size or form, two visible features set the Phaeophyceae apart from all other algae. First, members of the group possess a characteristic color that ranges from an <a href="/wiki/Olive_drabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive drabs">olive green</a> to various shades of <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a>. The particular shade depends upon the amount of <a href="/wiki/Fucoxanthin" title="Fucoxanthin">fucoxanthin</a> present in the alga.<sup id="cite_ref-Bold1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bold1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, all brown algae are <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</a>. There are no known species that exist as single cells or as colonies of cells,<sup id="cite_ref-Bold1987_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bold1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the brown algae are the only major group of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a> that does not include such forms. However, this may be the result of classification rather than a consequence of evolution, as all the groups hypothesized to be the closest relatives of the browns include single-celled or colonial forms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They can change color depending on salinity, ranging from reddish to brown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_structures">Visible structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Visible structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg/240px-Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg/360px-Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg/480px-Laminaria_hyperborea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Two specimens of <i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria_hyperborea" title="Laminaria hyperborea">Laminaria hyperborea</a></i>, each showing the rootlike <b>holdfast</b> at lower left, a divided <b>blade</b> at upper right, and a stemlike <b>stipe</b> connecting the blade to the holdfast.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">Thallus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(biology)" title="Holdfast (biology)">Holdfast (biology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(botany)" title="Stipe (botany)">Stipe (botany)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamina_(algae)" title="Lamina (algae)">Lamina (algae)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatocyst" title="Pneumatocyst">Pneumatocyst</a></div> <p>Whatever their form, the body of all brown algae is termed a <i><a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a></i>, indicating that it lacks the complex <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>. This does not mean that brown algae completely lack specialized structures. But, because some botanists define "true" stems, leaves, and roots by the presence of these tissues, their absence in the brown algae means that the stem-like and leaf-like structures found in some groups of brown algae must be described using different terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not all brown algae are structurally complex, those that are typically possess one or more characteristic parts. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(biology)" title="Holdfast (biology)">holdfast</a></i> is a rootlike structure present at the base of the alga. Like a root system in plants, a holdfast serves to anchor the alga in place on the <i>substrate</i> where it grows, and thus prevents the alga from being carried away by the current. Unlike a root system, the holdfast generally does not serve as the primary organ for water uptake, nor does it take in nutrients from the substrate. The overall physical appearance of the holdfast differs among various brown algae and among various substrates. It may be heavily branched, or it may be cup-like in appearance. A single alga typically has just one holdfast, although some species have more than one stipe growing from their holdfast. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Stipe_(botany)" title="Stipe (botany)">stipe</a></i> is a stalk or stemlike structure present in an alga. It may grow as a short structure near the base of the alga (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria" title="Laminaria">Laminaria</a></i>), or it may develop into a large, complex structure running throughout the algal body (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Macrocystis" title="Macrocystis">Macrocystis</a></i>). In the most structurally differentiated brown algae (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i>), the tissues within the stipe are divided into three distinct layers or regions. These regions include a central pith, a surrounding cortex, and an outer epidermis, each of which has an analog in the stem of a vascular plant. In some brown algae, the pith region includes a core of elongated cells that resemble the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> of vascular plants both in structure and function. In others (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nereocystis" title="Nereocystis">Nereocystis</a></i>), the center of the stipe is hollow and filled with gas that serves to keep that part of the alga buoyant. The stipe may be relatively flexible and elastic in species like <i><a href="/wiki/Macrocystis_pyrifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocystis pyrifera">Macrocystis pyrifera</a></i> that grow in strong currents, or may be more rigid in species like <i><a href="/wiki/Postelsia_palmaeformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Postelsia palmaeformis">Postelsia palmaeformis</a></i> that are exposed to the atmosphere at low tide. </p><p>Many algae have a flattened portion that may resemble a leaf, and this is termed a <i>blade</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lamina_(algae)" title="Lamina (algae)">lamina</a></i>, or <i>frond</i>. The name <i>blade</i> is most often applied to a single undivided structure, while <i>frond</i> may be applied to all or most of an algal body that is flattened, but this distinction is not universally applied. The name <i>lamina</i> refers to that portion of a structurally differentiated alga that is flattened. It may be a single or a divided structure, and may be spread over a substantial portion of the alga. In <a href="/wiki/Fucus" title="Fucus">rockweeds</a>, for example, the lamina is a broad wing of tissue that runs continuously along both sides of a branched <i>midrib</i>. The midrib and lamina together constitute almost all of a rockweed, so that the lamina is spread throughout the alga rather than existing as a localized portion of it. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladder_Wrack_(Fucus_vesiculosus)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bladder_Wrack_%28Fucus_vesiculosus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg/240px-Bladder_Wrack_%28Fucus_vesiculosus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bladder_Wrack_%28Fucus_vesiculosus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg/360px-Bladder_Wrack_%28Fucus_vesiculosus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bladder_Wrack_%28Fucus_vesiculosus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg/480px-Bladder_Wrack_%28Fucus_vesiculosus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Species like <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus" title="Fucus vesiculosus">Fucus vesiculosus</a></i> produce numerous gas-filled <b>pneumatocysts</b> (air bladders) to increase buoyancy.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some brown algae, there is a single lamina or blade, while in others there may be many separate blades. Even in those species that initially produce a single blade, the structure may tear with rough currents or as part of maturation to form additional blades. These blades may be attached directly to the stipe, to a holdfast with no stipe present, or there may be an air bladder between the stipe and blade. The surface of the lamina or blade may be smooth or wrinkled; its tissues may be thin and flexible or thick and leathery. In species like <i><a href="/wiki/Egregia_menziesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Egregia menziesii">Egregia menziesii</a></i>, this characteristic may change depending upon the turbulence of the waters in which it grows.<sup id="cite_ref-Connor1989_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connor1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other species, the surface of the blade is coated with slime to discourage the attachment of <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a> or to deter <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>. Blades are also often the parts of the alga that bear the reproductive structures. </p><p>Gas-filled floats called <i><a href="/wiki/Pneumatocyst" title="Pneumatocyst">pneumatocysts</a></i> provide <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelps</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a>. These bladder-like structures occur in or near the <i>lamina</i>, so that it is held nearer the water surface and thus receives more light for photosynthesis. Pneumatocysts are most often spherical or <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoidal</a>, but can vary in shape among different species. Species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nereocystis" title="Nereocystis">Nereocystis luetkeana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pelagophycus" title="Pelagophycus">Pelagophycus porra</a></i> bear a single large pneumatocyst between the top of the stipe and the base of the blades. In contrast, the giant kelp <i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i> bears many blades along its stipe, with a pneumatocyst at the base of each blade where it attaches to the main stipe. Species of <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> also bear many blades and pneumatocysts, but both kinds of structures are attached separately to the stipe by short stalks. In species of <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i>, the pneumatocysts develop within the lamina itself, either as discrete spherical bladders or as elongated gas-filled regions that take the outline of the lamina in which they develop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg/240px-Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg/360px-Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg/480px-Capo_Gallo_Dicotoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Growth in <i><a href="/wiki/Dictyota_dichotoma" title="Dictyota dichotoma">Dictyota dichotoma</a></i> occurs at each frond tip, where new cells are produced.</figcaption></figure> <p>The brown algae include the largest and fastest growing of seaweeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Connor1989_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connor1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fronds of <i><a href="/wiki/Macrocystis" title="Macrocystis">Macrocystis</a></i> may grow as much as 50 cm (20 in) per day, and the stipes can grow 6 cm (2.4 in) in a single day.<sup id="cite_ref-Round1981_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Round1981-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growth in most brown algae occurs at the tips of structures as a result of divisions in a single <i>apical cell</i> or in a row of such cells. They are single cellular organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer1964_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer1964-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this apical cell divides, the new cells that it produces develop into all the tissues of the alga. Branchings and other lateral structures appear when the apical cell divides to produce two new apical cells. However, a few groups (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ectocarpus" title="Ectocarpus">Ectocarpus</a></i>) grow by a diffuse, unlocalized production of new cells that can occur anywhere on the thallus.<sup id="cite_ref-Bold1987_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bold1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissue_organization">Tissue organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tissue organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest brown algae are filamentous—that is, their cells are elongate and have septa cutting across their width. They branch by getting wider at their tip, and then dividing the widening.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These filaments may be haplostichous or polystichous, multiaxial or monoaxial forming or not a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoparenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoparenchyma">pseudoparenchyma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_of_Algae_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook_of_Algae-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides fronds, there are the large in size <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a>tic kelps with three-dimensional development and growth and different tissues (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meristoderm" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:meristoderm">meristoderm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medulla" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:medulla">medulla</a>) which could be consider the trees of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also the <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictyotales" title="Dictyotales">Dictyotales</a> smaller than kelps but still parenchymatic with the same kind of distinct tissues. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> consists of two layers; the inner layer bears the strength, and consists of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>; the outer wall layer is mainly <a href="/wiki/Algin" class="mw-redirect" title="Algin">algin</a>, and is gummy when wet but becomes hard and brittle when it dries out.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_of_Algae_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook_of_Algae-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the brown algal cell wall consists of several components with alginates and <a href="/wiki/Sulfation" title="Sulfation">sulphated</a> <a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">fucan</a> being its main ingredients, up to 40% each of them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose, a major component from most plant cell walls, is present in a very small percentage, up to 8%. Cellulose and alginate biosynthesis pathways seem to have been acquired from other organisms through endosymbiotic and horizontal gene transfer respectively, while the sulphated polysaccharides are of ancestral origin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the cellulose synthases seem to come from the red alga endosymbiont of the photosynthetic stramenopiles ancestor, and the ancestor of brown algae acquired the key enzymes for alginates biosynthesis from an <a href="/wiki/Actinobacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacterium">actinobacterium</a>. The presence and fine control of alginate structure in combination with the cellulose which existed before it, gave potentially the brown algae the ability to develop complex structurally multicellular organisms like the kelps.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic and ultrastructural evidence place the Phaeophyceae among the <a href="/wiki/Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">heterokonts</a> (Stramenopiles),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16248873_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16248873-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large assemblage of organisms that includes both <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> members with <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>) as well as non-photosynthetic groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Slime_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime net">slime nets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">water molds</a>). Although some heterokont relatives of the brown algae lack plastids in their cells, scientists believe this is a result of evolutionary loss of that organelle in those groups rather than independent acquisition by the several photosynthetic members.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, all heterokonts are believed to descend from a single <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophic">heterotrophic</a> ancestor that became photosynthetic when it acquired plastids through <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiosis">endosymbiosis</a> of another unicellular eukaryote.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoek_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoek-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closest relatives of the brown algae include unicellular and filamentous species, but no unicellular species of brown algae are known. However, most scientists assume that the Phaeophyceae evolved from unicellular ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequence comparison also suggests that the brown algae evolved from the filamentous <a href="/wiki/Phaeothamniophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeothamniophyceae">Phaeothamniophyceae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xanthophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthophyceae">Xanthophyceae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ariztia1991_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariztia1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Chrysophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysophyceae">Chrysophyceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1993_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 150<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 200 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lim1986_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many ways, the evolution of the brown algae parallels that of the <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer1964_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer1964-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as all three groups possess complex multicellular species with an <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>. Analysis of 5S <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">rRNA</a> sequences reveals much smaller evolutionary distances among genera of the brown algae than among genera of red or green algae,<sup id="cite_ref-Lim1986_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggests that the brown algae have diversified much more recently than the other two groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossils">Fossils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fossils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The occurrence of Phaeophyceae as <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> is rare due to their generally soft-bodied nature,<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold1947_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold1947-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scientists continue to debate the identification of some finds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the problem with identification lies in the <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> of morphologies between many brown and red algae.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry1955_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry1955-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most fossils of soft-tissue algae preserve only a flattened outline, without the microscopic features that permit the major groups of multicellular algae to be reliably distinguished. Among the brown algae, only species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Padina_(alga)" title="Padina (alga)">Padina</a></i> deposit significant quantities of minerals in or around their cell walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott1968_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott1968-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other algal groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, have a number of <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> members. Because of this, they are more likely to leave evidence in the fossil record than the soft bodies of most brown algae and more often can be precisely classified.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson1953_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson1953-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossils comparable in morphology to brown algae are known from strata as old as the Upper <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fry1983_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry1983-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> affinity of these impression fossils is far from certain.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that earlier <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> fossils are brown algae<sup id="cite_ref-Loeblich1974_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loeblich1974-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have since been dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2008_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonaceous</a> fossils have been described from the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>, they are typically preserved as flattened outlines or fragments measuring only millimeters long.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann1985_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann1985-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these fossils lack features diagnostic for identification at even the highest level, they are assigned to fossil <a href="/wiki/Form_classification" title="Form classification">form taxa</a> according to their shape and other gross morphological features.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann1994_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> fossils termed <i>fucoids</i>, from their resemblance in outline to species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i>, have proven to be inorganic rather than true fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold1947_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold1947-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Devonian megafossil <i><a href="/wiki/Prototaxites" title="Prototaxites">Prototaxites</a></i>, which consists of masses of filaments grouped into trunk-like axes, has been considered a possible brown alga.<sup id="cite_ref-Bold1987_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bold1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern research favors reinterpretation of this fossil as a terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> or fungal-like organism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hueber2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hueber2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Protosalvinia" title="Protosalvinia">Protosalvinia</a></i> was once considered a possible brown alga, but is now thought to be an early <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1987_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1987-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> fossils have been tentatively classified with the brown algae, although most have also been compared to known red algae species. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phascolophyllaphycus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phascolophyllaphycus (page does not exist)">Phascolophyllaphycus</a></i> possesses numerous elongate, inflated blades attached to a stipe. It is the most abundant of algal fossils found in a collection made from <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> strata in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leary1986_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leary1986-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each hollow blade bears up to eight <a href="/wiki/Pneumatocyst" title="Pneumatocyst">pneumatocysts</a> at its base, and the stipes appear to have been hollow and inflated as well. This combination of characteristics is similar to certain modern genera in the order <a href="/wiki/Laminariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminariales">Laminariales</a> (kelps). Several fossils of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drydenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drydenia (page does not exist)">Drydenia</a></i> and a single specimen of <i><a href="/wiki/Hungerfordia_(alga)" title="Hungerfordia (alga)">Hungerfordia</a></i> from the Upper Devonian of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> have also been compared to both brown and red algae.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry1955_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry1955-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils of <i>Drydenia</i> consist of an elliptical blade attached to a branching filamentous holdfast, not unlike some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria" title="Laminaria">Laminaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Porphyra" title="Porphyra">Porphyra</a></i>, or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigartina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigartina (page does not exist)">Gigartina</a></i>. The single known specimen of <i>Hungerfordia</i> branches dichotomously into lobes and resembles genera like <i><a href="/wiki/Chondrus" title="Chondrus">Chondrus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Fry1955_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry1955-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Dictyota" title="Dictyota">Dictyota</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bold1978_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bold1978-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known fossils that can be assigned reliably to the Phaeophyceae come from <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">diatomite</a> deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Formation" title="Monterey Formation">Monterey Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoek_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoek-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several soft-bodied brown macroalgae, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julescraneia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julescraneia (page does not exist)">Julescraneia</a></i>, have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the work of Silberfeld, Rousseau & de Reviers 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-BioOne_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioOne-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 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table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Discosporangiales" title="Discosporangiales">Discosporangiales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Choristocarpaceae" title="Choristocarpaceae">Choristocarpaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discosporangiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discosporangiaceae (page does not exist)">Discosporangiaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ishigeales" title="Ishigeales">Ishigeales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ishigeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishigeaceae">Ishigeaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrodermataceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrodermataceae (page does not exist)">Petrodermataceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyotophycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyotophycidae (page does not exist)">Dictyotophycidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Onslowiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Onslowiales">Onslowiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dictyotales" title="Dictyotales">Dictyotales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Syringodermatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Syringodermatales">Syringodermatales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sphacelariales" title="Sphacelariales">Sphacelariales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stypocaulaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stypocaulaceae (page does not exist)">Stypocaulaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cladostephaceae" title="Cladostephaceae">Cladostephaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sphacelariaceae" title="Sphacelariaceae">Sphacelariaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Fucophycidae" title="Fucophycidae">Fucophycidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelotiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelotiaceae (page does not exist)">Bachelotiaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Desmarestiales" title="Desmarestiales">Desmarestiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a 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class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tilopteridales" title="Tilopteridales">Tilopteridales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cutleriaceae" title="Cutleriaceae">Cutleriaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tilopteridaceae" title="Tilopteridaceae">Tilopteridaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phyllariaceae" title="Phyllariaceae">Phyllariaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nemodermatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemodermatales">Nemodermatales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sargassaceae" title="Sargassaceae">Sargassaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Durvillaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Durvillaeaceae">Durvillaeaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Himanthaliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Himanthaliaceae">Himanthaliaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fucaceae" title="Fucaceae">Fucaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Scytothamnales" title="Scytothamnales">Scytothamnales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asteronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteronemataceae">Asteronemataceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Splachnidiaceae" title="Splachnidiaceae">Splachnidiaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Laminariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminariales">Laminariales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeosiphoniellaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeosiphoniellaceae (page does not exist)">Phaeosiphoniellaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkesiphycaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akkesiphycaceae (page does not exist)">Akkesiphycaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pseudochordaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudochordaceae">Pseudochordaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chordaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordaceae">Chordaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alariaceae" title="Alariaceae">Alariaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaraceae (page does not exist)">Agaraceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Laminariaceae" title="Laminariaceae">Laminariaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterocladales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterocladales (page does not exist)">Asterocladales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ectocarpales" title="Ectocarpales">Ectocarpales</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenocystaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenocystaceae (page does not exist)">Adenocystaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scytosiphonaceae" title="Scytosiphonaceae">Scytosiphonaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrospongiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrospongiaceae (page does not exist)">Petrospongiaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ectocarpaceae" title="Ectocarpaceae">Ectocarpaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acinetosporaceae" title="Acinetosporaceae">Acinetosporaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chordariaceae" title="Chordariaceae">Chordariaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_algal_genera" title="List of brown algal genera">List of brown algal genera</a></div> <p>This is a list of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> in the class Phaeophyceae:<sup id="cite_ref-BioOne_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioOne-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Class <b>Phaeophyceae</b> <small>Hansgirg 1886</small> [Fucophyceae; Melanophycidae <small>Rabenhorst 1863 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006</small>] <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Discosporangiophycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Discosporangiophycidae">Discosporangiophycidae</a> <small>Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014</small> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Discosporangiales" title="Discosporangiales">Discosporangiales</a> <small>Schmidt 1937 emend. Kawai et al. 2007</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Choristocarpaceae" title="Choristocarpaceae">Choristocarpaceae</a> <small>Kjellman 1891</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discosporangiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discosporangiaceae (page does not exist)">Discosporangiaceae</a> <small>Schmidt 1937</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Ishigeophycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishigeophycidae">Ishigeophycidae</a> <small>Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014</small> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Ishigeales" title="Ishigeales">Ishigeales</a> <small>Cho & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sung_Min_Boo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sung Min Boo (page does not exist)">Boo</a> 2004</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ishigeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishigeaceae">Ishigeaceae</a> <small>Okamura 1935</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrodermataceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrodermataceae (page does not exist)">Petrodermataceae</a> <small>Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyotophycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyotophycidae (page does not exist)">Dictyotophycidae</a> <small>Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014</small> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Dictyotales" title="Dictyotales">Dictyotales</a> <small>Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828 <i>ex</i> Phillips <i>et al.</i></small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Dictyotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyotaceae">Dictyotaceae</a> <small>Lamouroux ex Dumortier 1822</small> [Scoresbyellaceae <small>Womersley 1987</small>; Dictyopsidaceae]</li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Onslowiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Onslowiales">Onslowiales</a> <small>Draisma & Prud’homme van Reine 2008</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Onslowiaceae" title="Onslowiaceae">Onslowiaceae</a> <small>Draisma & Prud’homme van Reine 2001</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Sphacelariales" title="Sphacelariales">Sphacelariales</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Walter_Migula" title="Walter Migula">Migula</a> 1909</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cladostephaceae" title="Cladostephaceae">Cladostephaceae</a> <small>Oltmanns 1922</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithodermataceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithodermataceae (page does not exist)">Lithodermataceae</a> <small>Hauck 1883</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeostrophiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeostrophiaceae (page does not exist)">Phaeostrophiaceae</a> <small>Kawai et al. 2005</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Sphacelariaceae" title="Sphacelariaceae">Sphacelariaceae</a> <small>Decaisne 1842</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphacelodermaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphacelodermaceae (page does not exist)">Sphacelodermaceae</a> <small>Draisma, Prud’homme & Kawai 2010</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stypocaulaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stypocaulaceae (page does not exist)">Stypocaulaceae</a> <small>Oltmanns 1922</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Syringodermatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Syringodermatales">Syringodermatales</a> <small>Henry 1984</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Syringodermataceae" title="Syringodermataceae">Syringodermataceae</a> <small>Henry 1984</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Fucophycidae" title="Fucophycidae">Fucophycidae</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1986</small> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Ascoseirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascoseirales">Ascoseirales</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Alexeevi%C4%8D_Petrov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vsevolod Alexeevič Petrov (page does not exist)">Petrov</a>1964 emend. Moe & Henry 1982</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ascoseiraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascoseiraceae">Ascoseiraceae</a> <small>Skottsberg 1907</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterocladales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterocladales (page does not exist)">Asterocladales</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Silberfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Silberfeld (page does not exist)">T.Silberfeld</a> et al. 2011</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterocladaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterocladaceae (page does not exist)">Asterocladaceae</a> <small>Silberfeld et al. 2011</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Desmarestiales" title="Desmarestiales">Desmarestiales</a> <small><a href="/wiki/William_Albert_Setchell" title="William Albert Setchell">Setchell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon_Gardner" title="Nathaniel Lyon Gardner">Gardner</a> 1925</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthrocladiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthrocladiaceae (page does not exist)">Arthrocladiaceae</a> <small>Chauvin 1842</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Desmarestiaceae" title="Desmarestiaceae">Desmarestiaceae</a> <small>(Thuret) Kjellman 1880</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Ectocarpales" title="Ectocarpales">Ectocarpales</a> <small>Bessey 1907 emend. Rousseau & Reviers 1999a</small> [Chordariales <small>Setchell & Gardner 1925</small>; Dictyosiphonales <small>Setchell & Gardner 1925</small>; Scytosiphonales <small>Feldmann 1949</small>] <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Acinetosporaceae" title="Acinetosporaceae">Acinetosporaceae</a> <small>Hamel ex Feldmann 1937</small> [Pylaiellaceae; Pilayellaceae]</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenocystaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenocystaceae (page does not exist)">Adenocystaceae</a> <small>Rousseau et al. 2000 emend. Silberfeld et al. 2011</small> [Chordariopsidaceae]</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Chordariaceae" title="Chordariaceae">Chordariaceae</a> <small>Greville 1830 emend. Peters & Ramírez 2001</small> [Myrionemataceae]</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ectocarpaceae" title="Ectocarpaceae">Ectocarpaceae</a> <small>Agardh 1828 emend. Silberfeld et al. 2011</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrospongiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrospongiaceae (page does not exist)">Petrospongiaceae</a> <small>Racault et al. 2009</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Scytosiphonaceae" title="Scytosiphonaceae">Scytosiphonaceae</a> <small>Ardissone & Straforello 1877</small> [Chnoosporaceae <small>Setchell & Gardner 1925</small>]</li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a> <small>Bory de Saint-Vincent 1827</small> [Notheiales <small>Womersley 1987</small>; Durvillaeales <small>Petrov 1965</small>] <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifurcariopsidaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifurcariopsidaceae (page does not exist)">Bifurcariopsidaceae</a> <small>Cho et al. 2006</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Durvillaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Durvillaeaceae">Durvillaeaceae</a> <small>(Oltmanns) De Toni 1891</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Fucaceae" title="Fucaceae">Fucaceae</a> <small>Adanson 1763</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Himanthaliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Himanthaliaceae">Himanthaliaceae</a> <small>(Kjellman) De Toni 1891</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hormosiraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormosiraceae">Hormosiraceae</a> <small>Fritsch 1945</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Notheiaceae" title="Notheiaceae">Notheiaceae</a> <small>Schmidt 1938</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Sargassaceae" title="Sargassaceae">Sargassaceae</a> <small>Kützing 1843</small> [Cystoseiraceae <small>De Toni 1891</small>]</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Seirococcaceae" title="Seirococcaceae">Seirococcaceae</a> <small>Nizamuddin 1987</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphophoraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiphophoraceae (page does not exist)">Xiphophoraceae</a> <small>Cho et al. 2006</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Laminariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminariales">Laminariales</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Walter_Migula" title="Walter Migula">Migula</a> 1909</small> [Phaeosiphoniellales <small>Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014 ord. nov. prop.</small>] <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaraceae (page does not exist)">Agaraceae</a> <small>Postels & Ruprecht 1840</small> [Costariaceae]</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkesiphycaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akkesiphycaceae (page does not exist)">Akkesiphycaceae</a> <small>Kawai & Sasaki 2000</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Alariaceae" title="Alariaceae">Alariaceae</a> <small>Setchell & Gardner 1925</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aureophycaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aureophycaceae (page does not exist)">Aureophycaceae</a> <small>Kawai & Ridgway 2013</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Chordaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordaceae">Chordaceae</a> <small>Dumortier 1822</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Laminariaceae" title="Laminariaceae">Laminariaceae</a> <small>Bory de Saint-Vincent 1827</small> [Arthrothamnaceae <small>Petrov 1974</small>]</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Lessoniaceae" title="Lessoniaceae">Lessoniaceae</a> <small>Setchell & Gardner 1925</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Pseudochordaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudochordaceae">Pseudochordaceae</a> <small>Kawai & Kurogi 1985</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Nemodermatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemodermatales">Nemodermatales</a> <small>Parente et al. 2008</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Nemodermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemodermataceae">Nemodermataceae</a> <small>Kuckuck ex Feldmann 1937</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeosiphoniellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeosiphoniellales (page does not exist)">Phaeosiphoniellales</a> <small>Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeosiphoniellaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeosiphoniellaceae (page does not exist)">Phaeosiphoniellaceae</a> <small>Phillips et al. 2008</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Ralfsiales" title="Ralfsiales">Ralfsiales</a> <small>Nakamura ex Lim & Kawai 2007</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosporaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesosporaceae (page does not exist)">Mesosporaceae</a> <small>Tanaka & Chihara 1982</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoralfsiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoralfsiaceae (page does not exist)">Neoralfsiaceae</a> <small>Lim & Kawai 2007</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ralfsiaceae" title="Ralfsiaceae">Ralfsiaceae</a> <small>Farlow 1881</small> [Heterochordariaceae <small>Setchell & Gardner 1925</small>]</li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Scytothamnales" title="Scytothamnales">Scytothamnales</a> <small>Peters & Clayton 1998 emend. Silberfeld et al. 2011</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Asteronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteronemataceae">Asteronemataceae</a> <small>Silberfeld et al. 2011</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelotiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelotiaceae (page does not exist)">Bachelotiaceae</a> <small>Silberfeld et al. 2011</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Splachnidiaceae" title="Splachnidiaceae">Splachnidiaceae</a> <small>Mitchell & Whitting 1892</small> [Scytothamnaceae <small>Womersley 1987</small>]</li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Sporochnales" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporochnales">Sporochnales</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Camille_Sauvageau" title="Camille Sauvageau">Sauvageau</a> 1926</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Sporochnaceae" title="Sporochnaceae">Sporochnaceae</a> <small>Greville 1830</small></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Tilopteridales" title="Tilopteridales">Tilopteridales</a> <small>Bessey 1907 emend. Phillips et al. 2008</small> [Cutleriales <small>Bessey 1907</small>] <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cutleriaceae" title="Cutleriaceae">Cutleriaceae</a> <small>Griffith & Henfrey 1856</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halosiphonaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halosiphonaceae (page does not exist)">Halosiphonaceae</a> <small>Kawai & Sasaki 2000</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Phyllariaceae" title="Phyllariaceae">Phyllariaceae</a> <small>Tilden 1935</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stschapoviaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stschapoviaceae (page does not exist)">Stschapoviaceae</a> <small>Kawai 2004</small></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Tilopteridaceae" title="Tilopteridaceae">Tilopteridaceae</a> <small>Kjellman 1890</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png/220px-Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png/330px-Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png/440px-Laminaria_Life_Cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The life cycle of a representative species Laminaria. Most Brown Algae follow this form of sexual reproduction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg/220px-Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg/330px-Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg/440px-Fucus_conceptacle_XS3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A closeup of a Fucus's conceptacle, showing the gametes coming together to form a fertilized zygote.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most brown algae, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a>, perform <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sporic_meiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporic meiosis">sporic meiosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between generations, the algae go through separate <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a>) phases. The sporophyte stage is often the more visible of the two, though some species of brown algae have similar diploid and haploid phases. Free floating forms of brown algae often do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> until they attach themselves to substrate. The haploid generation consists of male and female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertilization of egg cells varies between species of brown algae, and may be <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oogamy" title="Oogamy">oogamous</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamous</a>. Fertilization may take place in the water with eggs and motile sperm, or within the <a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">oogonium</a> itself. </p><p>Certain species of brown algae can also perform <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a> through the production of motile diploid <a href="/wiki/Zoospore" title="Zoospore">zoospores</a>. These zoospores form in plurilocular <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangium</a>, and can mature into the sporophyte phase immediately. </p><p>In a representative species <i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria" title="Laminaria">Laminaria</a></i>, there is a conspicuous <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> generation and smaller haploid generations. Meiosis takes place within several <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">unilocular</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangium</a> along the algae's blade, each one forming either haploid male or female <a href="/wiki/Zoospore" title="Zoospore">zoospores</a>. The spores are then released from the sporangia and grow to form male and female gametophytes. The female gametophyte produces an egg in the oogonium, and the male gametophyte releases motile sperm that fertilize the egg. The fertilized zygote then grows into the mature diploid sporophyte. </p><p> In the order <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a>, sexual reproduction is <a href="/wiki/Oogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oogamous">oogamous</a>, and the mature diploid is the only form for each generation. Gametes are formed in specialized <a href="/wiki/Conceptacle" title="Conceptacle">conceptacles</a> that occur scattered on both surfaces of the receptacle, the outer portion of the blades of the parent plant. Egg cells and motile sperm are released from separate sacs within the conceptacles of the parent algae, combining in the water to complete fertilization. The fertilized zygote settles onto a surface and then differentiates into a leafy <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a> and a finger-like holdfast. Light regulates differentiation of the zygote into blade and holdfast.(by samay the great )</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg/220px-Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg/330px-Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg/440px-Saccharina_latissima_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saccharina_latissima" title="Saccharina latissima">Saccharina latissima</a></i> on a beach.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown algae have adapted to a wide variety of marine ecological niches including the tidal splash zone, rock pools, the whole intertidal zone and relatively deep near shore waters. They are an important constituent of some brackish water ecosystems, and have colonized freshwater on a minimum of six known occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Phaeophyceae are intertidal or upper littoral,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2008_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are predominantly cool and cold water organisms that benefit from nutrients in up welling cold water currents and inflows from land; <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> being a prominent exception to this generalisation. </p><p>Brown algae growing in brackish waters are almost solely asexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2008_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Algal group </th> <th>δ<sup>13</sup>C range<sup id="cite_ref-Maberly1992_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maberly1992-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>HCO<sub>3</sub>-using <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> </td> <td>−22.5‰ to −9.6‰ </td></tr> <tr> <td>CO<sub>2</sub>-using red algae </td> <td>−34.5‰ to −29.9‰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown algae</a> </td> <td>−20.8‰ to −10.5‰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">Green algae</a> </td> <td>−20.3‰ to −8.8‰ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brown algae have a <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C"><span class="texhtml">δ</span><sup>13</sup>C</a> value in the range of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_24#Template:-ve_range" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 24">‹See Tfd›</a></span>−30.0‰ to −10.5‰, in contrast with red algae and greens. This reflects their different metabolic pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> walls with <a href="/wiki/Alginic_acid" title="Alginic acid">alginic acid</a> and also contain the polysaccharide <a href="/wiki/Fucoidan" title="Fucoidan">fucoidan</a> in the amorphous sections of their cell walls. A few species (of <i><a href="/wiki/Padina_(alga)" title="Padina (alga)">Padina</a></i>) calcify with <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> needles.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2008_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to alginates, fucoidan and cellulose, the carbohydrate composition of brown algae consists of <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminarin" title="Laminarin">laminarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">glucan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The photosynthetic system of brown algae is made of a <a href="/wiki/P700" title="P700">P700</a> complex containing <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll a</a>. Their plastids also contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_c" title="Chlorophyll c">chlorophyll c</a> and carotenoids (the most widespread of those being <a href="/wiki/Fucoxanthin" title="Fucoxanthin">fucoxanthin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown algae produce a specific type of tannin called <a href="/wiki/Phlorotannin" title="Phlorotannin">phlorotannins</a> in higher amounts than red algae do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_and_uses">Importance and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Importance and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown algae include a number of <a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">edible seaweeds</a>. All brown algae contain <a href="/wiki/Alginic_acid" title="Alginic acid">alginic acid</a> (alginate) in their cell walls, which is extracted commercially and used as an industrial thickening agent in food and for other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these products is used in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alginic acid is used as a stable component of a battery <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> is a major component of brown algae, and is not found in land plants. </p><p>Alginic acid can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. For example, alginic acid enhances the immune system of rainbow trout. Younger fish are more likely to survive when given a diet with alginic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown algae including <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> beds also fix a significant portion of the earth's carbon dioxide yearly through photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, they can store a great amount of carbon dioxide which can help us in the fight against climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sargachromanol" title="Sargachromanol">Sargachromanol G</a>, an extract of <a href="/wiki/Sargassum_siliquastrum" title="Sargassum siliquastrum">Sargassum siliquastrum</a>, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edible_brown_algae">Edible brown algae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Edible brown algae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kelp_(Laminariales)"><span id="Kelp_.28Laminariales.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">Kelp</a> (Laminariales)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kelp (Laminariales)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arame" title="Arame">Arame</a> (<i>Eisenia bicyclis</i>)</li> <li>Badderlocks (<i><a href="/wiki/Alaria_esculenta" title="Alaria esculenta">Alaria esculenta</a></i>)</li> <li>Cochayuyo (<i><a href="/wiki/Durvillaea_antarctica" title="Durvillaea antarctica">Durvillaea antarctica</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecklonia_cava" title="Ecklonia cava">Ecklonia cava</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">Kombu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharina_japonica" title="Saccharina japonica">Saccharina japonica</a></i>)</li> <li>Oarweed (<i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria_digitata" title="Laminaria digitata">Laminaria digitata</a></i>)</li> <li>Sea palm <i><a href="/wiki/Postelsia_palmaeformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Postelsia palmaeformis">Postelsia palmaeformis</a></i></li> <li>Sea whip (<i><a href="/wiki/Nereocystis_luetkeana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereocystis luetkeana">Nereocystis luetkeana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sugar kelp (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharina_latissima" title="Saccharina latissima">Saccharina latissima</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakame" title="Wakame">Wakame</a> (<i>Undaria pinnatifida</i>)</li> <li>Hirome (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undaria_undarioides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undaria undarioides (page does not exist)">Undaria undarioides</a></i>)</li> <li>Grapestone (<i><a href="/wiki/Mastocarpus_papillatus" title="Mastocarpus papillatus">Mastocarpus papillatus</a></i>)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fucales"><a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fucales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bladderwrack (<i><a href="/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus" title="Fucus vesiculosus">Fucus vesiculosus</a></i>)</li> <li>Channelled wrack (<i><a href="/wiki/Pelvetia_canaliculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvetia canaliculata">Pelvetia canaliculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijiki" title="Hijiki">Hijiki</a> or Hiziki (<i>Sargassum fusiforme</i>)</li> <li>Limu Kala (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargassum_echinocarpum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargassum echinocarpum (page does not exist)">Sargassum echinocarpum</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargassum_cinetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargassum cinetum (page does not exist)">Sargassum cinetum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargassum_vulgare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargassum vulgare (page does not exist)">Sargassum vulgare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargassum_swartzii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargassum swartzii (page does not exist)">Sargassum swartzii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargassum_myriocysum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargassum myriocysum (page does not exist)">Sargassum myriocysum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Spiral wrack (<i><a href="/wiki/Fucus_spiralis" title="Fucus spiralis">Fucus spiralis</a></i>)</li> <li>Thongweed (<i><a href="/wiki/Himanthalia_elongata" title="Himanthalia elongata">Himanthalia elongata</a></i>)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ectocarpales"><a href="/wiki/Ectocarpales" title="Ectocarpales">Ectocarpales</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ectocarpales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mozuku (<i><a href="/wiki/Cladosiphon_okamuranus" title="Cladosiphon okamuranus">Cladosiphon okamuranus</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrack_(seaweed)" title="Wrack (seaweed)">Wrack (seaweed)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_algae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Medlin1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medlin1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medlin1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMedlinKooistraPotterSaunders1997" class="citation book cs1">Medlin, L. K.; et al. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (Haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf"><i>Origins of Algae and their Plastids</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plant Systematics and Evolution. Vol. 11. pp. 187–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-6542-3_11">10.1007/978-3-7091-6542-3_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10013%2Fepic.12690">10013/epic.12690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-83035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-83035-2"><bdi>978-3-211-83035-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005084158/http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+of+the+%27golden+algae%27+%28Haptophytes%2C+heterokont+chromophytes%29+and+their+plastids&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Algae+and+their+Plastids&rft.series=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.pages=187-219&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10013%2Fepic.12690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-7091-6542-3_11&rft.isbn=978-3-211-83035-2&rft.aulast=Medlin&rft.aufirst=L.+K.&rft.au=Kooistra%2C+Wiebe+H.+C.+F.&rft.au=Potter%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Gary+W.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2F2100%2F1%2FMed1997c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim1986-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim1986_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim1986_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim1986_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimKawaiHoriOsawa1986" class="citation journal cs1">Lim, B.-L.; Kawai, H.; Hori, H.; Osawa, S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs1921/61/2/61_2_169/_pdf">"Molecular evolution of 5S ribosomal RNA from red and brown algae"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Journal_of_Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Journal of Genetics (page does not exist)">Japanese Journal of Genetics</a></i>. <b>61</b> (2): 169–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1266%2Fjjg.61.169">10.1266/jjg.61.169</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110191502/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs1921/61/2/61_2_169/_pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=Molecular+evolution+of+5S+ribosomal+RNA+from+red+and+brown+algae&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-176&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1266%2Fjjg.61.169&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=B.-L.&rft.au=Kawai%2C+H.&rft.au=Hori%2C+H.&rft.au=Osawa%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fggs1921%2F61%2F2%2F61_2_169%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjellman1891" class="citation book cs1">Kjellman, F. R. (1891). "Phaeophyceae (Fucoideae)". In Engler, A.; Prantl, K. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1P855ZWc0kC&pg=166"><i>Algae: an introduction to phycology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521316873" title="Special:BookSources/9780521316873"><bdi>9780521316873</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/443576944">443576944</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016191928/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1P855ZWc0kC&pg=166#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algae%3A+an+introduction+to+phycology&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F443576944&rft.isbn=9780521316873&rft.aulast=Hoek&rft.aufirst=Christiaan&rft.au=den+Hoeck%2C+Hoeck+Van&rft.au=Mann%2C+David&rft.au=Jahns%2C+H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1P855ZWc0kC%26pg%3D166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connor1989-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connor1989_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connor1989_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connor1989_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnorBaxter1989" class="citation book cs1">Connor, J.; Baxter, C. (1989). <i>Kelp Forests</i>. <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878244-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878244-01-7"><bdi>978-1-878244-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kelp+Forests&rft.pub=Monterey+Bay+Aquarium&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-878244-01-7&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dittmer1964-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer1964_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer1964_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer1964_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer1964" class="citation book cs1">Dittmer, H. J. (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phylogenyforminp0000ditt"><i>Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/D._Van_Nostrand_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Van Nostrand Company">D. Van Nostrand Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phylogenyforminp0000ditt/page/115">115–137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88275-167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88275-167-2"><bdi>978-0-88275-167-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+Form+in+the+Plant+Kingdom&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=115-137&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-88275-167-2&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphylogenyforminp0000ditt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott_76-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott_76_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottHollenberg1976" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, I. A.; Hollenberg, G. J. (1976). <i>Marine Algae of California</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phycology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Macrocystis+spp.+%28Phaeophyta%29+as+determined+by+ITS1+and+ITS2+sequences&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=574-585&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2001.037001574.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84074495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coyer&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.+J.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F129.125.2.51%2Ffmns-research%2Fmarbee%2Fpublications%2FCoyerJPhyc01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fry1955-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fry1955_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fry1955_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fry1955_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryBanks1955" class="citation journal cs1">Fry, W. 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W. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algaereview0000pres"><i>The Algae: A Review</i></a></span>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algaereview0000pres/page/207">207</a>–231, 371–372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-244-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-244-3"><bdi>978-3-87429-244-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algae%3A+A+Review&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=207-231%2C+371-372&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-244-3&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgaereview0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson1953-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1953_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1953" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, G. 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New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofpastintr00simp/page/158">158–159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Past%3A+An+Introduction+to+Paleontology&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofpastintr00simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fry1983-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fry1983_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry1983" class="citation journal cs1">Fry, W. L. (1983). 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exist)">Pseudophyllomitus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Labyrinthulomycetes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthulomycetes" title="Labyrinthulomycetes">Labyrinthulomycetes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitremida" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitremida">Amphitremida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphifilida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphifilida (page does not exist)">Amphifilida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblongichytrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblongichytrida (page does not exist)">Oblongichytrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthulida">Labyrinthulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraustochytrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraustochytrida">Thraustochytrida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellarchytrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellarchytrium (page does not exist)">Stellarchytrium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="_Gyrista" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-28px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eogamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eogamia (page does not exist)">Eogamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anisolpidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anisolpidiales (page does not exist)">Anisolpidiales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptoglossales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptoglossales (page does not exist)">Haptoglossales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagenismatales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagenismatales (page does not exist)">Lagenismatales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olpidiopsidales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olpidiopsidales (page does not exist)">Olpidiopsidales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozellopsidales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozellopsidales (page does not exist)">Rozellopsidales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peronosporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peronosporidae (page does not exist)">Peronosporidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peronosporales" title="Peronosporales">Peronosporales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythiales" title="Pythiales">Pythiales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhipidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhipidiales (page does not exist)">Rhipidiales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saprolegniidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saprolegniidae (page does not exist)">Saprolegniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albuginales" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuginales">Albuginales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptomitales" title="Leptomitales">Leptomitales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salilagenidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salilagenidiales (page does not exist)">Salilagenidiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saprolegniales" title="Saprolegniales">Saprolegniales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diatomophthora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diatomophthora (page does not exist)">Diatomophthora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miracula" title="Miracula">Miracula</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="_Ochrophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-38px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Ochrophyte" title="Ochrophyte">Ochrophyta</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="_Chrysista" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Chrysista" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysista">Chrysista</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olisthodiscophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Olisthodiscophyceae">Olisthodiscophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olisthodiscus" title="Olisthodiscus">Olisthodiscus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eustigmatophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustigmatophyceae">Eustigmatophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustigmatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustigmatales">Eustigmatales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goniochloridales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goniochloridales (page does not exist)">Goniochloridales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chrysophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysophyceae">Chrysophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromulinales" title="Chromulinales">Chromulinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibberdiales" title="Hibberdiales">Hibberdiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrurales" title="Hydrurales">Hydrurales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizochrysidales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizochrysidales (page does not exist)">Rhizochrysidales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thallochrysidales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thallochrysidales (page does not exist)">Thallochrysidales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Picophagea" title="Picophagea">Picophagea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchromales" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchromales">Synchromales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydomyxales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydomyxales (page does not exist)">Chlamydomyxales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinguiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinguiophyceae">Pinguiophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinguiochrysidales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinguiochrysidales">Pinguiochrysidales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Raphidomonadea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raphidomonadea" title="Raphidomonadea">Raphidomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raphidophyte" title="Raphidophyte">Chattonellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinophryid" title="Actinophryid">Actinophryida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commation" title="Commation">Commatiida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PX</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurearenophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurearenophyceae (page does not exist)">Aurearenophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurearena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurearena (page does not exist)">Aurearena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaeothamniophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeothamniophyceae">Phaeothamniophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaeothamniales" title="Phaeothamniales">Phaeothamniales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleurochloridellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleurochloridellales (page does not exist)">Pleurochloridellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chrysomerophyceae" title="Chrysomerophyceae">Chrysomerophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysomeridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysomeridales">Chrysomeridales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysoparadoxophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysoparadoxophyceae (page does not exist)">Chrysoparadoxophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysoparadoxales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysoparadoxales (page does not exist)">Chrysoparadoxales</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysoparadoxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysoparadoxa (page does not exist)">Chrysoparadoxa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaeophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyceae">Phaeophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discosporangiophycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Discosporangiophycidae">Discosporangiophycidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discosporangiales" title="Discosporangiales">Discosporangiales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ishigeophycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishigeophycidae">Ishigeophycidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishigeales" title="Ishigeales">Ishigeales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyochophycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyochophycidae (page does not exist)">Dictyochophycidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictyotales" title="Dictyotales">Dictyotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onslowiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Onslowiales">Onslowiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphacelariales" title="Sphacelariales">Sphacelariales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringodermatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Syringodermatales">Syringodermatales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fucophycidae" title="Fucophycidae">Fucophycidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascoseirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascoseirales">Ascoseirales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterocladales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterocladales (page does not exist)">Asterocladales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmarestiales" title="Desmarestiales">Desmarestiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectocarpales" title="Ectocarpales">Ectocarpales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminariales">Laminariales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodermatales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodermatales (page does not exist)">Neodermatales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeosiphoniellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeosiphoniellales (page does not exist)">Phaeosiphoniellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfsiales" title="Ralfsiales">Ralfsiales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scytothamniales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scytothamniales (page does not exist)">Scytothamniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporochnales" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporochnales">Sporochnales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopteridales" title="Tilopteridales">Tilopteridales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeosacciophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeosacciophyceae (page does not exist)">Phaeosacciophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeosacciales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeosacciales (page does not exist)">Phaeosacciales</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaeosaccion" title="Phaeosaccion">Phaeosaccion</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizocladiophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizocladiophyceae (page does not exist)">Schizocladiophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizocladiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizocladiales (page does not exist)">Schizocladiales</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizocladia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizocladia (page does not exist)">Schizocladia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xanthophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthophyceae">Xanthophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botrydiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Botrydiales">Botrydiales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mischococcales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mischococcales (page does not exist)">Mischococcales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizochloridales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizochloridales (page does not exist)">Rhizochloridales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribonematales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribonematales (page does not exist)">Tribonematales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaucheriales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaucheriales (page does not exist)">Vaucheriales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-35px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Diatomista" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomista">Diatomista</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dictyochophyceae" title="Dictyochophyceae">Dictyochophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florenciellales" title="Florenciellales">Florenciellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyochales" title="Dictyochales">Dictyochales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinellales" title="Pedinellales">Pedinellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizochromulinales" title="Rhizochromulinales">Rhizochromulinales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagophyceae" title="Pelagophyceae">Pelagophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagomonadales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelagomonadales (page does not exist)">Pelagomonadales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcinochrysidales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcinochrysidales (page does not exist)">Sarcinochrysidales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-35px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Khakista" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakista">Khakista</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolidophyceae" title="Bolidophyceae">Bolidophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmales" title="Parmales">Parmales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomeae">Diatomeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptocylindrophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptocylindrophytina (page does not exist)">Leptocylindrophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptocylindrophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptocylindrophyceae (page does not exist)">Leptocylindrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corethrophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corethrophyceae (page does not exist)">Corethrophyceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellerbeckiophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellerbeckiophytina (page does not exist)">Ellerbeckiophytina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Probosciophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probosciophytina (page does not exist)">Probosciophytina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melosirophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melosirophytina (page does not exist)">Melosirophytina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coscinodiscophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coscinodiscophytina (page does not exist)">Coscinodiscophytina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizosloleniophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizosloleniophytina (page does not exist)">Rhizosloleniophytina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arachnoidiscophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arachnoidiscophytina (page does not exist)">Arachnoidiscophytina</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacillariophytina" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacillariophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacillariophytina (page does not exist)">Bacillariophytina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediophyceae (page does not exist)">Mediophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biddulphiophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biddulphiophyceae (page does not exist)">Biddulphiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillariophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillariophyceae">Bacillariophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Platysulcus" title="Platysulcus">Platysulcus</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Phaeophyceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184573" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q184573">Q184573</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Phaeophyceae">Phaeophyceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=4360">4360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14858">14858</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NF4S">7NF4S</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3533">3533</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PHAEC">1PHAEC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7073593">7073593</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48220">48220</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1493">1493</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=10686">10686</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2870">2870</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/08628438-7c0c-4563-a032-0c5f9c78b5d4">08628438-7c0c-4563-a032-0c5f9c78b5d4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=48614">48614</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=306705">306705</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" 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