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</li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epigenetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alveolate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طلائعيات سناخية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طلائعيات سناخية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolbiontlar" title="Alveolbiontlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alveolbiontlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Алвеолати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алвеолати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolats" title="Alveolats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alveolats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolaadid" title="Alveolaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alveolaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveoluloj" title="Alveoluloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alveoluloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حبابچه‌داران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حبابچه‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailbheolach" title="Ailbheolach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailbheolach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolados" title="Alveolados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alveolados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%95%98%EB%82%AD%EB%A5%98" title="피하낭류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피하낭류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%87" title="طلائعيات سناخيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طلائعيات سناخيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolatae" title="Alveolatae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alveolatae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="アルベオラータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルベオラータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolados" title="Alveolados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alveolados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Альвеоляты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альвеоляты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alveolate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolater" title="Alveolater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alveolater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alveolata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Альвеоляти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альвеоляти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1%E8%99%AB" title="囊泡虫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="囊泡虫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Superphylum of protists</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Alveolate<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Recent</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:5.0769230769231px; width:214.92307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:5.0769230769231px; width:214.92307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:6.0769230769231px; width:212.92307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratium_furca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/220px-Ceratium_furca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/330px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/440px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratium_furca" title="Ceratium furca">Ceratium furca</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alveolata" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alveolata</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a>, 1991</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Phyla </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Alveolatobiontes</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>alveolates</b> (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb")<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, considered a major <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adl2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">superphylum</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruggiero15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggiero15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a>. They are currently grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">stramenopiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> among the protists with tubulocristate mitochondria into the <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR supergroup</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most notable shared characteristic is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Cortical_alveolum" title="Cortical alveolum">cortical (near the surface) alveoli (sacs)</a>. These are flattened <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a> (sacs) arranged as a layer just under the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membrane</a> and supporting it, typically contributing to a flexible pellicle (thin skin). In armored <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a> they may contain stiff plates. Alveolates have <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> with tubular cristae (<a href="/wiki/Invaginations" class="mw-redirect" title="Invaginations">invaginations</a>), and cells often have pore-like intrusions through the cell surface. The group contains free-living and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> organisms, predatory <a href="/wiki/Flagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellates">flagellates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> organisms. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg/600px-EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg/900px-EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg/1200px-EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of the surface of the ciliate <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a> putrinum</i>, showing the alveoli (red arrows) under the cell surface</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all sequenced mitochondrial genomes of ciliates and apicomplexa are linear.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mitochondria almost all carry <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> of their own but with greatly reduced genome sizes. Exceptions are <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a></i> which are left with only a <a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">mitosome</a>, the circular mitochondrial genomes of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonas (page does not exist)">Acavomonas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Babesia_microti" title="Babesia microti">Babesia microti</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Obornik-Lukes-2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obornik-Lukes-2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cornillot2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornillot2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxoplasma">Toxoplasma</a>'</i>s highly fragmented mitochondrial genome, consisting of 21 sequence blocks which recombine to produce longer segments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship of apicomplexa, dinoflagellates and ciliates had been suggested during the 1980s, and this was confirmed in the early 1990s by comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences, most notably by Gajadhar <i>et al</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a> introduced the formal name Alveolata in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith,_T._1991_pp._113-131_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith,_T._1991_pp._113-131-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although at the time he considered the grouping to be a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> assemblage. Many biologists prefer the use of the colloquial name 'alveolate'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alveolata include around nine major and minor groups. They are diverse in form, and are known to be related by various ultrastructural and genetic similarities:<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliates</a> – very common protozoa with many short <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilia</a> arranged in rows, and two nuclei</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonidia (page does not exist)">Acavomonidia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov14_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colponemidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemidia">Colponemidia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov14_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a> s.l. – mostly marine <a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">flagellates</a> many of which have <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromerida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromerida">Chromerida</a> – a marine phylum of photosynthetic protozoa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colpodellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellida">Colpodellida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voromonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voromonadida (page does not exist)">Voromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporozoa">Apicomplexa</a> – parasitic and secondary non-photosynthetic protozoa that lack <a href="/wiki/Axoneme" title="Axoneme">axonemal</a> locomotive structures except in <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a></li></ul> <p>The Acavomonidia and Colponemidia were previously grouped together as colponemids, a taxon now split because each has a distinctive organization or <a href="/wiki/Ultrastructural_identity" title="Ultrastructural identity">ultrastructural identity</a>. The Acavomonidia are closer to the dinoflagellate/perkinsid group than the Colponemidia are.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov14_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the informal term "colponemids", as it stands currently, covers two non-sister groups within Alveolata: the Acavomonidia and the Colponemidia.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov14_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apicomplexa and dinoflagellates may be more closely related to each other than to the ciliates. Both have <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a>, and most share a bundle or cone of <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> at the top of the cell. In apicomplexans this forms part of a complex used to enter host cells, while in some colorless dinoflagellates it forms a peduncle used to ingest prey. Various other genera are closely related to these two groups, mostly flagellates with a similar apical structure. These include free-living members in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyrrhis" title="Oxyrrhis">Oxyrrhis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Colponema" title="Colponema">Colponema</a></i>, and parasites in <i><a href="/wiki/Perkinsus_marinus" title="Perkinsus marinus">Perkinsus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Parvilucifera" title="Parvilucifera">Parvilucifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rastrimonas" title="Rastrimonas">Rastrimonas</a></i> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellobiopsid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellobiopsid (page does not exist)">ellobiopsids</a>. In 2001, direct amplification of the <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a> gene in marine <a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">picoplankton</a> samples revealed the presence of two novel alveolate lineages, called group I and II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group I has no cultivated relatives, while group II is related to the dinoflagellate parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Amoebophrya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebophrya">Amoebophrya</a></i>, which was classified until now in the <a href="/wiki/Syndiniales" title="Syndiniales">Syndiniales</a> dinoflagellate order. </p><p>Some studies suggested the <a href="/wiki/Ascetosporea" title="Ascetosporea">haplosporids</a>, mostly parasites of marine invertebrates, might belong here, but they lack alveoli and are now placed among the <a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a>. </p><p>The ellobiopsids are of uncertain relation within the alveolates. Silberman et al 2004 establish that the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalassomyces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalassomyces (page does not exist)">Thalassomyces</a></i> genus of ellobiopsids are alveolates using <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> analysis, however as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> no more certainty exists on their place.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoppenrath-2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoppenrath-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor-2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> described the phylogeny of the Alveolata as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Intramacronucleata" title="Intramacronucleata">Intramacronucleata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterotrichea" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrichea">Heterotrichea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Karyorelictea" title="Karyorelictea">Karyorelictea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Postciliodesmatophora" title="Postciliodesmatophora">Postciliodesmatophora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmata (page does not exist)">Desmata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spirotrichia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirotrichia">Spirotrichia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Miozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Miozoa">Miozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemea (page does not exist)">Colponemea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Acavomonadia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonadea (page does not exist)">Acavomonadea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apicomonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Apicomonada">Apicomonada</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sporozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporozoa">Sporozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinozoa (page does not exist)">Dinozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Perkinsea" title="Perkinsea">Perkinsea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Alveolata</b> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1991</small> [Alveolatobiontes] </p> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a> <small>Doflein 1901 stat. n. Copeland 1956</small> [Ciliata <small>Perty 1852</small>; Infusoria <small>Bütschli 1887</small>; Ciliae, Ciliozoa, Cytoidea, Eozoa, Heterocaryota, Heterokaryota] <ul><li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Postciliodesmatophora" title="Postciliodesmatophora">Postciliodesmatophora</a> <small>Gerassimova & Seravin 1976</small> <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Heterotrichea" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrichea">Heterotrichea</a> <small>Stein 1859</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Karyorelictea" title="Karyorelictea">Karyorelictea</a> <small>Corliss 1974</small></li></ul></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Intramacronucleata" title="Intramacronucleata">Intramacronucleata</a> <small>Lynn 1996</small> <ul><li>Class ?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesodiniea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesodiniea (page does not exist)">Mesodiniea</a> <small>Chen et al. 2015</small></li> <li>Infraphylum Lamellicorticata <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Litostomatea" title="Litostomatea">Litostomatea</a> <small>Small & Lynn 1981</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Armophorea" title="Armophorea">Armophorea</a> <small>Lynn 2004</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Cariacotrichea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariacotrichea">Cariacotrichea</a> <small>Orsi et al. 2011</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Spirotrichea" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirotrichea">Spirotrichea</a> <small>Bütschli 1889</small></li> <li>Infraphylum Ventrata <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004</small> [Conthreep <small>Lynn 2012</small>]</li> <li>Order ?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discotrichida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discotrichida (page does not exist)">Discotrichida</a> <small>Chen et al. 2015</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Protocruziea" title="Protocruziea">Protocruziea</a> <small>Chen et al. 2015</small> [Protocruziidia <small>de Puytorac, Grain & Mignot 1987</small>]</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Colpodea" title="Colpodea">Colpodea</a> <small>Small & Lynn 1981</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Nassophorea" title="Nassophorea">Nassophorea</a> <small>Small & Lynn 1981</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Phyllopharyngea" title="Phyllopharyngea">Phyllopharyngea</a> <small>de Puytorac et al. 1974</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Prostomatea" title="Prostomatea">Prostomatea</a> <small>Schewiakoff 1896</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Plagiopylea" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiopylea">Plagiopylea</a> <small>Small & Lynn 1985 sensu Lynn 2008</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Oligohymenophorea" title="Oligohymenophorea">Oligohymenophorea</a> <small>de Puytorac et al. 1974</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Miozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Miozoa">Miozoa</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1987</small> <ul><li>Subphylum Colponemidia <small>Tikhonenkov, Mylnikov & Keeling 2013</small> <ul><li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemea (page does not exist)">Colponemea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small></li></ul></li> <li>Subphylum Acavomonadia <small>Tikhonenkov et al. 2014</small> <ul><li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonadea (page does not exist)">Acavomonadea</a> <small>Tikhonenkov et al. 2014</small></li></ul></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004</small> <ul><li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a> <small>Levine 1970 emend. Adl et al. 2005</small> <ul><li>Order ?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitrellida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitrellida (page does not exist)">Vitrellida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small></li> <li>Class ?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myzomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myzomonadea (page does not exist)">Myzomonadea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004 sensu Ruggiero et al. 2015</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Chromerida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromerida">Chromerea</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Colpodellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellida">Colpodellida</a> <small>Patterson & Zölffel 1991</small> [Spiromonadida <small>Krylov & Mylnikov 1986</small>]</li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Sporozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporozoa">Sporozoa</a> <small>Leuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> [Gamontozoa] <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Blastogregarinida" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastogregarinida">Blastogregarinida</a> <small>Chatton & Villeneuve 1936</small> [Blastogregarinina; Blastogregarinorina <small>Chatton & Villeneuve 1936</small>]</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Paragregarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Paragregarea">Paragregarea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 2014</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Gregarinomorphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregarinomorphea">Gregarinomorphea</a> <small>Grassé 1953</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Coccidiomorphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccidiomorphea">Coccidiomorphea</a> <small>Doflein 1901</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Infraphylum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinozoa (page does not exist)">Dinozoa</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 2003</small> <ul><li>Order ?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrocoelida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrocoelida (page does not exist)">Acrocoelida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004</small></li> <li>Order ?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rastromonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rastromonadida (page does not exist)">Rastromonadida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Squirmidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squirmidea (page does not exist)">Squirmidea</a> <small>Norén 1999 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2014</small></li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a> <small>Norén et al. 1999 s.s.</small> <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Perkinsea" title="Perkinsea">Perkinsea</a> <small>Levine 1978</small> [Perkinsasida <small>Levine 1978</small>]</li></ul></li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a> <small>Butschli 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1999 sensu Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> [Dinozoa <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small>] <ul><li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoctilucea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoctilucea (page does not exist)">Pronoctilucea</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellobiopsea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellobiopsea (page does not exist)">Ellobiopsea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Ellobiophyceae <small>Loeblich III 1970</small>; Ellobiopsida <small>Whisler 1990</small>]</li> <li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myzodinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myzodinea (page does not exist)">Myzodinea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Oxyrrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyrrhea">Oxyrrhea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1987</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Syndinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndinea">Syndinea</a> <small>Chatton 1920 s.l.</small> [Syndiniophyceae <small>Loeblich III 1970 s.s.</small>; Syndina <small>Cavalier-Smith</small>]</li> <li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endodinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endodinea (page does not exist)">Endodinea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Noctilucales" title="Noctilucales">Noctiluciphyceae</a> <small>Fensome et al. 1993</small> [Noctilucae <small>Haeckel 1866</small>; Noctilucea <small>Haeckel 1866 stat. nov.</small>; Cystoflagellata <small>Haeckel 1873 stat. nov. Butschli 1887</small>]</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Dinophyceae" title="Dinophyceae">Dinophyceae</a> <small>Pascher 1914</small> [Peridinea <small>Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein</small>]</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of plastids among the alveolates is intriguing. Cavalier-Smith proposed the alveolates developed from a chloroplast-containing ancestor, which also gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromalveolate">chromalveolate</a> hypothesis). Other researchers have speculated that the alveolates originally lacked plastids and possibly the dinoflagellates and Apicomplexa acquired them separately. However, it now appears that the alveolates, the dinoflagellates, the Chromerida and the <a href="/wiki/Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">heterokont algae</a> acquired their plastids from a red alga with evidence of a common origin of this organelle in all these four clades.<sup id="cite_ref-Janouskovec2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janouskovec2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Bayesian estimate places the evolution of the alveolate group at ~<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=850">850</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berney2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berney2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alveolata consist of <a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliates">Ciliates</a>, and Colponemids. In other words, the term Myzozoa, meaning "to siphon the contents from prey", may be applied informally to the common ancestor of the subset of alveolates that are neither ciliates nor colponemids. Predation upon algae is an important driver in alveolate evolution, as it can provide sources for endosymbiosis of novel plastids. The term Myzozoa is therefore a handy concept for tracking the history of the alveolate phylum. </p><p>The ancestors of the alveolate group may have been photosynthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes-Prieto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-Prieto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestral alveolate probably possessed a <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a>. Chromerids, apicomplexans, and peridinin dinoflagellates have retained this <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Going one step even further back, the chromerids, the peridinin dinoflagellates and the <a href="/wiki/Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">heterokont algae</a> have been argued to possess a monophyletic plastid lineage in common, i.e. acquired their plastids from a <a href="/wiki/Red_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Red alga">red alga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Janouskovec2010_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janouskovec2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so it seems likely that the common ancestor of alveolates and heterokonts was also photosynthetic. </p><p>In one school of thought the common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexans" class="mw-redirect" title="Apicomplexans">apicomplexans</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Colpodella" title="Colpodella">Colpodella</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Chromerida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromerida">Chromerida</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Voromonas" title="Voromonas">Voromonas</a></i> was a myzocytotic predator with two heterodynamic <a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micropore" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropore">micropores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichocyst" title="Trichocyst">trichocysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhoptries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhoptries">rhoptries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microneme" title="Microneme">micronemes</a>, a polar ring and a coiled open sided <a href="/wiki/Conoid" title="Conoid">conoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuvardina2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuvardina2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the common ancestor of alveolates may also have possessed some of these characteristics, it has been argued that Myzocytosis was not one of these characteristics, as ciliates ingest prey by a different mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov14_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ongoing debate concerns the number of membranes surrounding the plastid across apicomplexans and certain dinoflagellates, and the origin of these membranes. This ultrastructural character can be used to group organisms and if the character is in common, it can imply that phyla had a common photosynthetic ancestor. On the basis that apicomplexans possess a plastid surrounded by four membranes, and that peridinin dinoflagellates possess a plastid surrounded by three membranes, Petersen et al.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been unable to rule out that the shared stramenopile-alveolate plastid could have been recycled multiple times in the alveolate phylum, the source being stramenopile-alveolate donors, through the mechanism of ingestion and <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiosis">endosymbiosis</a>. </p><p>Ciliates are a model alveolate, having been genetically studied in great depth over the longest period of any alveolate lineage. They are unusual among eukaryotes in that reproduction involves a <a href="/wiki/Micronucleus" title="Micronucleus">micronucleus</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Macronucleus" title="Macronucleus">macronucleus</a>. Their reproduction is easily studied in the lab, and made them a model eukaryote historically. Being entirely predatory and lacking any remnant plastid, their development as a phylum illustrates how predation and autotrophy<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes-Prieto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-Prieto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are in dynamic balance and that the balance can swing one way or other at the point of origin of a new phylum from mixotrophic ancestors, causing one ability to be lost. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg,_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paramecium caudatum (Ciliophora)"><img alt="Paramecium caudatum (Ciliophora)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg%2C_1833.jpg/200px-Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg%2C_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg%2C_1833.jpg/300px-Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg%2C_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg%2C_1833.jpg/400px-Paramecium_caudatum_Ehrenberg%2C_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium caudatum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vorticella (Ciliophora) (left)"><img alt="Vorticella (Ciliophora) (left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg/200px-Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg/300px-Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg/400px-Mikrofoto.de-Glockentierchen-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vorticella" title="Vorticella">Vorticella</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a>) (left)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasmodium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plasmodium falciparum (Apicomplexa) in blood"><img alt="Plasmodium falciparum (Apicomplexa) in blood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plasmodium.jpg/186px-Plasmodium.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plasmodium.jpg/279px-Plasmodium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plasmodium.jpg/372px-Plasmodium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a>) in blood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa)"><img alt="Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg/200px-Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg/300px-Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg/400px-Emaxima_oocysts_usda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Eimeria" title="Eimeria">Eimeria maxima</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dinophysis acuminata (Dinoflagellata)"><img alt="Dinophysis acuminata (Dinoflagellata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg/186px-Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg/279px-Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dinophysis" title="Dinophysis">Dinophysis acuminata</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epigenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a> have been studied for <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those for which epigenetic data are available include some algal alveolates.<sup id="cite_ref-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#cite_ref-Kuvardina2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuvardinaLeanderAleshinMyl'nikov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kuvardina ON, Leander BS, Aleshin VV, Myl'nikov AP, Keeling PJ, Simdyanov TG (2002). <a href="/wiki/Colpodellid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellid">"The phylogeny of colpodellids (Alveolata) using small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggests they are the free living sister group to apicomplexans"</a>. <i>J Eukaryot Microbiol</i>. <b>49</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">498–</span>504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12503687">12503687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4283969">4283969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Eukaryot+Microbiol&rft.atitle=The+phylogeny+of+colpodellids+%28Alveolata%29+using+small+subunit+rRNA+gene+sequences+suggests+they+are+the+free+living+sister+group+to+apicomplexans&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4283969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12503687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x&rft.aulast=Kuvardina&rft.aufirst=ON&rft.au=Leander%2C+BS&rft.au=Aleshin%2C+VV&rft.au=Myl%27nikov%2C+AP&rft.au=Keeling%2C+PJ&rft.au=Simdyanov%2C+TG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlveolate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenLudewigMichaelBunk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen J, Ludewig AK, Michael V, Bunk B, Jarek M, Baurain D, Brinkmann H (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971594">"<i>Chromera velia</i>, endosymbioses and the rhodoplex hypothesis—plastid evolution in cryptophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and haptophytes (CASH lineages)"</a>. <i>Genome Biol Evol</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">666–</span>684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu043">10.1093/gbe/evu043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971594">3971594</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24572015">24572015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol+Evol&rft.atitle=Chromera+velia%2C+endosymbioses+and+the+rhodoplex+hypothesis%E2%80%94plastid+evolution+in+cryptophytes%2C+alveolates%2C+stramenopiles%2C+and+haptophytes+%28CASH+lineages%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E666-%3C%2Fspan%3E684&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3971594%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24572015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu043&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Ludewig%2C+AK&rft.au=Michael%2C+V&rft.au=Bunk%2C+B&rft.au=Jarek%2C+M&rft.au=Baurain%2C+D&rft.au=Brinkmann%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3971594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlveolate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Develop_methodologies_for_epigenetics_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiferrerWang2023" class="citation book cs1">Piferrer F, Wang HP, eds. (2023). <i>Epigenetics in Aquaculture</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">383–</span>411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119821946">10.1002/9781119821946</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F191758">10261/191758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-82191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-82191-5"><bdi>978-1-119-82191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigenetics+in+Aquaculture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F191758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119821946&rft.isbn=978-1-119-82191-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlveolate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amorphea219" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-21px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amoebozoa13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discosea" title="Discosea">Discosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubulinea" title="Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eumycetozoa" title="Eumycetozoa">Eumycetozoa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variosea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variosea">Variosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archamoebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archamoebea">Archamoebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutosea" title="Cutosea">Cutosea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadidae" title="Apusomonadidae">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holomycota14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristidiscoidea" title="Cristidiscoidea">Rotosphaerida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunicaraptor" title="Tunicaraptor">Tunicaraptor</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bicellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicellum">Bicellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriformea" title="Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellata</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-34px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centroplasthelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Centroplasthelida">Centroplasthelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">    <a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>    </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colponemida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemida">Colponemida</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80); vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrompodellid" title="Chrompodellid">Chrompodellida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellata</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Platysulcus" title="Platysulcus">Platysulcus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Bigyra" title="Bigyra">Bigyra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicosoecea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicosoecea">Bicosoecida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidozoa" title="Placidozoa">Placidozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagenista" title="Sagenista">Sagenista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developea" class="mw-redirect" title="Developea">Developea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsoniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirsoniales">Pirsoniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphochytriomycetes" title="Hyphochytriomycetes">Hyphochytriomycetes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">Oomycetes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinophryida" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinophryida">Actinophryida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/CAM_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM clade">CAM</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Pancryptista" title="Pancryptista">Pancryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microheliella" title="Microheliella">Microheliella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palpitomonas" title="Palpitomonas">Palpitomonas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">Cryptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodelphidia">Rhodelphidia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viridiplantae(Plants_sensu_lato)146" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Plant#Alternative_concepts" title="Plant">Plants <i>sensu lato</i></a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Streptophyta16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybus" title="Chlorokybus">Chlorokybus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesostigma" title="Mesostigma">Mesostigma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-23px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavates</a>*</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakobida" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobida">Jakobida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukubamonas" title="Tsukubamonas">Tsukubamonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterolobosea" title="Heterolobosea">Heterolobosea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barthelona" title="Barthelona">Barthelona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaeramoebae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaeramoebae (page does not exist)">Anaeramoebae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaeromonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeromonada">Anaeromonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornicata">Fornicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonadidae" title="Malawimonadidae">Malawimonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imasidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Imasidae">Imasidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-31px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Grypania" title="Grypania">Grypania</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gunflint_chert" title="Gunflint chert">Gunflint microbiota</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Chitinozoan" title="Chitinozoan">Chitinozoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteora_sporadica" title="Meteora sporadica">Meteora sporadica</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hemimastigophora47" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spironematellidae" title="Spironematellidae">Spironematellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramastigidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramastigidae">Paramastigidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonadidae (page does not exist)">Ancyromonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planomonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planomonadidae (page does not exist)">Planomonadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collodictyonidae" title="Collodictyonidae">Collodictyonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantamonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantamonadida">Mantamonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigifilida" title="Rigifilida">Rigifilida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹traditional <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> excluded from <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a></li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li><b>bold</b> denotes groups with over 1,000 species</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protozoan_infection:_SAR_and_Archaeplastida110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromalveolate_diseases" title="Template:Chromalveolate diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromalveolate_diseases" title="Template talk:Chromalveolate diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromalveolate_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromalveolate diseases"><abbr 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conoidasida" title="Conoidasida">Conoidasida</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_hominis" title="Cryptosporidium hominis">Cryptosporidium hominis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cystoisospora_belli" title="Cystoisospora belli">Cystoisospora belli</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isosporiasis" title="Isosporiasis">Isosporiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclospora_cayetanensis" title="Cyclospora cayetanensis">Cyclospora cayetanensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aconoidasida" title="Aconoidasida">Aconoidasida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax">vivax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_ovale" title="Plasmodium ovale">ovale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae" title="Plasmodium malariae">malariae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_knowlesi" title="Plasmodium knowlesi">knowlesi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_fever" title="Blackwater fever">Blackwater fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Babesia" title="Babesia">Babesia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">Babesiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balantidium_coli" title="Balantidium coli">Balantidium coli</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantidiasis" title="Balantidiasis">Balantidiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blastocystis" title="Blastocystis">Blastocystis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastocystosis" title="Blastocystosis">Blastocystosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pythium_insidiosum" title="Pythium insidiosum">Pythium insidiosum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythiosis" title="Pythiosis">Pythiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algaemia" title="Algaemia">Algaemia</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prototheca_wickerhamii" title="Prototheca wickerhamii">Prototheca wickerhamii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protothecosis" title="Protothecosis">Protothecosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorellosis" title="Chlorellosis">Chlorellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eukaryota:_SAR:_Alveolata1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ADFF2F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alveolata" title="Template talk:Alveolata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alveolata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alveolata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eukaryota:_SAR:_Alveolata1244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonidia (page does not exist)">Acavomonidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acavomonadea16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonadea (page does not exist)">Acavomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonadida (page does not exist)">Acavomonadida</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonas (page does not exist)">Acavomonas</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intramacronucleata" title="Intramacronucleata">Intramacronucleata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armophorea" title="Armophorea">Armophorea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Metopus" title="Metopus">Metopus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariacotrichea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariacotrichea">Cariacotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cariacothrix_caudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariacothrix caudata">Cariacothrix caudata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colpodea" title="Colpodea">Colpodea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colpoda" title="Colpoda">Colpoda</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litostomatea" title="Litostomatea">Litostomatea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Balantidium" title="Balantidium">Balantidium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dileptus" title="Dileptus">Dileptus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muranotrichea" title="Muranotrichea">Muranotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muranothrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muranothrix (page does not exist)">Muranothrix</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassophorea" title="Nassophorea">Nassophorea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nassula" title="Nassula">Nassula</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligohymenophorea" title="Oligohymenophorea">Oligohymenophorea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis" title="Ichthyophthirius multifiliis">Ichthyophthirius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vorticella" title="Vorticella">Vorticella</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parablepharismea" title="Parablepharismea">Parablepharismea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Parablepharisma" class="mw-redirect" title="Parablepharisma">Parablepharisma</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllopharyngea" title="Phyllopharyngea">Phyllopharyngea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chilodonella_uncinata" title="Chilodonella uncinata">Chilodonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tokophrya" title="Tokophrya">Tokophrya</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiopylida" title="Plagiopylida">Plagiopylea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Plagiopyla" title="Plagiopyla">Plagiopyla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostomatea" title="Prostomatea">Prostomatea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Coleps" title="Coleps">Coleps</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holophrya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holophrya (page does not exist)">Holophrya</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocruziea" title="Protocruziea">Protocruziea</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocruzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocruzia (page does not exist)">Protocruzia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirotrich" title="Spirotrich">Spirotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euplotes" title="Euplotes">Euplotes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stylonychia" title="Stylonychia">Stylonychia</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postciliodesmatophora" title="Postciliodesmatophora">Postciliodesmatophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrich" title="Heterotrich">Heterotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Stentor_(protozoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentor (protozoa)">Stentor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Climacostomum" title="Climacostomum">Climacostomum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blepharisma" title="Blepharisma">Blepharisma</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorelictea" title="Karyorelictea">Karyorelictea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Loxodes" title="Loxodes">Loxodes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tracheloraphis" title="Tracheloraphis">Tracheloraphis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesodiniea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesodiniea (page does not exist)">Mesodiniea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mesodinium_chamaeleon" title="Mesodinium chamaeleon">Mesodinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrionecta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrionecta (page does not exist)">Myrionecta</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colponemidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemidia">Colponemidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colponemadea16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemadea (page does not exist)">Colponemadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemadida (page does not exist)">Colponemadida</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colponema" title="Colponema">Colponema</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E6E6FF;"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Apicomplexa303" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aconoidasida16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aconoidasida" title="Aconoidasida">Aconoidasida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haemospororida" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemospororida">Haemospororida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garniidae" title="Garniidae">Garniidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Garnia_(protist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnia (protist)">Garnia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemoproteidae" title="Haemoproteidae">Haemoproteidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Haemoproteus" title="Haemoproteus">Haemoproteus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucocytozoidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocytozoidae">Leucocytozoidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Leucocytozoon" title="Leucocytozoon">Leucocytozoon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodiidae" title="Plasmodiidae">Plasmodiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piroplasmida" title="Piroplasmida">Piroplasmida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babesiidae" title="Babesiidae">Babesiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Babesia" title="Babesia">Babesia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theileriidae" title="Theileriidae">Theileriidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Theileria" title="Theileria">Theileria</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiosporidium" title="Cardiosporidium">Cardiosporidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nephromyces" title="Nephromyces">Nephromyces</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Conoidasida" title="Conoidasida">Conoidasida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agamococcidiorida" title="Agamococcidiorida">Agamococcidiorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemmocystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemmocystidae">Gemmocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gemmocystis" title="Gemmocystis">Gemmocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhytidocystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhytidocystidae">Rhytidocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhytidocystis" title="Rhytidocystis">Rhytidocystis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucoccidiorida" title="Eucoccidiorida">Eucoccidiorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adeleorina" title="Adeleorina">Adeleorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeleidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Adeleidae">Adeleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylosomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylosomatidae">Dactylosomatidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Babesiosoma" title="Babesiosoma">Babesiosoma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dactylosoma" title="Dactylosoma">Dactylosoma</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemogregarinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemogregarinidae">Haemogregarinidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Haemogregarina" title="Haemogregarina">Haemogregarina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatozoidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatozoidae">Hepatozoidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hepatozoon" title="Hepatozoon">Hepatozoon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysidae" title="Karyolysidae">Karyolysidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Karyolysus" title="Karyolysus">Karyolysus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klossiellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klossiellidae">Klossiellidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Klossiella" title="Klossiella">Klossiella</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legerellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Legerellidae">Legerellidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Legerella" title="Legerella">Legerella</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eimeriorina" title="Eimeriorina">Eimeriorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggregatidae (page does not exist)">Aggregatidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Aggregata" title="Aggregata">Aggregata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grasseella" title="Grasseella">Grasseella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Merocystis" title="Merocystis">Merocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ovivora" title="Ovivora">Ovivora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoklossia" title="Pseudoklossia">Pseudoklossia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Selysina" title="Selysina">Selysina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoxoplasmatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atoxoplasmatidae (page does not exist)">Atoxoplasmatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrouxiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrouxiidae (page does not exist)">Barrouxiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calyptosporiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calyptosporiidae (page does not exist)">Calyptosporiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caryotrophidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caryotrophidae (page does not exist)">Caryotrophidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptosporidiidae">Cryptosporidiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eimeriidae" title="Eimeriidae">Eimeriidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyclospora" title="Cyclospora">Cyclospora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eimeria" title="Eimeria">Eimeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Isospora" title="Isospora">Isospora</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elleipsisomatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elleipsisomatidae (page does not exist)">Elleipsisomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lankesterellidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lankesterellidae (page does not exist)">Lankesterellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenococcidiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenococcidiidae (page does not exist)">Selenococcidiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcocystidae" title="Sarcocystidae">Sarcocystidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcocystinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcocystinae (page does not exist)">Sarcocystinae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Frenkelia" title="Frenkelia">Frenkelia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcocystis" title="Sarcocystis">Sarcocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoplasmatinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxoplasmatinae (page does not exist)">Toxoplasmatinae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Besnoitia" title="Besnoitia">Besnoitia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hammondia" title="Hammondia">Hammondia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaloklossia" title="Hyaloklossia">Hyaloklossia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nephroisospora" title="Nephroisospora">Nephroisospora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neospora" title="Neospora">Neospora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxoplasma">Toxoplasma</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ixorheorida" title="Ixorheorida">Ixorheorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ixorheidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ixorheidae (page does not exist)">Ixorheidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ixorheis" title="Ixorheis">Ixorheis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protococcidiorida" title="Protococcidiorida">Protococcidiorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angeiocystidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angeiocystidae (page does not exist)">Angeiocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Angeiocystis" title="Angeiocystis">Angeiocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutheroschizonidae" title="Eleutheroschizonidae">Eleutheroschizonidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelotropha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelotropha (page does not exist)">Coelotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Defretinella" title="Defretinella">Defretinella</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleutheroschizon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleutheroschizon (page does not exist)">Eleutheroschizon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grelliidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grelliidae (page does not exist)">Grelliidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelotropha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelotropha (page does not exist)">Coelotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grellia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grellia (page does not exist)">Grellia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackinnoniidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mackinnoniidae (page does not exist)">Mackinnoniidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackinnonia_(protozoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mackinnonia (protozoa) (page does not exist)">Mackinnonia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myriosporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myriosporidae (page does not exist)">Myriosporidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myriosporides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myriosporides (page does not exist)">Myriosporides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Myriospora_(alveolate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriospora (alveolate)">Myriospora</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gregarinasina" title="Gregarinasina">Gregarinasina</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archigregarinorida" title="Archigregarinorida">Archigregarinorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoschizonidae" title="Exoschizonidae">Exoschizonidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Exoschizon" title="Exoschizon">Exoschizon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenidioididae" title="Selenidioididae">Selenidioididae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Merogregarina" title="Merogregarina">Merogregarina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meroselenidium" title="Meroselenidium">Meroselenidium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Selenidioides" title="Selenidioides">Selenidioides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Veloxidium" title="Veloxidium">Veloxidium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugregarinorida" title="Eugregarinorida">Eugregarinorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aseptatorina" title="Aseptatorina">Aseptatorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikinetocystidae" title="Aikinetocystidae">Aikinetocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allantocystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Allantocystidae">Allantocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplocystidae" title="Diplocystidae">Diplocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocystidae" title="Enterocystidae">Enterocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymedidae" title="Ganymedidae">Ganymedidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecudinidae" title="Lecudinidae">Lecudinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocystidae" title="Monocystidae">Monocystidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monocystinae" title="Monocystinae">Monocystinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligochaetocystinae" title="Oligochaetocystinae">Oligochaetocystinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocystinae" title="Rhynchocystinae">Rhynchocystinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomatophorinae" title="Stomatophorinae">Stomatophorinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygocystinae" title="Zygocystinae">Zygocystinae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaudinnellidae" title="Schaudinnellidae">Schaudinnellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenidiidae" title="Selenidiidae">Selenidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiriotiidae" title="Thiriotiidae">Thiriotiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urosporidae" title="Urosporidae">Urosporidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blastogregarinorina" title="Blastogregarinorina">Blastogregarinorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siedleckiidae" title="Siedleckiidae">Siedleckiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Siedleckia" title="Siedleckia">Siedleckia</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septatorina" title="Septatorina">Septatorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusionicae">Fusionicae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fusionidae" title="Fusionidae">Fusionidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregarinicae" title="Gregarinicae">Gregarinicae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cephaloidophoridae" title="Cephaloidophoridae">Cephaloidophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalolobidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalolobidae (page does not exist)">Cephalolobidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didymophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didymophoridae (page does not exist)">Didymophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregarinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregarinidae (page does not exist)">Gregarinidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirmocystidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirmocystidae (page does not exist)">Hirmocystidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metameridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metameridae (page does not exist)">Metameridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uradiophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uradiophoridae (page does not exist)">Uradiophoridae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosporicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Porosporicae">Porosporicae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porosporidae" title="Porosporidae">Porosporidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenophoricae" title="Stenophoricae">Stenophoricae</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acutidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acutidae (page does not exist)">Acutidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphiplatysporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphiplatysporidae (page does not exist)">Amphiplatysporidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brustiophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brustiophoridae (page does not exist)">Brustiophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnemidosporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cnemidosporidae (page does not exist)">Cnemidosporidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactylophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dactylophoridae (page does not exist)">Dactylophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leidyanidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leidyanidae (page does not exist)">Leidyanidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoductidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoductidae (page does not exist)">Monoductidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoicidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoicidae (page does not exist)">Monoicidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaerocystidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaerocystidae (page does not exist)">Sphaerocystidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenophoridae (page does not exist)">Stenophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichorhynchidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichorhynchidae (page does not exist)">Trichorhynchidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylocephaloidea" title="Stylocephaloidea">Stylocephaloidea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinocephalidae" title="Actinocephalidae">Actinocephalidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylocephalidae" title="Stylocephalidae">Stylocephalidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blabericolidae" title="Blabericolidae">Blabericolidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neogregarinorida" title="Neogregarinorida">Neogregarinorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizogregarinina" title="Schizogregarinina">Schizogregarinina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caulleryellidae" title="Caulleryellidae">Caulleryellidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophryocystidae" title="Ophryocystidae">Ophryocystidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaductidae" title="Gigaductidae">Gigaductidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gigaductus" title="Gigaductus">Gigaductus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotrophidae" title="Lipotrophidae">Lipotrophidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Apicystis" title="Apicystis">Apicystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Farinocystis" title="Farinocystis">Farinocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lipotropha" title="Lipotropha">Lipotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lipocystis" title="Lipocystis">Lipocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mattesia" title="Mattesia">Mattesia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Menzbieria" title="Menzbieria">Menzbieria</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizocystidae" title="Schizocystidae">Schizocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lymphotropha" title="Lymphotropha">Lymphotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Machadoella" title="Machadoella">Machadoella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schizocystis" title="Schizocystis">Schizocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncystidae" title="Syncystidae">Syncystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Syncystis" title="Syncystis">Syncystis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apicomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apicomonadea (page does not exist)">Apicomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chromerida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromerida">Chromerida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromeraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromeraceae">Chromeraceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chromera_velia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromera velia">Chromera velia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrellaceae">Vitrellaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vitrella_brassicaformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrella brassicaformis">Vitrella brassicaformis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colpodellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellida">Colpodellida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colpodellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellidae">Colpodellidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colpodella" title="Colpodella">Colpodella</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voromonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voromonadida (page does not exist)">Voromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphamonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphamonadidae (page does not exist)">Alphamonadidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Alphamonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphamonas">Alphamonas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voromonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voromonadidae (page does not exist)">Voromonadidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Voromonas" title="Voromonas">Voromonas</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dinokaryota" title="Dinokaryota">Dinokaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>With a theca: <a href="/wiki/Dinophysiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinophysiales">Dinophysiales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dinophysis" title="Dinophysis">Dinophysis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Histioneis" title="Histioneis">Histioneis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithocercus" title="Ornithocercus">Ornithocercus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyphysis" title="Oxyphysis">Oxyphysis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonyaulacales" title="Gonyaulacales">Gonyaulacales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceratium" title="Ceratium">Ceratium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gonyaulax" title="Gonyaulax">Gonyaulax</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridiniales" title="Peridiniales">Peridiniales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria" title="Pfiesteria">Pfiesteria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peridinium" title="Peridinium">Peridinium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorocentrales" title="Prorocentrales">Prorocentrales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Prorocentrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prorocentrum">Prorocentrum</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Without theca: <a href="/wiki/Gymnodiniales" title="Gymnodiniales">Gymnodiniales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amphidinium" title="Amphidinium">Amphidinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnodinium" title="Gymnodinium">Gymnodinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karenia_(dinoflagellate)" title="Karenia (dinoflagellate)">Karenia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karlodinium" title="Karlodinium">Karlodinium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiales" title="Suessiales">Suessiales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Polarella" title="Polarella">Polarella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noctilucea" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilucea">Noctilucea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noctilucales" title="Noctilucales">Noctilucales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Noctiluca_scintillans" title="Noctiluca scintillans">Noctiluca</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndinea">Syndinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndiniales" title="Syndiniales">Syndiniales</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amoebophryaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebophryaceae">Amoebophryaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amoebophyra" title="Amoebophyra">Amoebophyra</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboscquellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Duboscquellaceae">Duboscquellaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Duboscquella" title="Duboscquella">Duboscquella</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syndiniaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syndiniaceae (page does not exist)">Syndiniaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hematodinium" title="Hematodinium">Hematodinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Syndinium" title="Syndinium">Syndinium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrocoelidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrocoelidae (page does not exist)">Acrocoelidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Acrocoelus" title="Acrocoelus">Acrocoelus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkinsoide_chabelardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkinsoide chabelardi (page does not exist)">Ichthyodinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrrhinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyrrhinaceae">Oxyrrhinaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxyrrhis" title="Oxyrrhis">Oxyrrhis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoctilucidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoctilucidae (page does not exist)">Pronoctilucidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoctiluca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoctiluca (page does not exist)">Pronoctiluca</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psammosidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psammosidae (page does not exist)">Psammosidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psammosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psammosa (page does not exist)">Psammosa</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Perkinsea13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perkinsea" title="Perkinsea">Perkinsea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsidae" title="Perkinsidae">Perkinsidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Perkinsus_marinus" title="Perkinsus marinus">Perkinsus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagodinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagodinida (page does not exist)">Phagodinida</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagodinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagodinium (page does not exist)">Phagodinium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rastromonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rastromonadida (page does not exist)">Rastromonadida</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Parvilucifera" title="Parvilucifera">Parvilucifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptophagus_(protozoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophagus (protozoa)">Rastrimonas</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protalveolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protalveolata (page does not exist)">Protalveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellobiopsea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellobiopsea (page does not exist)">Ellobiopsea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellobiopsidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellobiopsidae (page does not exist)">Ellobiopsidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliobiocystis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliobiocystis (page does not exist)">Elliobiocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ellobiopsis" title="Ellobiopsis">Ellobiopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallobiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parallobiopsis (page does not exist)">Parallobiopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalassomyces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalassomyces (page does not exist)">Thalassomyces</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizellobiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizellobiopsis (page does not exist)">Rhizellobiopsis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myzomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myzomonadea (page does not exist)">Myzomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algovorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algovorida (page does not exist)">Algovorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algovoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algovoridae (page does not exist)">Algovoridae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algovora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algovora (page does not exist)">Algovora</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilovorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilovorida (page does not exist)">Chilovorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilovoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilovoridae (page does not exist)">Chilovoridae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilovora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilovora (page does not exist)">Chilovora</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squirmidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squirmidea (page does not exist)">Squirmidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squirmidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squirmidae (page does not exist)">Squirmidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Filipodium" title="Filipodium">Filipodium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Platyproteum" title="Platyproteum">Platyproteum</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1764" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1764" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alveolata</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448746" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q448746">Q448746</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id305411">305411</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/10460533">10460533</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11904994">11904994</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=969915">969915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=33630">33630</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=266751">266751</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=212594">212594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536209">536209</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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