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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_china_al_T%C3%ADbet_(1910)" title="Expedición china al Tíbet (1910) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición china al Tíbet (1910)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_du_Tibet_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_imp%C3%A9riale_mandchoue" title="Invasion du Tibet par l'armée impériale mandchoue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion du Tibet par l'armée impériale mandchoue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Tiongkok_ke_Tibet_(1910)" title="Ekspedisi Tiongkok ke Tibet (1910) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspedisi Tiongkok ke Tibet (1910)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_China_ke_Tibet_(1910)" title="Ekspedisi China ke Tibet (1910) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekspedisi China ke Tibet (1910)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_chinesa_ao_Tibete_(1910)" title="Expedição chinesa ao Tibete (1910) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição chinesa ao Tibete (1910)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_(1910)" title="திபெத் மீதான சீனாவின் படையெடுப்பு (1910) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத் மீதான சீனாவின் படையெடுப்பு (1910)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="川軍入藏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="川軍入藏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military expedition into Tibet by the Qing dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1910</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Hor_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-nine Hor tribes (page does not exist)">Thirty-nine Hor tribes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:霍爾三十九族">zh</a>]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powo" title="Kingdom of Powo">Kingdom of Powo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lian_Yu" title="Lian Yu">Lian Yu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008231,_234_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008231,_234-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhong_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhong Ying (page does not exist)">Zhong Ying</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E9%A2%96" class="extiw" title="zh:钟颖">zh</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008212_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a><br />Kelsang Gyaltsen<br /><a href="/wiki/Tsarong" title="Tsarong">Tsarong Dazang Dramdul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chinese expedition to Tibet</b> of 1910, also known as <b>Sichuan army entering Tibet</b>, resulted from <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> worries about its national interests after a <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">1903 British expedition</a>. Qing China sent a <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">military</a> force of 2,000 troops to <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a>, then its protectorate, to increase its authority in the region. This led to turmoil in Tibet, causing the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> to flee to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._1198952–54_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._1198952–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a rupture in Sino-Tibetan relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008p._232:_"Thus_began_a_fateful_chain_of_events_that_would_have_grave_ramifications_for_Sino-Tibetan_relations_in_the_twentieth_century."_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008p._232:_"Thus_began_a_fateful_chain_of_events_that_would_have_grave_ramifications_for_Sino-Tibetan_relations_in_the_twentieth_century."-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 18th century, Tibet was a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petech1972_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petech1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989p._44:_"there_can_be_no_question_regarding_the_subordination_of_Tibet_to_Manchu-ruled_China_following...the_first_decades_of_the_eighteenth_century."_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989p._44:_"there_can_be_no_question_regarding_the_subordination_of_Tibet_to_Manchu-ruled_China_following...the_first_decades_of_the_eighteenth_century."-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then till the end of the 19th century, Tibet did not have an adult Dalai Lama and China played an increasing role in the internal governance of Tibet. China placed resident officials called <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">ambans</a></i> in Tibet who supervised the local administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001pp._82–83:_"If_a_strong_amban_(the_title_which_replaced_the_Khan_in_1711)_coupled_with_a_domestic_or_external_crisis_situation,_coincided_with_a_weak_or_minor_Dalai_Lama,_Imperial_China_tended_to_take_stronger_measures,_and_to_interfere_more_than_usual_in_the_internal_affairs_of_Tibet."_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001pp._82–83:_"If_a_strong_amban_(the_title_which_replaced_the_Khan_in_1711)_coupled_with_a_domestic_or_external_crisis_situation,_coincided_with_a_weak_or_minor_Dalai_Lama,_Imperial_China_tended_to_take_stronger_measures,_and_to_interfere_more_than_usual_in_the_internal_affairs_of_Tibet."-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the coming to age of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a>, the Tibetans started asserting their autonomy. They also expected to be consulted on all aspects of external affairs conducted by China on Tibet's behalf. The treaties signed with the British Empire in India regarding Tibet's border or trade relations were not recognised by the Tibetan officials, claiming that agreements signed without consultation were invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"Tibet,_however,_was_not_a_party_to_these_agreements_and_refused_to_cooperate_in_their_implementation."_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"Tibet,_however,_was_not_a_party_to_these_agreements_and_refused_to_cooperate_in_their_implementation."-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001p._169:_"The_Tibetans_showed_profound_disregard_for_the_treaty_stipulations_by_demolishing_the_new_border_markers_(pillars)._That_is,_the_Tibetans_refused_to_recognize_the_British_takeover_of_Sikkim_and_consequently_the_newly_defined_boundary_between_Sikkim_and_Tibet...._In_1895_the_Commissioner_of_the_Rajashahi_Division_was_told_flatly_at_Yatung_that,_as_the_Convention_was_made_by_the_Chinese_only,_the_Tibetan_Government_refused_to_recognize_it."_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001p._169:_"The_Tibetans_showed_profound_disregard_for_the_treaty_stipulations_by_demolishing_the_new_border_markers_(pillars)._That_is,_the_Tibetans_refused_to_recognize_the_British_takeover_of_Sikkim_and_consequently_the_newly_defined_boundary_between_Sikkim_and_Tibet...._In_1895_the_Commissioner_of_the_Rajashahi_Division_was_told_flatly_at_Yatung_that,_as_the_Convention_was_made_by_the_Chinese_only,_the_Tibetan_Government_refused_to_recognize_it."-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_Tibet,_China_&_India1989p._6:_"The_Tibetans_showed_every_sign_of_repudiating_the_Anglo-Chinese_agreements_of_1890_and_1893."_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_Tibet,_China_&_India1989p._6:_"The_Tibetans_showed_every_sign_of_repudiating_the_Anglo-Chinese_agreements_of_1890_and_1893."-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_Elusive_Triangle1990p._150:_"Tibet_also_maintains_that_it_did_not_accept_the_Anglo-Chinese_Convention_on_Sikkim_of_1890,_nor_the_Trade_Regulations_framed_under_it_three_years_later._It_had_not_been_consulted_the_drafting_of_either_document."_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_Elusive_Triangle1990p._150:_"Tibet_also_maintains_that_it_did_not_accept_the_Anglo-Chinese_Convention_on_Sikkim_of_1890,_nor_the_Trade_Regulations_framed_under_it_three_years_later._It_had_not_been_consulted_the_drafting_of_either_document."-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensing a power vacuum in Tibet, the British sent an <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">expedition</a> to Tibet in 1904, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Younghusband" title="Francis Younghusband">Francis Younghusband</a>, and signed their own <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">treaty</a> with Tibet. The Dalai Lama fled Lhasa before the arrival of the expedition, wanting to avoid the signing of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"[The_British_viceroy]_realized_that_China_had_no_practical_control_over_events_in_Tibet,_so_he_obtained_permission_from_London_to_try_to_initiate_direct_communication_and_relations_with_Lhasa...._But_China_had_no_control_over_the_Dalai_Lama,_who_ignored_these_admonitions_and_fled_to_exile_in_Mongolia,_fearing_he_would_be_compelled_to_sign_an_unfavorable_agreement."_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"[The_British_viceroy]_realized_that_China_had_no_practical_control_over_events_in_Tibet,_so_he_obtained_permission_from_London_to_try_to_initiate_direct_communication_and_relations_with_Lhasa...._But_China_had_no_control_over_the_Dalai_Lama,_who_ignored_these_admonitions_and_fled_to_exile_in_Mongolia,_fearing_he_would_be_compelled_to_sign_an_unfavorable_agreement."-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the British allowed China to salvage the situation. They loosened the terms of the Anglo-Tibetan treaty, allowing China to pay the war indemnity on Tibet's behalf in a shorter time frame, and giving recognition to China's authority over Tibet in a <a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">separate treaty</a> with China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997pp._25–26:_"Thus,_at_a_time_when_China_was_unable_to_exercise_real_power_in_Tibet,_Britain_unilaterally_reaffirmed_Tibet's_political_subordination_to_China."_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997pp._25–26:_"Thus,_at_a_time_when_China_was_unable_to_exercise_real_power_in_Tibet,_Britain_unilaterally_reaffirmed_Tibet's_political_subordination_to_China."-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_Tibetan_Nation2019153_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_Tibetan_Nation2019153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also signed a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">bilateral treaty</a> with Russia in which Chinese <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over Tibet was explicitly recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese negotiators continued to maintain that China possessed <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over Tibet, not merely suzerainty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_in_Lhasa">Reforms in Lhasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reforms in Lhasa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The international developments caused a reduction in the status of Tibet and increased the assertion of power by China. The Dalai Lama, who left Lhasa in the wake of Younghusband expedition, spent time Buddhist monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and eventually went to Beijing to see the Chinese emperor, where he received an inferior treatment as a subordinate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Praag,_The_Status_of_Tibet198741_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Praag,_The_Status_of_Tibet198741-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung,_Comparing_China's_frontier_politics2018p._162:_"The_Dalai_Lama's_reduced_standing_demonstrated_Beijing's_intention_to_do_away_with_Tibet's_status_as_an_autonomous_dependency_by_exercising_full_sovereignty_over_it,_and_signaled_that_the_traditional_personal_relationship_between_the_(Dalai_Lama)_priest_and_his_(Manchu_Emperor)_patron_no_longer_existed."_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung,_Comparing_China's_frontier_politics2018p._162:_"The_Dalai_Lama's_reduced_standing_demonstrated_Beijing's_intention_to_do_away_with_Tibet's_status_as_an_autonomous_dependency_by_exercising_full_sovereignty_over_it,_and_signaled_that_the_traditional_personal_relationship_between_the_(Dalai_Lama)_priest_and_his_(Manchu_Emperor)_patron_no_longer_existed."-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his absence, China implemented a variety of measures to increase its control over Tibet. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yintang" title="Zhang Yintang">Zhang Yintang</a>, an official sent to negotiate with the British government in India, was appointed as the Imperial High Commissioner in Tibet. He introduced a variety of "new deal" reforms in the administration, vastly curtailed the British influence in Tibet, and managed to win over sections of Tibetan population. The amban, <a href="/wiki/Lian_Yu" title="Lian Yu">Lian Yu</a>, had his own reforms to implement, which were said to be considerably less popular. The tensions between them caused Zhang to leave in June 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008217–220,_227–228_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008217–220,_227–228-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his departure, Lian Yu had an unobstructed run on the administration of Tibet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_in_Kham">Reforms in Kham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms in Kham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg/280px-Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg/420px-Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg/560px-Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Border between western and eastern Kham shown as the dark blue line (<a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Convention</a>, 1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>Concurrently, China was also beginning to exercise increased control over eastern <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> region, which had been nominally under its control since 1728.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's route to Tibet passed through the region, giving rise to its nickname "march country" (through which the Chinese troops would need to march en route to Tibet).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974pp._67–68:_"What_was_strictly_called_the_March_country_comprised_the_'native'_states_on_the_Szechuan_border_east_of_the_old_Sino-Tibetan_frontier_on_the_Bum_La._It_embraced_the_kingdom_of_Derge,_and_the_five_Hor_states,_besides_Chala_or_Tachienlu,_Batang_and_Litang—the_first_two_closely_aligned_to_Lhasa,_the_latter_three_powerfully_oriented_towards_Chengtu_and_Peking."_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974pp._67–68:_"What_was_strictly_called_the_March_country_comprised_the_'native'_states_on_the_Szechuan_border_east_of_the_old_Sino-Tibetan_frontier_on_the_Bum_La._It_embraced_the_kingdom_of_Derge,_and_the_five_Hor_states,_besides_Chala_or_Tachienlu,_Batang_and_Litang—the_first_two_closely_aligned_to_Lhasa,_the_latter_three_powerfully_oriented_towards_Chengtu_and_Peking."-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, the Chinese officials in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> decided to develop agriculture and mining in the area and used the Younghusband expedition to provide a renewed sense of urgency to the plan. The objective was to strengthen Chinese state control in the frontier area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._1196611_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._1196611-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014197,_202–203,_216–217_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014197,_202–203,_216–217-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing court approved the plan in March 1904 and ordered the newly appointed assistant amban of Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Feng_Quan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Quan">Feng Quan</a>, to take his station at <a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–217_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–217-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feng Quan decided to attempt the project at <a href="/wiki/Batang,_Sichuan" title="Batang, Sichuan">Batang</a> (in eastern Kham, en route to Chamdo) and, within a hundred days, provoked the <a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a>, in which he was murdered. The Qing court then appointed a new official <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a> ("butcher Zhao"), who was already known for his tough methods, as the Imperial Commissioner for the Tibetan Marches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966192_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao reduced all the autonomous native states in both the western and eastern Kham by 1910 and converted them into Chinese districts governed by magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199727_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199727-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He signed an agreement with the Tibetan government setting the border between China and Tibet at <a href="/wiki/Gyamda" title="Gyamda">Gyamda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGranahan,_From_Simla_to_Rongbatsa200343_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGranahan,_From_Simla_to_Rongbatsa200343-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qing Government sent the 1910 expedition to Tibet for establishing direct rule and reoccupied Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Need WP:HISTRS (May 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> According to scholar Dawa Norbu, the British expedition and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa</a> prompted the Qing government to ensure that they could establish firmer control over Tibet. Afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norbu2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norbu2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melvyn Goldstein, an American Tibetologist from the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">CWRU Center for Research on Tibet</a>, indicated more specifically: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The [British] invasion of Tibet and the Lhasa Convention of 1904 dramatically altered Chinese policy toward Tibet. Until then, the Qing dynasty had shown no interest in directly administering or sinicizing Tibet. The British thrusts now suggested to Beijing that unless it took prompt action, its position as overlord in Tibet might be lost, and with Tibet under the British sphere of influence the English would be looking down from the Tibetan plateau on Sichuan, one of China's most important provinces. The Qing dynasty, although enfeebled and on the brink of collapse, responded with surprising vigor. Beijing got the British troops to leave Tibetan soil quickly by paying the indemnity to Britain itself and began to take a more active role in day-to-day Tibetan affairs. Britain's casual invasion of Tibet, therefore, stimulated China to protect its national interests by beginning a program of closer cultural, economic, and political integration of Tibet with the rest of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a> in 1911–1912, the Qing dynasty collapsed and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. The 13th Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa and proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">an independent Tibet</a>. All remaining Qing forces were expelled from Tibet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet (1912–1951)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were two ambans, one consider the chief amban and the other the assistant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tibetologist Melvyn Goldstein states: "In 1728 three large ethnic Tibetan areas in Kham were placed under the jurisdiction of Sichuan and three others under the jurisdiction of Yunnan province."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199716_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199716-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> is in western Kham under Lhasa's control. So theoretically, the new amban would be in Tibetan territory but would be able to look after the frontier affairs. The previous assistant amban Gui Lin declined to take up the task citing health reasons, leading to the appointment of Feng Quan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–215_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–215-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008231,_234-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008231,_234_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008">Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008)</a>, pp. 231, 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008212-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008212_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008">Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008)</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._1198952–54-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._1198952–54_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989">Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989)</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008p._232:_"Thus_began_a_fateful_chain_of_events_that_would_have_grave_ramifications_for_Sino-Tibetan_relations_in_the_twentieth_century."-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008p._232:_"Thus_began_a_fateful_chain_of_events_that_would_have_grave_ramifications_for_Sino-Tibetan_relations_in_the_twentieth_century."_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008">Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008)</a>, p. 232: "Thus began a fateful chain of events that would have grave ramifications for Sino-Tibetan relations in the twentieth century.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petech1972-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petech1972_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Petech, Luciano, <i>China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century</i>, Brill, 1972, p260, "(From 1661 to 1705), the Manchu emperors possess[ed] only that shadowy form of suzerainty, which they inherited from the Yuan and the Ming dynasties...The year 1710 saw the formal proclamation of the Chinese protectorate...After the Dsungar storm had blown over, from 1721-1723 the Tibetan government was supervised by the commandant of the Chinese garrison in Lhasa...In 1751 the organization of the protectorate took its final shape, which it maintained, except for some modifications in 1792, till its end in 1912. The ambans were given rights of control and supervision and since 1792 also a direct participation in the Tibetan government."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989p._44:_"there_can_be_no_question_regarding_the_subordination_of_Tibet_to_Manchu-ruled_China_following...the_first_decades_of_the_eighteenth_century."-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989p._44:_"there_can_be_no_question_regarding_the_subordination_of_Tibet_to_Manchu-ruled_China_following...the_first_decades_of_the_eighteenth_century."_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989">Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989)</a>, p. 44: "there can be no question regarding the subordination of Tibet to Manchu-ruled China following...the first decades of the eighteenth century.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001pp._82–83:_"If_a_strong_amban_(the_title_which_replaced_the_Khan_in_1711)_coupled_with_a_domestic_or_external_crisis_situation,_coincided_with_a_weak_or_minor_Dalai_Lama,_Imperial_China_tended_to_take_stronger_measures,_and_to_interfere_more_than_usual_in_the_internal_affairs_of_Tibet."-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001pp._82–83:_"If_a_strong_amban_(the_title_which_replaced_the_Khan_in_1711)_coupled_with_a_domestic_or_external_crisis_situation,_coincided_with_a_weak_or_minor_Dalai_Lama,_Imperial_China_tended_to_take_stronger_measures,_and_to_interfere_more_than_usual_in_the_internal_affairs_of_Tibet."_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001">Norbu, China's Tibet Policy (2001)</a>, pp. 82–83: "If a strong amban (the title which replaced the Khan in 1711) coupled with a domestic or external crisis situation, coincided with a weak or minor Dalai Lama, Imperial China tended to take stronger measures, and to interfere more than usual in the internal affairs of Tibet.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"Tibet,_however,_was_not_a_party_to_these_agreements_and_refused_to_cooperate_in_their_implementation."-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"Tibet,_however,_was_not_a_party_to_these_agreements_and_refused_to_cooperate_in_their_implementation."_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, p. 23: "Tibet, however, was not a party to these agreements and refused to cooperate in their implementation.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001p._169:_"The_Tibetans_showed_profound_disregard_for_the_treaty_stipulations_by_demolishing_the_new_border_markers_(pillars)._That_is,_the_Tibetans_refused_to_recognize_the_British_takeover_of_Sikkim_and_consequently_the_newly_defined_boundary_between_Sikkim_and_Tibet...._In_1895_the_Commissioner_of_the_Rajashahi_Division_was_told_flatly_at_Yatung_that,_as_the_Convention_was_made_by_the_Chinese_only,_the_Tibetan_Government_refused_to_recognize_it."-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001p._169:_"The_Tibetans_showed_profound_disregard_for_the_treaty_stipulations_by_demolishing_the_new_border_markers_(pillars)._That_is,_the_Tibetans_refused_to_recognize_the_British_takeover_of_Sikkim_and_consequently_the_newly_defined_boundary_between_Sikkim_and_Tibet...._In_1895_the_Commissioner_of_the_Rajashahi_Division_was_told_flatly_at_Yatung_that,_as_the_Convention_was_made_by_the_Chinese_only,_the_Tibetan_Government_refused_to_recognize_it."_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001">Norbu, China's Tibet Policy (2001)</a>, p. 169: "The Tibetans showed profound disregard for the treaty stipulations by demolishing the new border markers (pillars). That is, the Tibetans refused to recognize the British takeover of Sikkim and consequently the newly defined boundary between Sikkim and Tibet.... In 1895 the Commissioner of the Rajashahi Division was told flatly at Yatung that, as the Convention was made by the Chinese only, the Tibetan Government refused to recognize it.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_Tibet,_China_&_India1989p._6:_"The_Tibetans_showed_every_sign_of_repudiating_the_Anglo-Chinese_agreements_of_1890_and_1893."-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_Tibet,_China_&_India1989p._6:_"The_Tibetans_showed_every_sign_of_repudiating_the_Anglo-Chinese_agreements_of_1890_and_1893."_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb,_Tibet,_China_&_India1989">Lamb, Tibet, China & India (1989)</a>, p. 6: "The Tibetans showed every sign of repudiating the Anglo-Chinese agreements of 1890 and 1893.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_Elusive_Triangle1990p._150:_"Tibet_also_maintains_that_it_did_not_accept_the_Anglo-Chinese_Convention_on_Sikkim_of_1890,_nor_the_Trade_Regulations_framed_under_it_three_years_later._It_had_not_been_consulted_the_drafting_of_either_document."-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_Elusive_Triangle1990p._150:_"Tibet_also_maintains_that_it_did_not_accept_the_Anglo-Chinese_Convention_on_Sikkim_of_1890,_nor_the_Trade_Regulations_framed_under_it_three_years_later._It_had_not_been_consulted_the_drafting_of_either_document."_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehra,_The_Elusive_Triangle1990">Mehra, The Elusive Triangle (1990)</a>, p. 150: "Tibet also maintains that it did not accept the Anglo-Chinese Convention on Sikkim of 1890, nor the Trade Regulations framed under it three years later. It had not been consulted the drafting of either document.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"[The_British_viceroy]_realized_that_China_had_no_practical_control_over_events_in_Tibet,_so_he_obtained_permission_from_London_to_try_to_initiate_direct_communication_and_relations_with_Lhasa...._But_China_had_no_control_over_the_Dalai_Lama,_who_ignored_these_admonitions_and_fled_to_exile_in_Mongolia,_fearing_he_would_be_compelled_to_sign_an_unfavorable_agreement."-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997p._23:_"[The_British_viceroy]_realized_that_China_had_no_practical_control_over_events_in_Tibet,_so_he_obtained_permission_from_London_to_try_to_initiate_direct_communication_and_relations_with_Lhasa...._But_China_had_no_control_over_the_Dalai_Lama,_who_ignored_these_admonitions_and_fled_to_exile_in_Mongolia,_fearing_he_would_be_compelled_to_sign_an_unfavorable_agreement."_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, p. 23: "[The British viceroy] realized that China had no practical control over events in Tibet, so he obtained permission from London to try to initiate direct communication and relations with Lhasa.... But China had no control over the Dalai Lama, who ignored these admonitions and fled to exile in Mongolia, fearing he would be compelled to sign an unfavorable agreement.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997pp._25–26:_"Thus,_at_a_time_when_China_was_unable_to_exercise_real_power_in_Tibet,_Britain_unilaterally_reaffirmed_Tibet's_political_subordination_to_China."-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997pp._25–26:_"Thus,_at_a_time_when_China_was_unable_to_exercise_real_power_in_Tibet,_Britain_unilaterally_reaffirmed_Tibet's_political_subordination_to_China."_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, pp. 25–26: "Thus, at a time when China was unable to exercise real power in Tibet, Britain unilaterally reaffirmed Tibet's political subordination to China.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_Tibetan_Nation2019153-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_Tibetan_Nation2019153_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith,_Tibetan_Nation2019">Smith, Tibetan Nation (2019)</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Praag,_The_Status_of_Tibet198741-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Praag,_The_Status_of_Tibet198741_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Praag,_The_Status_of_Tibet1987">Van Praag, The Status of Tibet (1987)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung,_Comparing_China's_frontier_politics2018p._162:_"The_Dalai_Lama's_reduced_standing_demonstrated_Beijing's_intention_to_do_away_with_Tibet's_status_as_an_autonomous_dependency_by_exercising_full_sovereignty_over_it,_and_signaled_that_the_traditional_personal_relationship_between_the_(Dalai_Lama)_priest_and_his_(Manchu_Emperor)_patron_no_longer_existed."-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung,_Comparing_China's_frontier_politics2018p._162:_"The_Dalai_Lama's_reduced_standing_demonstrated_Beijing's_intention_to_do_away_with_Tibet's_status_as_an_autonomous_dependency_by_exercising_full_sovereignty_over_it,_and_signaled_that_the_traditional_personal_relationship_between_the_(Dalai_Lama)_priest_and_his_(Manchu_Emperor)_patron_no_longer_existed."_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChung,_Comparing_China's_frontier_politics2018">Chung, Comparing China's frontier politics (2018)</a>, p. 162: "The Dalai Lama's reduced standing demonstrated Beijing's intention to do away with Tibet's status as an autonomous dependency by exercising full sovereignty over it, and signaled that the traditional personal relationship between the (Dalai Lama) priest and his (Manchu Emperor) patron no longer existed.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008217–220,_227–228-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008217–220,_227–228_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo,_The_Men_Who_Would_Not_be_Amban2008">Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008)</a>, pp. 217–220, 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199716-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199716_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974pp._67–68:_"What_was_strictly_called_the_March_country_comprised_the_'native'_states_on_the_Szechuan_border_east_of_the_old_Sino-Tibetan_frontier_on_the_Bum_La._It_embraced_the_kingdom_of_Derge,_and_the_five_Hor_states,_besides_Chala_or_Tachienlu,_Batang_and_Litang—the_first_two_closely_aligned_to_Lhasa,_the_latter_three_powerfully_oriented_towards_Chengtu_and_Peking."-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974pp._67–68:_"What_was_strictly_called_the_March_country_comprised_the_'native'_states_on_the_Szechuan_border_east_of_the_old_Sino-Tibetan_frontier_on_the_Bum_La._It_embraced_the_kingdom_of_Derge,_and_the_five_Hor_states,_besides_Chala_or_Tachienlu,_Batang_and_Litang—the_first_two_closely_aligned_to_Lhasa,_the_latter_three_powerfully_oriented_towards_Chengtu_and_Peking."_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974">Mehra, The McMahon Line and After (1974)</a>, pp. 67–68: "What was strictly called the March country comprised the 'native' states on the Szechuan border east of the old Sino-Tibetan frontier on the Bum La. It embraced the kingdom of Derge, and the five Hor states, besides Chala or Tachienlu, Batang and Litang—the first two closely aligned to Lhasa, the latter three powerfully oriented towards Chengtu and Peking.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._1196611-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._1196611_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966">Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 1 (1966)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014197,_202–203,_216–217-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014197,_202–203,_216–217_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, pp. 197, 202–203, 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–217-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–217_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, pp. 214–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–215-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014214–215_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966192-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966192_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966">Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 1 (1966)</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199727-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199727_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGranahan,_From_Simla_to_Rongbatsa200343-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGranahan,_From_Simla_to_Rongbatsa200343_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGranahan,_From_Simla_to_Rongbatsa2003">McGranahan, From Simla to Rongbatsa (2003)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRai2022" class="citation book cs1">Rai, C (2022). <i>Darjeeling: The Unhealed Wound</i>. Blue Rose Publishers. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darjeeling%3A+The+Unhealed+Wound&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Blue+Rose+Publishers&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norbu2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norbu2011_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu2011" class="citation cs2">Norbu, Dawa (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxiDYDCs-wAC&pg=PT65"><i>Tibet: The Road Ahead</i></a>, Ebury Publishing, p. 65, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-5968-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-5968-3"><bdi>978-1-4464-5968-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+The+Road+Ahead&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Ebury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-5968-3&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Dawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxiDYDCs-wAC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung,_Comparing_China's_frontier_politics2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Chien-peng (2018). "Comparing China's frontier politics: how much difference did a century make?". <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1350151">10.1080/00905992.2017.1350151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Comparing+China%27s+frontier+politics%3A+how+much+difference+did+a+century+make%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1350151&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Chien-peng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014" class="citation cs2">Coleman, William M. (2014), <i>Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939</i>, Columbia University (PhD thesis)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+State+on+the+Sino-Tibetan+Frontier%3A+Chinese+Expansion+and+Local+Power+in+Batang%2C+1842-1939&rft.pub=Columbia+University+%28PhD+thesis%29&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein,_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet,_Vol._11989" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC"><i>A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91176-5"><bdi>978-0-520-91176-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+1913-1951%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Lamaist+State&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91176-5&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpwq0I-wm7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Melvyn C. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333157374" title="Special:BookSources/9780333157374"><bdi>9780333157374</bdi></a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McMahon+Line+and+After%3A+A+Study+of+the+Triangular+Contest+on+India%27s+North-eastern+Frontier+Between+Britain%2C+China+and+Tibet%2C+1904-47&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780333157374&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehra,_The_Elusive_Triangle1990" class="citation cs2">Mehra, Parshotam (1990), "The Elusive Triangle: Tibet in India-China Relations—A Brief Conspectus", <i>China Report</i>, <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000944559002600202">10.1177/000944559002600202</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Report&rft.atitle=The+Elusive+Triangle%3A+Tibet+in+India-China+Relations%E2%80%94A+Brief+Conspectus&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000944559002600202&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu,_China's_Tibet_Policy2001" class="citation cs2">Norbu, Dawa (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC"><i>China's Tibet Policy</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79793-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79793-4"><bdi>978-1-136-79793-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Tibet+Policy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79793-4&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Dawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGqyIgOlUCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Tibetan_Nation1996" class="citation cs2">Smith, Warren (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations</i></a>, Avalon Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3155-3"><bdi>978-0-8133-3155-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Nation%3A+A+History+Of+Tibetan+Nationalism+And+Sino-Tibetan+Relations&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3155-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbHtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Tibetan_Nation2019" class="citation cs2">Smith, Warren (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXmmDwAAQBAJ"><i>Tibetan Nation: A history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-061228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-061228-8"><bdi>978-1-00-061228-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Nation%3A+A+history+of+Tibetan+nationalism+and+Sino-Tibetan+relations&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-061228-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXmmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+expedition+to+Tibet+%281910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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