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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Armed resistance in Kham and Amdo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_resistance_in_Kham_and_Amdo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lhasa_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lhasa_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lhasa uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lhasa_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_of_the_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Involvement of the Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_of_the_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1959 Tibetan uprising</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA_1959" title="انتفاضة التبت 1959 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة التبت 1959" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Tibet soyqırımı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet soyqırımı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تیبت سویقیری‌می – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیبت سویقیری‌می" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixecament_tibet%C3%A0_de_1959" title="Aixecament tibetà de 1959 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aixecament tibetà de 1959" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Tibetské národní povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetské národní povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaufstand_1959" title="Tibetaufstand 1959 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetaufstand 1959" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959._aasta_Tiibeti_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="1959. aasta Tiibeti ülestõus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1959. aasta Tiibeti ülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantamiento_tibetano_de_1959" title="Levantamiento tibetano de 1959 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levantamiento tibetano de 1959" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeta_ribelo_(1959)" title="Tibeta ribelo (1959) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibeta ribelo (1959)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_tib%C3%A9tain_de_1959" title="Soulèvement tibétain de 1959 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soulèvement tibétain de 1959" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%EB%85%84_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="1959년 티베트 봉기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1959년 티베트 봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="१९५९ का तिब्बती विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९५९ का तिब्बती विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Tibet_1959" title="Pemberontakan Tibet 1959 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Tibet 1959" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_tibetana_del_1959" title="Rivolta tibetana del 1959 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta tibetana del 1959" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(1959)" title="ტიბეტის აჯანყება (1959) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტის აჯანყება (1959)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959-es_tibeti_felkel%C3%A9s" title="1959-es tibeti felkelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1959-es tibeti felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82" title="1959 ലെ ടിബറ്റൻ പ്രക്ഷോഭം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1959 ലെ ടിബറ്റൻ പ്രക്ഷോഭം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstand_in_Tibet_(1959)" title="Opstand in Tibet (1959) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opstand in Tibet (1959)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7" title="1959年のチベット蜂起 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1959年のチベット蜂起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tibetanske_oppr%C3%B8ret_i_1959" title="Det tibetanske opprøret i 1959 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tibetanske opprøret i 1959" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_tybeta%C5%84skie_1959" title="Powstanie tybetańskie 1959 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie tybetańskie 1959" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_no_Tibete_em_1959" title="Revolta no Tibete em 1959 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta no Tibete em 1959" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1959)" title="Тибетское восстание (1959) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетское восстание (1959)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_vstaja_leta_1959" title="Tibetanska vstaja leta 1959 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tibetanska vstaja leta 1959" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_kansannousu_1959" title="Tiibetin kansannousu 1959 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin kansannousu 1959" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_upproret_1959" title="Tibetanska upproret 1959 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tibetanska upproret 1959" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="1959 திபெத்தியக் கிளர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1959 திபெத்தியக் கிளர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2502" title="การก่อการกำเริบในทิเบต พ.ศ. 2502 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อการกำเริบในทิเบต พ.ศ. 2502" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тибетське повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%95i_d%E1%BA%ADy_T%C3%A2y_T%E1%BA%A1ng_1959" title="Nổi dậy Tây Tạng 1959 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nổi dậy Tây Tạng 1959" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1959 Tibetan uprising</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg/300px-Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg/450px-Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="409" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tsarong" title="Tsarong">Tsarong Dazang Dramdul</a> and several Tibetan monks captured by the PLA during the uprising</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10–23 March 1959</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Uprising suppressed </p> <ul><li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a> <ul><li>Flight of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> Tibetan and Khampa protesters and guerrillas </p> <ul><li>Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><i>Simultaneous rebellion in Kham and Amdo:</i> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/23px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/34px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/45px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk" title="Chushi Gangdruk">Chushi Gangdruk</a></li> <li><b>Supported by:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (diplomatic)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <i>Several leaders</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Tan_Guansan" title="Tan Guansan">Tan Guansan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 85,000–87,000 casualties (TGIE claim)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,000 killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">1959 Tibetan uprising</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年西藏起義</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年西藏起义</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">1959 nián Xīzàng qǐyì</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">1959 Tibetan armed rebellion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年西藏武裝叛亂</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年西藏武装叛乱</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">1959 nián Xīzàng wǔzhuāng pànluàn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">1959 Tibetan anti-riot movement</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年西藏抗暴運動</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年西藏抗暴运动</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">1959 nián Xīzàng kàngbào yùndòng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">1959 Tibetan unrests</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年藏區騷亂</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">1959年藏区骚乱</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">1959 nián Zàngqū sāoluàn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tibet" title="Category:History of Tibet">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History of <span class="fn org label">Tibet</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_Potala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potala Palace"><img alt="Potala Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/150px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/225px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/300px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Ming–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">13th and 14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">PRC rule</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Tibet" title="Template:History of Tibet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Tibet" title="Template talk:History of Tibet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Tibet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Tibet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1959 Tibetan uprising</b> (also known by <a href="#Names">other names</a>) began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, which had been under the effective control of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) since the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement</a> was reached in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial uprising occurred amid general Chinese-Tibetan tensions and a context of confusion, because Tibetan protesters feared that the Chinese government might arrest the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>. The protests were also fueled by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">anti-Chinese sentiment</a> and separatism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin202013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin202013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165,_172_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165,_172-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the uprising mostly consisted of peaceful protests, but clashes quickly erupted and the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) eventually used force to quell the protests. Some of the protesters had captured arms. The last stages of the uprising included heavy fighting, with high civilian and military losses. The 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Lhasa, while the city was fully retaken by Chinese security forces on 23 March 1959. Thousands of Tibetans were killed during the 1959 uprising, but the exact number of deaths is disputed. </p><p>Earlier in 1956, armed conflict between <a href="/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk" title="Chushi Gangdruk">Tibetan guerrillas</a> and the PLA started in the <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> regions, which had been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> reform. The <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962. Some regard the <a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Incident" title="Xunhua Incident">Xunhua Incident in 1958</a> as a precursor of the Tibetan uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual 10 March anniversary of the uprising is observed by exiled Tibetans as <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Uprising_Day" title="Tibetan Uprising Day">Tibetan Uprising Day</a> and Women's Uprising Day.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Uprising_DL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 January 2009, The PRC-controlled legislature in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> chose 28 March as the national anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Serfs_Emancipation_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs Emancipation Day">Serfs Emancipation Day</a>. American Tibetologist Warren W. Smith Jr. describes the move as a "counter-propaganda" celebration following the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">10 March 2008 unrest in Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1959 Tibetan uprising</b> (used by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a>)</li> <li><b>1959 Tibetan armed rebellion</b> (used by the government of the People's Republic of China)</li> <li><b>1959 Tibetan anti-riot movement</b> (used by the government of the Republic of China)</li> <li><b>1959 Tibetan unrests</b> (commonly used in Chinese historiography)</li> <li><b>1959 anti-Chinese uprising in Tibet</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin202013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin202013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Lhasa uprising</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armed_resistance_in_Kham_and_Amdo">Armed resistance in Kham and Amdo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Armed resistance in Kham and Amdo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement</a> between the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> was put into effect. <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> reforms such as redistribution of land were delayed in Tibet proper. However, eastern <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xikang" title="Xikang">Xikang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> provinces in the Chinese administrative hierarchy) were outside the administration of the Tibetan government in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, and were thus treated more like other Chinese provinces, with land redistribution implemented in full. The Khampas and nomads of Amdo traditionally owned their own land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld19969_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld19969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armed resistance broke out in Amdo and eastern Kham in June 1956.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prior to the PLA invasion, relations between Lhasa and the Khampa chieftains had deteriorated, although the Khampa remained spiritually loyal to the Dalai Lama throughout. Because of these strained relations, the Khampa had actually assisted the Chinese communists in their initial invasion, before becoming the guerrilla resistance they are now known for.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pandatsang_Rapga" title="Pandatsang Rapga">Pandatsang Rapga</a>, a pro-<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> Khampa revolutionary leader, offered the governor of Chamdo, <a href="/wiki/Ngabo_Ngawang_Jigme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngabo Ngawang Jigme">Ngabo Ngawang Jigme</a>, some Khampa fighters in exchange for the Tibetan government recognizing the independence of Kham. Ngabo refused the offer. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">defeat of the Tibetan Army in Chamdo</a>, Rapga started mediating in negotiations between the PRC and the Tibetan rebels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rapga and Topgay engaged in negotiations with the Chinese during their assault on Chamdo. Khampas either defected to the Chinese PLA forces or did not fight at all. The PLA attack succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaus199971_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaus199971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1957, Kham was in chaos. Resistance fighters' attacks and People's Liberation Army reprisals against Khampa resistance groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk" title="Chushi Gangdruk">Chushi Gangdruk</a> became increasingly brutal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaus1999134_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaus1999134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kham's monastic networks came to be used by guerrilla forces to relay messages and hide rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaus199986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaus199986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punitive strikes were carried out by the Chinese government against Tibetan villages and monasteries. Tibetan exiles assert that threats to bomb the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> and the Dalai Lama were made by Chinese military commanders in an attempt to intimidate the guerrilla forces into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-giehist_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giehist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lhasa continued to abide by the seventeen-point agreement and sent a delegation to Kham to quell the rebellion. After speaking with the rebel leaders, the delegation instead joined the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Chushi_Gangdruk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chushi_Gangdruk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kham leaders contacted the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), but the CIA under President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> insisted it required an official request from Lhasa to support the rebels. Lhasa did not act.<sup id="cite_ref-Chushi_Gangdruk_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chushi_Gangdruk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the CIA began to provide <a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">covert support for the rebellion</a> without word from Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-officiehis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officiehis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then the rebellion had spread to Lhasa which had filled with refugees from Amdo and Kham.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to the Chinese presence in Tibet grew within the city of Lhasa. </p><p>In mid-February 1959 the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>'s Administrative Office circulated the <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Internal media of the Chinese Communist Party">internal report</a> on how "the revolts in the Tibetan region have gathered pace and developed into a nearly full-scale rebellion," in a "situation report" for top CCP leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Jian_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jian-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, the Chinese leader saw a report from the PLA <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a>'s Operations Department describing rebellions by Tibetans in Sichuan, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and Qinghai. He again stressed that "rebellions like these are extremely favorable for us because they will benefit us in helping to train our troops, train the people, and provide a sufficient reason to crush the rebellion and carry out comprehensive reforms in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-Jian_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jian-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PLA used <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> soldiers, who formerly had served under <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> to crush the Tibetan revolt in Amdo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997443_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997443-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hui cavalry were stationed in Southern Kham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997444_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997444-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation in all of Tibet became increasingly tense, as a growing number of Tibetans began to support the Khampa uprising,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while "anti-Chinese communist agitation" spread among the Tibetans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional government in Lhasa neither wanted to back a rebellion nor publicly oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissatisfied, the Chinese Communist Party put pressure on the Dalai Lama's government to join the operations against the rebels, and made it increasingly clear that a spread of the insurgency would lead to "all-out repression" in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this unstable situation, the Chinese generals resident in Lhasa was summoned back to mainland China, leaving the inexperienced PLA commander Tan Guansen in charge,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as the date of the <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a> approached. This festival had previously been used by participants to voice "anti-Chinese sentiments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lhasa_uprising">Lhasa uprising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lhasa uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Dalai Lama during a visit in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-Dalai_Lama_in_1956_in_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3777" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> in 1956 </figcaption></figure> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Tsering_Shakya" title="Tsering Shakya">Tsering Shakya</a>, the Chinese government was pressuring the Dalai Lama to attend the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> in April 1959, in order to repair China's image in relation to ethnic minorities after the Khampa rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-ngapoi_propose_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngapoi_propose-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 7 February 1959, a significant day on the Tibetan calendar, the Dalai Lama attended a religious dance, after which the acting representative in Tibet, Tan Guansan, offered the Dalai Lama a chance to see a performance from a dance troupe native to Lhasa at the <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a> to celebrate the Dalai Lama's completion of his lharampa geshe degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Dalai Lama's memoirs, the invitation came from Chinese General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingwu" title="Zhang Jingwu">Zhang Jingwu</a>, who proposed that the performance be held at the Chinese military headquarters; the Dalai Lama states that he agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-lama90_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lama90-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tibetologist <a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">Sam van Schaik</a> stated that the Dalai Lama was the one who proposed that the dance should take place in the military headquarters as the Norbulingka was too small. Both parties did not yet agree on a date, and the Dalai Lama seemed to put the event "out of his mind", focusing instead on his ongoing examinations for his Geshe degree as well as the Monlam Prayer Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Tan and the Dalai Lama, nobody was seemingly informed of the plans for the dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the date for the planned performance was only finalized 5<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 3 days beforehand when Tan reminded the Dalai Lama of the dance; the latter then suggested 10 March. The decision was seemingly concluded on a whim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a> nor the Dalai Lama's bodyguards were informed of the Dalai Lama's plans<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until Chinese officials briefed them on 9 March, one day before the performance was scheduled, and insisted that they would handle the Dalai Lama's security.<sup id="cite_ref-giehist_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giehist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalai Lama's memoirs state that on 9 March the Chinese told his chief bodyguard that they wanted the Dalai Lama's excursion to watch the production conducted "in absolute secrecy"<sup id="cite_ref-lama90_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lama90-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> and without any armed Tibetan bodyguards, which "all seemed strange requests and there was much discussion" amongst the Dalai Lama's advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-lama90_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lama90-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> Some members of the Kashag were alarmed and concerned that the Dalai Lama might be abducted, recalling a prophecy that told that the Dalai Lama should not exit his palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Tibet is independent! Chinese leave Tibet! </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;">Slogans used by protesters during the early uprising</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Tsering_Shakya" title="Tsering Shakya">Tsering Shakya</a>, some Tibetan government officials feared that plans were being laid for a Chinese abduction of the Dalai Lama, and spread word to that effect amongst the inhabitants of Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999188-189_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999188-189-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March, several thousand<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetans surrounded the Dalai Lama's palace to prevent him from leaving or being removed. The huge crowd had gathered in response to a rumor that the Chinese were planning to arrest the Dalai Lama when he went to a cultural performance at the PLA's headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian200671_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian200671-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of the uprising in Lhasa, though Chinese forces had skirmished with guerrillas outside the city in December of the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-giehist_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giehist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters publicly pleaded that the Dalai Lama should not attend the meeting with the Chinese officials, claiming that he would be kidnapped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although CCP officials insisted that the "reactionary upper stratum" in Lhasa was responsible for the rumor, there is no way to identify the precise source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian200672_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian200672-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the violence was directed at Tibetan officials perceived not to have protected the Dalai Lama or to be pro-Chinese; attacks on Chinese started later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first casualties of the mob was a senior lama, Pagbalha Soinam Gyamco, who worked with the PRC as a member of the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, who was killed and his body dragged by a horse in front of the crowd for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters also began to use openly anti-Chinese slogans such as "The Chinese must go, leave Tibet to Tibetans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As protests and violence spread, the Dalai Lama informed the protesters that he would stay at the palace, yet this was no longer enough for the growing crowd. Protesters began to demand Tibetan independence, and urged the Dalai Lama's government to publicly endorse their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barricades went up on the streets of Lhasa, and Chinese government soldiers and Tibetan rebel forces began to fortify positions within and around Lhasa in preparation for conflict. A petition of support for the armed rebels outside the city was taken up, and an appeal for assistance was made to the Indian consul. Chinese and Tibetan troops continued moving into position over the next several days, with Chinese artillery pieces being deployed within range of the Dalai Lama's summer palace, the <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_uprising_protest_in_front_of_Potala_March_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Women%27s_uprising_protest_in_front_of_Potala_March_1959.jpg/220px-Women%27s_uprising_protest_in_front_of_Potala_March_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Women%27s_uprising_protest_in_front_of_Potala_March_1959.jpg/330px-Women%27s_uprising_protest_in_front_of_Potala_March_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Women%27s_uprising_protest_in_front_of_Potala_March_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption> 17 March 1959: Thousands of Tibetan women surround the Potala Palace, the main residence of the Dalai Lama, to protest against Chinese rule and repression in Lhasa, Tibet. Hours later, fighting broke out and the Dalai Lama was forced to flee to safety in India. Photograph: AP</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 March thousands of women gathered in front of the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in Lhasa on the ground called Dri-bu-Yul-Khai Thang.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Uprising_DL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of this nonviolent demonstration was Pamo Kusang.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demonstration, now known as Women's Uprising Day, started the Tibetan women's movement for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Uprising_DL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March at the same location thousands of women assembled in a protest led by "Gurteng Kunsang, a member of the aristocratic Kundeling family and mother of six who was later arrested by the Chinese and executed by firing squad."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After consulting the state oracle and concluding that the situation had become too unstable, the Dalai Lama and his close confidants opted to flee Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 March, preparations for the Dalai Lama's evacuation from the city were set in motion, with Tibetan troops being employed to secure an escape route from Lhasa. On 17 March, two artillery shells landed near the Dalai Lama's palace,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997446_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997446-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1984209–210_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1984209–210-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggering <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama%27s_escape_from_China" title="Dalai Lama's escape from China">his flight into exile</a>. The Dalai Lama secretly left the palace the following night and slipped out of Lhasa with his family and a small number of officials. The Chinese had not strongly guarded the Potala, as they did not believe it likely that the Dalai Lama would try to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013235,_236_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013235,_236-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reaching <a href="/wiki/Lhoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhoka">Lhoka</a>, the Dalai Lama linked up with Kham rebels who began protecting him, and when reaching <a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> at the Indian border, he proclaimed the restoration of Tibet's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14,_Tibetexpedition,_Lhasa,_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The last fighting of the uprising took place at the Jokhang, here pictured in 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a>, on whose roof the last Tibetan rebels had placed machine guns to defend themselves against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Rumours about the Dalai Lama's disappearance began to spread rapidly on the next day, though most still believed that he was in the palace. Meanwhile, the situation in the city became increasingly tense, as protesters had seized a number of machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a> had joined the protesters' ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 March, the Chinese army responded by shelling the Norbulingka to disperse the crowd, and placed its troops at a barricade that divided the city into a northern and southern part in the following night. The battle began early on the following day and proved to be "bloody". Fighting in the streets continued for the next three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Tibetan resistance was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a>, where Khampa refugees had set up machine guns, while a large number of Tibetans circumambulated the temple in reverence. The PLA started to attack the Jokhang on 23 March, and a hard-fought, three hours-long battle with many casualties on both sides ensued. The Chinese eventually managed to break through using a tank, whereupon they raised the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">flag of China</a> on the temple, ending the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lhasa's streets were reportedly littered with corpses, and at least 4,000 people were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two British writers, Stuart and Roma Gelder, visited the Chensel Phodrang palace in the Norbulingka in 1962 and "found its contents meticulously preserved".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian government under <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a> expressed concerns of the Tibetan people and condemned China as an aggressive power due to the violent suppression of the revolt by the PLA.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_of_the_Republic_of_China">Involvement of the Republic of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Involvement of the Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pandatsang_Rapga" title="Pandatsang Rapga">Pandatsang Rapga</a>, a pro-<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> revolutionary Khampa leader, was instrumental in the revolt against the communists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Kuomintang had a history of using Khampa fighters to oppose both the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, and battle the Chinese Red Army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rapga continued to cooperate with the ROC government after it fled to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1997172_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1997172-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1997170_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1997170-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ROC government disagreed with the US government on whether Tibet should be independent, since the ROC claimed Tibet as part of its territory. Rapga agreed to a plan in which the revolt against the communists would include anti feudalism, land reform, a modern government, and to give power to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1997171_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1997171-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic of China continued to claim Tibet as an integral part of its territory in <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy#Republic_of_China_.28ROC.29" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">accordance with its constitution</a>, contrary to the claims of the Dalai Lama's Central Tibetan Administration which claimed Tibetan independence. </p><p>After the 1959 Tibetan rebellion, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> announced in his "Letter to Tibetan Compatriots" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">告西藏同胞書</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gào Xīzàng Tóngbāo Shū</span></i>) that the ROC's policy would be to help the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a> overthrow the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>'s rule in Tibet. The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a> sent secret agents to India to disseminate pro-Kuomintang and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> propaganda among Tibetan exiles. From 1971 to 1978, the MTAC also recruited ethnic Tibetan children from India and Nepal to study in Taiwan, with the expectation that they would work for a ROC government that returned to the mainland. In 1994, the veterans' association for the Tibetan guerrilla group <a href="/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk" title="Chushi Gangdruk">Chushi Gangdruk</a> met with the MTAC and agreed to the KMT's <a href="/wiki/One_China_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="One China Principle">One China Principle</a>. In response, the Dalai Lama's <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> forbade all exiled Tibetans from contact with the MTAC. </p><p>Tibetans in Taiwan, who are mostly of Kham origin, support the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>'s position that Tibet is part of the ROC, and were against both the Tibetan exile community in India who live under the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Government-in-Exile">Tibetan Government-in-Exile</a> (TGIE) and the communists in mainland China, with some regarding them as having compromised the Tibetan cause by recognizing the ROC's legal sovereignty. However, the Dalai Lama's first visit to Taiwan in 1997 was said to have somewhat improved the two communities' general relationship, although "tension" allegedly still exists between them due to considerable differences. The Dalai Lama's visit also allowed for Tibetans to visit Taiwan without directly contacting the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a>, and some Tibetans in Taiwan (such as Changa Tsering, an incumbent MTAC committee member) subsequently attended the celebration of the Dalai Lama's visit in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tibetan community in Taiwan was also formerly divided between loyalty to the Dalai Lama and Taiwan's MTAC, although the MTAC was formally dissolved in 2017. The employees and responsibilities of the commission were thus officially reassigned to two places: the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Cultural_Center" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Cultural Center">Mongolian and Tibetan Cultural Center</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Culture (Taiwan)">Ministry of Culture</a>, and the expanded Department of Hong Kong, Macao, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet Affairs under the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Mackerras" title="Colin Mackerras">Colin Mackerras</a> states: "There was a major rebellion against Chinese rule in Tibet in March 1959, which was put down with the cost of much bloodshed and lasting bitterness on the part of the Tibetans."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGIE reports variously, 85,000, 86,000, and 87,000 deaths for Tibetans during the rebellion, attributed to "secret Chinese documents captured by guerrillas".<sup id="cite_ref-giehist_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giehist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetologist <a href="/wiki/A._Tom_Grunfeld" title="A. Tom Grunfeld">Tom Grunfeld</a> said "the veracity of such a claim is difficult to verify."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld1996247_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld1996247-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren W. Smith, a writer with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>, writes that the "secret documents" came from a 1960 PLA report captured by guerrillas in 1966, with the figures first published by the TGIE in India in 1990. Smith states that the documents said that 87,000 "enemies were eliminated", but he does not take "eliminated" to mean "killed", as the TGIE does.<sup id="cite_ref-Hao_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hao-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demographer Yan Hao could find no reference to any such figure in the published speech, and he concluded, "If these TGIE sources are not reluctant to fabricate Chinese sources in open publications, how can they expect people to believe in their citations of so-called Chinese secret internal documents and speeches that are never available in originals to independent researchers?"<sup id="cite_ref-Hao_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hao-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2,000 PLA soldiers were killed in the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lhasa's three major monasteries—<a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a>—were seriously damaged by shelling, with Sera and Drepung being damaged nearly beyond repair. According to the TGIE, members of the Dalai Lama's bodyguard who were remaining in Lhasa were disarmed and publicly executed, along with Tibetans who were found to be harbouring weapons in their homes. Thousands of Tibetan monks were executed or arrested, and monasteries and temples around the city were looted or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-giehist_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giehist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 12 March Women's Uprising demonstration, many of the women who were involved in it were imprisoned, including the leader of the demonstration, Pamo Kusang. "Some of them were tortured, died in prison, or were executed."<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as Women's Uprising Day, this demonstration started the Tibetan women's movement for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Uprising_DL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIA officer, Bruce Walker, who oversaw the <a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">operations of CIA-trained Tibetan agents</a>, was troubled by the hostility which the Tibetans showed towards his agents: "the radio teams were experiencing major resistance from the population inside Tibet".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002220_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002220-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA trained Tibetans from 1957 to 1972, in the United States, and parachuted them back into Tibet to organise rebellions against the PLA. In one incident, one agent was immediately reported by his own brother and all three agents on the team were arrested. They were not mistreated. After less than a month of propaganda sessions, they were escorted to the Indian border and released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002213_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002213-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1959, the 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, the second ranking spiritual leader in Tibet, residing in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, called on Tibetans to support the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a tour through Tibet in May 1962, he wrote a document which is known as the <a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition</a>. The document was addressed to <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and in it, he criticized Chinese abuses in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Shortly afterward, he met with Zhou in order to have a discussion about the document. The outlined petition dealt with the brutal suppression of the Tibetan people both during and after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">PLA's invasion of Tibet</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sufferings of the people in <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Leap_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Leap Forward">The Great Leap Forward</a>. In this document, he criticized the suppression that the Chinese authorities had conducted in retaliation for the 1959 Tibetan uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in October 1962, the PRC authorities who were dealing with the population criticized the petition. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Chairman Mao</a> called the petition "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>a <a href="/wiki/Arrow_poison" title="Arrow poison">poisoned arrow</a> shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords." In 1967, the Panchen Lama was formally arrested and imprisoned until his release in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1959, the Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Palden_Gyatso" title="Palden Gyatso">Palden Gyatso</a> was arrested for demonstrating during the March uprising by Chinese officials.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the next 33 years in Chinese prisons and <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">laogai</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_re-education_through_labor_camps_in_China" title="List of re-education through labor camps in China">"reform through labor" camps</a>, the longest term of any Tibetan political prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-mymind_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mymind-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was tortured, including with a cattle prod that was activated in his mouth and which led to the loss of his teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese authorities have interpreted the uprising as a revolt by the Tibetan elite against Communist reforms that were improving the lives of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Tibetan serfs</a>. Tibetan and third-party sources, on the other hand, have usually interpreted it as a popular uprising against the alien Chinese presence. Historian <a href="/wiki/Tsering_Shakya" title="Tsering Shakya">Tsering Shakya</a> has argued that it was a popular revolt against both the Chinese and the Lhasa government, which was perceived as failing to protect the authority and safety of the Dalai Lama from the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Tibetan_language_protest" title="2010 Tibetan language protest">2010 Tibetan language protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_leading_to_the_Sino-Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Events leading to the Sino-Indian War">Events leading to the Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">History of Tibet (1950–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Tibet" title="International Campaign for Tibet">International Campaign for Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">List of wars involving the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Uprising_Day" title="Tibetan Uprising Day"><i>Tibetan Uprising Day</i> and <i>Women's Uprising Day</i> Yearly Commemoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Incident" title="Xunhua Incident">Xunhua Incident</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A simultaneous rebellion occurred in Kham and Amdo</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Schaik2013">Van Schaik 2013</a>, p. 234: "Meanwhile, the crowd outside the Norbulingka was beginning to appoint representatives and a leadership was emerging, drawn from the ordinary people rather than the aristocracy. Sixty of these representatives were invited inside, and the Dalai Lama’s message was relayed to them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJian2006">Jian 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Schaik2013">Van Schaik 2013</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakya1999">Shakya 1999</a>, pp. 186–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin202013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin202013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin202013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2020">Robin 2020</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroddy2022687_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroddy2022">Croddy 2022</a>, p. 687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165,_172-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165,_172_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuyot-Réchard2017">Guyot-Réchard 2017</a>, pp. 165, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLi2016" class="citation book cs1">Li, Jianglin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jq85DQAAQBAJ&q=xunhua+incident+Tibetan+uprising+precursor&pg=PP67"><i>Tibet in Agony</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%EF%BC%8C%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%86%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%EF%BC%9F%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Siling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20160622%2Fcc22lijianglin2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women's_Uprising_DL-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women's_Uprising_DL_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso,_His_Holiness_the_14th_Dalai_Lama2011" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin (18 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetanwomen.org/history/womens-uprising-day-tibet/">"The Genesis Of The Tibetan Women's Struggle For Independence"</a>. <i>tibetanwomen.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carnegiecouncil.org&rft.atitle=When+the+Chinese+Came+to+Tibet+%7C+Carnegie+Council+for+Ethics+in+International+Affairs&rft.date=1978-09&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Dorwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiecouncil.org%2Fpublications%2F100_for_100%2Fchinesetibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaus199971-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaus199971_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnaus1999">Knaus 1999</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaus1999134-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaus1999134_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnaus1999">Knaus 1999</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnaus199986-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnaus199986_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnaus1999">Knaus 1999</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giehist-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giehist_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giehist_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giehist_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giehist_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giehist_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Website of the Tibetan Government in Exile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.org/Why/march10.html">History Leading up to March 10th 1959</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904233353/http://www.tibet.org/Why/march10.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 7 September 1998. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+Report+on+Tibetan+Operations&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=1968-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v30%2Fd342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031507/http://www.mitbbs.com/pc/pccon.php?id=2306&nid=33279&s=all">"Inside Story of CIA's Black Hands in Tibet"</a>. <i>The American Spectator</i>. December 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitbbs.com/pc/pccon.php?id=2306&nid=33279&s=all">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Inside+Story+of+CIA%27s+Black+Hands+in+Tibet&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitbbs.com%2Fpc%2Fpccon.php%3Fid%3D2306%26nid%3D33279%26s%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jian-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jian_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jian_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJian2006">Jian 2006</a>, p. 69<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997443-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997443_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith 1997</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997444-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997444_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith 1997</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013232_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Schaik2013">Van Schaik 2013</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngapoi_propose-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngapoi_propose_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgapoi_Ngawang_Jigme1988" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200803/0319_2663_448567.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">1959年西藏叛乱真相</bdi></a> [The True Facts of the 10 March 1959 Event]. <i>news.ifeng.com</i> (in Simplified Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924005715/http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200803/0319_2663_448567.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">达赖喇嘛在他的卧室会见他们时主动提出："听说西藏军区文工团在内地学习回来后演出的新节目很好，我想看一次，请你们给安排一下。"谭政委和邓副司令员当即欣然应允，并告诉达赖喇嘛，这事很好办，只要达赖喇嘛确定时间，军区可以随时派出文工团去罗布林卡为他演出专场。达赖喇嘛说，去罗布林卡不方便，那里没有舞台和设备，就在军区礼堂演出，他去看。</span></span> [While meeting with them (Tan Guansan and Deng Shaodong) in his room, the Dalai Lama initiated a request: "I have heard that after the Tibet Military District Cultural Workgroup completed their studies in China proper, their performance of their new program turned out very well, I would like to attend one such performance; please arrange for this."]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ifeng.com&rft.atitle=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Ngapoi+Ngawang+Jigme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2F1%2Fjishi%2F200803%2F0319_2663_448567.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lama90-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lama90_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lama90_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lama90_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLama1990" class="citation book cs1">Lama, Dalai (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta"><i>Freedom in exile: the autobiography of the Dalai Lama</i></a></span> (1st ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-039116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-039116-2"><bdi>0-06-039116-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21949769">21949769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+exile%3A+the+autobiography+of+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21949769&rft.isbn=0-06-039116-2&rft.aulast=Lama&rft.aufirst=Dalai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedominexileau00bsta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama's (1990) <i>Freedom in Exile</i> states that "General [Zhang Jingwu]<span class="nowrap"> </span>... announced<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a new dance troupe<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Might I be interested to see them? I replied that I would be. He then said that they could perform anywhere, but since there was a proper stage with footlights at the Chinese military headquarters, it might be better if I could go there. This made sense as there were no such facilities at the Norbulingka, so I indicated that I would be happy to do so" (p. 130)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013233_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Schaik2013">Van Schaik 2013</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakya1999188-189-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakya1999188-189_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakya1999">Shakya 1999</a>, p. 188-189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvedon1997">Avedon 1997</a>, p. 50 says 30,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freetibet.org/about/1959-tibetan-uprising">1959 Tibetan Uprising | Free Tibet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505063139/http://freetibet.org/about/1959-tibetan-uprising">Archived</a> 5 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> goes as high as 300,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6394257.html">Tell you a True Tibet – How Does the 1959 Armed Rebellion Occur?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203020702/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6394257.html">Archived</a> 3 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>People's Daily Online</i>, 17 April 2008 (Excerpts from Tibet – Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation, published by the Information Office of the State Council of The People's Republic of China) : "The next morning, the rebels coerced more than 2,000 people to mass at Norbu Lingka, spreading the rumor that 'the Military Area Command is planning to poison the Dalai Lama' and shouting slogans such as 'Tibetan Independence' and 'Away with the Hans'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian200671-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian200671_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJian2006">Jian 2006</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuyot-Réchard2017">Guyot-Réchard 2017</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian200672-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian200672_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJian2006">Jian 2006</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/mar/09/tibet-dalailama">"The Tibetan uprising: 50 years of protest"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 10 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220846/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/mar/09/tibet-dalailama">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Tibetan+uprising%3A+50+years+of+protest&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fgallery%2F2009%2Fmar%2F09%2Ftibet-dalailama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Imprisoned_Tibetan_Uprising_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbrink2012" class="citation news cs1">Vandenbrink, Rachel (5 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/women-03052012193309.html">"Women Energize Tibetan Struggle"</a>. Radio Free Asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130221309/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/women-03052012193309.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Women+Energize+Tibetan+Struggle&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.aulast=Vandenbrink&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Ftibet%2Fwomen-03052012193309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2016" class="citation book cs1">Li, Jianglin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674088894"><i>Tibet in Agony: Lhasa 1959</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08889-4"><bdi>978-0-674-08889-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131041051/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674088894">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+in+Agony%3A+Lhasa+1959&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08889-4&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jianglin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674088894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165–166_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuyot-Réchard2017">Guyot-Réchard 2017</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997446-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997446_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith 1997</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1984209–210-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1984209–210_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1984">Richardson 1984</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013235,_236-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013235,_236_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Schaik2013">Van Schaik 2013</a>, pp. 235, 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013236_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Schaik2013">Van Schaik 2013</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017166_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuyot-Réchard2017">Guyot-Réchard 2017</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart and Roma Gelder, <i>Timely Rain: Travels in New Tibet</i>, in <i>Monthly Review Press</i>, New York, 1964, facing p. 160 : "He [the dalai-lama] was told this building with other palaces in the Jewel Park was reduced to ruin by Chinese gunfire soon after he left. We found its contents meticulously preserved."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1959/12/india-and-the-tibetan-revolt/642964/">"India and the Tibetan Revolt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. December 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142634/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1959/12/india-and-the-tibetan-revolt/642964/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=India+and+the+Tibetan+Revolt&rft.date=1959-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1959%2F12%2Findia-and-the-tibetan-revolt%2F642964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1997172-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1997172_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarver1997">Garver 1997</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1997170-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1997170_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarver1997">Garver 1997</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1997171-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1997171_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarver1997">Garver 1997</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkawa2007" class="citation journal cs1">Okawa, Kensaku (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231213/http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/8135/1/ioc152014.pdf">"Lessons from Tibetans in Taiwan: Their history, current situation, and relationship with Taiwanese nationalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Memoirs of the Institute of Oriental Culture</i>. <b>152</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>: <span class="nowrap">588–</span>589, 596, 599, <span class="nowrap">602–</span>603, 607. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/8135/1/ioc152014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Memoirs+of+the+Institute+of+Oriental+Culture&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Tibetans+in+Taiwan%3A+Their+history%2C+current+situation%2C+and+relationship+with+Taiwanese+nationalism&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E588-%3C%2Fspan%3E589%2C+596%2C+599%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E602-%3C%2Fspan%3E603%2C+607&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Okawa&rft.aufirst=Kensaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2261%2F8135%2F1%2Fioc152014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2017" class="citation web cs1">Chung, Lawrence (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2106907/taiwan-calls-time-mongolia-and-tibet-affairs-commission">"Taiwan Calls Time on Mongolia and Tibet Affairs Commission"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625050723/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2106907/taiwan-calls-time-mongolia-and-tibet-affairs-commission">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+English+News&rft.atitle=Mongolian+and+Tibetan+Affairs+Commission+to+be+Dissolved%3A+Lim+Applauds&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft.aulast=Charlier&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwanenglishnews.com%2Fmongolian-and-tibetan-affairs-commission-to-be-dissolved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mackerras, Colin (1988). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%2FTibet+%281950%E2%80%93Present%29.&rft.pub=University+of+Central+Arkansas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fasiapacific-region%2Fchinatibet-1950-present%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002220-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002220_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboyMorrison2002">Conboy & Morrison 2002</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002213-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboyMorrison2002213_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboyMorrison2002">Conboy & Morrison 2002</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feigon 1996, pg. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savetibet.org/campaigns/pl/10th.php">The 10th Panchen Lama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123035502/http://www.savetibet.org/campaigns/pl/10th.php">Archived</a> 23 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hostage of Beijing: The Abduction of the Panchen Lama, Gilles Van Grasdorff, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86204-561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86204-561-3">978-1-86204-561-3</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tition_en_70_000_caract%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Pétition en 70 000 caractères">fr:Pétition en 70 000 caractères</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Campaign for Tibet, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123035502/http://www.savetibet.org/campaigns/pl/10th.php">"International Campaign for Tibet: Campaigns: The Panchen Lama: The 10th Panchen Lama"</a>. 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Congressional Record Volume 143, Number 153, 5 November 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210063444/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1997-11-05/html/CREC-1997-11-05-pt1-PgH10080-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gpo.gov&rft.atitle=Providing+for+certain+measures+to+increase+monitoring+of+products+of+People%27s+Republic+of+China+made+with+forced+labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCREC-1997-11-05%2Fhtml%2FCREC-1997-11-05-pt1-PgH10080-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mymind-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mymind_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenthal, A. M. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE1D9153EF932A25757C0A963958260">On My Mind; You Are Palden Gyatso</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 11 April 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuckenpahter1996" class="citation news cs1">Huckenpahter, Victoria (1 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/a-bodhisattvas-ordeal/">"A Bodhisattva's Ordeal/"</a>. Snow Lion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202221/https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/a-bodhisattvas-ordeal/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Bodhisattva%27s+Ordeal%2F&rft.date=1996-10-01&rft.aulast=Huckenpahter&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shambhala.com%2Fsnowlion_articles%2Fa-bodhisattvas-ordeal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savetibet.org/newsroom/torture-and-impunity-29-cases-of-tibetan-political-prisoners/#17">"Torture and Impunity: 29 Cases of Tibetan Political Prisoners"</a>. <i>savetibet.org</i>. International Campaign for Tibet. 27 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119164220/https://www.savetibet.org/newsroom/torture-and-impunity-29-cases-of-tibetan-political-prisoners/#17">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=savetibet.org&rft.atitle=Torture+and+Impunity%3A+29+Cases+of+Tibetan+Political+Prisoners&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savetibet.org%2Fnewsroom%2Ftorture-and-impunity-29-cases-of-tibetan-political-prisoners%2F%2317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffett2000" class="citation news cs1">Moffett, Shannon (2 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford20000502-01.2.5&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------">"Monk Reflects on Time in Prison"</a>. No. 50. The Stanford Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202134/https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford20000502-01.2.5&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monk+Reflects+on+Time+in+Prison&rft.issue=50&rft.date=2000-05-02&rft.aulast=Moffett&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanforddailyarchive.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstanford%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstanford20000502-01.2.5%26e%3D-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903002804/http://www.buddhistethics.org/6/mills991.html">"A Review of The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistethics.org/6/mills991.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+The+Dragon+in+the+Land+of+Snows%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Tibet+Since+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistethics.org%2F6%2Fmills991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedon1997" class="citation book cs1">Avedon, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inexilefromlando00aved_0"><i>In Exile from the Land of Snows: The Definitive Account of the Dalai Lama and Tibet Since the Chinese Conquest</i></a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097741-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097741-2"><bdi>978-0-06-097741-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Exile+from+the+Land+of+Snows%3A+The+Definitive+Account+of+the+Dalai+Lama+and+Tibet+Since+the+Chinese+Conquest&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097741-2&rft.aulast=Avedon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finexilefromlando00aved_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2004" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Kenneth M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8P3yUXZX0wC"><i>High Frontiers: Dolpo and the Changing World of Himalayan Pastoralists</i></a>, Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12390-7"><bdi>978-0-231-12390-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Frontiers%3A+Dolpo+and+the+Changing+World+of+Himalayan+Pastoralists&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12390-7&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8P3yUXZX0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroddy2022" class="citation book cs1">Croddy, Eric (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoidEAAAQBAJ"><i>China's Provinces and Populations: A Chronological and Geographical Survey</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-09164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-09164-3"><bdi>978-3-031-09164-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218113628/https://books.google.com/books?id=CoidEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Provinces+and+Populations%3A+A+Chronological+and+Geographical+Survey&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-031-09164-3&rft.aulast=Croddy&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoidEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboyMorrison2002" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (2002). <i>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1159-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1159-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-1159-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Tibet&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1159-1&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Morrison%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeigon1996" class="citation book cs1">Feigon, Lee (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566630894"><i>Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows</i></a>. Ivan R Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-089-4"><bdi>978-1-56663-089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+Tibet%3A+Unlocking+the+Secrets+of+the+Land+of+the+Snows&rft.pub=Ivan+R+Dee&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-089-4&rft.aulast=Feigon&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781566630894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver1997" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDqjW8G5H4cC"><i>The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia</i></a> (Illustrated, reprint ed.). M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0053-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-0053-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36301518">36301518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-American+Alliance%3A+Nationalist+China+and+American+Cold+War+Strategy+in+Asia&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36301518&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0053-0&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDqjW8G5H4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunfeld1996" class="citation book cs1">Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996). <i>The Making of Modern Tibet</i>. East Gate Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-713-2"><bdi>978-1-56324-713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Tibet&rft.pub=East+Gate+Book&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-713-2&rft.aulast=Grunfeld&rft.aufirst=A.+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyot-Réchard2017" class="citation book cs1">Guyot-Réchard, Bérénice (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ"><i>Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17679-9"><bdi>978-1-107-17679-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218113631/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+States%3A+India%2C+China+and+the+Himalayas%2C+1910%E2%80%931962&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-17679-9&rft.aulast=Guyot-R%C3%A9chard&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbktDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJian2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jian_(academic)" title="Chen Jian (academic)">Jian, Chen</a> (Summer 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/jcws.2006.8.3.pdf">"The Tibetan Rebellion of 1959 and China's Changing Relations with India and the Soviet Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>, <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>101, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2006.8.3.54">10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.54</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153563687">153563687</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020445/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/jcws.2006.8.3.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Tibetan+Rebellion+of+1959+and+China%27s+Changing+Relations+with+India+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws.2006.8.3.54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153563687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jian&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~hpcws%2Fjcws.2006.8.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnaus1999" class="citation book cs1">Knaus, Robert Kenneth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orphansofcoldwar00john"><i>Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival</i></a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-18-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-18-8"><bdi>978-1-891620-18-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orphans+of+the+Cold+War%3A+America+and+the+Tibetan+Struggle+for+Survival&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-891620-18-8&rft.aulast=Knaus&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forphansofcoldwar00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaird2006" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair"><i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i></a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-1827-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Tibet%3A+Conversations+with+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1827-1&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryoftibetconv00lair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2016" class="citation book cs1">Li, Janglin (2016). <i>Tibet in agony, Lhasa 1959</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08889-4"><bdi>978-0-674-08889-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+in+agony%2C+Lhasa+1959&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08889-4&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Janglin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF14th_Dalai_Lama1990" class="citation book cs1">14th Dalai Lama (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta"><i>Freedom in exile: the autobiography of the Dalai Lama</i></a></span> (1st ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-039116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-039116-2"><bdi>0-06-039116-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21949769">21949769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+exile%3A+the+autobiography+of+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21949769&rft.isbn=0-06-039116-2&rft.au=14th+Dalai+Lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedominexileau00bsta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1984" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Hugh E (1984). <i>Tibet and its History</i> (Second, Revised and Updated ed.). Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-376-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-376-8"><bdi>978-0-87773-376-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+its+History&rft.edition=Second%2C+Revised+and+Updated&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-376-8&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2020" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Francoise (2020). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33sGEAAAQBAJ"><i>Resistant Hybridities: New Narratives of Exile Tibet</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498552363" title="Special:BookSources/9781498552363"><bdi>9781498552363</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218113631/https://books.google.com/books?id=33sGEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Resistant+Hybridities%3A+New+Narratives+of+Exile+Tibet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781498552363&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Francoise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33sGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakya1999" class="citation book cs1">Shakya, Tsering (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragoninlandofsn00tser_0"><i>The Dragon In The Land Of Snows</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11814-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11814-9"><bdi>978-0-231-11814-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+In+The+Land+Of+Snows&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11814-9&rft.aulast=Shakya&rft.aufirst=Tsering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdragoninlandofsn00tser_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Warren W. Jr (1997). <i>Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-tibetan Relations</i>. Westview press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3280-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-3280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Nation%3A+A+History+Of+Tibetan+Nationalism+And+Sino-tibetan+Relations&rft.pub=Westview+press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3280-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren+W.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Schaik2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">Van Schaik, Sam</a> (2013). <i>Tibet: A History</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19410-4"><bdi>978-0-300-19410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19410-4&rft.aulast=Van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatry2014" class="citation book cs1">Watry, David M (2014). <i>Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5718-3"><bdi>978-0-8071-5718-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+at+the+Brink%3A+Eisenhower%2C+Churchill%2C+and+Eden+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5718-3&rft.aulast=Watry&rft.aufirst=David+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1959+Tibetan+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_uprising&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>1959 Tibetan uprising</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=1959+Tibetan+uprising">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=1959+Tibetan+uprising&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=24032&article=MARCH+WINDS+-+Jamyang+Norbu">March Winds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041517/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=24032&article=MARCH+WINDS+-+Jamyang+Norbu">Archived</a> 2 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 March 2009 – <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Norbu" title="Jamyang Norbu">Jamyang Norbu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106101219/http://www.tibet.com/Status/10march59.html">Tibetan Government in Exile's account of the events leading to the March 10, 1959, uprising</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=8,3916,0,0,1,0">Kopel, Dave. "The Dalai Lama's Army". National Review, April 5, 2007.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651757">Patterson, George N. The Situation in Tibet The China Quarterly, No. 6. (Apr.–Jun., 1961), pp 81–86.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024138">Ginsburg, George and Mathos, Michael. Communist China's Impact on Tibet: The First Decade. Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 29, No. 7. (July,1960), pp. 102–109.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianhistory.about.com/od/colonialisminasia/a/1959tibetupr.htm">The Tibetan Uprising of 1959</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005015236/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/colonialisminasia/a/1959tibetupr.htm">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PRC_conflicts" title="Template:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PRC_conflicts" title="Template talk:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PRC_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927–50)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang_insurgency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuomintang insurgency (page does not exist)">Kuomintang insurgency</a> (1949–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a> (1950–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a> (1950)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetan uprising</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> (1980–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Taiwan Strait</a><br />(vs <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) <br /><small>(after 1 Oct 1949)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuningtou" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kuningtou">Kuningtou</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dengbu_Island" title="Battle of Dengbu Island">Dengbu Island</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Operation_on_Hainan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Operation on Hainan Island">Hainan Island</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanri_Island" title="Battle of Nanri Island">Nanri Island</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Island_Campaign" title="Dongshan Island Campaign">Dongshan Island</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yijiangshan_Islands" title="Battle of Yijiangshan Islands">Yijiangshan Islands</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dachen_Archipelago" title="Battle of Dachen Archipelago">Dachen Archipelago</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border" class="mw-redirect" title="1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border">Burmese border</a> (1960–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a> (1961–72) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dong-Yin" title="Battle of Dong-Yin">Dong-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dongshan" title="Battle of Dongshan">Dongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_East_Chongwu" title="Battle of East Chongwu">East Chongwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> (1995–96)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1965–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola incident">Chola incident</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sino-Indian_skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sino-Indian skirmish">Sino-Indian skirmish</a> (1986-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daulat_Beg_Oldi_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Daulat Beg Oldi incident">Daulat Beg Oldi incident</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_India_China_border_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 India China border standoff">Sino-Indian Standoff</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 China–India skirmishes">Sino-Indian skirmishes</a> (2020-2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands" title="Battle of the Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts</a> (1979–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fakashan" title="Battle of Fakashan">Battle of Fakashan</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laoshan" title="Battle of Laoshan">Battle of Laoshan</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Sword-B" title="Project Blue Sword-B">Project Blue Sword-B</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_South_Reef_Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson South Reef Skirmish">Johnson South Reef Skirmish</a> (1988)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. 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States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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