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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gallic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The Gallic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gallic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pax_Romana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pax_Romana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span><i>Pax Romana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pax_Romana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_Barbarian_Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_Barbarian_Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Decline and Barbarian Invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_Barbarian_Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Frankish_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Frankish_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Frankish kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Frankish_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianization_in_the_Merovingian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianization_in_the_Merovingian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Christianization in the Merovingian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianization_in_the_Merovingian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Neustria_and_Austrasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Neustria_and_Austrasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Between Neustria and Austrasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Neustria_and_Austrasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Scheldt_as_a_New_Frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Scheldt_as_a_New_Frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Scheldt as a New Frontier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Scheldt_as_a_New_Frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Verdun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Treaty_of_Verdun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>The Treaty of Verdun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Verdun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counties_of_Flanders,_Cambrésis,_and_Hainaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counties_of_Flanders,_Cambrésis,_and_Hainaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Counties of Flanders, Cambrésis, and Hainaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counties_of_Flanders,_Cambrésis,_and_Hainaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Bouvines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Bouvines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>The Battle of Bouvines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Bouvines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hundred_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hundred_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Hundred Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hundred_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Revolution_to_the_First_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Revolution_to_the_First_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>From the Revolution to the First Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Revolution_to_the_First_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Context_in_1789" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context_in_1789"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Context in 1789</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context_in_1789-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Creation_of_the_Nord_and_Pas-de-Calais_Départements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Creation_of_the_Nord_and_Pas-de-Calais_Départements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>The Creation of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais Départements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Creation_of_the_Nord_and_Pas-de-Calais_Départements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Austrian_War_and_the_First_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Austrian_War_and_the_First_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Franco-Austrian War and the First Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Austrian_War_and_the_First_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_industrial_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_industrial_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The industrial revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_industrial_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_economic_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_economic_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>The economic boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_economic_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Working_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Working_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>The Working Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Working_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Between the wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Postwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Post-War_Effort_and_Economic_Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Post-War_Effort_and_Economic_Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>The Post-War Effort and Economic Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Post-War_Effort_and_Economic_Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_Reconstruction_and_Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Reconstruction_and_Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Economic Reconstruction and Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Reconstruction_and_Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algerian_War_and_Social_Tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algerian_War_and_Social_Tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Algerian War and Social Tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algerian_War_and_Social_Tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Decline_and_Economic_Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Decline_and_Economic_Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Industrial Decline and Economic Transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Decline_and_Economic_Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Agriculture and fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automobile_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Automobile industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Food industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mulliez_Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mulliez_Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Mulliez Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mulliez_Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_Infrastructures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_Infrastructures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport Infrastructures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport_Infrastructures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport Infrastructures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport_Infrastructures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eurotunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurotunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Eurotunnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurotunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TER-Nord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TER-Nord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>TER-Nord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TER-Nord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Air transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inland_and_International_freight_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_and_International_freight_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Inland and International freight transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland_and_International_freight_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dunkirk_harbour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunkirk_harbour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Dunkirk harbour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunkirk_harbour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal_Seine-Nord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal_Seine-Nord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Canal Seine-Nord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal_Seine-Nord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training_base_for_the_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_base_for_the_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Training base for the Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_base_for_the_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_in_Nord-Pas_de_Calais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_in_Nord-Pas_de_Calais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sports in Nord-Pas de Calais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_in_Nord-Pas_de_Calais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نور با دو كاليه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نور با دو كاليه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte-Paso_de_Calais" title="Norte-Paso de Calais – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Norte-Paso de Calais" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bise-P%C3%A2s-de-Cal%C3%A8s" title="Bise-Pâs-de-Calès – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bise-Pâs-de-Calès" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte-Pasu_de_Calais" title="Norte-Pasu de Calais – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Norte-Pasu de Calais" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais_suyu" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor_%E2%80%94_Pa-de-Kale" title="Nor — Pa-de-Kale – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nor — Pa-de-Kale" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="نور-پا-دو-کاله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نور-پا-دو-کاله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор — Па-дэ-Кале – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нор — Па-дэ-Кале" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор-Па-дэ-Кале – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нор-Па-дэ-Кале" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор-Па дьо Кале – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нор-Па дьо Кале" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_-_Pas_de_Calais" title="Nord - Pas de Calais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nord - Pas de Calais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordu_%C3%A8_Passu_di_Calais" title="Nordu è Passu di Calais – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nordu è Passu di Calais" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte-Paso_de_Calais" title="Norte-Paso de Calais – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norte-Paso de Calais" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordo-Kaleza_Markolo" title="Nordo-Kaleza Markolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordo-Kaleza Markolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="نور-پا-دو-کاله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نور-پا-دو-کاله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noarden-Nau_fan_Calais" title="Noarden-Nau fan Calais – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noarden-Nau fan Calais" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte-Paso_de_Calais" title="Norte-Paso de Calais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Norte-Paso de Calais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet-phu_Calais_H%C3%B3i-hia%CC%8Dp" title="Pet-phu Calais Hói-hia̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pet-phu Calais Hói-hia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%8C%EB%93%9C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A0%88" title="노르파드칼레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르파드칼레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80-%D5%8A%D5%A1_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5" title="Նոր-Պա դը Կալե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր-Պա դը Կալե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais" title="Nord-Pas de Calais – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nord-Pas de Calais" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор — Па-де-Кале – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нор — Па-де-Кале" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Passo_di_Calais" title="Nord-Passo di Calais – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nord-Passo di Calais" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94" title="נור-פה דה קאלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נור-פה דה קאלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ნორ-პა-დე-კალე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორ-პა-დე-კალე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор — Па-де-Кале – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нор — Па-де-Кале" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septentrio_et_Fretum" title="Septentrio et Fretum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Septentrio et Fretum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora-Padekal%C4%93" title="Nora-Padekalē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nora-Padekalē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97-Pa_de_Kal%C4%97" title="Šiaurė-Pa de Kalė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurė-Pa de Kalė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2rd-Pass_de_Calais" title="Nòrd-Pass de Calais – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nòrd-Pass de Calais" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Север-Па де Кале – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Север-Па де Кале" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="नोर-पा-द-कॅले – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोर-पा-द-कॅले" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ნორ-პა-დე-კალე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნორ-პა-დე-კალე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais_(regio)" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais (regio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%8F" title="ノール＝パ・ド・カレー地域圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノール＝パ・ド・カレー地域圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="НогӀ — Па-де-Кале – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="НогӀ — Па-де-Кале" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2rd_e_Pas_de_Calais" title="Nòrd e Pas de Calais – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòrd e Pas de Calais" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C" title="ਉੱਤਰ-ਕਾਲੇ ਦਾ ਪਣਜੋੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰ-ਕਾਲੇ ਦਾ ਪਣਜੋੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92" title="اتلا کالے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اتلا کالے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-Cal%C3%A9s" title="Nord-Pas-Calés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nord-Pas-Calés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2rd-Pass_%C3%ABd_Calais" title="Nòrd-Pass ëd Calais – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nòrd-Pass ëd Calais" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор — Па-де-Кале – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нор — Па-де-Кале" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri-Hapi-i-Kales%C3%AB" title="Veri-Hapi-i-Kalesë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veri-Hapi-i-Kalesë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Passu_di_Calais" title="Nord-Passu di Calais – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nord-Passu di Calais" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_-_Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord - Pas-de-Calais – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nord - Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор Па де Кале – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нор Па де Кале" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5" title="แคว้นนอร์-ปาดกาแล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นนอร์-ปาดกาแล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нор-Па-де-Кале – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нор-Па-де-Кале" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92" title="نور-پا-دو-کالے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نور-پا-دو-کالے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Paso_de_Ca%C5%82%C3%A8" title="Nord-Paso de Całè – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nord-Paso de Całè" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8-%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="北部-加来海峡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北部-加来海峡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former administrative region of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Ferry, see <a href="/wiki/MS_Nord_Pas-de-Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Nord Pas-de-Calais">MS Nord Pas-de-Calais</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Special:EditPage/Nord-Pas-de-Calais">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nord-Pas-de-Calais%22">"Nord-Pas-de-Calais"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nord-Pas-de-Calais%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nord-Pas-de-Calais%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nord-Pas-de-Calais%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nord-Pas-de-Calais%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nord-Pas-de-Calais%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region of France</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nord-Pas-de-Calais"><img alt="Flag of Nord-Pas-de-Calais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg/120px-Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg/180px-Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg/240px-Generic_flag_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nord-Pas-de-Calais"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nord-Pas-de-Calais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/86px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/128px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/171px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg/250px-Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg/375px-Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg/500px-Nord-Pas-de-Calais_in_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="997" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&params=50_28_N_2_43_E_region:FR_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.467°N 2.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.467; 2.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 2016</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefecture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>2</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a> (59)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> (62)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Regional_Council_(France)" title="President of the Regional Council (France)">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bertrand" title="Xavier Bertrand">Xavier Bertrand</a> (DVD)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,414 km<sup>2</sup> (4,793 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2012-01-01)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,050,706</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">330/km<sup>2</sup> (850/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€122,607 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€30,200</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">FR-O</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">FR3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordpasdecalais.fr/">www.nordpasdecalais.fr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nord-Pas-de-Calais</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nɔʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>d(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>kalɛ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg\/Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg/Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg" title="File:Fr-Nord-Pas-de-Calais.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>); <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>: <i lang="pcd">Nord-Pas-Calés</i>); is a former <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">administrative region</a> of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_law_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform_law-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (west), the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> (northwest), <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (north and east) and <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> (south). Until the 17th century, the history of the North was largely in common with the history of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (the Celtics <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgians</a> during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gaul</a>), that of a land that "for almost a thousand years served as a battlefield for all of Europe." The majority of the region was once part of the historical <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>, but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. The historical <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">French provinces</a> that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">French Hainaut</a> and (partially) <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picardy</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> is in the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>). These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. The former administrative region was created in 1956 under the name "Nord" and maintained that name until 1972 when "Pas-de-Calais" was added. This remained unchanged until its dissolution in 2016. </p><p>With its 330.8 people per km<sup>2</sup> on just over 12,414 km<sup>2</sup>, it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it the fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>. The second largest city is <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> of Great Britain 42 kilometres (26 mi) away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental European</a> connection to the island of Great Britain. Other major towns include <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>. The region is featured in numerous films, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bienvenue_chez_les_Ch%27tis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis">Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"French Netherlands" redirects here. For the Netherlands under French rule, see <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation (Netherlands)</a>.</div> <p><i>Nord-Pas-de-Calais</i> combines the names of the constituent departments of <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a> (literally 'North', the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Department_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of France">department of France</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> ('Strait of Calais', the French name of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a>). The regional council, however, spells the name <i>Nord-Pas de Calais</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern part of the region was historically a part of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> as its capital. Those<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wish to evidence the historical links the region has with Belgium and the Netherlands prefer to call this region the <b>French Low Countries</b>, which also means <i>French Netherlands</i> in French (French: <i>Pays-Bas français</i>; Dutch: <i>Franse Nederlanden</i> or <i>Franse Lage Landen</i>). Other alternative names are <i>Région Flandre(s)-Artois</i>, <i>Hauts-de-France</i>, ('Upper France') and <i>Picardie-du-Nord</i> ('Northern <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lianefleuve.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lianefleuve.JPG/220px-Lianefleuve.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lianefleuve.JPG/330px-Lianefleuve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lianefleuve.JPG/440px-Lianefleuve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liane_(river)" title="Liane (river)">Liane</a> in Pas-de-Calais</figcaption></figure><p>Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region has always been a strategic (and hence one of the most fought-over) region in Europe. French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, who was born in Lille, called the region a "fatal avenue" through which invading armies repeatedly passed. Over the centuries, it was conquered in turn by the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, England, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. After the final French annexation in the early 18th century, much of the region was again occupied by Germany during the First and Second World Wars. </p><p>During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defense services along the route from Boulogne to Cologne created a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> linguistic border in the region that persisted until the 8th century. By the 9th century, most inhabitants north of Lille spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke a variety of Romance dialects. This linguistic border is still evident today in the place names of the region. Beginning in the 9th century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east. By the end of the 13th century, the linguistic border had shifted to the river Lys in the south and Cap-Griz-Nez in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryckeboer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryckeboer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg/220px-Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg/330px-Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg/440px-Cap_Blanc_Nez_winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Winter at <a href="/wiki/Cap_Blanc_Nez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Blanc Nez">Cap Blanc Nez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Ages, the Pas-de-Calais department comprised <a href="/wiki/County_of_Boulogne" title="County of Boulogne">County of Boulogne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">County of Artois</a>, while the Nord department was mostly made up of the southern portions of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a>. Boulogne, Artois, and Flanders were fiefs of the French crown, while Hainaut and after 1493 Flanders were within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> was an English possession from 1347 to 1558, when it was recovered by the French throne. In the 15th century, all of the territories, except Calais, were united under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a>, along with other territories in northern France and areas in what is now <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. With the death of the Burgundian duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> in 1477, the Boulonnais and Artois were seized by the French crown, while Flanders and Hainaut were inherited by Charles's daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Marie</a>. Shortly thereafter, in 1492, Artois was ceded back to Marie's son <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip the Handsome</a>, as part of an attempt to keep Philip's father, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>, neutral in French King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII's</a> prospective invasion of Italy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_(06).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_%2806%29.JPG/220px-Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_%2806%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_%2806%29.JPG/330px-Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_%2806%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_%2806%29.JPG/440px-Douai_-_Vue_%C3%A0_partir_du_Beffroi_%2806%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thus, most of the territories of what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were reunited to the Burgundian inheritance, which had passed through Marie's marriage to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. These territories formed an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> of the Netherlands as they were defined during the reign of Philip's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a>, and passed to Charles's son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> much of the conflict between France and Spain occurred in the region. When <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">the Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule</a>, beginning in 1566, the territories in what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were those most loyal to the throne, and proved the base from which the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Duke of Parma</a> was able to bring the whole southern part of the Netherlands back under Spanish control. It was also a base for Spanish support of French Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Tourbi%C3%A8reVredGroupe3Roseli%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Bog of Vred, natural reserve</figcaption></figure> <p>During the wars between France and Spain in the 17th century (<a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">1635</a>–<a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">1659</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">1667–68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1672–78</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1688–97</a>), these territories became the principal seat of conflict between the two states and French control over the area was gradually established. Beginning with the annexation of Artois in 1659, most of the current Nord department territory had been acquired by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a> in 1678. The current borders were mostly established by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> in 1697. </p><p>The area, previously divided among the French provinces of <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a>, Artois, and <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, was divided into its two present departments following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789. Under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the French boundary was extended to include all of Flanders and present-day Belgium until the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 restored the original French boundary. </p><p>During the 19th century, the region underwent major industrialisation and became one of the leading industrial regions of France, second only to <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. Nord-Pas-de-Calais was barely touched by the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870; the war actually helped it to cement its leading role in French industry due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. However, it suffered catastrophic damage in the two World Wars of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnettes03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bonnettes03.jpg/220px-Bonnettes03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bonnettes03.jpg/330px-Bonnettes03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bonnettes03.jpg/440px-Bonnettes03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cromlech" title="Cromlech">Cromlech</a> des Bonettes, <a href="/wiki/Sailly-en-Ostrevent" title="Sailly-en-Ostrevent">Sailly-en-Ostrevent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of man's presence in the region dates from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Evidence of early human presence includes bifaces dating back to around 700,000 BC found in <a href="/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a> and 500,000 BC in <a href="/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vy" title="Quiévy">Quiévy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Pleistocene, human activity was intermittent due to the harsh climate caused by expanding Nordic glaciers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation sites are noted from around 60,000 BC in Marcoing and 50,000–40,000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Busigny and Hamel, with the first Homo sapiens identified in <a href="/wiki/Rouvroy,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Rouvroy, Pas-de-Calais">Rouvroy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a>, the region, now covered in forests, saw the emergence of hunter-gatherer societies using microliths for hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Neolithic period</a> marked the beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry, influenced by the Cerny and <a href="/wiki/Michelsberg_culture" title="Michelsberg culture">Michelsberg</a> cultures. Evidence of trade and tool use from outside the region highlights interactions with other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Neolithic era left behind megalithic structures, such as dolmens and menhirs, which were likely used for religious purposes, though their exact functions remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallia_Belgica_and_the_Roman_Empire"><i>Gallia Belgica</i> and the Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallia Belgica and the Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gallic_War">The Gallic War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Gallic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG/220px-Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG/330px-Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG/440px-Gaule_-56_cropped.PNG 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic War</a> in 56 BC: After defeating the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sabis">battle of Sabis</a>, Caesar continued his conquests towards the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Gallic War in 56 BC, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> expanded his conquests toward the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervians</a> at the Battle of Sabis.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgians, a collective of various tribes such as the Menapiens, Morins, <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrébates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nervians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervians">Nervians</a>, had settled in the region between the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st centuries BC</a>. These tribes, described by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, were not homogeneous and occupied different parts of the land. Settlements were mainly hamlets around farms, with few fortified camps like Etrun.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman invasion began in <a href="/wiki/57_BC" title="57 BC">57 BC</a>, leading to significant battles, including a decisive one on the banks of the Sabis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initial resistance, by <a href="/wiki/50_BC" title="50 BC">50 BC</a>, Gaul-Belgium was conquered and remained under military occupation until <a href="/wiki/27_BC" title="27 BC">27 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pax_Romana"><i>Pax Romana</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pax Romana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-6511_Str%C3%A9e,_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B-6511_Str%C3%A9e%2C_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG/220px-B-6511_Str%C3%A9e%2C_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B-6511_Str%C3%A9e%2C_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG/330px-B-6511_Str%C3%A9e%2C_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B-6511_Str%C3%A9e%2C_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG/440px-B-6511_Str%C3%A9e%2C_chauss%C3%A9e_Brunehault.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Roman road from Bavay to Trier, one of the seven "Chaussée Brunehaut" radiating out from Bavay (Bagacum Nerviorum).</figcaption></figure> <p>Following their victory, the Romans implemented policies of pacification and Romanization, transforming the region administratively and economically. They established numerous cities, incorporating ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> into the prosperous Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key cities included Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavay), Namur (Aduatuca), Castellum Menapiorum (Cassel), Nemetocenna (Arras), and Tervanna (Thérouanne). The region flourished through agriculture, particularly sheep breeding and wheat cultivation, and the development of a sophisticated road network known as the "Brunehaut causeways." This network facilitated trade within the empire, allowing for the import and export of various goods, including ceramics, pottery, wine, olive oil, linen cloth, and ham.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vici (hamlets) emerged along these routes, and many modern communes in the Scarpe and Escaut valleys trace their origins to <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_and_Barbarian_Invasions">Decline and Barbarian Invasions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline and Barbarian Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of the 1st century, Germanic tribes began encroaching on the region, leading to periods of pillaging and instability. The Franks crossed the Rhine in 253–254 and again between 259 and 263, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alamanni</a> in 275. During brief periods of peace, new capitals like <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> emerged, replacing older ones such as Cassel and Bavay. The region also saw the initial stages of Christianization, although it remained limited until the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd</a> and 5th centuries. In 406, a frozen Rhine allowed a flood of barbarian groups, including the Franks and Germans driven by the Huns, to invade, ultimately leading to the collapse of the remaining Roman authority in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Frankish_kingdoms">The Frankish kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Frankish kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianization_in_the_Merovingian_Period">Christianization in the Merovingian Period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianization in the Merovingian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG/220px-Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG/330px-Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG/440px-Cartulaire_Marchiennes_abbaye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marchiennes_Abbey" title="Marchiennes Abbey">Marchiennes Abbey</a> was founded around 630.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Merovingian period, the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a> initially maintained their pagan beliefs, unlike other Germanic tribes who converted to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. Clovis's conversion to Nicene Christianity was significant as it aligned with the remaining Roman Empire's religion, providing sacred legitimacy. This period saw a renewal of urbanization and the establishment of ecclesiastical authorities. Vaast became bishop of <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> early in the century. By 511, however, the region was not sufficiently Christianized to be represented at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Council of Orléans">Council of Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Between_Neustria_and_Austrasia">Between Neustria and Austrasia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Between Neustria and Austrasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> did not have a concept of statehood; instead, fiefdoms were private domains.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Clovis's death, his kingdom was divided among his sons, leading to dynastic struggles, notably between queens <a href="/wiki/Brunehaut" title="Brunehaut">Brunehaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9gonde" title="Frédégonde">Frédégonde</a>. Around 630 AD, during Dagobert's reign, significant Christianization efforts began with the establishment of numerous monasteries, such as <a href="/wiki/Marchiennes" title="Marchiennes">Marchiennes</a>, Condé, and <a href="/wiki/Maroilles,_Nord" title="Maroilles, Nord">Maroilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These monasteries, supported by the Frankish aristocracy, played crucial roles in land development and extending royal power.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal areas saw less interest from the Franks, with the first bishop, Audomar (Saint Omer), arriving only in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Scheldt_as_a_New_Frontier">The Scheldt as a New Frontier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Scheldt as a New Frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Treaty_of_Verdun">The Treaty of Verdun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Treaty of Verdun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843 divided Charlemagne's empire into three kingdoms, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheldt River">Scheldt River</a> as the natural boundary between <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>. This division split what is now the <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord département</a> into two parts: one under what would become France and the other under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. This new border marked a significant shift in territorial and political dynamics in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Counties_of_Flanders,_Cambrésis,_and_Hainaut"><span id="Counties_of_Flanders.2C_Cambr.C3.A9sis.2C_and_Hainaut"></span>Counties of Flanders, Cambrésis, and Hainaut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Counties of Flanders, Cambrésis, and Hainaut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg/220px-Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg/330px-Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg/440px-Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sequence_of_Saint_Eulalia" title="Sequence of Saint Eulalia">Sequence of Saint Eulalia</a>.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the feudal system shaped the region's political landscape. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> emerged in the late 9th century as a semi-autonomous entity with regular insubordination to the French King. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a> took shape by the mid-11th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> reflecting Flemish traditions. The influence of the Catholic Church also grew, with the Bishop of Cambrai becoming Count of Cambrésis. The importance of waterways led to the growth of towns such as Lille and Arras, which gained privileges and self-governance, especially in the 12th century when Arras became renowned for its cloth industry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Battle_of_Bouvines">The Battle of Bouvines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Battle of Bouvines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG/220px-B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG/330px-B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG/440px-B%C3%A9guinage_Saint-Vaast._Cambrai._Angle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Vaast beguinage in <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, created in the 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1180, Isabelle de Hainaut's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auguste" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Auguste">Philippe Auguste</a> brought the Artois region to the French crown. The complex succession issues surrounding the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> led to a coalition against the King of France, involving the Emperor, the King of England, and the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a>, Ferrand of Portugal. The decisive Battle of Bouvines in 1214 saw Philippe Auguste emerge victorious, enabling him to implement administrative reforms to consolidate royal power. These changes, along with the support of his successor Saint Louis, allowed the French monarchy to exert influence over Flanders and Hainaut. The early 13th century also saw significant religious expansion in these regions with the establishment of monasteries and beguinages, fostering religious movements like Rheno-Flemish mysticism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hundred_Years'_War"><span id="Hundred_Years.27_War"></span>Hundred Years' War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hundred Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calais1347.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Calais1347.jpg/220px-Calais1347.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Calais1347.jpg/330px-Calais1347.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Calais1347.jpg/440px-Calais1347.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The surrender of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">Calais</a> in 1347, <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Froissart's Chronicles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></div> <p>The 14th century brought the crisis of the late Middle Ages and rising tensions between France and England, particularly over Flanders, Guyenne, and Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a>, though serving the French King, had economic ties with England, while the Count of Hainaut aligned with the Emperor, an English ally. Edward III's campaign in 1346 led to the protracted siege of Calais. The <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, while destructive, was overshadowed by devastating epidemics like the Black Death, which struck southern Hainaut in 1316, killing a third of the population, and reoccurred several times, including a severe outbreak in Calais in 1348. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Revolution_to_the_First_Empire">From the Revolution to the First Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: From the Revolution to the First Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Context_in_1789">Context in 1789</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Context in 1789"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern France, described by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Jean-Clément Martin</a> as the "aborted <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>," was notably hostile to the French Revolution. The local peasants, deeply affected by the king's execution in January 1793, resisted the new revolutionary order. Liberty trees were cut down in the Cambrai district, and parishioners refused sacraments from constitutional priests. In villages like <a href="/wiki/Morbecque" title="Morbecque">Morbecque</a>, peasants rebelled against conscription and faced persecution by the republican authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Creation_of_the_Nord_and_Pas-de-Calais_Départements"><span id="The_Creation_of_the_Nord_and_Pas-de-Calais_D.C3.A9partements"></span>The Creation of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais Départements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Creation of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais Départements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 29, 1789, the Constituent Assembly decided to reorganize France into departments of approximately 324 square leagues each. The northern provinces were to form four departments, but various projects clashed. Ultimately, the National Assembly decided in 1790 to create the <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> departments. Douai was initially chosen as the prefecture of Nord due to Merlin de Douai's influence, but it was later moved to Lille by the First Consul on 3 Thermidor IX. The Nord department consisted of eight districts: <a href="/wiki/Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazebrouck" title="Hazebrouck">Hazebrouck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Quesnoy" title="Le Quesnoy">Le Quesnoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avesnes" title="Avesnes">Avesnes</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> comprised Arras, Bapaume, Béthune, Boulogne, Calais, Montreuil, Saint-Omer, and Saint-Pol.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franco-Austrian_War_and_the_First_Empire">Franco-Austrian War and the First Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Franco-Austrian War and the First Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Lille_1792.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1792)" title="Siege of Lille (1792)">Siege of Lille</a> in 1792.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Franco-Austrian War saw Northern France as a significant battleground following the Brabant and Liège revolutions. France declared war on Austria in April 1792, leading to the destruction of cities like <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>. Austrian armies occupied French Hainaut from 1793 to 1794 until the French revolutionary army conquered the region and annexed Belgium. The Terror further devastated the area, dismantling structures like the Saint-Amand abbey and depriving Cambrai of its cathedral and Gothic churches.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Napoleon, the <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord department</a> made substantial efforts to rebuild and unify administratively and socially. However, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the region was occupied by British troops until November 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_industrial_revolution">The industrial revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The industrial revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_economic_boom">The economic boom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The economic boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_(E).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_%28E%29.jpg/220px-Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_%28E%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_%28E%29.jpg/330px-Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_%28E%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_%28E%29.jpg/440px-Flers-en-Escrebieux_-_Fosse_n%C2%B0_3_des_mines_de_l%27Escarpelle_%28E%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>No. 3 pit of the Escarpelle mines.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, Northern France experienced significant economic development, propelled into the Industrial Revolution by several key factors. Napoleon's continental blockade against the United Kingdom forced the region to produce goods locally that had previously been imported, fostering the birth of industries such as sugar production. The introduction of British steam engines into spinning mills also accelerated production. Central areas rich in coal, from Béthune to Valenciennes, became crucial energy sources, further boosted by the protectionist policies of the Restoration era after Belgium's emergence in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Working_Class">The Working Class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Working Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> While the industrial boom turned Northern France into an economic powerhouse for over a century, it brought severe hardships for the working class. Miners, as depicted in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>'s "Germinal," faced grueling conditions and meager wages, risking their health underground. Textile workers also endured harsh conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th century added to their suffering with extreme weather events and five cholera epidemics between 1832 and 1866, the last of which claimed 10,584 lives in the Nord département alone.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avion-glissoires7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Avion-glissoires7.jpg/220px-Avion-glissoires7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Avion-glissoires7.jpg/330px-Avion-glissoires7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Avion-glissoires7.jpg/440px-Avion-glissoires7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> started, the region became a strategic target for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, mostly because of the coal and mining resources. When the German troops launched their attack from Belgium, the region was one of the first to fall under German occupation. Nevertheless, when the Allies stopped Germany at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">Battle of Marne</a>, the front moved back to the area and stabilized near <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>. During the next four years, the region was split in two: the German holding the <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a> and Cambrai area, the Allied controlling Arras and the Area of Lens. Nevertheless, the combat did not stop, each side wanting the total control of the area. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vimy_Memorial_(September_2010)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Vimy_Memorial_%28September_2010%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Vimy_Memorial_%28September_2010%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Vimy_Memorial_%28September_2010%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Vimy_Memorial_%28September_2010%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Vimy_Memorial_%28September_2010%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Vimy_Memorial_%28September_2010%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a> near Arras</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nord pas de Calais was one of the main theaters of the conflict, with many battles occurring between 1914 and 1918, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a> assault during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras (1917)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">Battle of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">Battle of Cambrai</a>. By the time the region was finally liberated by the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, the entire country was devastated and Arras had been 90% destroyed. Currently, there are 650 military cemeteries throughout the Nord-Pas-de Calais, mostly British and Canadian, as well as large memorials such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Lorette" title="Notre Dame de Lorette">Notre Dame de Lorette</a>, the world's largest French military cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Between the wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, the industrial region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais was devastated, and in 1919 was classified as a red or yellow zone for around two-thirds of its surface area. </p><p>The reconstruction movement made massive use of immigration, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, to compensate for the decline in population due to the war, and to adapt to the new legislation limiting the working day to eight hours. But the economic crisis of the 1930s soon prevented any real economic or cultural renaissance. It also led to downsizing, with recent immigrants the first to be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region saw a breakthrough of the extreme right, including the "green shirts" among the peasants,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prompted left-wing movements to unite. When the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Front Populaire</a> came to power in France in 1936, three deputies from the Nord were in government, including <a href="/wiki/Roger_Salengro" title="Roger Salengro">Roger Salengro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factories went on strike en masse during the <a href="/wiki/Matignon_Accords_(1936)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matignon Accords (1936)">Matignon Accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of France">occupation of France</a>, it was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France</a>, ruled from the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <i>kommandantur</i> in Brussels. The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region was used for <a href="/wiki/Vengeance_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vengeance weapon">vengeance weapon</a> installations, including extensive <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb_(facilities)" class="mw-redirect" title="V-1 flying bomb (facilities)">V-1 "ski sites"</a> that launched attacks on England and massive <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-3_cannon#Mimoyecques_site" title="V-3 cannon">V-3 cannon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a> counteroffensive bombing by the Allies devastated many of the region's towns. Although most of the region was liberated in September 1944, Dunkirk was the last French town to be freed from German occupation (on 9 May 1945). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Postwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Presidents of Nord-Pas-de-Calais </th></tr> <tr> <th width="150" style="text-align:left;">President </th> <th width="45" colspan="2">Party </th> <th width="85" style="text-align:left;">Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCCCC;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td>1974–1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Jos%C3%A8phe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noël Josèphe (page does not exist)">Noël Josèphe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCCCC;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td>1981–1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie-Christine_Blandin" title="Marie-Christine Blandin">Marie-Christine Blandin</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#77DD77;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">Green</a> </td> <td>1992–1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Delebarre" title="Michel Delebarre">Michel Delebarre</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCCCC;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td>1998–2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Percheron" title="Daniel Percheron">Daniel Percheron</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCCCC;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td>2001– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the war, the region has suffered from severe economic difficulties (see Economy below) but has benefited from the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> and the growth in cross-Channel traffic in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Post-War_Effort_and_Economic_Expansion">The Post-War Effort and Economic Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Post-War Effort and Economic Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following World War II, France embarked on a significant recovery effort termed "Union sacrée," aiming to rebuild the nation under a managed economy. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">General de Gaulle</a>'s speech in Lille emphasized the state's role in national economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the nationalization of companies in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region led to the formation of Houillères du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, with miners receiving special privileges. The steel industry also expanded, benefiting from modernization efforts funded by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Reconstruction_and_Television">Economic Reconstruction and Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economic Reconstruction and Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1950s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais had regained its industrial strength, primarily in traditional sectors like textiles, coal, and steel, which were starting to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also marked the advent of regional television with the creation of Télé-Lille in 1950, the first regional television station in France. Despite technological advancements, the region faced economic challenges due to a lack of diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algerian_War_and_Social_Tensions">Algerian War and Social Tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Algerian War and Social Tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> in the mid-20th century significantly impacted the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, home to a large population of Algerian immigrants. This led to social tensions and conflicts between French and Algerian communities, exacerbated by internal strife among Algerians supporting different nationalist movements. The war's impact was felt through numerous violent incidents, including attacks and street shootings, resulting in significant casualties and social unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Decline_and_Economic_Transition">Industrial Decline and Economic Transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Industrial Decline and Economic Transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1950s to the 1980s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais experienced a gradual decline in coal mining, textiles, and steel industries, resulting in substantial job losses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government attempted to revitalize the region's economy by promoting the automotive industry and attracting plastics companies, which created new employment opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these efforts, the transition highlighted the challenges of shifting from traditional industries to more diversified economic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></div> <p>While the region is predominantly French-speaking, it also has two significant <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> communities: the western <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a>, whose presence is evident in the many Dutch place names in the area and who speak <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>, a dialect of Dutch (perhaps 20,000 inhabitants of Nord-Pas-de-Calais use Flemish daily and an estimated 40,000 use it occasionally, both primarily in and around the arrondissement of Dunkirk<sup id="cite_ref-Flemish_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); and the Picards, who speak the <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard language</a>, or <i>Ch'ti</i> (speakers, "<i>chitimi</i>", have been working to revive the nearly-extinct regional speech since the 1980s). Although neighbouring Belgium currently recognizes and fosters both Picard and Dutch, and a few city-level governments within Nord-Pas-de-Calais have introduced initiatives to encourage both languages,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the national French government maintains a <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">policy of linguistic unity</a> and generally ignores both languages,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it does with other regional languages in France. </p><p>The region's ethnic diversity has been affected by repeated waves of immigrant workers from abroad: Belgians and Welsh before 1910; Poles and Italians in the 1920s and 1930s; Eastern European groups and Germans since 1945; and North Africans and Portuguese since 1960;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and large cities like Lille, Calais, and Boulogne-sur-Mer are home to sizable communities of British, Dutch, Scandinavian, Greek and Balkans, Sub-Saharan African, and Latin American immigrants and their descendants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The French state has sought to boost the region's relatively neglected culture. In 2004, it was announced that a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> would be opened in the city of Lens. For decades, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais has been viewed as a conservative region when compared culturally to the rest of France,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but recently the region has at times displayed left-wing tendencies. In the early 2000s, the leftist <a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">Green Party</a> won the largest number of votes to nearly carry a majority in regional and local representation. The Greens managed to attract many conservative voters from small towns and farmers moved by the Greens' commitment to boosting agri-industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The region's religious profile is representative of France as a whole, with the majority being <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. Other Christian groups are found in the region: <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> have a few churches. North Africans have introduced Islam to the region, and small but growing communities of Buddhists have been established in recent years. Prior to World War II, around 4,000 Jews lived in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Jewish community</a> remains active as it has been for hundreds of years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_data">General data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: General data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the Nord-Pas de Calais GDP reached €140 billion making it the 4th biggest French economy, although this figure has to be put in the context of the large population of the region. The region was only in 16th place out of 24 for GDP per capita in 2014 with €34,422. </p><p>The unemployment rate is higher than the national average. About 11% of the population was unemployed in 2014, particularly people aged between 18 and 25. </p><p>The economy is essentially led by the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a>, which employs 75% of the working population, followed by manufacturing (23%) and agriculture (2%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishing">Agriculture and fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Agriculture and fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its location close to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the Nord-Pas de Calais region has a strong <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> harbor is the biggest French port in terms of capacity with more than 150 boats. 45,000 tons of fish were traded there in 2012. The harbor is also a leading European seafood processing center with 380,000 tons of shellfish, fish and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">seaweed</a> traded every year.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 140 companies are present in the port. </p><p>The agricultural sector comprises 13,800 farm businesses using 820,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) of farmland. The temperate climate as well as great fertility makes the region a leading production center.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nord-Pas de Calais region supplied 26.1 million tons of wheat (approximately 7% of the national production) and a third of the French potato production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region's industry was originally focused on coal and textile production, and was one of the cradles of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> on the continent. After the end of the Second World War, migrant workers from all over Europe came to the region, making up for population losses due to the war. In the 1970s, the leading coal and textile industries began to fade away and unemployment rates increased rapidly. The region started a process of restructuring which still continues today. Nowadays, the manufacturing sector is led by the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry">automobile industry</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais_Mining_Basin" title="Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin">Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin</a> was the leading region of coal production in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For its three-hundred-year history of mining and its testimony to the advent of industrialization in France, the mining basin was listed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automobile_industry">Automobile industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Automobile industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, the sector represented a small part of the working population. Some 40 years later, it is the main industry in the region, employing 55,000 people. In terms of productivity, the Nord-Pas de Calais region is ranked second nationwide and is one of the main export areas. </p><p>Three main worldwide car manufacturers operate plants in the region: <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> produce the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Yaris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> build the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> operate a plant in <a href="/wiki/Lieu-Saint-Amand" title="Lieu-Saint-Amand">Lieu-Saint-Amand</a> where <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_807" class="mw-redirect" title="Peugeot 807">Peugeot 807</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C8" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C8">Citroën C8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Scudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat Scudo">Fiat Scudo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_Expert" class="mw-redirect" title="Peugeot Expert">Peugeot Expert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Jumpy" title="Citroën Jumpy">Citroën Jumpy</a> are fabricated.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, automotive equipment manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Faurecia" title="Faurecia">Faurecia</a> employ 6,200 workers in the region. Small-scale manufacturers have also been based in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">microcar</a> manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Automobiles_ERAD" title="Automobiles ERAD">ERAD</a>, Savel, and Secma. </p><p>Nord-Pas de Calais is the second main region for the automotive industry in France after Île de France (Paris region). The sector trade fair, the Forum on European Automotive Industry in Lille Region (FEAL),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes place biennially to showcase the industry of the region and its importance for France and Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_industry">Food industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Food industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The food industry in Nord-Pas de Calais draws on the agricultural sector of the region. By income, this is the most important industry of the region due to strong exports (€3.2bn in 2006). More than 27,000 employees were employed in the sector in 2007. Many global corporations such as <a href="/wiki/McCain_Foods" title="McCain Foods">McCain Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roquette_Freres" class="mw-redirect" title="Roquette Freres">Roquette Freres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonduelle" title="Bonduelle">Bonduelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasquier" title="Pasquier">Pasquier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boulangeries_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangeries Paul">Boulangeries Paul</a> are present in the Nord-Pas de Calais region.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mulliez_Family">Mulliez Family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mulliez Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The services sector of the Nord-Pas de Calais region is dominated by the multi-billionaire <a href="/wiki/Association_Familiale_Mulliez" title="Association Familiale Mulliez">Mulliez family</a>, who own the main superstore chains of the region, some of which are known worldwide: <a href="/wiki/Auchan" title="Auchan">Auchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decathlon_(retailer)" title="Decathlon (retailer)">Decathlon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Merlin" title="Leroy Merlin">Leroy Merlin</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Flunch" title="Flunch">Flunch</a> <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurant chain">restaurant chain</a>. The family also holds a stake in <a href="/wiki/3_Suisses" title="3 Suisses">3 Suisses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norauto" class="mw-redirect" title="Norauto">Norauto</a> and many other companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_Infrastructures">Transport Infrastructures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transport Infrastructures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg/500px-Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg/750px-Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg/1000px-Carte_ancienne_du_Nord-Pas-de-Calais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="5800" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region from the early 1920s, showing the road and railway network of that time.</figcaption></figure> <p>As most of its population is urbanized, the region has a dense and complex transport system of highways, railways, airport and <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nine highways are passing through the region; most of them are free: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_highway_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 highway (France)">A1</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A2_autoroute_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="A2 autoroute (France)">A2</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A16_autoroute" title="A16 autoroute">A16</a> Between <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A21_autoroute" title="A21 autoroute">A21</a> between <a href="/wiki/Bouvignies" title="Bouvignies">Bouvignies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pecquencourt" title="Pecquencourt">Pecquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A22_autoroute" title="A22 autoroute">A22</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A23_autoroute" title="A23 autoroute">A23</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lesquin" title="Lesquin">Lesquin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A25_autoroute" title="A25 autoroute">A25</a> between <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A26_autoroute" title="A26 autoroute">A26</a> between <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A27_autoroute" title="A27 autoroute">A27</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurotunnel">Eurotunnel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Eurotunnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1994, the Nord-Pas de Calais region is linked to the United Kingdom by the Eurotunnel. The structure comprises three tunnels (one single-track railway tunnel each way and a service road tunnel for maintenance and emergency use) and has the longest undersea tunnel section of the world (38 kilometres (24 mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole structure is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and connects <a href="/wiki/Coquelles" title="Coquelles">Coquelles, France</a> with <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone, UK</a>. Between its official opening and 2012, 300 million passengers have crossed the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> trains.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Eurostar services, the tunnel is used by trains carrying road vehicles, branded as <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurotunnel Shuttle">Le Shuttle</a>, as well as freight trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TER-Nord">TER-Nord</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: TER-Nord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transport_express_r%C3%A9gional" title="Transport express régional">TER</a>-Nord is the regional rail network operated by the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>. It links the major cities and villages throughout Nord-Pas de Calais. The network is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_r%C3%A9gional" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil régional">Conseil régional</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transportation">Air transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Air transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main airport of Nord-Pas de Calais is <a href="/wiki/Lesquin_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesquin Airport">Lesquin Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>. Originally a regional hub, the airport now has several international routes to destinations in Europe and the Maghreb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland_and_International_freight_transport">Inland and International freight transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Inland and International freight transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dunkirk_harbour">Dunkirk harbour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Dunkirk harbour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk Harbour is one of the biggest seaports of France. It is the third-largest port nationally in terms of total volume but first in fruit and copper imports. A terminal able to handle <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carriers</a> is built by <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canal_Seine-Nord">Canal Seine-Nord</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Canal Seine-Nord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seine%E2%80%93Nord_Europe_Canal" title="Seine–Nord Europe Canal">Canal Seine-Nord</a> is a future high-capacity canal between the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arleux" title="Arleux">Arleux</a> to connect the former to the other northern canals in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. It is due to open in 2016. The project has attracted controversy mostly because of its huge cost (€4.6bn).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_culture">Sports and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sports and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_base_for_the_Olympics">Training base for the Olympics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Training base for the Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/London_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012">London 2012</a>, the region had been chosen by the <a href="/wiki/London_2012_Organising_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012 Organising Committee">Organising Committee</a> as a training base for the participating delegations. During the months ahead of the Olympics, several countries sent their athletes to the region to prepare for the competitions. Among the teams training in Nord-Pas de Calais were the UK Gymnastics team in <a href="/wiki/Arques,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Arques, Pas-de-Calais">Arques</a>, the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a> team in <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="France national basketball team">France's national basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="France men's national handball team">handball</a> teams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_in_Nord-Pas_de_Calais">Sports in Nord-Pas de Calais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sports in Nord-Pas de Calais"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most developed sport of the region. More than 145,000 players are members of a football club. Four clubs have professional status and play at the highest levels: <a href="/wiki/Lille_OSC" title="Lille OSC">Lille OSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/RC_Lens" title="RC Lens">RC Lens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ligue_1" title="Ligue 1">Ligue 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes_FC" title="Valenciennes FC">Valenciennes FC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ligue_2" title="Ligue 2">Ligue 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_Boulogne" title="US Boulogne">USBCO</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Championnat_National" title="Championnat National">Championnat National</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arras_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras Football">Arras Football</a>'s ladies play in <a href="/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine" class="mw-redirect" title="Division 1 Féminine">Division 1</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_communities">Major communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Major communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG/220px-Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG/330px-Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG/440px-Lille_-_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, the largest city in Nord-Pas-de-Calais</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG/220px-Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG/330px-Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG/440px-Jardins_familiaux_Tourcoing_J1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3951" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>Allotments in <a href="/wiki/Tourcoing" title="Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a> (Nord), France. In the background, the church Notre-Dame de la Marlière</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and surrounding area is home to over 1.5 million inhabitants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras, France">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9vin" title="Liévin">Liévin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcq-en-Bar%C5%93ul" title="Marcq-en-Barœul">Marcq-en-Barœul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourcoing" title="Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeneuve_d%27Ascq" class="mw-redirect" title="Villeneuve d'Ascq">Villeneuve d'Ascq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattrelos" title="Wattrelos">Wattrelos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regional education system of the Académie de Lille includes one million pupils and students. Higher education and research are supported within the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille_Nord_de_France" title="University of Lille Nord de France">Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France</a> – (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>). </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_tender" title="Invitation to tender">invitation to tender</a> for a school construction and maintenance contract let by the region and the <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Département du Nord</a> in 1998 included provision for employment generation to be included as an evaluation criterion for the award of the contract. The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> held that the award criterion was illegal, but also ruled that where a contracting authority had to assess two or more economically equivalent bids, they could adopt employment opportunities as an "accessory criterion" as long as the use of this criterion was not discriminatory.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en">"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+regions+by+GDP%2C+Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftgs00003%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reform_law-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reform_law_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9FECBA9D9314D1D2C093CF793C886ED5.tpdila21v_1?idSectionTA=JORFSCTA000030109623&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030109622&dateTexte=29990101"><i>Loi n° 2015–29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral</i></a></span> (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordpasdecalais.fr/institution/quEstCe/intro.asp">Région Nord-Pas de Calais: <i>Qu'est ce que la Région?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105051250/http://nordpasdecalais.fr/institution/quEstCe/intro.asp">Archived</a> 5 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 4 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723034958/http://www.cap21npdc.net/article-et-si-on-se-decidait-enfin-a-changer-le-nom-de-la-region-55005742.html">"Et si on se décidait enfin à changer le nom de la région ?"</a> [What if we finally decided to change the name of the region?]. 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Presses Univ. Septentrion. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85939-852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85939-852-1"><bdi>978-2-85939-852-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sence+de+l%27au-del%C3%A0+%3A+une+vision+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale+du+monde&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Presses+Univ.+Septentrion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-85939-852-1&rft.aulast=Platelle&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEaaJhUn-psC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierrard1978">Pierrard (1978</a>, p. 49-50)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeriaux2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meriaux, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_2000_num_158_2_451035">"Thérouanne et son diocèse jusqu'à la fin de l'époque carolingienne : les étapes de la christianisation d'après les sources écrites"</a>. <i>Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes</i> (in French). <b>158</b> (2): 377–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbec.2000.451035">10.3406/bec.2000.451035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+l%27%C3%A9cole+des+chartes&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9rouanne+et+son+dioc%C3%A8se+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+fin+de+l%27%C3%A9poque+carolingienne+%3A+les+%C3%A9tapes+de+la+christianisation+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+sources+%C3%A9crites&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-406&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbec.2000.451035&rft.aulast=Meriaux&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbec_0373-6237_2000_num_158_2_451035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierrard1978">Pierrard (1978</a>, p. 45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC'artouche2000">C'artouche (2000</a>, p. 27-28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollectif1988">Collectif (1988</a>, p. 102-103)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>La Guerre de Vendée, 1793–1800</i> (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+War+UK&rft.atitle=Canadian+National+Vimy+Memorial%2C+France&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatwar.co.uk%2Ffrench-flanders-artois%2Fmemorial-canadian-national-vimy-memorial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollectif1988">Collectif (1988</a>, p. 311)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollectif1988">Collectif (1988</a>, p. 312)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollectif1988">Collectif (1988</a>, p. 314)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollectif1988">Collectif (1988</a>, p. 334)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berger, Françoise (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/file/index/docid/147282/filename/FB_RevueNord2006-.pdf">"Éléments sur la crise de la sidérurgie en vue d'une approche comparative. Le cas du Nord-Pas-de-Calais et du groupe Usinor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue du Nord, Histoire & Archéologie</i> (in French) (21): 43–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+du+Nord%2C+Histoire+%26+Arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.atitle=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+sur+la+crise+de+la+sid%C3%A9rurgie+en+vue+d%27une+approche+comparative.+Le+cas+du+Nord-Pas-de-Calais+et+du+groupe+Usinor&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F147282%2Ffilename%2FFB_RevueNord2006-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollectif1988">Collectif (1988</a>, p. 339)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluteau1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bluteau, Marcel (1999). "Les cinq premières minutes de la télé régionale". <i>Cent ans de vie dans la région</i> (in French). La Voix du Nord éditions. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+cinq+premi%C3%A8res+minutes+de+la+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9+r%C3%A9gionale&rft.btitle=Cent+ans+de+vie+dans+la+r%C3%A9gion&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=La+Voix+du+Nord+%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bluteau&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenty1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genty, Jean-René (1999). "L'autre guerre d'Algérie ensanglante la terre nordiste". <i>Cent ans de vie dans la région</i> (in French). La Voix du Nord éditions. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27autre+guerre+d%27Alg%C3%A9rie+ensanglante+la+terre+nordiste&rft.btitle=Cent+ans+de+vie+dans+la+r%C3%A9gion&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=La+Voix+du+Nord+%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Genty&rft.aufirst=Jean-Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVouters1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vouters, Bruno (1999). "Un pied dans le futur, un autre dans l'ancien temps". <i>Cent ans de vie dans la région</i> (in French) (4th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Euromosaic+study%3A+Flemish+in+France&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feducation%2Fpolicies%2Flang%2Flanguages%2Flangmin%2Feuromosaic%2Ffr6_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a> states that "French is the language of the Republic"; see <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">the article on French linguistic policy</a> for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=17070&reg_id=19&page=pages_de_profils/P11_89/P11_89.htm">Chronologie de l'immigration en Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtrails.org.uk/trails/nord-pas-de-calais-camps-trail/history?page=4">"Nord Pas de Calais camps trail"</a>. <i>National Anglo-Jewish Heritage Trail</i>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoforumlille.eu/">the original</a> on 27 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autoforumlille&rft.atitle=Autoforumlille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoforumlille.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/regions/nord-pas-de-calais/default.asp?page=themes/dossiers_de_profils/dp_96/dp_96.htm">"Insee – Régions"</a>. Insee.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Picardie.france3.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+3+Picardie+%E2%80%93+Actualit%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Picardie.france3.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpicardie.france3.fr%2Finfo%2Fcanal-seine-nord-projet-suspendu--75290982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">InfoCuria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-225/98">C-225/98 – Commission v France</a>, Judgment of the Court of 26 September 2000, accessed 13 June 2022</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollectif1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Collectif (1988). <i>Le Nord, de la Préhistoire à nos jours</i> (in French). Bordessoules. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-903504-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-903504-28-8"><bdi>2-903504-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Nord%2C+de+la+Pr%C3%A9histoire+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Bordessoules&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-903504-28-8&rft.au=Collectif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC'artouche2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">C'artouche (2000). <i>Pas-de-Calais : Histoire d'un renouveau</i> (in French). Librairie Arthème Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-60733-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-60733-8"><bdi>2-213-60733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pas-de-Calais+%3A+Histoire+d%27un+renouveau&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-213-60733-8&rft.au=C%27artouche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmulliezMilis2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Desmulliez, Jacqueline; Milis, L. J. R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16GOGyuChc4C"><i>Histoire des provinces françaises du Nord : De la préhistoire à l'An Mil</i></a> (in French). Artois presses université. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-903077-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-903077-71-6"><bdi>978-2-903077-71-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+provinces+fran%C3%A7aises+du+Nord+%3A+De+la+pr%C3%A9histoire+%C3%A0+l%27An+Mil&rft.pub=Artois+presses+universit%C3%A9&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-903077-71-6&rft.aulast=Desmulliez&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Milis%2C+L.+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16GOGyuChc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierrard1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pierrard, Pierre (1978). <i>Histoire du Nord : Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Picardie</i> (in French). Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-01-020306-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-01-020306-2"><bdi>2-01-020306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Nord+%3A+Flandre%2C+Artois%2C+Hainaut%2C+Picardie&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=2-01-020306-2&rft.aulast=Pierrard&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANord-Pas-de-Calais" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Pas-de-Calais&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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id="Neighbouring_French_Region,_UK_Region,_and_Belgian_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Neighbouring French Region, UK Region, and Belgian Region</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> (Belgium)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> (Belgium)</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium)</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium)</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_regions_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_France" title="Template:Regions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_France" title="Template talk:Regions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_regions_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current (since 2016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a> (Centre Region until 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former (1982–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(administrative_region)" title="Auvergne (administrative region)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne-Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Midi-Pyrénées">Midi-Pyrénées</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou-Charentes" title="Poitou-Charentes">Poitou-Charentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas regions">Overseas regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_France" title="Flags of the regions of France">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_list_of_French_regions" title="Ranked list of French regions">Ranked by area/population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of French regions by Human Development Index">by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(France)" title="Regional council (France)">Regional councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123700614">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152447398">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116167-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80153263">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80087154">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865113r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865113r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Francie : kraj)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge494543&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552494805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/58e07dd8-21c9-46fe-b5a7-4f916eaae30a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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