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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cargo_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cargo handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_cargo_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_cargo_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typical cargo cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_cargo_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Containment_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Containment_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Containment systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Containment_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Containment systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Containment_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moss_tanks_(Spherical_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moss_tanks_(Spherical_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Moss tanks (Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moss_tanks_(Spherical_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IHI_(Prismatic_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IHI_(Prismatic_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>IHI (Prismatic IMO type B LNG tanks)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IHI_(Prismatic_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGZ_Mark_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGZ_Mark_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>TGZ Mark III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGZ_Mark_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GT96" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GT96"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>GT96</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GT96-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CS1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CS1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>CS1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CS1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliquefaction_and_boil-off" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliquefaction_and_boil-off"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reliquefaction and boil-off</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliquefaction_and_boil-off-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spillage_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spillage_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spillage risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spillage_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LNG carrier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Газавоз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Газавоз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Газавоз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Газавоз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanlestr" title="Metanlestr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metanlestr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaner" title="Metaner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metaner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker#Flüssiggastanker" title="Tanker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Υγραεριοφόρο πλοίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υγραεριοφόρο πλοίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="کشتی ترابری گاز طبیعی مایع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتی ترابری گاز طبیعی مایع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thanier" title="Méthanier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthanier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG%EC%84%A0" title="LNG선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="LNG선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_brod" title="LNG brod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="LNG brod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaniera" title="Metaniera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metaniera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מכלית גז טבעי נוזלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכלית גז טבעי נוזלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%A1%C4%B7idrin%C4%81tas_dabasg%C4%81zes_p%C4%81rvad%C4%81t%C4%81js" title="Sašķidrinātas dabasgāzes pārvadātājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sašķidrinātas dabasgāzes pārvadātājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_angkut_LNG" title="Kapal angkut LNG – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal angkut LNG" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="LNGタンカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="LNGタンカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navio_metaneiro" title="Navio metaneiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Navio metaneiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Газовоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газовоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_za_uteko%C4%8Dinjeni_zemeljski_plin" title="Tanker za utekočinjeni zemeljski plin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tanker za utekočinjeni zemeljski plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG-s%C3%A4ili%C3%B6alus" title="LNG-säiliöalus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="LNG-säiliöalus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_tankeri" title="LNG tankeri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="LNG tankeri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Газовоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газовоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3%E8%BC%89%E9%81%8B%E8%88%B9" title="液化天然氣載運船 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="液化天然氣載運船" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15247#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Tank ship transporting liquefied natural gas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px 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of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg/330px-Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg/495px-Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg/660px-Methanier_aspher_LNGRIVERS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><i>LNG Rivers</i>, a Moss-type carrier with a capacity of 135,000 cubic metres (4,770,000 cu ft)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>LNG carrier</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tank_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank ship">tank ship</a> designed for transporting <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first oceangoing liquified natural gas tanker in the world was <i><a href="/wiki/Methane_Pioneer" title="Methane Pioneer">Methane Pioneer</a></i>, which entered service in 1959 with a carrying capacity of 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a> (190,000 cu ft).<sup id="cite_ref-history-lng_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-lng-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LNG carriers of increasing size have been built since then, leading to the fleet of today, where giant <a href="/wiki/Q-Max" title="Q-Max">Q-Max</a> LNG ships sail worldwide that can each carry up to 266,000 m<sup>3</sup> (9,400,000 cu ft). </p><p>A boom in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> production was enabled by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> ("fracking"), creating large growth in natural gas production from 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-eia-natgas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-natgas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first U.S. LNG export facility was completed in 2016, with more following.<sup id="cite_ref-bizjournals.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bizjournals.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing supply of natural gas in the U.S. and export facilities expanded the demand for LNG carriers, to transport LNG around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> dramatically increased the demand for LNG shipping worldwide. U.S. shipments to Europe more than doubled in 2022, to 2.7 trillion cubic feet.<sup id="cite_ref-e&e0223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e&e0223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, there were 772 active LNG carriers in the world, however "this figure also includes floating storage units".<sup id="cite_ref-stc1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stc1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg/220px-LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg/330px-LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg/440px-LNG_Carrier_Fuji_Lng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>LNG Carrier Fuji Lng</figcaption></figure> <p>The first LNG carrier <i><a href="/wiki/Methane_Pioneer" title="Methane Pioneer">Methane Pioneer</a></i> (5,034 <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">DWT</a>) carrying 5,500 cubic metres (190,000 cu ft), classed by Bureau Veritas, left the Calcasieu River on the Louisiana Gulf coast on 25 January 1959. Carrying the world's first ocean cargo of LNG, it sailed to the UK where the cargo was delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-history-lng_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-lng-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the specially modified C1-M-AV1-type standard ship <i>Normarti</i>, renamed <i>Methane Pioneer</i>, caused the Gas Council and Conch International Methane Ltd. to order two purpose built LNG carriers to be constructed: <i><a href="/wiki/Methane_Princess" title="Methane Princess">Methane Princess</a></i> and <i>Methane Progress</i>. The ships were fitted with Conch independent aluminum cargo tanks and entered the Algerian LNG trade in 1964. These ships had a capacity of 27,000 cubic metres (950,000 cu ft). </p><p>In the late 1960s, opportunity arose to export LNG from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and in 1969 that trade with <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company" title="Tokyo Electric Power Company">TEPCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Gas" title="Tokyo Gas">Tokyo Gas</a> was initiated. Two ships, <i>Polar Alaska</i> and <i>Arctic Tokyo</i>, each with a capacity of 71,500 cubic metres (2,520,000 cu ft), were built in Sweden. In the early 1970s, the US government encouraged US shipyards to build LNG carriers, and a total of 16 LNG ships were built. The late 1970s and early 1980s brought the prospect of Arctic LNG ships with a number of projects being studied. </p><p>With the increase in cargo capacity to approximately 143,000 cubic metres (5,000,000 cu ft) costing $250 million,<sup id="cite_ref-Corkhill_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corkhill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new tank designs were developed, from Moss Rosenberg to Technigaz Mark III and Gaztransport No.96. </p><p>The size and capacity of LNG carriers has increased significantly,<sup id="cite_ref-marte_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marte-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 170,000 cubic metres (6,000,000 cu ft). A vessel could cost $200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Corkhill_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corkhill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, Qatargas has pioneered the development of two new classes of LNG carriers, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Q-Flex" title="Q-Flex">Q-Flex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Q-Max" title="Q-Max">Q-Max</a>. Each ship has a cargo capacity of between 210,000 and 266,000 cubic metres (7,400,000 and 9,400,000 cu ft) and is equipped with a re-liquefaction plant. </p><p>Today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> we see interest for small scale LNG bunker carriers. Some need to stay below the life rafts of Cruise ships and Ropax vessels. Examples are the Damen LGC 3000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Seagas. </p><p>By 2005 a total of 203 vessels had been built, of which 193 were still in service. At the end of 2016, the global LNG shipping fleet consisted of 439 vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, an estimated 170 vessels are in use at any one time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2018, the global fleet was approximately 550 vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021—2022, an LNG shipment from US to Europe could return a profit of $133—200 million. Shipping rates were $100,000 per day<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even for 5-year contracts, but can vary between $60,000—250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-millAug_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millAug-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_building">New building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg/220px-LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg/330px-LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg/440px-LNG_Carrier_DSME.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>LNG carrier under construction at <a href="/wiki/DSME" class="mw-redirect" title="DSME">DSME</a> shipyard, <a href="/wiki/Okpo-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="Okpo-dong">Okpo-dong</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of newbuild LNG vessels delivered every year from 1965 to 2022." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp/330px-Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp/495px-Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp/660px-Delivered_LNG_Vessels_every_Year_from_1965_to_2022.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of newbuild LNG vessels delivered every year from 1965 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, 90 new LNG carriers were ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2022, high demand had shifted deliveries of new orders to 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-millAug_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millAug-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2018, South Korean ship builders locked in 3 years worth of large-scale LNG carrier contracts - more than 50 orders - with a value of $9 billion. South Korean builders captured 78% of LNG-related ship building contracts in 2018, with 14% going to Japanese builders and 8% going to Chinese builders. The new contracts would boost the global LNG fleet by 10%. Of the global fleet, historically, about two-thirds of the ships have been built by South Koreans, 22% by Japanese, 7% by Chinese, and the rest built by a combination of France, Spain, and the United States. South Korea's success stems from innovation and price point; South Korean builders introduced the first ice-breaker type LNG vessels and South Korean builders have been successful in catering to increased customer preference for Q-max vessels over Moss type.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, South Korea's Hyundai Mipo Dockyard (HMD) delivered the world's first LNG-fueled bulk carrier. It has the world's largest capacity at 50,000 dwt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to SIGTTO data, in 2019 there were 154 LNG carriers on order, and 584 operating LNG carriers. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Daewoo_Shipbuilding_%26_Marine_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering">Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering</a> delivered the <i><a href="/wiki/Christophe_de_Margerie" title="Christophe de Margerie">Christophe de Margerie</a></i>, an icebreaking LNG tanker of 80,200 deadweight tons. Her capacity of 172,600 m<sup>3</sup> (6,100,000 cu ft) is the consumption of Sweden for a month.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She completed her first revenue voyage from Norway via the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a> in the Arctic Ocean to South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shipyard has fourteen more on order.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of small scale LNG carriers (LNG carriers below 40,000 m<sup>3</sup> (1,400,000 cu ft)), the optimal size of a ship is determined by the project for which it is built, taking into consideration volume, destination and vessel characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List of small scale LNG carrier builders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Heavy_Industries_and_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction">Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STX_Offshore_%26_Shipbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="STX Offshore & Shipbuilding">STX Offshore & Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>Damen Shipyards Group</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cargo_handling">Cargo handling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cargo handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker,_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker%2C_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg/220px-2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker%2C_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker%2C_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg/330px-2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker%2C_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker%2C_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg/440px-2023-05-20_02_LNG_tanker%2C_GULF_ENERGY_-_IMO_7390143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9867" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>LNG tanker <i>GULF ENERGY</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A typical LNG carrier has four to six tanks located along the center-line of the vessel. Surrounding the tanks is a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ballast_tank" title="Ballast tank">ballast tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam#Naval_architecture" title="Cofferdam">cofferdams</a> and voids; in effect, this gives the vessel a double-hull type design. </p><p>LNG carriers, like aircraft carriers, are among the most difficult vessels to build, taking as long as 30 months.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inside each tank there are typically three submerged pumps. There are two main cargo pumps which are used in cargo discharge operations and a much smaller pump which is referred to as the spray pump. The spray pump is used for either pumping out liquid LNG to be used as fuel (via a vaporizer), or for cooling down cargo tanks. It can also be used for "stripping" out the last of the cargo in discharge operations. All of these pumps are contained within what is known as the pump tower which hangs from the top of the tank and runs the entire depth of the tank. The pump tower also contains the tank gauging system and the tank filling line, all of which are located near the bottom of the tank. </p><p>In membrane-type vessels there is also an empty pipe with a spring-loaded foot valve that can be opened by weight or pressure. This is the emergency pump tower. In the event both main cargo pumps fail the top can be removed from this pipe and an emergency cargo pump lowered down to the bottom of the pipe. The top is replaced on the column and then the pump is allowed to push down on the foot valve and open it. The cargo can then be pumped out. </p><p>All cargo pumps discharge into a common pipe which runs along the deck of the vessel; it branches off to either side of the vessel to the cargo manifolds, which are used for loading or discharging. </p><p>All cargo tank vapour spaces are linked via a vapour header which runs parallel to the cargo header. This also has connections to the sides of the ship next to the loading and discharging manifolds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_cargo_cycle">Typical cargo cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Typical cargo cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical cargo cycle starts with the tanks in a "gas free" condition, meaning the tanks are full of air, which allows maintenance on the tank and pumps. Cargo cannot be loaded directly into the tank, as the presence of oxygen would create an explosive atmospheric condition within the tank, and the rapid temperature change caused by loading LNG at −162 °C (−260 °F) could damage the tanks. </p><p>First, the tank must be 'inerted' to eliminate the risk of explosion. An inert gas plant burns diesel in air to produce a mixture of gases (typically less than 5% O2 and about 13% CO<sub>2</sub> plus N<sub>2</sub>). This is blown into the tanks until the oxygen level is below 4%. </p><p>Next, the vessel goes into port to "gas-up" and "cool-down", as one still cannot load directly into the tank: The CO<sub>2</sub> will freeze and damage the pumps and the cold shock could damage the tank's pump column. </p><p>LNG is brought onto the vessel and taken along the spray line to the main vaporiser, which boils off the liquid into gas. This is then warmed up to roughly 20 °C (68 °F) in the gas heaters and then blown into the tanks to displace the "inert gas". This continues until all the CO<sub>2</sub> is removed from the tanks. Initially, the IG (inert gas) is vented to atmosphere. Once the hydrocarbon content reaches 5% (lower flammability range of methane) the inert gas is redirected to shore via a pipeline and manifold connection by the HD (high duty) compressors. The shore terminal then burns this vapour to avoid the dangers of having large amounts of hydrocarbons present which may explode. </p><p>Now the vessel is gassed up and warm. The tanks are still at ambient temperature and are full of methane. </p><p>The next stage is cool-down. LNG is sprayed into the tanks via spray heads, which vaporises and starts to cool the tank. The excess gas is again blown ashore to be re-liquified or burned at a <a href="/wiki/Flare_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare stack">flare stack</a>. Once the tanks reach about −140 °C (−220 °F) the tanks are ready to bulk load. </p><p>Bulk loading starts and liquid LNG is pumped from the storage tanks ashore into the vessel tanks. Displaced gas is blown ashore by the HD compressors. Loading continues until typically 98.5% full is reached (to allow for thermal expansion/contraction of cargo). </p><p>The vessel can now proceed to the discharge port. During passage various boil-off management strategies can be used. Boil-off gas can be burned in boilers to provide propulsion, or it can be re-liquefied and returned to the cargo tanks, depending on the design of the vessel. </p><p>Once in the discharge port, the cargo is pumped ashore using the cargo pumps. As the tank empties, the vapour space is filled by either gas from ashore or by vaporising some cargo in the cargo vaporiser. Either the vessel can be pumped out as far as possible, with the last being pumped out with spray pumps, or some cargo can be retained on board as a "heel". </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="heel"></span><span class="vanchor-text">It is normal practice to keep onboard 5% to 10%<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Some other sources state up to an order of magnitude less than this quantity as the amount required for cool-down. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the cargo after discharge in one tank. This is referred to as the heel and this is used to cool down the remaining tanks that have no heel before loading.</span></span> This must be done gradually otherwise the tanks will be cold shocked if loaded directly into warm tanks. Cool-down can take roughly 20<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hours on a Moss vessel (and 10–12 hours on a membrane type vessel), so carrying a heel allows cool-down to be done before the vessel reaches port giving a significant time saving. </p><p>If all the cargo is pumped ashore, then on the ballast passage the tanks will warm up to ambient temperature, returning the vessel to a gassed up and warm state. The vessel can then be cooled again for loading. </p><p>If the vessel is to return to a gas free state, the tanks must be warmed up by using the gas heaters to circulate warm gas. Once the tanks are warmed up, the inert gas plant is used to remove the methane from the tanks. Once the tanks are methane free, the inert gas plant is switched to dry air production, which is used to remove all the inert gas from the tanks until they have a safe working atmosphere. </p><p>Transportation of natural gas both in the form of LNG and by pipeline causes greenhouse gas emissions, but in different ways. With pipelines, most of the emissions stem from the production of steel pipe; with LNG most of the emissions stem from liquefaction. For both pipelines and LNG, propulsion causes additional emissions (pressurization of the pipeline, propulsion of the LNG tanker).<sup id="cite_ref-marte_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marte-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Containment_systems">Containment systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Containment systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LNGtanker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LNGtanker.jpg/220px-LNGtanker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LNGtanker.jpg/330px-LNGtanker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LNGtanker.jpg/440px-LNGtanker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The inside of a Moss-type LNG carrier</figcaption></figure> <p>Today there are four containment systems in use for new build vessels. Two of the designs are of the self-supporting type, while the other two are of the membrane type and today the patents are owned by <a href="/wiki/Gaztransport_%26_Technigaz" title="Gaztransport & Technigaz">Gaztransport & Technigaz</a> (GTT). </p><p>There is a trend towards the use of the two different membrane types instead of the self-supporting storage systems. This is most likely because prismatic membrane tanks utilize the hull shape more efficiently and thus have less void space between the cargo-tanks and ballast tanks. As a result of this, Moss-type design compared to a membrane design of equal capacity will be far more expensive to transit the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. However, self-supporting tanks are more robust and have greater resistance to sloshing forces, and will possibly be considered in the future for offshore storage where bad weather will be a significant factor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moss_tanks_(Spherical_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)"><span id="Moss_tanks_.28Spherical_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks.29"></span>Moss tanks (Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moss tanks (Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LNG_tanker_(side_view).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LNG_tanker_%28side_view%29.PNG/220px-LNG_tanker_%28side_view%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LNG_tanker_%28side_view%29.PNG/330px-LNG_tanker_%28side_view%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LNG_tanker_%28side_view%29.PNG/440px-LNG_tanker_%28side_view%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>LNG Moss-type tanker, side view</figcaption></figure> <p>Named after the company that designed them, the Norwegian company Moss Maritime, the Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks are spherical in shape. Most Moss type vessels have four or five tanks. </p><p>The outside of the tanks have a thick layer of foam insulation that is either fitted in panels or in more modern designs wound round the tank. Over this insulation is a thin layer of "tinfoil" which allows the insulation to be kept dry with a nitrogen atmosphere. This atmosphere is constantly checked for any methane that would indicate a leak of the tank. Also the outside of the tank is checked at three-month intervals for any cold spots that would indicate breakdown in the insulation. </p><p>The tank is supported around its circumference by the equatorial ring, which is supported by a large circular skirt, known as a data-couple that is a unique combination of aluminum and steel, which takes the weight of the tank down to the ship's structure. This skirt allows the tank to expand and contract during cool-down and warm-up operations. During cool-down or warm-up the tank can expand or contract about 60 cm (24 in). Because of this expansion and contraction all piping into the tank comes in the top and is connected to the ship's lines via flexible bellows. </p><p>Inside each tank there is a set of spray heads. These heads are mounted around the equatorial ring and are used to spray LNG onto the tank walls to reduce the temperature. </p><p>Tanks normally have a working pressure of up to 22 kPa (3.2 psi), but this can be raised for emergency discharge. If both main pumps fail then to remove the cargo, the tank's safety valves are adjusted to lift at 100 kPa (1 bar). Then the filling line which goes to the bottom of the tank is opened along with the filling lines of the other tanks on board. The pressure is then raised in the tank with the defective pumps which pushes the cargo into the other tanks where it can be pumped out.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IHI_(Prismatic_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks)"><span id="IHI_.28Prismatic_IMO_type_B_LNG_tanks.29"></span>IHI (Prismatic IMO type B LNG tanks)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: IHI (Prismatic IMO type B LNG tanks)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, the <i>self-supporting prismatic type B (SPB)</i> tank is currently employed in only two vessels. Type B tanks limit sloshing problems, an improvement over Membrane LNG carrier tanks which may break due to sloshing impact, therefore destroying the ship's hull. This is also of prime relevance for <a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">FPSO</a> LNG (or FLNG). </p><p>In addition, IMO type B LNG tanks can sustain internal accidental damage due for example to internal equipment releases. This was incorporated into the design following several incidents that occurred inside membrane LNG tanks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGZ_Mark_III">TGZ Mark III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: TGZ Mark III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg/330px-Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg/495px-Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg/660px-Liquid_natural_gas_membrane_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a non-spherical, Technigaz Mark III stainless steel membrane, LNG tank</figcaption></figure> <p>Designed by <a href="/wiki/Gaztransport_%26_Technigaz" title="Gaztransport & Technigaz">Technigaz</a>, these tanks are of the membrane type. The membrane consists of stainless steel with 'waffles' to absorb the thermal contraction when the tank is cooled down. The primary barrier, made of corrugated stainless steel of about 1.2 mm (0.047 in) thickness is the one in direct contact with the cargo liquid (or vapour in empty tank condition). This is followed by a primary insulation which in turn is covered by a secondary barrier made of a material called "triplex" which is basically a metal foil sandwiched between glass wool sheets and compressed together. This is again covered by a secondary insulation which in turn is supported by the ship's hull structure from the outside.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWSSSC_membrane_tanks_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWSSSC_membrane_tanks-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the inside of the tank outwards, the layers are: </p> <ul><li>LNG</li> <li>Primary barrier of 1.2 mm thick corrugated/waffled 304L stainless steel</li> <li>Primary insulation (also called the interbarrier space)</li> <li>Secondary barrier within triplex membrane</li> <li>Secondary insulation (also called the insulation space)</li> <li>Ship's hull structure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GT96">GT96</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: GT96"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designed by <a href="/wiki/Gaztransport_%26_Technigaz" title="Gaztransport & Technigaz">Gaztransport</a>, the tanks consists of a primary and secondary thin membrane made of the material <a href="/wiki/Invar" title="Invar">Invar</a> which has almost no thermal contraction. The insulation is made out of plywood boxes filled with perlite and continuously flushed with nitrogen gas. The integrity of both membranes is permanently monitored by detection of hydrocarbon in the nitrogen. An evolution is proposed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180203/http://www.ng-two.com/ng2-tank-marine-gb.html">NG2</a>, with the replacement of nitrogen by argon as the flushed inert and insulation gas. Argon has a better insulation power than nitrogen, which could save 10% of boil-off gas.<sup id="cite_ref-NWSSSC_membrane_tanks_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWSSSC_membrane_tanks-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CS1">CS1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CS1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CS1 stands for Combined System Number One. It was designed by the now merged <a href="/wiki/Gaztransport_%26_Technigaz" title="Gaztransport & Technigaz">Gaztransport & Technigaz</a> companies and consists of the best components of both MkIII and No96 systems. The primary barrier is made of invar 0.7 mm (0.028 in), and secondary from Triplex. The primary and secondary insulation consists of polyurethane foam panels. </p><p>Three vessels with CS1 technology were built<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> by one shipyard, but established shipyards have decided to maintain production of the MKIII and NO96.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliquefaction_and_boil-off">Reliquefaction and boil-off</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reliquefaction and boil-off"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to facilitate transport, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> is cooled down to approximately −163 °C (−261 °F) at atmospheric pressure, at which point the gas condenses to a liquid. The tanks on board an LNG carrier effectively function as giant <a href="/wiki/Thermos_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermos flask">thermoses</a> to keep the liquid gas cold during storage. No insulation is perfect, however, and so the liquid is constantly boiling during the voyage. </p><p>According to WGI, on a typical voyage an estimated 0.1–0.25% of the cargo converts to gas each day, depending on the efficiency of the insulation and the roughness of the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a typical 20-day voyage, anywhere from 2–6% of the total volume of LNG originally loaded may be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normally<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2020)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> an LNG tanker is powered by steam turbines with boilers. These boilers are dual fuel and can run on either methane or oil or a combination of both. </p><p>The gas produced in boil off is traditionally diverted to the boilers and used as a fuel for the vessel. Before this gas is used in the boilers, it must be warmed up to roughly 20 °C by using the gas heaters. The gas is either fed into the boiler by tank pressure or it is increased in pressure by the Low Duty<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> compressors. </p><p>What fuel the vessel runs on is dependent on many factors which include the length of the voyage, desire to carry a <a href="/wiki/Heel_(LNG_carrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heel (LNG carrier)">heel</a> for cooldown, price of oil versus price of LNG, and <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">port demands for cleaner exhaust</a>. </p><p>There are three basic modes available:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Minimum boil-off/maximum oil</b>: In this mode tank pressures are kept high to reduce boil off to a minimum and the majority of energy comes from the fuel oil. This maximises the amount of LNG delivered but does allow tank temps to rise due to lack of evaporation. The high cargo temps can cause storage problems and offloading problems. </p><p><b>Maximum boil-off/minimum oil</b>: In this mode the tank pressures are kept low and there is greater boil-off but a large amount of fuel oil is still used. This decreases the amount of LNG delivered but the cargo will be delivered cold which many ports prefer. </p><p><b>100% gas</b>: Tank pressures are kept at a similar level to maximum boil off but as this may not be enough to supply all the boilers needs, additional LNG must be "forced" to vaporize. A small pump in one tank supplies LNG to the forcing vaporizer, where it is warmed and vaporized back into a gas that is usable in the boilers. In this mode no fuel oil is used. </p><p>Recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> advances in technology reliquefication plants to be fitted to vessels, allowing the boil off to be reliquefied and returned to the tanks. Because of this, the vessels' operators and builders have been able to contemplate the use of more efficient slow-speed <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> (previously most LNG carriers have been <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>-powered). Exceptions are the LNG carrier <i>Havfru</i> (built as <i>Venator</i> in 1973), which originally had dual fuel diesel engines, and its sister-ship <i>Century</i> (built as <i>Lucian</i> in 1974), also built with dual fuel gas turbines before being converted to a diesel engine system in 1982.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vessels using Dual or Tri-Fuel Diesel Electric, respectively DFDE/TFDE, propulsion systems are now in service.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, there has been interest in a return to propulsion by boil-off gas. This is a result of the <a href="/wiki/MARPOL#IMO_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="MARPOL">IMO 2020</a> anti-pollution regulation that bans the use of marine fuel oil with a sulfur content greater than 0.5% on ships not fitted with flue-gas scrubbing plant. Space constraints and safety issues typically prevent the installation of such equipment on LNG carriers, forcing them to abandon the use of the lower-cost, high-sulfur fuel oil and switch to low-sulfur fuels that cost more and are in shorter supply. In these circumstances, boil-off gas may become a more attractive option.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spillage_risk"><span class="anchor" id="Consequences_of_spillage"></span> Spillage risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spillage risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to oil, there is less public concern over spillage of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) carrying vessels as the gas would quickly vaporize and become <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to 2004, no significant accidental LNG discharges occurred in close to 80,000 loaded port transits of LNG carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An analysis of several spherical carriers showed that the vessels can withstand a 90-degree side-on collision with another similar LNG carrier at 6.6 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (50% of normal port speed) with no loss of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a> cargo integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drops to 1.7 kn for a fully loaded 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">dwt</a> oil tanker collision into an LNG carrier. The report also notes that such collisions are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HAZID" class="mw-redirect" title="HAZID">HAZID</a> performed a risk assessment of an LNG spill. Taking into account precautions, training, regulations and technology changes over time HAZID calculates that the likelihood of an LNG spill as approximately 1 in 100,000 trips.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the event that the tank integrity of a LNG transport is compromised, there is a risk that the natural gas contained within could ignite, causing either an explosion or fire.<sup id="cite_ref-edf171115_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edf171115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/LNG_carriers" class="extiw" title="commons:LNG carriers"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">LNG carriers</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a> (CNG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNG_carrier" title="CNG carrier">CNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gas_carriers" title="List of gas carriers">List of gas carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tankers" title="List of tankers">List of tankers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozah" title="Mozah">Mozah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_FLNG" title="Prelude FLNG"><i>Prelude</i> FLNG</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history-lng-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history-lng_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methane%3A+The+other+important+greenhouse+gas&rft.pub=Environmental+Defense+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edf.org%2Fmethane-other-important-greenhouse-gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNG+carrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LNG carrier</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Regasification" title="Regasification">Regasification</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases" title="Liquefaction of gases">Liquefaction</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Gas_separation" title="Gas separation">Gas separation</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">Natural gas storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_powder_in_gas_pipelines" title="Black powder in gas pipelines">Black powder in gas pipelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_pipelines" title="List of natural gas pipelines">List of natural gas pipelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LNG_terminals" title="List of LNG terminals">List of LNG terminals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>/misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">Syngas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_merchant_ships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat" title="Chain boat">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&oldid=1245306551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LNG_carrier&oldid=1245306551</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LNG_tankers" title="Category:LNG tankers">LNG tankers</a></li><li><a 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