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id="toc-Home_fronts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_fronts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Home fronts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_fronts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics:_British_Expeditionary_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics:_British_Expeditionary_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tactics: British Expeditionary Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics:_British_Expeditionary_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_attack_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_attack_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Division attack training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_attack_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platoon_attack_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platoon_attack_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Platoon attack training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platoon_attack_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics:_German_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics:_German_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Tactics: German army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics:_German_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_6th_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_6th_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>German 6th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_6th_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>British preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Underground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>War in the air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(9–14_April_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(9–14_April_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>First Battle of the Scarpe (9–14 April 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(9–14_April_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge_(9–12_April_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge_(9–12_April_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge_(9–12_April_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(23–24_April_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(23–24_April_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Second Battle of the Scarpe (23–24 April 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(23–24_April_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Arleux_(28–29_April_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Arleux_(28–29_April_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Battle of Arleux (28–29 April 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Arleux_(28–29_April_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(3–4_May_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(3–4_May_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Third Battle of the Scarpe (3–4 May 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(3–4_May_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flanking_operations_(Round_Bullecourt,_11_April_–_16_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flanking_operations_(Round_Bullecourt,_11_April_–_16_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flanking operations (Round Bullecourt, 11 April – 16 June)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flanking_operations_(Round_Bullecourt,_11_April_–_16_June)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flanking operations (Round Bullecourt, 11 April – 16 June) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flanking_operations_(Round_Bullecourt,_11_April_–_16_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_attack_on_Bullecourt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attack_on_Bullecourt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First attack on Bullecourt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attack_on_Bullecourt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-8–10_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8–10_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>8–10 April</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8–10_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>11 April</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_attack_on_Lagnicourt_(15_April_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_attack_on_Lagnicourt_(15_April_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>German attack on Lagnicourt (15 April 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_attack_on_Lagnicourt_(15_April_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Bullecourt_(3–17_May_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Bullecourt_(3–17_May_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle of Bullecourt (3–17 May 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Bullecourt_(3–17_May_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Commanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Literature and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Arras (1917)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_(1917)" title="معركة أراس (1917) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة أراس (1917)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5_(1917)" title="Бітва пры Арасе (1917) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва пры Арасе (1917)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Arras_(1917)" title="Schlacht bei Arras (1917) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Arr%C3%A1s_(1917)" title="Batalla de Arrás (1917) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Arrás (1917)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrasko_hirugarren_gudua" title="Arrasko hirugarren gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrasko hirugarren gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Arras_(1917)" title="Bataille d'Arras (1917) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Arras" title="Batalla de Arras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Arras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC_(1917%EB%85%84)" title="아라스 전투 (1917년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아라스 전투 (1917년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Arrasa_(1917.)" title="Bitka kod Arrasa (1917.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Arrasa (1917.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Arras" title="Pertempuran Arras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Arras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Arras_(1917)" title="Battaglia di Arras (1917) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1_(1917)" title="קרב אראס (1917) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב אראס (1917)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_arrasi_csata" title="Második arrasi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második arrasi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Arras_(1917)" title="Pertempuran Arras (1917) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Arras_(1917)" title="Slag bij Arras (1917) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Arras_(1917)" title="Slaget om Arras (1917) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Arras_(1917)" title="Bitwa pod Arras (1917) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Arras_(1917)" title="Batalha de Arras (1917) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Arras_(1917)" title="Bătălia de la Arras (1917) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5_(1917)" title="Битва при Аррасе (1917) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Аррасе (1917)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrasin_taistelu_(1917)" title="Arrasin taistelu (1917) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arrasin taistelu (1917)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Arras_(1917)" title="Slaget vid Arras (1917) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Arras (1917)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_(1917)" title="Битва біля Арраса (1917) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва біля Арраса (1917)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_(1917)" title="آراس کی جنگ (1917) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آراس کی جنگ (1917)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British offensive during the First World War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other battles with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Arras (disambiguation)">Battle of Arras (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Arras</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg/250px-Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg/375px-Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg/500px-Map_of_Arras_and_Vimy_Ridge_1917.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="903" /></a></span><br />The Battle of Arras, April 1917<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9 April – 16 May 1917</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&params=50_17_23_N_2_46_51_E_region:FR_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°17′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°46′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.28972°N 2.78083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.28972; 2.78083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> See <a href="#Analysis">§ Analysis</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/35px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/46px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne" title="Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne">Henry Horne</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Falkenhausen" title="Ludwig von Falkenhausen">Ludwig von Falkenhausen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> First day:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>14 divisions</li><li>9 divisions in reserve</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> First day:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>12 divisions</li><li>5 divisions in reserve</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 158,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 120,000–130,000</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Offensive 1917"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Nivelle_Offensive_1917" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Nivelle Offensive 1917"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Nivelle_Offensive_1917" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Nivelle Offensive 1917"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nivelle_Offensive,_1917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive"><span class="wrap">Nivelle Offensive, 1917</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Battles</b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">2nd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">The Hills (3rd Champagne)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Other engagements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">Mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun#20–26_August_1917" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Arras,_1917" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Template:Campaignbox Battle of Arras (1917)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battle of Arras (1917)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battle of Arras (1917)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Arras,_1917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Battle of Arras, 1917</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Battles of Arras</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_the_Scarpe,_1917&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of the Scarpe, 1917 (page does not exist)">1st Scarpe</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Monchy_le_Preux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Monchy le Preux (page does not exist)">Monchy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Wancourt_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Wancourt Ridge (page does not exist)">Wancourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe,_1917&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of the Scarpe, 1917 (page does not exist)">2nd Scarpe</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Gu%C3%A9mappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Guémappe (page does not exist)">Guémappe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Gavrelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Gavrelle (page does not exist)">Gavrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_la_Coulotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on la Coulotte (page does not exist)">Coulotte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Arleux">Arleux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe,_1917&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Battle of the Scarpe, 1917 (page does not exist)">3rd Scarpe</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Ch%C3%A9risy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Chérisy (page does not exist)">Chérisy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Fresnoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Fresnoy (page does not exist)">Fresnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_R%C5%93ux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Rœux (page does not exist)">Rœux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppy_Wood" title="Capture of Oppy Wood">Oppy Wood</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Flanking operations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_attack_on_Bullecourt" title="First attack on Bullecourt">1st Bullecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Lagnicourt" title="German attack on Lagnicourt">Lagnicourt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Bullecourt_(3–17_May_1917)">2nd Bullecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actions_on_the_Hindenburg_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actions on the Hindenburg Line (page does not exist)">Hindenburg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affairs_south_of_the_Souchez_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affairs south of the Souchez River (page does not exist)">Souchez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Avion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Avion (page does not exist)">Avion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_70" title="Battle of Hill 70">Hill 70</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Tactics, 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Ancre, 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich"><i>Alberich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1914</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Capture_of_Moresnet" class="mw-redirect" title="German Capture of Moresnet">Moresnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion of Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)" title="Siege of Namur (1914)">Namur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Frontiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ardennes" title="Battle of the Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi" title="Battle of Charleroi">Charleroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trou%C3%A9e_de_Charmes" title="Battle of the Trouée de Charmes">Trouée de Charmes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">Great Retreat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Le Cateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rearguard_Affair_of_%C3%89treux" title="Rearguard Affair of Étreux">Étreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1914)">1st St. Quentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge" title="Siege of Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">1st Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="First Battle of the Aisne">1st Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser" title="Battle of the Yser">Yser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">1st Ypres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915" title="Winter operations 1914–1915">Winter actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Artois" title="First Battle of Artois">1st Artois</a></li></ul> <p><b>1915</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne" title="First Battle of Champagne">1st Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Neuve Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">2nd Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">2nd Artois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne" title="Battle of Hébuterne">Hébuterne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">2nd Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">3rd Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_phosgene_attack_(19_December_1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="German phosgene attack (19 December 1915)">Gas: Wieltje</a></li></ul> <p><b>1916</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_the_Bluff,_1916" title="Actions of the Bluff, 1916">The Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Redoubt_action,_2%E2%80%9318_March_1916" title="Hohenzollern Redoubt action, 2–18 March 1916">Hohenzollern Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_St_Eloi_Craters" title="Actions of St Eloi Craters">St Eloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Hulluch" title="Gas attacks at Hulluch">Hulluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Wulverghem" title="Gas attacks at Wulverghem">Wulverghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_the_Kink_Salient" title="Loss of the Kink Salient">Kink Salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Vimy_Ridge" title="German attack on Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel" title="Battle of Mont Sorrel">Mont Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head" title="Battle of the Boar's Head">Boar's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">1st Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Fromelles" title="Attack at Fromelles">Fromelles</a></li></ul> <p><b>1917</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Ancre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich"><i>Alberich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">2nd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">The Hills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Cambrai</a></li></ul> <p><b>1918</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael"><i>Michael</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">The Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">3rd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">Belleau Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">2nd Marne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ailette" title="Battle of the Ailette">Ailette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Second Battle of the Somme">2nd Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Saint-Mihiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Quentin_Canal" title="Battle of St Quentin Canal">St Quentin Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Fifth Battle of Ypres">5th Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">2nd Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1918)">Courtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_(1918)" title="Battle of the Sambre (1918)">Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_and_the_Escaut" title="Battle of the Lys and the Escaut">Lys and Escaut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">1914 Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Western Front tactics, 1917</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Arras</b>, also known as the <b>Second Battle of Arras</b>, was a British offensive on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. From 9 April to 16 May 1917, British troops attacked German defences near the French city of <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> on the Western Front. The British achieved the longest advance since trench warfare had begun, surpassing the record set by the French <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (France)">Sixth Army</a> on 1 July 1916. The British advance slowed in the next few days and the German defence recovered. The battle became a costly stalemate for both sides and by the end of the battle, the British <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Third Army (United Kingdom)">Third Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> had suffered about 160,000 casualties and the German <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="6th Army (German Empire)">6th Army</a> about 125,000. </p><p>For much of the war, the opposing armies on the Western Front were at stalemate, with a continuous line of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a> from the Belgian coast to the <a href="/wiki/France-Switzerland_border" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Switzerland border">Swiss border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth20003–4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth20003–4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies (World War I)">Allied</a> objective from early 1915 was to break through the German defences into the open ground beyond and engage the numerically inferior <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westheer</i></span>) in a <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">war of movement</a>. The British attack at Arras was part of the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>, the main part of which was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Second Battle of the Aisne</a> 50 mi (80 km) to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51,_55–56_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51,_55–56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the French offensive was to break through the German defences in forty-eight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Arras the Canadians were to capture <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a>, dominating the <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai Plain</a> to the east, advance towards <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and divert German reserves from the French front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British effort was an assault on a relatively broad front between <a href="/wiki/Vimy" title="Vimy">Vimy</a> in the north-west and <a href="/wiki/Bullecourt" title="Bullecourt">Bullecourt</a> to the south-east. After a long preparatory bombardment, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> of the First Army in the north fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>, capturing the ridge. The Third Army in the centre advanced astride the <a href="/wiki/Scarpe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarpe River">Scarpe River</a> and in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fifth Army (United Kingdom)">Fifth Army</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span>) but made few gains. The British armies then conducted smaller attacks to consolidate the new positions. Although these battles were generally successful in achieving limited aims, they came at considerable cost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the battle officially ended on 16 May, the British had made significant advances but had been unable to achieve a <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_(military)" title="Breakthrough (military)">breakthrough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New tactics and the equipment to exploit them had been used, showing that the British had absorbed the lessons of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> and could mount set-piece attacks against field fortifications. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bullecourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Bullecourt">Second Battle of Bullecourt</a> (3–17 May), the Arras sector became a quiet front, typical of most of the war in the west, except for attacks on the Hindenburg Line and around Lens, culminating in the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_70" title="Battle of Hill 70">Battle of Hill 70</a> (15–25 August). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 1917, the British and French were still searching for a way to achieve a strategic breakthrough on the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous year had been marked by the costly success of the Anglo-French offensive astride the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(river)" title="Somme (river)">River Somme</a>, while the French had been unable to take the initiative because of intense German pressure at <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> until after August 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005250–310_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005250–310-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battles consumed enormous quantities of resources while achieving virtually no strategic gains on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost to Germany of containing the Anglo-French attacks had been enormous and given that the material preponderance of the Entente and its allies could only be expected to increase in 1917, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> decided on a defensive strategy on the Western Front for that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976133_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This impasse reinforced the French and British commanders' belief that to end the stalemate they needed a breakthrough; while this desire may have been the main impetus behind the offensive, the timing and location were influenced by political and tactical considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_fronts">Home fronts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Home fronts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg/330px-ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg/495px-ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg/660px-ArrasFrance.February1919.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The town square, <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, February 1919</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The mid-war years were momentous times. Governing politicians in Paris and London were under great pressure from the press, the people and their parliaments to win the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of casualties had been suffered at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>, with little prospect of victory in sight. The British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, resigned in early December 1916 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (France)">Minister of Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> were politically diminished and resigned in March 1917, following disagreements over the prospective <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243–244_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243–244-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States was close to declaring war on Germany; American public opinion was growing increasingly incensed by U-boat attacks upon civilian shipping, which had begun with the sinking of <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> in 1915 and culminated in the torpedoing of seven American merchantmen in early 1917. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Germany (1917)">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a> on 6 April 1917 but it would be more than a year before a suitable army could be raised, trained and transported to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999377–379_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999377–379-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a></div> <p>The French, Russians and British had intended to launch a joint spring offensive in 1917 but this strategy foundered in February when the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</a> admitted that they could not meet their commitments. The spring offensive was reduced from attacks on the Eastern and Western fronts to a French assault along the <a href="/wiki/Aisne_(river)" title="Aisne (river)">Aisne River</a>. In March, the German army in the west (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westheer</i></span>), withdrew to the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg line</a> in Operation Alberich, negating the tactical assumptions underlying the plans for the French offensive. Until French troops advanced into the former Noyon Salient during the Battles of Arras, they encountered no German troops in the assault sector and French doubts over the wisdom of the offensive increased. The French government desperately needed a victory to avoid civil unrest but the British were wary of proceeding, given the rapidly changing tactical situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a meeting with Lloyd George, French commander-in-chief General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a> persuaded the British Prime Minister, that if the British launched a diversionary assault to draw German troops away from the Aisne sector, the French offensive could succeed. It was agreed in the London Convention of 16 January, that the French assault on the Aisne would begin in mid-April and that the British would make a diversionary attack in the Arras sector approximately one week prior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls199216_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls199216-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics:_British_Expeditionary_Force">Tactics: British Expeditionary Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tactics: British Expeditionary Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Western Front tactics, 1917</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Arras,_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-may_1917_Q5111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the 10th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a> at Wagonlieu, 8 April 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Three of the armies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF, <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a>) were in the Arras sector, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fifth Army (United Kingdom)">Fifth Army</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a>) in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Third Army (United Kingdom)">Third Army</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>) in the centre and the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne" title="Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne">Henry Horne</a>) in the north and the plan was devised by Allenby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200523_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200523-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British used the lessons of the Somme and Verdun the previous year and planned to attack on an 11 mi (18 km) front, from Vimy Ridge in the north to <a href="/wiki/Neuville-Vitasse" title="Neuville-Vitasse">Neuville-Vitasse</a>, 4 mi (6.4 km) south of the Scarpe river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976168_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976168-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preliminary bombardment was planned to last about a week except for a much longer and heavier barrage at Vimy Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200530–32_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200530–32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Division_attack_training">Division attack training</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Division attack training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1916, the training manual <span class="nowrap">SS 135</span> replaced <span class="nowrap">SS 109</span> of 8 May 1916 and marked a significant step in the evolution of the BEF into a homogeneous force, well adapted to its role on the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellis19961–81_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellis19961–81-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duties of army, corps and divisions in planning attacks were standardised. Armies were to devise the plan and the principles of the artillery component. Corps were to allot tasks to divisions, which would then select objectives and devise infantry plans subject to corps approval. Artillery planning was controlled by corps with consultation of divisions by the corps General Officer Commanding, Royal Artillery (GOCRA) which became the title of the officer at each level of command who devised the bombardment plan, which was coordinated with neighbouring corps artillery commanders by the army GOCRA. Specific parts of the bombardment were nominated by divisions, using their local knowledge and the results of air reconnaissance. The corps artillery commander was to co-ordinate counter-battery fire and the howitzer bombardment for zero hour. Corps controlled the <a href="/wiki/Creeping_barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeping barrage">creeping barrage</a> but divisions were given authority over extra batteries added to the barrage, which could be switched to other targets by the divisional commander and brigade commanders. <span class="nowrap">SS 135</span> provided the basis for the operational technique of the BEF for the rest of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200663–70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200663–70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platoon_attack_training">Platoon attack training</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Platoon attack training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png/220px-Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png/330px-Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png/440px-Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Front lines at Arras prior to the assault.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The training manual <span class="nowrap">SS 143</span> of February 1917 marked the end of attacks made by lines of infantry with a few detached specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellis199683–107_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellis199683–107-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platoon was divided into a small headquarters and four sections, one with two trained grenade-throwers and assistants, the second with a Lewis gunner and nine assistants carrying <span class="nowrap">30 drums</span> of ammunition, the third section comprised a sniper, scout and nine riflemen and the fourth section had nine men with four rifle-grenade launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith199677_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith199677-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rifle and hand-grenade sections were to advance in front of the Lewis-gun and rifle-grenade sections, in two waves or in <i>artillery formation</i>, which covered an area 100 yd (91 m) wide and 50 yd (46 m) deep, with the four sections in a diamond pattern, the rifle section ahead, rifle grenade and bombing sections to the sides and the Lewis gun section behind, until resistance was met. German defenders were to be suppressed by fire from the Lewis-gun and rifle-grenade sections, while the riflemen and hand-grenade sections moved forward, preferably by infiltrating around the flanks of the resistance, to overwhelm the defenders from the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorkerry200188_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorkerry200188-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The changes in equipment, organisation and formation were elaborated in <span class="nowrap">SS 144</span> <i>The Normal Formation For the Attack</i> of February 1917, which recommended that the leading troops should push on to the final objective, when only one or two were involved but that for a greater number of objectives, when artillery covering fire was available for the depth of the intended advance, fresh platoons should "leap-frog" through the leading platoons to the next objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond199986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond199986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new organisations and equipment gave the infantry platoon the capacity for fire and manoeuvre, even in the absence of adequate artillery support. To bring uniformity in adoption of the methods laid down in the revised manuals and others produced over the winter, Haig established a BEF Training Directorate in January 1917, to issue manuals and oversee training. <span class="nowrap">SS 143</span> and its companion manuals provided British infantry with "off-the-peg" tactics, devised from the experience of the Somme and from French Army operations, to go with new equipment made available by increasing British and Allied war production and better understanding of the organisation necessary to exploit it in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011209–211_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2011209–211-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics:_German_army">Tactics: German army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tactics: German army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a new manual published on 1 December 1916 by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Oberste Heeresleitung</a></i></span> (OHL, supreme command of the German army), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht im Stellungskrieg</i></span> (Principles of Command for Defensive Battles in Positional Warfare), the policy of unyielding defence of ground, regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would <i>"fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve[d] their strength"</i>. Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone. Behind the main line of resistance was a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grosskampfzone</i></span> (battle zone), a second defensive area 1,500–2,500 yd (0.85–1.42 mi; 1.4–2.3 km) deep, on ground hidden from enemy observation, as far as possible while in view of German artillery observers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976149–151_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976149–151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rückwärtige Kampfzone</i></span> (rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1995181_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1995181-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allgemeines über Stellungsbau</i></span> (Principles of Field Fortification) was published by OHL in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vorpostenfeld</i></span>) held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front. Sentries could retreat to larger positions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppennester</i></span>) held by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stosstrupps</i></span> (five men and an NCO per <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Trupp</i></span>), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack. Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with bigger units. The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenstoß in der Stellung</i></span> (immediate counter-attack within the position). Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976152–156_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976152–156-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the growing Allied superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Artillerieschutzstellung</i></span> (artillery protection line), leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in resistance nests <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Widerstandsnester</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Widas</i></span>) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers. As the attackers tried to capture the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Widas</i></span> and dig in near the German second line, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmbattalions</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmregimenter</i></span> of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rückwärtige Kampfzone</i></span> into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenstoß aus der Tiefe</i></span>). If the immediate counter-attack failed, counter-attack divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack if the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront. The reserve was obtained by creating <span class="nowrap">22 divisions</span> by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the Western Front, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a>. By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of <span class="nowrap">40 divisions.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976156–158_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976156–158-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_6th_Army">German 6th Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German 6th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Experience of the German 1st Army in the Somme Battles</i>, (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erfahrungen der I Armee in der Sommeschlacht</i></span>) was published on 30 January 1917 by Ludendorff but new defensive methods were controversial. During the Battle of the Somme in 1916 Colonel <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Lo%C3%9Fberg" title="Fritz von Loßberg">Fritz von Loßberg</a> (Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(German_Empire)" title="1st Army (German Empire)">1st Army</a>) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ablösungsdivisionen</i></span>), with the reinforcements from Verdun, which began to arrive in greater numbers in September. In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre would not evade Allied artillery fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited French or British infantry to occupy vacant areas. Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the means to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wide area had already made difficult. Loßberg and others had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenstoss</i></span>) from behind the battle zone. Sceptics wanted the tactic of fighting in the front line to continue, with authority devolved no further than battalion, to maintain organizational coherence in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenangriff</i></span>) by the relief divisions after <span class="nowrap">24–48 hours.</span> Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by Loßberg's memorandum to add it to the new <i>Manual of Infantry Training for War</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976161_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976161-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Falkenhausen" title="Ludwig von Falkenhausen">Ludwig von Falkenhausen</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="6th Army (German Empire)">6th Army</a> arranged the infantry at Arras for the rigid defence of the front-line, supported by methodical counter-attacks (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenangriffe</i></span>), by the "relief" divisions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ablösungsdivisionen</i></span>) on the second or third day. Five <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ablösungsdivisionen</i></span> were placed behind <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, 15 mi (24 km) away from the front line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992240,_map_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992240,_map-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Hindenburg line ended at Telegraph Hill between Neuville-Vitasse and Tilloy lez Mofflaines, from whence the original system of four lines 75–150 yd (69–137 m) apart, ran north to the <a href="/wiki/Neuville-Saint-Vaast" title="Neuville-Saint-Vaast">Neuville St Vaast</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bailleul-aux-Cornailles" title="Bailleul-aux-Cornailles">Bailleul-aux-Cornailles</a> road. About 3 mi (4.8 km) behind were the <a href="/wiki/Wancourt" title="Wancourt">Wancourt</a>–<a href="/wiki/Feuchy" title="Feuchy">Feuchy</a> and to the north the Point du Jour lines, running from the <a href="/wiki/Scarpe_(river)" title="Scarpe (river)">Scarpe</a> river north along the east slope of <a href="/wiki/Vimy" title="Vimy">Vimy</a> ridge. The new <i>Wotan</i> line, which extended the Hindenburg position, was built around 4 mi (6.4 km) further back and not entirely mapped by the Allies until the battle had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992175–176_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992175–176-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just before the battle, Falkenhausen had written that parts of the front line might be lost but the five <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ablösungsdivisionen</i></span> could be brought forward to relieve the front divisions on the evening of the second day. On 6 April, General Karl von Nagel, the 6th Army Chief of Staff, accepted that some of the front divisions might need to be relieved on the first evening of battle but that any penetrations would be repulsed with local immediate counter-attacks (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenangriffe in der Stellung</i></span>) by the front divisions. On 7 April, Nagel viewed the imminent British attack as a limited effort against Vimy ridge, preparatory to a bigger attack later, perhaps combined with the French attack expected in mid-April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976180_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976180-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of positions to fulfil the new policy of area defence had been drastically curtailed by shortages of labour and the long winter, which affected the setting of concrete. The 6th Army commanders had also been reluctant to encourage the British to change their plans if the British detected a thinning of the front line. The Germans were inhibited by the extent of British air reconnaissance, which observed new field works and promptly directed artillery fire on them. The 6th Army failed to redeploy its artillery, which remained in lines easy to see and bombard. Work on defences was also divided between maintaining the front line, strengthening the third line and the new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wotanstellung</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Drocourt-Qu%C3%A9ant_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Drocourt-Quéant line">Drocourt–Quéant switch line</a>) further back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992353–354_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992353–354-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_preparations">British preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underground">Underground</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Underground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg/220px-Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg/330px-Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg/440px-Carriere_wellington_exit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Exit from the Allied military tunnels in the <i><a href="/wiki/Carri%C3%A8re_Wellington" title="Carrière Wellington">Carrière Wellington</a></i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Allied conference at Chantilly, Haig issued instructions for army commanders on 17 November 1916, with a general plan for offensive operations in the spring of 1917. The Chief engineer of the Third Army, Major-General E. R. Kenyon, composed a list of requirements by 19 November, for which he had 16 Army Troops companies, five with each corps in the front line and one with XVIII Corps, four tunnelling companies, three entrenching battalions, eight RE labour battalions and 37 labour companies. Inside the old walls of Arras were the Grand Place and Petit Place, under which there were old cellars, which were emptied and refurbished for the accommodation of 13,000 men. Under the suburbs of St Sauveur and Ronville were many caves, some huge, which were rediscovered by accident in October 1916. When cleared out, the caves had room for 11,500 men, one in the Ronville system housing 4,000 men. The 8 ft × 6 ft (2.4 m × 1.8 m) Crinchon sewer followed the ditch of the old fortifications and tunnels were dug from the cellars to the sewer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992189,_192–193_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992189,_192–193-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two long tunnels were excavated from the Crinchon sewer, one through the St Sauveur and one through the Ronville system, allowing the 24,500 troops safely sheltered from German bombardment to move forward underground, avoiding the railway station, an obvious target for bombardment. The St Sauveur tunnel followed the line of the road to Cambrai and had five shafts in no man's land but the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line forestalled the use of the Ronville tunnels, when the German front line was withdrawn 1,000 yd (910 m) and there was no time to extend the diggings. The subterranean workings were lit by electricity and supplied by piped water, with gas-proof doors at the entrances; telephone cables, exchanges and testing-points used the tunnels, a hospital was installed and a tram ran from the sewer to the St Sauveur caves. The observation post for the VI Corps heavy artillery off the St Sauveur tunnel, had a telephone exchange with 750 circuits; much of the work in this area being done by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Tunnelling_Company" title="New Zealand Tunnelling Company">New Zealand Tunnelling Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992193_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the First Army front German sappers also conducted underground operations, seeking out Allied tunnels to assault and <a href="/wiki/Counter-mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-mine">counter-mine</a>, in which 41 New Zealand tunnellers were killed and 151 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200530_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200530-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British tunnellers had gained an advantage over the German miners by the Autumn of 1916, which virtually ended the German underground threat. The British turned to digging 12 subways about 25 ft (7.6 m) down, to the front line, the longest tunnel being 1,883 yd (1.070 mi; 1.722 km) long of the 10,500 yd (6.0 mi; 9.6 km) dug. In one sector, four Tunnelling companies of 500 men each, worked around-the-clock in 18-hour shifts for two months to dig 12 mi (20 km) of subways for foot traffic, tramways with rails for hand-drawn trolleys and a light railway system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200530_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200530-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tunnels were lit by electricity, accommodated telephone cables and some had trams and water supplies. Caverns were dug into the sides for brigade and battalion HQs, first aid posts and store-rooms. The subways were found to be a most efficient way to relieve troops in the line, form up for the attack and then to evacuate wounded. Some of the tunnels were continued into <a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Russian saps</a> with exits in mine craters in no man's land and new mines were laid. Galleries were dug to be opened after the attack for communication or cable trenches, the work being done by the 172nd, 176th, 182nd and 185th Tunnelling companies (Lieutenant-Colonel G. C. Williams, Controller of Mines First Army).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992309_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992309-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_in_the_air">War in the air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War in the air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machineguncorps2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Machineguncorps2.jpg/220px-Machineguncorps2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Machineguncorps2.jpg/330px-Machineguncorps2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Machineguncorps2.jpg/440px-Machineguncorps2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">British machine gunners fire on German aircraft near Arras</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC) entered the battle with inferior aircraft to the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a></i>, this did not deter their commander, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard_as_commander_of_the_Royal_Flying_Corps_in_France" title="Hugh Trenchard as commander of the Royal Flying Corps in France">General Trenchard</a>, from adopting an offensive posture. Dominance of the air over Arras was essential for reconnaissance and the British carried out many aerial patrols. RFC aircraft carried out artillery spotting, photography of trench systems and bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200536_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200536-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine2008252–253_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine2008252–253-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerial observation was hazardous work as, for best results, the aircraft had to fly at slow speeds and low altitude over the German defences. It became even more dangerous with the arrival of the Red Baron, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a> in March 1917. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Jagdstaffel_11" title="Jagdstaffel 11"><i>Jasta</i> 11</a> led to sharply increased losses of Allied pilots and April 1917, became known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_April" title="Bloody April">Bloody April</a>. A German infantry officer later wrote, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...during these days, there was a whole series of dogfights, which almost invariably ended in defeat for the British since it was Richthofen's squadron they were up against. Often five or six planes in succession would be chased away or shot down in flames.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ernst Jünger<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJünger2003133_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJünger2003133-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The average flying life of a RFC pilot in Arras in April was 18 hours and from 4 to 8 April, the RFC lost 75 aircraft and 105 aircrew. The casualties created a pilot shortage and replacements were sent to the front straight from flying school; during the same period, 56 aircraft were crashed by inexperienced RFC pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200536_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200536-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To keep enemy action to a minimum during the assault, a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling barrage">creeping barrage</a> was planned. This required gunners to create a curtain of <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)#High-explosive" title="Shell (projectile)">high explosive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel shell</a> explosions that crept across the battlefield in lines, about one hundred metres in advance of the assaulting troops. The Allies had previously used creeping barrages at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Battle of Neuve Chapelle</a> and the Battle of the Somme but had encountered two technical problems. The first was accurately synchronising the movement of the troops to the fall of the barrage: for Arras, this was overcome by rehearsal and strict scheduling. The second was the barrage falling erratically as the barrels of heavy guns wore swiftly but at differing rates during fire: for Arras, the rate of wear of each gun barrel was calculated and <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibrated</a> accordingly. While there was a risk of friendly fire, the creeping barrage forced the Germans to remain in their shelters, allowing Allied soldiers to advance without fear of machine gun fire. The new instantaneous <a href="/wiki/No._106_Fuze" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 106 Fuze">No. 106 Fuze</a> had been adapted from a French design for high-explosive shells so that they detonated on the slightest impact, vaporising barbed wire. Poison gas shells were used for the final minutes of the barrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200553–64_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200553–64-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal danger to assaulting troops came from enemy artillery fire as they crossed <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a>, accounting for over half the casualties at the first day of the Somme. A further complication was the location of German artillery, hidden as it was behind the ridges. In response, specialist artillery units were created to attack German artillery. Their targets were provided by 1st Field Survey Company, Royal Engineers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2002194_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2002194-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who collated data obtained from <a href="/wiki/Flash_spotting" title="Flash spotting">flash spotting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_ranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound ranging">sound ranging</a>. (Flash spotting required Royal Flying Corps observers to record the location of telltale flashes made by guns whilst firing.) On Zero-Day, 9 April, over 80 per cent of German heavy guns in the sector were neutralised (that is, "unable to bring effective fire to bear, the crews being disabled or driven off") by counter-battery fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2002194_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2002194-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas shells were also used against the draught horses of the batteries and to disrupt ammunition supply columns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173–175_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173–175-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanks">Tanks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forty tanks of the 1st Brigade were to be used in the attack on the Third Army front, eight with XVIII Corps and sixteen each in VII Corps and VI Corps. When the blue line had been reached, four of the VII Corps tanks were to join VI Corps for its attack on the brown line. The black line (first objective) was not to be attacked by tanks, which were to begin the drive to the front line at zero hour and rendezvous with infantry at the black line two hours later. The tanks were reserved for the most difficult objectives beyond the black line in groups of up to ten vehicles. Four tanks were to attack Neuville Vitasse, four against Telegraph Hill, four against The Harp and another four against Tilloy lez Mofflaines and two were to drive down the slope from Roclincourt west of Bois de la Maison Blanche. Once the blue line had fallen, the tanks still running were to drive to rally points.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992186–187_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992186–187-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase">First phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preliminary bombardment of Vimy Ridge started on 20 March; and the bombardment of the rest of the sector on 4 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls200530_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200530-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited to a front of only 24 mi (39 km), the bombardment used 2,689,000 shells,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over a million more than had been used on the Somme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German casualties were not heavy but the men became exhausted by the endless task of keeping open dug-out entrances and demoralised by the absence of rations caused by the difficulties of preparing and moving hot food under bombardment. Some went without food altogether for two or three consecutive days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the eve of battle, the front-line trenches had ceased to exist and their barbed wire defences were blown to pieces. The official history of the 2nd Bavarian Reserve Regiment describes the front line as "consisting no longer of trenches but of advanced nests of men scattered about". The 262nd Reserve Regiment history writes that its trench system was "lost in a crater field".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To add to the misery, for the last ten hours of bombardment, <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas in World War I">gas shells</a> were added.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zero-Hour had originally been planned for the morning of 8 April (Easter Sunday) but it was postponed 24 hours at the request of the French, despite reasonably good weather in the assault sector. Zero-Day was rescheduled for 9 April with Zero-Hour at 05:30. The assault was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane bombardment">hurricane bombardment</a> lasting five minutes, following a relatively quiet night. When the time came, it was snowing heavily; Allied troops advancing across no man's land were hindered by large drifts. It was still dark and visibility on the battlefield was very poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A westerly wind was at the Allied soldiers' backs blowing "a squall of sleet and snow into the faces of the Germans". The combination of the unusual bombardment and poor visibility meant many German troops were caught unawares and taken prisoner, still half-dressed, clambering out of the deep dugouts of the first two lines of trenches. Others were captured without their boots, trying to escape but stuck in the knee-deep mud of the communication trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(9–14_April_1917)"><span id="First_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_.289.E2.80.9314_April_1917.29"></span>First Battle of the Scarpe (9–14 April 1917)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First Battle of the Scarpe (9–14 April 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg/220px-Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg/330px-Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg/440px-Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">18 pounder gun crew in action during the advance near Athies</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The main British assault of the first day was directly east of Arras, with the <a href="/wiki/12th_(Eastern)_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th (Eastern) Division (United Kingdom)">12th (Eastern) Division</a> attacking Observation Ridge, north of the Arras–Cambrai road. After reaching this objective, they were to push on towards Feuchy, the second and third German positions. At the same time, elements of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Division</a> began an assault south of the road, with the Devil's Wood, <a href="/wiki/Tilloy-l%C3%A8s-Mofflaines" title="Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines">Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines</a> and the Bois des Boeufs as their initial objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750–53_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750–53-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate objective of these assaults was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Monchyriegel</i></span>, a trench running between Wancourt and Feuchy and an important component of the German defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these objectives, including Feuchy village, had been achieved by the evening of 10 April though the Germans were still in control of large sections of the trenches between Wancourt and Feuchy, particularly in the area of the fortified village of Neuville-Vitasse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day, troops from the <a href="/wiki/56th_(1/1st_London)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="56th (1/1st London) Division">56th (1/1st London) Division</a> were able to force the Germans out of the village, although the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Monchyriegel</i></span> was not fully in British hands until a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British were able to consolidate these gains and push forward towards <a href="/wiki/Monchy-le-Preux" title="Monchy-le-Preux">Monchy-le-Preux</a>, although they suffered many casualties in fighting near the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199756_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199756-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason for the success of the offensive in this sector was the failure of Falkenhausen to employ a defence in depth. In theory, an attacker would be allowed to make initial gains, thus stretching their lines of communication. Reserves held close to the battlefield would be committed once the initial advance had bogged down, before enemy reinforcements could be brought up. The defenders would thus be able to counter-attack and regain any lost territory. In this sector, Falkenhausen kept his reserve troops too far from the front and they were too late for a useful counter-attack on either 10 or 11 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999325–326_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999325–326-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge_(9–12_April_1917)"><span id="Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge_.289.E2.80.9312_April_1917.29"></span>Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg/220px-Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg/330px-Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg/440px-Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Canadian machine gun squad at Vimy Ridge.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>At roughly the same time, in perhaps the most carefully crafted portion of the entire offensive, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> launched an assault on Vimy Ridge. Advancing behind a creeping barrage and making heavy use of machine guns – eighty to each brigade, including one <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Gun">Lewis gun</a> in each platoon – the corps was able to advance through about 4,000 yd (3,700 m) of German defences and captured the crest of the ridge at about 13:00 on 10 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244–246_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244–246-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military historians have attributed the success of this attack to careful planning by Canadian Corps commander <a href="/wiki/Julian_Byng" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Byng">Julian Byng</a> and his subordinate <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Currie" title="Arthur Currie">General Arthur Currie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton1986104–105_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton1986104–105-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constant training and the assignment of specific objectives to each platoon. By giving units specific goals, troops could continue the attack even if their officers were killed or communication broke down, thus bypassing two major problems of combat on the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian troops could see the Germans in retreat across the Douai Plain away from the ridge. There was nevertheless an inflexibility to the plan which prevented the leading troops from continuing the advance and on 10 April the Germans began to stop the gaps with reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999352_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999352-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_phase">Second phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the territorial gains of the first two days, a lull followed as British guns, ammunition and transport links were moved forward. Battalions of pioneers built temporary roads across the churned up battlefield; heavy artillery (and its ammunition) was manhandled into position in new gun pits; food for the men and feed for the draught horses was brought up and Casualty Clearing Stations were established in readiness for the inevitable counter-attacks. Allied commanders also faced a dilemma: whether to keep their exhausted divisions on the attack and run the risk of having insufficient manpower or replace them with fresh divisions and lose momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaut199784_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaut199784-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news of the battle reached General Ludendorff during his 52nd birthday celebrations at his headquarters in Kreuznach who wrote, "I had looked forward to the expected offensive with confidence and was now deeply depressed". He telephoned each of his commanders and "gained the impression that the principles laid down by <i>OHL</i> were sound but the whole art of leadership lies in applying them correctly". (A later court of inquiry found that Falkenhausen had indeed misunderstood the principles of defence in depth.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2008325_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2008325-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff immediately ordered reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 April, he sacked Falkenhausen's chief of staff and replaced him with Loßberg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELupfer198129_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupfer198129-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loßberg went armed with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vollmacht</i></span> (the right to issue orders in the army commander's name) and within hours, Loßberg began to restructure the German defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudendorff2005421–422_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudendorff2005421–422-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British aimed to consolidate the gains made in the first days of the offensive, to keep the initiative and to break through in concert with the French at Aisne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999352_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999352-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 16 April, it was apparent that the French part of the Nivelle Offensive on the Aisne had not achieved a breakthrough. Haig continued to attack at Arras, to divert troops from the French on the Aisne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(23–24_April_1917)"><span id="Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_.2823.E2.80.9324_April_1917.29"></span>Second Battle of the Scarpe (23–24 April 1917)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second Battle of the Scarpe (23–24 April 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg/220px-18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg/330px-18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg/440px-18pdrsUnderFireBattleofArras24April1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5101" data-file-height="4121" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_18_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 18 pounder">18-pounder</a> battery under German fire close to Monchy-le-Preux, 24 April. In the foreground is an advanced dressing station</div></figcaption></figure> <p>At 04:45 on 23 April, following two days of poor visibility and freezing weather, VI Corps and VII Corps attacked to the east on a 9 mi (14 km) front from Croisilles to Gavrelle, either side of the Scarpe. The <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland) Division</a> attacked on the northern side in determined fighting on the western outskirts of Roeux Wood and the chemical works. On their left, the <a href="/wiki/37th_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="37th Division (United Kingdom)">37th Division</a>, attacked the buildings west of Roeux Station and gained the line of their objectives on the western slopes of Greenland Hill, north of the railway. On the left of the main attack, the <a href="/wiki/63rd_(Royal_Naval)_Division" title="63rd (Royal Naval) Division">63rd (Royal Naval) Division</a> made rapid progress against Gavrelle and secured the village. To the south of the Scarpe and east of Monchy-le-Preux the 29th Division gained the western slopes of Infantry Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartBuchan2003129–133_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartBuchan2003129–133-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cojeul river marked a divisional boundary within VI Corps. Guémappe on the north side of the river was the objective of the 15th (Scottish) Division, attacking east from Wancourt towards Vis-en-Artois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartBuchan2003129–133_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartBuchan2003129–133-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective was commanded by the higher ground on the south bank and it was not until the 50th (Northumbrian) Division captured the rise on the south side of the Cojeul that the village was taken. Several determined German counter-attacks were made and by the morning of 24 April, the British held Guémappe, Gavrelle and the high ground overlooking <a href="/wiki/Fontaine-l%C3%A8s-Croisilles" title="Fontaine-lès-Croisilles">Fontaine-lès-Croisilles</a> and Cherisy; the fighting around Roeux was indecisive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoraston191997–98_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoraston191997–98-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Arleux_(28–29_April_1917)"><span id="Battle_of_Arleux_.2828.E2.80.9329_April_1917.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Battle_of_Arleux"></span>Battle of Arleux (28–29 April 1917)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Battle of Arleux (28–29 April 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal objective of the attack was to tie down German reserves to assist the French offensive against the plateau north of the Aisne traversed by the Chemin des Dames. Haig reported, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With a view to economising my troops, my objectives were shallow and for a like reason and also in order to give the appearance of an attack on a more imposing scale, demonstrations were continued southwards to the Arras-Cambrai Road and northwards to the Souchez River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoraston191999_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoraston191999-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although the Canadian Corps had taken Vimy Ridge, difficulties in securing the south-eastern flank had left the position vulnerable. To rectify this, British and Canadian troops launched an attack towards <a href="/wiki/Arleux" title="Arleux">Arleux</a> on 28 April. The village was captured by Canadian troops with relative ease but the British troops advancing on <a href="/wiki/Gavrelle" title="Gavrelle">Gavrelle</a> met stiffer resistance. The village was secured by early evening but when a German counter-attack forced a brief retreat, elements of the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division were brought up as reinforcements and the village was held. Subsequent attacks on 29 April failed to capture more ground. The attacks achieved the limited objective of securing the Canadian position on Vimy Ridge but casualties were high and the result was disappointing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199738–40_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199738–40-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(3–4_May_1917)"><span id="Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe_.283.E2.80.934_May_1917.29"></span>Third Battle of the Scarpe (3–4 May 1917)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Third Battle of the Scarpe (3–4 May 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppy_Wood" title="Capture of Oppy Wood">Capture of Oppy Wood</a></div> <p>After securing the area around Arleux at the end of April, the British determined to launch another attack east from Monchy to try to break through the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Boiry Riegel</i></span> and reach the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wotanstellung</i></span>, another German defensive position in the Douai Plain. This was scheduled to coincide with the Australian attack at Bullecourt to present the Germans with a two–pronged assault. British commanders hoped that success in this venture would force the Germans to retreat further to the east. The British launched another attack using regiments from the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)#First_World_War" title="4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">4th Division</a> near the Scarpe on 3 May. Neither effort made a significant advance and the attack was called off the following day after incurring many casualties. The British learned important lessons about the need for close liaison between tanks, infantry and artillery, which they used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai, 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199750–56_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750–56-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flanking_operations_(Round_Bullecourt,_11_April_–_16_June)"><span id="Flanking_operations_.28Round_Bullecourt.2C_11_April_.E2.80.93_16_June.29"></span>Flanking operations (Round Bullecourt, 11 April – 16 June)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Flanking operations (Round Bullecourt, 11 April – 16 June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attack_on_Bullecourt">First attack on Bullecourt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First attack on Bullecourt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="8–10_April"><span id="8.E2.80.9310_April"></span>8–10 April</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 8–10 April"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_attack_on_Bullecourt" title="First attack on Bullecourt">First attack on Bullecourt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png/220px-Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png/330px-Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png/440px-Siegfriedstellung_defences_1917.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Relief map showing the Hindenburg Line and Wotan Line <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung, Wotanstellung</i></span>) defences around Bullecourt and Quéant, 1917.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hindenburg Line defences enclosing the village of <a href="/wiki/Bullecourt" title="Bullecourt">Bullecourt</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">re-entrant</a> for about 2,500 yd (2,286 m) to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Balkonstellung</i></span> (Balcony Trench) around Quéant, defended by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">élite</i></span> German <a href="/wiki/27th_Division_(German_Empire)" title="27th Division (German Empire)">27th Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2015220Oldham200066–67_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2015220Oldham200066–67-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 April it was announced that wire cutting, begun on 5 April, would take another eight days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992357–359_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992357–359-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At dusk on 9 April, patrols went forward and found that the Hindenburg Line was occupied but that the wire cutting bombardment had made several lanes through the wire. Preparations were made in a rush, the 4th Australian Division to attack with two brigades, the 4th on the right and 12th on the left. The attack had to cover 500 yd (457 m) to the wire and another 100 yd (91 m) to the first trench at <span class="nowrap">4:30 a.m.,</span> about an hour and 48 minutes before the sun rose to evade crossfire in the re-entrant between Quéant and Bullecourt. Artillery-fire would continue as normal until zero hour then maintain barrages on the flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992361_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992361-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <span class="nowrap">1:00 a.m.</span> Bullecourt was subjected to a gas bombardment by <a href="/wiki/Livens_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Livens projector">Livens projectors</a> and Stokes 4-inch mortars as the Australians assembled and waited for the tanks to arrive. Six battalions were out in the snow of no man's land. The left of the 12th Australian Brigade was only 400 yd (366 m) from Bullecourt and dawn was approaching. Zero hour was put back but the tanks had only reached Noreuil and Holmes ordered the infantry back under cover; snow began to fall again and shielded the retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992361–362_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992361–362-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrols of the 2/7th and 2/8th battalions, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="West Yorkshire Regiment">West Yorkshire Regiment</a> began to advance from <span class="nowrap">4:35 p.m.</span> and at <span class="nowrap">5:10 a.m.</span> the patrols began to retire. The patrols suffered <span class="nowrap">162 casualties.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyrall200342Oldham200066–67_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyrall200342Oldham200066–67-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11_April">11 April</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 11 April"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a conference at the 4th Australian Division HQ, it was decided that the infantry would advance fifteen minutes after the tanks, rather than wait on a signal from them. Only four tanks reached their start line by <span class="nowrap">4:30 a.m.</span> but drowning the sound of their engines with machine-gun fire failed and they were heard in the German defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992363–364_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992363–364-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tank on the right flank deviated to the right, suffered mechanical difficulties and returned to the railway. Another tank also veered right and crossed the first trench of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Balkonstellung</i></span> opposite Grenadier Regiment 123 and was knocked out by machine-guns firing armour-piercing (<a href="/wiki/K_bullet" title="K bullet">K bullet</a>) ammunition. The next tank to reach the German lines was snagged by wire, then crossed the first trench before being knocked out. The last tank started late and followed a similar path to the first. The four tanks comprising the left-hand section were late and two were knocked out short of the German trenches; the third tank arrived behind the Australian infantry and silenced a machine-gun in Bullecourt. The tank was hit twice, returned to the railway and was hit again.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg/220px-German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg/330px-German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg/440px-German_photo_with_English_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">German troops with British tank captured on 11 April</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Australian infantry in the German defences were cut off and the 4th Australian Brigade was forced back; many of its troops were taken prisoner and those who tried to retreat suffered many more casualties. In the 12th Australian Brigade, the 46th Australian Battalion in the first trench was forced out and the 48th Australian Battalion further forward was surrounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artillery of the 2nd Guard Division and 220th Division added to the barrage in no man's land and prevented another Australian attack. As the Australians were being forced back, they were unable to salvage ammunition and grenades from the dead and wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and Australian artillery had eventually begun to fire but this fell on the Australian-occupied trenches, making them untenable. At <span class="nowrap">12:25 p.m.</span> the 48th Australian Battalion, the last in the German trenches, made an orderly retreat over the bullet-swept ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By noon the German counter-attack had succeeded; few Australians had managed to re-cross no man's land through artillery and machine-gun fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_attack_on_Lagnicourt_(15_April_1917)"><span id="German_attack_on_Lagnicourt_.2815_April_1917.29"></span>German attack on Lagnicourt (15 April 1917)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: German attack on Lagnicourt (15 April 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Lagnicourt,_15_April" class="mw-redirect" title="German attack on Lagnicourt, 15 April">German attack on Lagnicourt, 15 April</a></div> <p>Observing that the <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Division (Australia)">1st Australian Division</a> was holding a frontage of 13,000 yd (7.4 mi; 12 km), the local German corps commander General <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Moser" title="Otto von Moser">Otto von Moser</a>, commanding <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppe Quéant</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/XIV_Reserve_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XIV Reserve Corps (German Empire)">XIV Reserve Corps</a>) planned a spoiling attack to drive back the advanced posts, destroy supplies and guns and then retire to the Hindenburg defences. OHL had added an extra division to his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppe</i></span> and added two more from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppe Cambrai</i></span> to the south, further to strengthen the attack. The four divisions provided 23 battalions for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unternehmen Sturmbock</i></span> (Operation Battering Ram). The German forces managed to penetrate the Australian front line at the junction on the 1st Australian Division and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(Australia)" title="2nd Division (Australia)">2nd Australian Division</a>, occupying the village of <a href="/wiki/Lagnicourt-Marcel" title="Lagnicourt-Marcel">Lagnicourt</a> and destroyed six Australian artillery pieces. Counter-attacks from the <a href="/wiki/9th_Battalion_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Battalion (Australia)">9th</a> and <a href="/wiki/20th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="20th Battalion (Australia)">20th</a> Australian battalions restored the front line and the action ended with the Germans having suffered <span class="nowrap">2,313 casualties</span> and the Australians <span class="nowrap">1,010</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBean1941355–403_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBean1941355–403-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Bullecourt_(3–17_May_1917)"><span id="Battle_of_Bullecourt_.283.E2.80.9317_May_1917.29"></span>Battle of Bullecourt (3–17 May 1917)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Battle of Bullecourt (3–17 May 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/220px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/330px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/440px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bullecourt" title="Bullecourt">Bullecourt</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>After the initial assault around Bullecourt failed to penetrate the German lines, British commanders made preparations for a second attempt. British artillery began an intense bombardment of the village, which by 20 April had been virtually destroyed. Although the infantry assault was planned for 20 April, it was postponed several times until early morning of 3 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199769_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199769-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 03:45, elements of the 2nd Australian Division attacked east of Bullecourt village, intending to pierce the Hindenburg Line and capture <a href="/wiki/Hendecourt-l%C3%A8s-Cagnicourt" title="Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt">Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt</a>, while British troops from the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division attacked Bullecourt, which was finally taken by the 7th Division and despite determined counter-attacks was held by the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. German resistance was fierce and when the offensive was called off on 17 May, few of the initial objectives had been met. The Australians were in possession of much of the German trench system between Bullecourt and <a href="/wiki/Riencourt-l%C3%A8s-Cagnicourt" title="Riencourt-lès-Cagnicourt">Riencourt-lès-Cagnicourt</a> but had been unable to capture Hendecourt. To the west, British troops managed to push the Germans out of Bullecourt but incurred considerable losses, failing also to advance north-east to Hendecourt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199760–71_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199760–71-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aftermath_Arras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aftermath_Arras.jpg/220px-Aftermath_Arras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aftermath_Arras.jpg/330px-Aftermath_Arras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aftermath_Arras.jpg/440px-Aftermath_Arras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">British troops returning for a rest following the Battle of Arras.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>By the standards of the Western Front, the gains of the first two days were nothing short of spectacular. A great deal of ground was gained for relatively few casualties and a number of tactically significant points were captured, notably Vimy Ridge. The offensive drew German troops away from the French offensive in the Aisne sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many respects, the battle might be deemed a victory for the British and their allies but these gains were offset by high casualties after the first two days and the failure of the French offensive at the Aisne. By the end of the offensive, the British had suffered more than 150,000 casualties and gained little ground since the first day. Despite significant early gains, they were unable to break through and the situation reverted to stalemate. Although historians generally consider the battle a British victory, in the wider context of the front, it had very little impact on the strategic or tactical situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999352_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999352-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff later commented "no doubt exceedingly important strategic objects lay behind the British attack but I have never been able to discover what they were".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudendorff2005421–422_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudendorff2005421–422-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff was also "very depressed; had our principles of defensive tactics proved false and if so, what on Earth was to be done?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976183_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976183-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the Allied side, twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a> were awarded. On the German side, on 24 April 1917, <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm</a> awarded Loßberg the Oakleaves (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">bar</a> for a repeat award) for the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> he had received at the Battle of the Somme the previous September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinklerTiedemann2014_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinklerTiedemann2014-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg/220px-Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg/330px-Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg/440px-Wexford_Church_of_the_Assumption_South_Aisle_Window_Harry_Clarke_The_Madonna_with_Sts_Aidan_and_Adrian_Detail_Dedication_and_Signature_2010_09_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Stained glass window by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a> dedicated to the memory of Lt William Henry O'Keefe who was killed in action.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_(Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott)_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg/220px-Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg/330px-Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg/440px-Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>War memorial in <a href="/wiki/Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott" title="Ruhstorf an der Rott">Ruhstorf an der Rott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>) mentioning three local men who were killed in action on the first day of the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>The most quoted Allied casualty figures are those in the returns made by Lieutenant-General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_H._Fowke" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Fowke">George Fowke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general" title="Adjutant general">Adjutant-General</a>. Fowkes collated the daily casualty tallies kept by each unit under Haig's command and his findings were endorsed by the official historian Cyril Falls in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556–561_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556–561-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third Army casualties were 87,226, the First Army suffered 46,826 (including 11,004 Canadians at Vimy Ridge) and the Fifth Army 24,608 casualtis, a total of 158,660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556Nicholls2005210–211_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556Nicholls2005210–211-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German losses are more difficult to determine. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppe Vimy</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppe Souchez</i></span> suffered 79,418 casualties but the figures for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppe Arras</i></span> are incomplete. Wolfgang Foerster, the editor of the German official history <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Weltkrieg</i></span> volume for early 1917 (1939), recorded <span class="nowrap">85,000 German</span> casualties, <span class="nowrap">78,000 British</span> losses to the end of April and another <span class="nowrap">64,000 casualties</span> by the end of May, a total of <span class="nowrap">142,000.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939272,_276_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939272,_276-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German records excluded the "lightly wounded". Captain Cyril Falls, the author of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Great_War" title="History of the Great War">History of the Great War</a> volume on the battle (1940), estimated that 30 per cent needed to be added to German returns for comparison with the British. Falls made "a general estimate" that German casualties were "probably fairly equal". Nicholls puts them at 120,000 and Keegan at 130,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352Nicholls2005210–211_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352Nicholls2005210–211-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanders">Commanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Haig paid tribute to Allenby for the "great initial success"; Allenby's subordinates "objected to the way he handled the ... attritional stage" and he was sent to command the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> in Palestine. He regarded the transfer as a "badge of failure" but "more than redeemed his reputation by defeating" the Ottomans in battles that were fought in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a> from 1917 to 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffieldBourne2005495–496_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffieldBourne2005495–496-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haig stayed in his post until the end of the war. When the failures of the 6th Army command became apparent, Ludendorff removed Falkenhausen (who never held a field command again, spending the rest of the war as <a href="/wiki/General_Governorate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate of Belgium">Governor-General of Belgium</a>) and several staff officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELupfer198129_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupfer198129-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff and Loßberg discovered that although the Allies were capable of breaking through the first position, they could probably not capitalise on their success if they were confronted by a mobile, clever defence. Ludendorff immediately ordered more training in <a href="/wiki/Manoeuvre_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoeuvre warfare">manoeuvre warfare</a> for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eingreif</i></span> divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaut1997122_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaut1997122-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loßberg was soon promoted to general and directed the defensive battle of the 4th Army against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Flanders">Flanders Offensive</a> of the summer and late autumn; he had become "legendary as the fireman of the Western Front; always sent by OHL to the area of crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELupfer198110_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupfer198110-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_music">Literature and music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Literature and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a> makes reference to the battle in the poem <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_General" class="extiw" title="s:The General"><i>The General</i></a>. The Anglo-Welsh lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_(poet)" title="Edward Thomas (poet)">Edward Thomas</a> was killed by a shell on 9 April 1917, during the first day of the Easter Offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis2011332–333_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis2011332–333-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas's war diary gives a vivid and poignant picture of life on the Western front in the months leading up to the battle. <a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a>, the translator of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a>, was severely wounded on 23 April 1917 leading an assault on the German trenches outside Monchy-le-Preux (for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a>) and the composer <a href="/wiki/Ernest_John_Moeran" title="Ernest John Moeran">Ernest John Moeran</a> was wounded during the attack on Bullecourt on 3 May 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindlay2014ch_9_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlay2014ch_9-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to British fears that blowing the mines would churn up the ground too much and the German withdrawal south-east of Arras, the British were to spring only the 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) charge at <a href="/wiki/Blagny" title="Blagny">Blagny</a>, which was blown by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company at zero hour, 5:30 a.m. Two German dugouts, 46 m (50 yd) of trench and a concrete pillbox were destroyed but it also stunned and apparently buried some members of the 13th <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots" title="Royal Scots">Royal Scots</a> and impeded their assault temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010136–137_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010136–137-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of the tunnels and trenches are barred to the public for reasons of safety. A 270 yd (250 m) portion of the Grange Subway at Vimy Ridge is open to the public from May to November and the Wellington tunnel was opened to the public as the <a href="/wiki/Carri%C3%A8re_Wellington" title="Carrière Wellington">Carrière Wellington museum</a> in March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee</i> (1921), subsidiary operations to the main Battle of Arras were labelled "Flanking Operations to the Arras Offensive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1990viii,_19_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1990viii,_19-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite transfers, the Fifth Army had 26 batteries of medium and heavy howitzers but traffic jams caused many hold-ups. When the Bapaume railway station opened on 6 April, train delays caused huge traffic jams, made worse because the lorries could carry only half-loads because of the German road demolitions. The heavy guns of the 1st Anzac Corps fired <span class="nowrap">1,100 rounds</span> on 3 April, <span class="nowrap">1,695 and</span> from 5 to 8 April averaged <span class="nowrap">4,000 rounds</span> per day and <span class="nowrap">6,025 on</span> 9 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992359_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992359-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IR 120 in Bullecourt spotted the Australians but were distracted by the 2/7th and 2/8th battalions, West Yorkshire Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992362_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992362-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falls wrote that reports that tanks got into Riencourt and Hendecourt were caused by the foreshortening effect of the rolling down land. An Australian <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">forward observation officer</a> reported that two tanks and 200 infantry penetrated Hendecourt and that Indian cavalry could be seen west of Riencourt; no cavalry of the Sialkot Brigade came within 1.5 mi (2 km) of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992366_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992366-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original records are in <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth20003–4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth20003–4_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth2000">Ashworth 2000</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51,_55–56-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51,_55–56_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth2000">Ashworth 2000</a>, pp. 48–51, 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeegan1999">Keegan 1999</a>, pp. 348–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth2000">Ashworth 2000</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth2000">Ashworth 2000</a>, pp. 48–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005250–310-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005250–310_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 250–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976133-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976133_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999227–231_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeegan1999">Keegan 1999</a>, 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href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992361–362-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992361–362_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992362-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992362_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyrall200342Oldham200066–67-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyrall200342Oldham200066–67_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWyrall2003">Wyrall 2003</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFOldham2000">Oldham 2000</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992363–364-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992363–364_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 363–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992366-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992366_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992369_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2015224–225_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2015">Sheldon 2015</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBean1941355–403-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBean1941355–403_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, pp. 355–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199769-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199769_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldham1997">Oldham 1997</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199760–71-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldham199760–71_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldham1997">Oldham 1997</a>, pp. 60–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976183-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976183_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinklerTiedemann2014-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinklerTiedemann2014_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinklerTiedemann2014">Winkler & Tiedemann 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556–561-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556–561_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 556–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556Nicholls2005210–211-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992556Nicholls2005210–211_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 556; <a href="#CITEREFNicholls2005">Nicholls 2005</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939272,_276-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939272,_276_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoerster1939">Foerster 1939</a>, pp. 272, 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352Nicholls2005210–211-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352Nicholls2005210–211_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeegan1999">Keegan 1999</a>, pp. 348–352; <a href="#CITEREFNicholls2005">Nicholls 2005</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffieldBourne2005495–496-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffieldBourne2005495–496_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffieldBourne2005">Sheffield & Bourne 2005</a>, pp. 495–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaut1997122-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaut1997122_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuffetaut1997">Buffetaut 1997</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELupfer198110-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELupfer198110_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLupfer1981">Lupfer 1981</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis2011332–333-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis2011332–333_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis2011">Hollis 2011</a>, pp. 332–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlay2014ch_9-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindlay2014ch_9_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFindlay2014">Findlay 2014</a>, ch 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warcomposers.co.uk/moeranbio">"War Composers: E. J. Moeran's War"</a>. <i>War Composers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919221039/https://www.warcomposers.co.uk/moeranbio">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Composers&rft.atitle=War+Composers%3A+E.+J.+Moeran%27s+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warcomposers.co.uk%2Fmoeranbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworth2000" class="citation book cs1">Ashworth, Tony (2000) [1980]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trenchwarfare1910000ashw"><i>Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System</i></a></span> (repr. ed.). London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48068-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48068-0"><bdi>978-0-330-48068-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trench+Warfare%2C+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+Live+and+Let+Live+System&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-330-48068-0&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrenchwarfare1910000ashw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBean1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bean" title="Charles Bean">Bean, C. E. W.</a> (1941) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069753/"><i>The Australian Imperial Force in France: 1917</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_History_of_Australia_in_the_War_of_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918">Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918</a>. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9945668">9945668</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052933/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069753/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Imperial+Force+in+France%3A+1917&rft.place=Sydney&rft.series=Official+History+of+Australia+in+the+War+of+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Angus+and+Robertson&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9945668&rft.aulast=Bean&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1069753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis1996" class="citation book cs1">Bellis, M. (1996) [1916]. <i>Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action</i> (repr. ed.). London: Military Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85420-195-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85420-195-5"><bdi>0-85420-195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instructions+for+the+Training+of+Divisions+for+Offensive+Action&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Military+Press+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-85420-195-5&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton1986" class="citation book cs1">Berton, Pierre (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vimy0000bert"><i>Vimy</i></a>. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-1339-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-1339-6"><bdi>0-7710-1339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vimy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McLelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7710-1339-6&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvimy0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1999" class="citation book cs1">Bond, B., ed. (1999). <i>Look To Your Front: Studies in the First World War</i>. Staplehurst: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-065-1"><bdi>1-86227-065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+To+Your+Front%3A+Studies+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Staplehurst&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86227-065-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoraston1919" class="citation book cs1">Boraston, J. H. (1920) [1919]. <i>Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches</i> (repr. ed.). London: Dent. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/633614212">633614212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Douglas+Haig%27s+Despatches&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F633614212&rft.aulast=Boraston&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetaut1997" class="citation book cs1">Buffetaut, Yves (1997). <i>The 1917 Spring Offensives: Arras, Vimy, Le Chemin des Dames</i>. Paris: Histoire et Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-908182-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-908182-66-1"><bdi>2-908182-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1917+Spring+Offensives%3A+Arras%2C+Vimy%2C+Le+Chemin+des+Dames&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Histoire+et+Collections&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-908182-66-1&rft.aulast=Buffetaut&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorkerry2001" class="citation book cs1">Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) [1916/1917]. <i>Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)</i> (repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85420-250-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85420-250-1"><bdi>0-85420-250-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instructions+for+the+Training+of+Divisions+for+Offensive+Action%2C+Instructions+for+the+Training+of+Platoons+for+Offensive+Action+%281917%29&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Military+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85420-250-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, R. A.</a> (2005). <i>Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhic+Victory%3A+French+Strategy+and+Operations+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01880-8&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Falls" title="Cyril Falls">Falls, C.</a> (1992) [1940]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg line and the Battles of Arras</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-180-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89839-180-6"><bdi>0-89839-180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium+1917%3A+The+German+Retreat+to+the+Hindenburg+line+and+the+Battles+of+Arras&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+and+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-89839-180-6&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlay2014" class="citation book cs1">Findlay, Jean (2014). "Chapter 9: Wounded Out". <i>Chasing Lost Time: the Life of C. K. Scott Moncrieff</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71401-7"><bdi>978-0-374-71401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Wounded+Out&rft.btitle=Chasing+Lost+Time%3A+the+Life+of+C.+K.+Scott+Moncrieff&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-374-71401-7&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoerster1939" class="citation book cs1">Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC01860055/1/LOG_0003/"><i>Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande Zwölfter Band, Die Kriegführung im Frühjahr 1917</i></a> [<i>The World War 1914 to 1918, Military Land Operations Twelfth Volume, Warfare in the Spring of 1917</i>]. Vol. XII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248903245">248903245</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218173230/http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC01860055/1/LOG_0003/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span> – via Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Weltkrieg+1914+bis+1918%3A+Die+milit%C3%A4rischen+Operationen+zu+Lande+Zw%C3%B6lfter+Band%2C+Die+Kriegf%C3%BChrung+im+Fr%C3%BChjahr+1917&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=online+scan&rft.pub=Mittler&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248903245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi.landesbibliothek.at%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2FAC01860055%2F1%2FLOG_0003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Griffith" title="Paddy Griffith">Griffith, P.</a> (1996). <i>Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918</i>. London: Yale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-30006-663-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-30006-663-5"><bdi>0-30006-663-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Tactics+of+the+Western+Front%3A+The+British+Army%27s+Art+of+Attack+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-30006-663-5&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis2011" class="citation book cs1">Hollis, Matthew (2011). <i>Now All Roads Lead to France: The Last Years of Edward Thomas</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-27608-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-27608-0"><bdi>978-0-571-27608-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+All+Roads+Lead+to+France%3A+The+Last+Years+of+Edward+Thomas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-571-27608-0&rft.aulast=Hollis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1990" class="citation book cs1">James, E. A. (1990) [1924]. <i>A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918</i> (London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948130-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948130-18-2"><bdi>978-0-948130-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+the+Battles+and+Engagements+of+the+British+Armies+in+France+and+Flanders+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.edition=London+Stamp+Exchange&rft.pub=Gale+%26+Polden&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-948130-18-2&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Simon (2010). <i>Underground Warfare 1914–1918</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-962-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-962-8"><bdi>978-1-84415-962-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground+Warfare+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-962-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger, E.</a> (2003). <i>Storm of Steel</i>. Translated by Hofman, Michael. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-118691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-118691-7"><bdi>978-0-14-118691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+of+Steel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-118691-7&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1999" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1999). <i>The First World War</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6645-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6645-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-6645-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6645-9&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2008" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Joshua (2008). <i>On a Wing and a Prayer</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-726945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-726945-7"><bdi>978-0-00-726945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+a+Wing+and+a+Prayer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-00-726945-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff, Erich</a> (2005). <i>My War Memoirs</i>. London: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-303-1"><bdi>978-1-84574-303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+War+Memoirs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-303-1&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupfer1981" class="citation book cs1">Lupfer, T. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf"><i>The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Change in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fort Leavenworth: US Army Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8189258">8189258</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304004811/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Doctrine%3A+The+Change+in+German+Tactical+Doctrine+During+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth&rft.pub=US+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8189258&rft.aulast=Lupfer&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa563816.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>New Zealand Defence Force. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021084314/http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/media-releases/20070412-mtbnzt.htm">Arras Tunnellers Memorial</a> (press release) <i>Archived 21 October 2008</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2005" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, J. (2005). <i>Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-326-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-326-6"><bdi>1-84415-326-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheerful+Sacrifice%3A+The+Battle+of+Arras+1917&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84415-326-6&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldham1997" class="citation book cs1">Oldham, Peter (1997). <i>The Hindenburg Line</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-568-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-568-7"><bdi>978-0-85052-568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindenburg+Line&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-568-7&rft.aulast=Oldham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldham2000" class="citation book cs1">Oldham, Peter (2000) [1997]. <i>The Hindenburg Line</i> (2nd ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-568-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-568-7"><bdi>978-0-85052-568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindenburg+Line&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-568-7&rft.aulast=Oldham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels1995" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, M. (1995). <i>Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918</i>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4214-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4214-2"><bdi>0-7146-4214-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+or+Control%3F+Command%2C+Training+and+Tactics+in+the+British+and+German+Armies+1888%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7146-4214-2&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheffield_(historian)" title="Gary Sheffield (historian)">Sheffield, G.</a> (2002). <i>Forgotten Victory: The First World War – Myths and Realities</i>. London: Review (Hodder). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-6460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-6460-6"><bdi>978-0-7472-6460-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Victory%3A+The+First+World+War+%E2%80%93+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Review+%28Hodder%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-6460-6&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffieldBourne2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheffield_(historian)" title="Gary Sheffield (historian)">Sheffield, G.</a>; Bourne, J. (2005). <i>Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84702-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84702-1"><bdi>978-0-297-84702-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Haig%3A+War+Diaries+and+Letters+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84702-1&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Bourne%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheffield_(historian)" title="Gary Sheffield (historian)">Sheffield, G.</a> (2011). <i>The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army</i>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-691-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-691-8"><bdi>978-1-84513-691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+Douglas+Haig+and+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-691-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2008" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2008). <i>The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-680-1"><bdi>978-1-84415-680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+on+Vimy+Ridge+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-680-1&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2015" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2015). <i>The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-345-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-345-9"><bdi>978-1-78346-345-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+in+the+Spring+Offensives+1917%3A+Arras%2C+Aisne+%26+Champagne&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-345-9&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2006" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, A. (2006). <i>Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18</i>. Stroud: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-292-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-292-7"><bdi>978-1-86227-292-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directing+Operations%3A+British+Corps+Command+on+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-292-7&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartBuchan2003" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, J.; Buchan, J. (2003) [1926]. <i>The Fifteenth (Scottish) Division 1914–1919</i> (repr. The Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Edinburgh: Blakwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-639-4"><bdi>978-1-84342-639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifteenth+%28Scottish%29+Division+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=repr.+The+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Uckfield&rft.pub=Blakwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84342-639-4&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Buchan%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew</a> (2003). <i>The First World War</i>. Vol. I. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53075929">53075929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53075929&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinklerTiedemann2014" class="citation web cs1">Winkler, Gretchen; Tiedemann, Kurt M. von (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pourlemerite.org/">"Pour le Mérite"</a>. <i>Pour le Mérite</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103092030/http://www.pourlemerite.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite&rft.atitle=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft.au=Tiedemann%2C+Kurt+M.+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pourlemerite.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne1976" class="citation book cs1">Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. <i>If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West</i> (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-5029-9"><bdi>0-8371-5029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+Germany+Attacks%3A+The+Battle+in+Depth+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Greenwood+Press%2C+NY&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8371-5029-9&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyrall2003" class="citation book cs1">Wyrall, E. (2003) [1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626053556/http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100022555737.0x000002"><i>The Story of the 62nd (West Riding) Division, 1914–1919</i></a>. Vol. I (facs, repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-467-3"><bdi>978-1-84342-467-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100022555737.0x000002">the original</a> on 26 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+62nd+%28West+Riding%29+Division%2C+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.edition=facs%2C+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Uckfield&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84342-467-3&rft.aulast=Wyrall&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccess.bl.uk%2Fitem%2Fviewer%2Fark%3A%2F81055%2Fvdc_100022555737.0x000002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechthold2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bechthold, Mike (2013). "Command, Leadership, and Doctrine on the Great War Battlefield: The Australian, British, and Canadian Experience at the Battle of Arras, May 1917". <i>War & Society</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 116–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0729247313Z.00000000020">10.1179/0729247313Z.00000000020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159854430">159854430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Command%2C+Leadership%2C+and+Doctrine+on+the+Great+War+Battlefield%3A+The+Australian%2C+British%2C+and+Canadian+Experience+at+the+Battle+of+Arras%2C+May+1917&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=116-137&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F0729247313Z.00000000020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159854430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bechthold&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechthold2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bechthold, Mike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjmh.gold.ac.uk/article/view/790">"Bloody April Revisited: The Royal Flying Corps at the Battle of Arras, 1917"</a>. <i>British Journal for Military History</i>. <b>4</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2057-0422">2057-0422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+Military+History&rft.atitle=Bloody+April+Revisited%3A+The+Royal+Flying+Corps+at+the+Battle+of+Arras%2C+1917&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2057-0422&rft.aulast=Bechthold&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjmh.gold.ac.uk%2Farticle%2Fview%2F790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cowan, Tony (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjmh.gold.ac.uk/index.php/bjmh/article/view/1314/1445">"The Introduction of New German Defensive Tactics in 1916–1917"</a>. <i>British Journal for Military History</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 81–99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2057-0422">2057-0422</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+New+German+Defensive+Tactics+in+1916%E2%80%931917&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-99&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2057-0422&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjmh.gold.ac.uk%2Findex.php%2Fbjmh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1314%2F1445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2023" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Tony (2023). <i>Holding Out: The German Army and Operational Command in 1917</i>. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83023-2"><bdi>978-1-108-83023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holding+Out%3A+The+German+Army+and+Operational+Command+in+1917&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Military+Histories&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83023-2&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Harvey, Trevor Gordon (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/6503/"><i><span></span>'An Army of Brigadiers' British Brigade Commanders at the Battle of Arras 1917</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27An+Army+of+Brigadiers%27+British+Brigade+Commanders+at+the+Battle+of+Arras+1917&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.bham.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F6503%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Spencer, ed. (2022). <i>The Darkest Year: The British Army on the Western Front 1917</i>. Wolverhampton military Studies (No. 35). Warwick: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-914059-98-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-914059-98-8"><bdi>978-1-914059-98-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkest+Year%3A+The+British+Army+on+the+Western+Front+1917&rft.place=Warwick&rft.series=Wolverhampton+military+Studies+%28No.+35%29&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-914059-98-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, Basil</a> (1930). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realwar1914191800lidd"><i>The Real War, 1914–1918</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56212202">56212202</a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56212202&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealwar1914191800lidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2007" class="citation book cs1">Reed, P. (2007). <i>Walking Arras</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-619-1"><bdi>978-1-84415-619-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+Arras&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-619-1&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithson2017" class="citation book cs1">Smithson, Jim (2017). <i>A Taste of Success: The First Battle of the Scarpe. The Opening Phase of the Battle of Arras, 9–14 April 1917</i>. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911096-40-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911096-40-5"><bdi>978-1-911096-40-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Success%3A+The+First+Battle+of+the+Scarpe.+The+Opening+Phase+of+the+Battle+of+Arras%2C+9%E2%80%9314+April+1917&rft.place=Warwick&rft.series=Wolverhampton+Military+Studies&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911096-40-5&rft.aulast=Smithson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Arras+%281917%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arras_(1917)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras (1917)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/battles-of-the-western-front-in-france-and-flanders/the-arras-offensive-1917-battle-of-arras/">The Battle of Arras at 1914–1918.net</a> Online history of the battle, accessed 4 April 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928084354/http://warchronicle.com/wwi/battles/vimy.htm">The Battle of Arras at the War Chronicle</a> Another online history of the battle, accessed 16 April 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021084314/http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/media-releases/20070412-mtbnzt.htm">New Zealand Tunnellers Memorial in Arras</a> archived 21 October 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/5613">The Arras tunnels – NZHistory.net.nz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201124346/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/5613">Archived</a> 1 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7384227.stm">France reveals British WWI cave camp</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> 5 May 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaleye.com/findingAlfred2.html">Finding Private Adams</a> Exploring the life of a soldier killed at Oppy-Gavrelle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/wr.php?main=inc/bat_14">Online history of the Worcestershire Regiment</a> General history of a regiment involved in the battle, accessed 24 April 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol072iu.html">The South Africans at Delville Wood</a>, General history of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade involved in the battle, accessed 9 February 2017</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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