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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cudbear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cudbear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orcein" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orcein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortseiin" title="Ortseiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ortseiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orce%C3%ADna" title="Orceína – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orceína" data-language-autonym="Español" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Vitt_yllegarn_v%C3%A4xtf%C3%A4rgat_med_orselj_fr%C3%A5n_lav.jpg/220px-Vitt_yllegarn_v%C3%A4xtf%C3%A4rgat_med_orselj_fr%C3%A5n_lav.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Vitt_yllegarn_v%C3%A4xtf%C3%A4rgat_med_orselj_fr%C3%A5n_lav.jpg/330px-Vitt_yllegarn_v%C3%A4xtf%C3%A4rgat_med_orselj_fr%C3%A5n_lav.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Vitt_yllegarn_v%C3%A4xtf%C3%A4rgat_med_orselj_fr%C3%A5n_lav.jpg/440px-Vitt_yllegarn_v%C3%A4xtf%C3%A4rgat_med_orselj_fr%C3%A5n_lav.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>White wool yarn dyed with "orchella weeds", using traditional <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">plant dye</a> methods.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Orcein</b>, also <b>archil</b>, <b>orchil</b>, <b>lacmus</b> and <b>C.I. Natural Red 28</b>, are names for <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> extracted from several species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>, commonly known as "orchella weeds", found in various parts of the world. A major source is the archil lichen, <i><a href="/wiki/Roccella_tinctoria" title="Roccella tinctoria">Roccella tinctoria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orcinol" title="Orcinol">Orcinol</a> is extracted from such lichens. It is then converted to orcein by <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and air. In traditional dye-making methods, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> was used as the ammonia source. If the conversion is carried out in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_lime" title="Agricultural lime">lime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> in traditional dye-making methods), the result is <a href="/wiki/Litmus" title="Litmus">litmus</a>, a more complex molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manufacture was described by Cocq in 1812 <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the UK in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Edmund Roberts</a> noted orchilla as a principal export of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands, superior to the same kind of "moss" found in Italy or the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, that in 1832 was yielding an annual revenue of $200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp.14, 15">: pp.14, 15 </span></sup> Commercial archil is either a powder (called cudbear) or a paste. It is red in acidic <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and blue in alkaline pH. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_uses">History and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orcein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg/220px-Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg/330px-Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg/440px-Chromosomes_of_Allium_ascalonicum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosomes</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">Allium ascalonicum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">stained</a> with orcein</figcaption></figure> <p>The chemical components of orcein were elucidated only in the 1950s by Hans Musso.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structures are shown below. A paper originally published in 1961, embodying most of Musso's work on components of orcein and litmus, was translated into English and published in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a special issue of the journal <a href="/wiki/Biotechnic_%26_Histochemistry" title="Biotechnic & Histochemistry">Biotechnic & Histochemistry</a> (Vol 78, No. 6) devoted to the dye. A single alternative structural formula for orcein, possibly incorrect, is given by the National Library of Medicine <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Emolecules.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orcein is a reddish-brown dye, orchil is a purple-blue dye. Orcein is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">stain</a> in microscopy to visualize <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastic fibers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> surface antigens,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and copper-associated proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orcein is not approved as a <a href="/wiki/Food_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Food dye">food dye</a> (banned in Europe since January 1977), with <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E121 before 1977 and E182 after.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/CAS_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS number">CAS number</a> is <span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orderbb.emolecules.com/search/#?query=1400-62-0&system-type=BB&p=1">1400-62-0</a></span>. Its chemical formula is C<sub>28</sub>H<sub>24</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>. It forms dark brown crystals. It is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Oxazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxazine">phenoxazone</a> derivates - hydroxyorceins, aminoorceins, and aminoorceinimines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cudbear">Cudbear</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orcein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cudbear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cudbear</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> extracted from orchil <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> that produces colours in the <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> range. It can be used to dye <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, without the use of <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a>. The lichen is first boiled in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>. The mixture is then cooled and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. </p><p>Cudbear was the first dye to be invented in modern times, and one of the few dyes to be credited to a named individual: Dr Cuthbert Gordon of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>: production began in 1758, and it was <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> in 1758, British patent 727.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Glassford" title="John Glassford">John Glassford</a> invested in the new process with funds from his slave-labor tobacco business by establishing a dyeworks in <a href="/wiki/Dennistoun" title="Dennistoun">Dennistoun</a> in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lichen consumption soon reached 250 tons per year and import from Norway and Sweden had to be arranged.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar process was developed in France. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia, then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates out and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated out with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>. The resulting insoluble purple solid is known as <b>French purple</b>, a fast lichen dye that was much more stable than other lichen dyes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orcein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-aminoorcein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="α-amino orcein"><img alt="α-amino orcein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alpha-aminoorcein.png/120px-Alpha-aminoorcein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alpha-aminoorcein.png/180px-Alpha-aminoorcein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alpha-aminoorcein.png/240px-Alpha-aminoorcein.png 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">α-amino orcein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="α-hydroxy orcein"><img alt="α-hydroxy orcein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png/120px-Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png/180px-Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png/240px-Alpha-hydroxyorcein.png 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="1339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">α-hydroxy orcein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-aminoorcein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="β-amino orcein"><img alt="β-amino orcein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Beta-aminoorcein.png/120px-Beta-aminoorcein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Beta-aminoorcein.png/180px-Beta-aminoorcein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Beta-aminoorcein.png/240px-Beta-aminoorcein.png 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">β-amino orcein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-hydroxyorcein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="β-hydroxy orcein"><img alt="β-hydroxy orcein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beta-hydroxyorcein.png/120px-Beta-hydroxyorcein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beta-hydroxyorcein.png/180px-Beta-hydroxyorcein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beta-hydroxyorcein.png/240px-Beta-hydroxyorcein.png 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">β-hydroxy orcein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-aminoorceinimine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="β-amino orceinimine"><img alt="β-amino orceinimine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Beta-aminoorceinimine.png/120px-Beta-aminoorceinimine.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Beta-aminoorceinimine.png/180px-Beta-aminoorceinimine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Beta-aminoorceinimine.png/240px-Beta-aminoorceinimine.png 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">β-amino orceinimine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma-aminoorcein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="γ-amino orcein"><img alt="γ-amino orcein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gamma-aminoorcein.png/120px-Gamma-aminoorcein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gamma-aminoorcein.png/180px-Gamma-aminoorcein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gamma-aminoorcein.png/240px-Gamma-aminoorcein.png 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">γ-amino orcein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="γ-hydroxy orcein"><img alt="γ-hydroxy orcein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png/120px-Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png/180px-Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png/240px-Gamma-hydroxyorcein.png 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">γ-hydroxy orcein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="γ-amino orceinimine"><img alt="γ-amino orceinimine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png/120px-Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png/180px-Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png/240px-Gamma-aminoorceinimine.png 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">γ-amino orceinimine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orcein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Litmus test (chemistry)">Litmus test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolichenology" title="Ethnolichenology">Ethnolichenology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orcein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StClair-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StClair_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrcein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeckenE-M_GottschalkU_v_Gizycki2003" class="citation journal cs1">Beecken, H; E-M Gottschalk; U v Gizycki; et al. (2003). "Orcein and litmus". <i>Biotechnic & Histochemistry</i>. <b>78</b> (6): 289–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10520290410001671362">10.1080/10520290410001671362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15473576">15473576</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41944320">41944320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnic+%26+Histochemistry&rft.atitle=Orcein+and+litmus&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=289-302&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41944320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15473576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10520290410001671362&rft.aulast=Beecken&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=E-M+Gottschalk&rft.au=U+v+Gizycki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrcein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cocq M. (1812). Mémoire sur la fabrication et l'emploi de l'orseille. <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_Chimie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales de Chimie">Annales de Chimie</a></i> 81:258–278. Cited in: Chevreul ME. (1830). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonsdechimiea02chev">Leçons de chimie appliquée à la teinture</a></i>. Paris: Pichon et Didier. p 114–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorkman1874" class="citation journal cs1">Workman, A Leeds (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA143">"Manufacture of Archil and Cudbear"</a>. <i>Chemical News</i>. <b>30</b> (173): 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+News&rft.atitle=Manufacture+of+Archil+and+Cudbear&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=143&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Workman&rft.aufirst=A+Leeds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAYAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrcein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Roberts, Edmund</a> (12 October 2007) [First published in 1837]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog"><i>Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=9+objects+that+link+Scotland+to+slavery&rft.date=2021-10-10&rft.aulast=Campsie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fheritage-and-retro%2Fheritage%2F9-objects-that-link-scotland-to-slavery-3413014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrcein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/stecit/stecit05.htm">"Curiosities of Glasgow citizenship: George Macintosh of Dunchattan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+Glasgow+citizenship%3A+George+Macintosh+of+Dunchattan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk%2Fstecit%2Fstecit05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrcein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orcein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ravensgard.org/gerekr/Orchil.html">Orchil, the poor person's purple</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyeing" title="Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyeing" title="Template talk:Dyeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyeing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/100px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/150px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/200px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orcein&oldid=1219654108">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orcein&oldid=1219654108</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_dyes" title="Category:Natural dyes">Natural 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