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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_industrial_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_industrial_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacturing and industrial standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_industrial_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figures_of_merit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figures_of_merit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Figures of merit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figures_of_merit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Swatches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Swatches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Swatches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Swatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_swatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_swatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Printed swatches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_swatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_swatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_swatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Plastic swatches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_swatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_swatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_swatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Computer swatches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_swatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_pigments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_pigments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Biological pigments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_pigments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigments_by_chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments_by_chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pigments by chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pigments_by_chemical_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pigments by chemical composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pigments_by_chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_and_organic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_organic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Biological and organic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_organic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pigment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="خضاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خضاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentu" title="Pigmentu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pigmentu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piqment" title="Piqment – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piqment" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3" title="রঞ্জক চূর্ণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রঞ্জক চূর্ণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Sek-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пігмент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пігмент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пигмент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пигмент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment_(materijal)" title="Pigment (materijal) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pigment (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmente" title="Pigmente – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pigmente" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvipigment" title="Värvipigment – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvipigment" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χρωστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρωστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentu" title="Pigmentu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pigmentu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="رنگدانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگدانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmint" title="Pigmint – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pigmint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADocha" title="Líocha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Líocha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%A3%8C" title="안료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Պիգմենտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիգմենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95" title="वर्णक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्णक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmen" title="Pigmen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pigmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98" title="פיגמנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיגמנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ವರ್ಣದ್ರವ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಣದ್ರವ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="პიგმენტები (ქიმია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიგმენტები (ქიმია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пигменттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пигменттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmenti" title="Pigmenti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pigmenti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigman" title="Pigman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pigman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пигмент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пигмент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentum_(chemia)" title="Pigmentum (chemia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pigmentum (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigments" title="Pigments – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pigments" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentas" title="Pigmentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pigmentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmen" title="Pigmen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pigmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%94%E6%96%99" title="顔料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="顔料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilfee_(Pigment)" title="Bilfee (Pigment) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bilfee (Pigment)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentlar" title="Pigmentlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pigmentlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pigmento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пигмент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пигмент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmenti" title="Pigmenti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pigmenti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment_(maliarstvo)" title="Pigment (maliarstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pigment (maliarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пигмент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пигмент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentti" title="Pigmentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pigmentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="நிறமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వర్ణకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వర్ణకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B8" title="รงควัตถุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รงควัตถุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pigment" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пігмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пігмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="صباغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colored material</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pigments" redirects here. For album, see <a href="/wiki/Pigments_(album)" title="Pigments (album)">Pigments (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/300px-Indian_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/450px-Indian_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/600px-Indian_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pigments for sale at a market stall in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pigment</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">powder</a> used to add <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">chemically unreactive</a> in water or another medium; in contrast, <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyes are often <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> whereas pigments are often <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a>. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a>, and special pigments were marketed worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an April 2018 report by <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>, the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $30 billion. The value of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $13.2 billion per year, while the color <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> red is valued at $300 million each year.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principles">Physical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_reflectance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Simple_reflectance.svg/220px-Simple_reflectance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Simple_reflectance.svg/330px-Simple_reflectance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Simple_reflectance.svg/440px-Simple_reflectance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>A wide variety of wavelengths (colors) encounter a pigment. This pigment absorbs red and green light, but reflects blue—giving the substance a blue-colored appearance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like all materials, the color of pigments arises because they absorb only certain wavelengths of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible light</a>. The bonding properties of the material determine the wavelength and efficiency of light absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light of other wavelengths are reflected or scattered. The reflected light spectrum defines the <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> that we observe. </p><p>The appearance of pigments is sensitive to the source light. Sunlight has a high <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a> and a fairly uniform spectrum. Sunlight is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources are less uniform. </p><p>Color spaces used to represent colors numerically must specify their light source. <a href="/wiki/Lab_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab color space">Lab color</a> measurements, unless otherwise noted, assume that the measurement was recorded under a D65 light source, or "Daylight 6500 K", which is roughly the <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a> of sunlight. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complex_reflectance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Complex_reflectance.svg/400px-Complex_reflectance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Complex_reflectance.svg/600px-Complex_reflectance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Complex_reflectance.svg/800px-Complex_reflectance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Sunlight encounters Rosco R80 "Primary Blue" pigment. The product of the source spectrum and the reflectance spectrum of the pigment results in the final spectrum, and the appearance of blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers can affect the color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minerals have been used as colorants since prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early humans used <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in a <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> at Twin Rivers, near <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">Ochre</a>, iron oxide, was the first color of paint.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A favored blue pigment was derived from <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. Pigments based on minerals and clays often bear the name of the city or region where they were originally mined. <a href="/wiki/Sienna" title="Sienna">Raw sienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burnt_sienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnt sienna">burnt sienna</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Raw_umber" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw umber">raw umber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burnt_umber" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnt umber">burnt umber</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>. These pigments were among the easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the place names remained. Also found in many <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> are Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>.</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O).<sup id="cite_ref-webexhibits1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webexhibits1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charcoal—or carbon black—has also been used as a black pigment since prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-webexhibits1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webexhibits1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known synthetic pigment was <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>, which is first attested on an alabaster bowl in Egypt dated to <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a> (<i>circa</i> 3250 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian blue (blue frit), calcium copper silicate CaCuSi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, made by heating a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> sand, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">lime</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_flux" title="Ceramic flux">flux</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> source, such as <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already invented in the <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Period of Egypt">Predynastic Period of Egypt</a>, its use became widespread by the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Dynasty">4th Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the blue pigment par excellence of <a href="/wiki/Roman_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman antiquity">Roman antiquity</a>; its art technological traces vanished in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> until its rediscovery in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian campaign">Egyptian campaign</a> and the excavations in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NaturePortfolio_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaturePortfolio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later premodern synthetic pigments include <a href="/wiki/White_lead" title="White lead">white lead</a> (basic lead carbonate, (PbCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Pb(OH)<sub>2</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead-tin_yellow" title="Lead-tin yellow">lead-tin yellow</a>. Vermilion, a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a>, was originally made by grinding a powder of natural <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>. From the 17th century on, it was also synthesized from the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was favored by old masters such as <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_yellow" title="Indian yellow">Indian yellow</a> was once produced by collecting the urine of cattle that had been fed only <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Yellow_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Indian_Yellow-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its <a href="/wiki/Luminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminescent">luminescent</a> qualities, and often used it to represent <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since mango leaves are nutritionally inadequate for cattle, the practice of harvesting Indian yellow was eventually declared to be inhumane.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Yellow_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Indian_Yellow-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern hues of Indian yellow are made from synthetic pigments. Vermillion has been partially replaced in by cadmium reds. </p><p>Because of the cost of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, substitutes were often used. <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>, the oldest modern synthetic pigment, was discovered by accident in 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 19th century, synthetic and metallic blue pigments included <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">French ultramarine</a>, a synthetic form of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. Ultramarine was manufactured by treating <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">aluminium silicate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerulean_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerulean blue">Cerulean blue</a> were also introduced. In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalo Blue</a>, a synthetic metallo-organic pigment was prepared. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Blue">Royal Blue</a>, another name once given to tints produced from lapis lazuli, has evolved to signify a much lighter and brighter color, and is usually mixed from <a href="/wiki/Phthalo_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalo Blue">Phthalo Blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, or from inexpensive synthetic blue dyes. </p><p>The discovery in 1856 of <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauveine</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Aniline_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniline dye">aniline dyes</a>, was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic dye">synthetic dyes</a> and pigments like <a href="/wiki/Azo_dye" title="Azo dye">azo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diazo" title="Diazo">diazo</a> compounds. These dyes ushered in the flourishing of organic chemistry, including systematic designs of colorants. The development of organic chemistry diminished the dependence on inorganic pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Paintings illustrating advances in pigments</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1658). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including lead-tin yellow, natural ultramarine, and madder lake, as shown in the vibrant painting.[19]"><img alt="The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1658). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including lead-tin yellow, natural ultramarine, and madder lake, as shown in the vibrant painting.[19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/143px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/214px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/285px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Milkmaid</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1658</span>). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including <a href="/wiki/Lead-tin_yellow" title="Lead-tin yellow">lead-tin yellow</a>, natural <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madder_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Madder lake">madder lake</a>, as shown in the vibrant painting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titian used the historic pigment vermilion to create the reds in the oil painting of Assunta, completed c. 1518."><img alt="Titian used the historic pigment vermilion to create the reds in the oil painting of Assunta, completed c. 1518." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/87px-Tizian_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/130px-Tizian_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/174px-Tizian_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> used the historic pigment <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> to create the reds in the oil painting of <a href="/wiki/Assunta" class="mw-redirect" title="Assunta">Assunta</a>, completed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miracle of the Slave by Tintoretto (c. 1548). The son of a master dyer, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the cochineal insect, to achieve dramatic color effects."><img alt="Miracle of the Slave by Tintoretto (c. 1548). The son of a master dyer, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the cochineal insect, to achieve dramatic color effects." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg/180px-Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg/270px-Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg/360px-Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6423" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Miracle of the Slave</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1548</span>). The son of a master <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyer</a>, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> insect, to achieve dramatic color effects.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self Portrait by Paul Cézanne. Working in the late 19th century, Cézanne had a much broader palette of colors than his predecessors."><img alt="Self Portrait by Paul Cézanne. Working in the late 19th century, Cézanne had a much broader palette of colors than his predecessors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/135px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/202px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/270px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_au_fond_rose%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3006" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Self Portrait</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>. Working in the late 19th century, Cézanne had a much broader palette of colors than his predecessors.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_and_industrial_standards">Manufacturing and industrial standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and industrial standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/220px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/330px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/440px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Natural <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> pigment in powdered form</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/220px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/330px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/440px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Synthetic ultramarine pigment is chemically identical to natural ultramarine</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying, producing, measuring, and testing colors. </p><p>First published in 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell color system</a> became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. The Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">value</a> (lightness), and <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a> (color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value. </p><p>By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) develops technical standards for the manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various industrial and chemical properties, and how to test for them. The principal ISO standards that relate to all pigments are as follows: </p> <ul><li>ISO-787 General methods of test for pigments and extenders.</li> <li>ISO-8780 Methods of dispersion for assessment of dispersion characteristics.</li></ul> <p>Other ISO standards pertain to particular classes or categories of pigments, based on their chemical composition, such as <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> pigments, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, iron oxide pigments, and so forth. </p><p>Many manufacturers of paints, inks, textiles, plastics, and colors have voluntarily adopted the <a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> (CII) as a standard for identifying the pigments that they use in manufacturing particular colors. First published in 1925—and now published jointly on the web by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dyers_and_Colourists" title="Society of Dyers and Colourists">Society of Dyers and Colourists</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Textile_Chemists_and_Colorists" title="American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists">American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists</a> (US)—this index is recognized internationally as the authoritative reference on colorants. It encompasses more than 27,000 products under more than 13,000 generic color index names. </p><p>In the CII schema, each pigment has a generic index number that identifies it chemically, regardless of proprietary and historic names. For example, <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalocyanine Blue BN</a> has been known by a variety of generic and proprietary names since its discovery in the 1930s. In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thanos Blue) as a trademark. <a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. In the CII, all phthalocyanine blue pigments are designated by a generic color index number as either PB15 or PB16, short for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16; these two numbers reflect slight variations in molecular structure, which produce a slightly more greenish or reddish blue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figures_of_merit">Figures of merit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Figures of merit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are some of the attributes of pigments that determine their suitability for particular manufacturing processes and applications: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">Lightfastness</a> and sensitivity for damage from ultraviolet light</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stability">Heat stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a></li> <li>Tinting strength</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(chemistry)" title="Dispersion (chemistry)">Dispersion</a> (which can be measured with a <a href="/wiki/Hegman_gauge" title="Hegman gauge">Hegman gauge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">Opacity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparency</a></li> <li>Resistance to alkalis and acids</li> <li>Reactions and interactions between pigments</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swatches">Swatches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Swatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swatches are used to communicate colors accurately. The types of swatches are dictated by the media, i.e., printing, computers, plastics, and textiles. Generally, the medium that offers the broadest gamut of color shades is widely used across diverse media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_swatches">Printed swatches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Printed swatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reference standards are provided by printed swatches of color shades. <a href="/wiki/PANTONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PANTONE">PANTONE</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a>, etc. are widely used standards of color communication across diverse media like printing, plastics, and <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_swatches">Plastic swatches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plastic swatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Masterbatch" title="Masterbatch">color masterbatches</a> and pigments for plastics offer plastic swatches in injection molded color chips. These color chips are supplied to the designer or customer to choose and select the color for their specific plastic products. </p><p>Plastic swatches are available in various special effects like pearl, metallic, fluorescent, sparkle, mosaic etc. However, these effects are difficult to replicate on other media like print and computer display. Plastic swatches have been created by 3D modelling to including various special effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_swatches">Computer swatches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computer swatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appearance of pigments in natural light is difficult to replicate on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">computer display</a>. Approximations are required. The Munsell Color System provides an objective measure of color in three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in general fail to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also systematically biased. </p><p>The following approximations assume a display device at <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> 2.2, using the <a href="/wiki/SRGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="SRGB color space">sRGB color space</a>. The further a display device deviates from these standards, the less accurate these swatches will be.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swatches are based on the average measurements of several lots of single-pigment watercolor paints, converted from <a href="/wiki/Lab_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab color space">Lab color space</a> to <a href="/wiki/SRGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="SRGB color space">sRGB color space</a> for viewing on a computer display. The appearance of a pigment may depend on the brand and even the batch. Furthermore, pigments have inherently complex <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflectance</a> spectra that will render their color appearance<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Very little information here, let alone references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> greatly different depending on the spectrum of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant" title="Standard illuminant">source illumination</a>, a property called <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metamerism</a>. Averaged measurements of pigment samples will only yield approximations of their true appearance under a specific source of illumination. Computer display systems use a technique called chromatic adaptation transforms<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to emulate the <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperature</a> of illumination sources, and cannot perfectly reproduce the intricate spectral combinations originally seen. In many cases, the perceived color of a pigment falls outside of the <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of computer displays and a method called <a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">gamut mapping</a> is used to approximate the true appearance. Gamut mapping trades off any one of <a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">lightness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a> accuracy to render the color on screen, depending on the priority chosen in the conversion's <a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">ICC</a> <a href="/wiki/Rendering_intent" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendering intent">rendering intent</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width:125px;"> <div style="width:117px; height:50px; background:#990024; color:white;">#990024</div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrian red">Tyrian red</a><br /></div> </div></div> </th> <th> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width:125px;"> <div style="width:117px; height:50px; background:#e34234; color:white;">PR106 – #E34234</div> <div class="thumbcaption"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">Vermilion</a> (genuine)</span></div> </div></div> </th> <th> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width:125px;"> <div style="width:117px; height:50px; background:#ffb02e; color:white;">#FFB02E</div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_yellow" title="Indian yellow">Indian yellow</a></div> </div></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width:125px;"> <div style="width:117px; height:50px; background:#003baf; color:white;">PB29 – #003BAF</div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">Ultramarine</a> blue</div> </div></div> </th> <th> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width:125px;"> <div style="width:117px; height:50px; background:#0b3e66; color:white;">PB27 – #0B3E66</div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a></div> </div></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_pigments">Biological pigments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biological pigments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">Biological pigment</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a pigment is any <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colored</a> material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> contain pigments (such as <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>). <a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">Animal skin coloration</a> often comes about through specialized cells called <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a>, which animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleon</a> can control to vary the animal's color. Many conditions affect the levels or nature of pigments in plant, animal, some <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">protista</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> cells. For instance, the disorder called <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a> affects the level of melanin production in animals. </p><p>Pigmentation in organisms serves many biological purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a> (warning), <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">signalling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (in plants), and basic physical purposes such as protection from <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>. </p><p>Pigment color differs from <a href="/wiki/Color#Structural_color" title="Color">structural color</a> in that pigment color is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a>, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pigments_by_chemical_composition"><span class="anchor" id="Pigments_by_elemental_composition"></span>Pigments by chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pigments by chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_phthalocyanine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Copper_phthalocyanine.svg/200px-Copper_phthalocyanine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Copper_phthalocyanine.svg/300px-Copper_phthalocyanine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Copper_phthalocyanine.svg/400px-Copper_phthalocyanine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalo Blue</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments" title="List of inorganic pigments">List of inorganic pigments</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> pigment: <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum powder">aluminum powder</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithopone" title="Lithopone">lithopone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">cadmium yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium red">cadmium red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">cadmium green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium orange">cadmium orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">cadmium sulfoselenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a> (including vine black, lamp black), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory black">ivory black</a> (bone charcoal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Chrome_yellow" title="Chrome yellow">chrome yellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viridian" title="Viridian">chrome green (viridian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt violet">cobalt violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerulean_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerulean blue">cerulean blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aureolin" title="Aureolin">aureolin</a> (cobalt yellow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_purple" class="mw-redirect" title="Han purple">Han purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Han blue">Han blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_green" title="Paris green">Paris green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalocyanine Blue BN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Green_G" title="Phthalocyanine Green G">Phthalocyanine Green G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">Iron oxide</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine">sanguine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caput_mortuum_(pigment)" title="Caput mortuum (pigment)">caput mortuum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide_red" title="Iron oxide red">oxide red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow ochre">yellow ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_red" title="Venetian red">Venetian red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sienna" title="Sienna">raw sienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnt_sienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnt sienna">burnt sienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raw_umber" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw umber">raw umber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnt_umber" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnt umber">burnt umber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Lead_white" title="Lead white">lead white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples_yellow" title="Naples yellow">Naples yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Red lead">red lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead-tin_yellow" title="Lead-tin yellow">lead-tin yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Manganese_violet" title="Manganese violet">manganese violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/YInMn_Blue" title="YInMn Blue">YInMn blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine_green_shade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultramarine green shade (page does not exist)">ultramarine green shade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Titanium_yellow" title="Titanium yellow">titanium yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_white" title="Titanium white">titanium white</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium black (page does not exist)">titanium black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> pigments: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_white" title="Zinc white">zinc white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_ferrite" title="Zinc ferrite">zinc ferrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc yellow">zinc yellow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_organic">Biological and organic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biological and organic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biological origins: <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">alizarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">gamboge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">cochineal red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_madder" title="Rose madder">rose madder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_yellow" title="Indian yellow">Indian yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li>Non-biological <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quinacridone" title="Quinacridone">quinacridone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalo_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalo green">phthalo green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalo_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalo blue">phthalo blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment_red_170" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigment red 170">pigment red 170</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarylide_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarylide yellow">diarylide yellow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_pigments" title="Blue pigments">Blue pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_pigment" title="Lake pigment">Lake pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_pigments" title="Red pigments">Red pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">Subtractive color</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGürsesAçıkyıldızGüneşGürses2016" class="citation book cs1">Gürses, A.; Açıkyıldız, M.; Güneş, K.; Gürses, M.S. (2016). "Dyes and Pigments: Their Structure and Properties". <i>Dyes and Pigments</i>. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science. Springer. pp. 13–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-33892-7_2">10.1007/978-3-319-33892-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33890-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33890-3"><bdi>978-3-319-33890-3</bdi></a>. <q>Dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution during the application process and impart color by selective absorption of light. Pigments are colored, colorless, or fluorescent particulate organic or inorganic finely divided solids which are usually insoluble in, and essentially chemically unaffected by, the vehicle or medium in which they are incorporated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyes+and+Pigments%3A+Their+Structure+and+Properties&rft.btitle=Dyes+and+Pigments&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Molecular+Science&rft.pages=13-29&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-33892-7_2&rft.isbn=978-3-319-33890-3&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrses&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=A%C3%A7%C4%B1ky%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%2C+M.&rft.au=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F%2C+K.&rft.au=G%C3%BCrses%2C+M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVölzKischkewitzWoditschWesterhaus2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Völz, Hans G.; et al. (2006). "Pigments, Inorganic". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a20_243.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pigments%2C+Inorganic&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a20_243.pub2&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6lz&rft.aufirst=Hans+G.&rft.au=Kischkewitz%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Woditsch%2C+Peter&rft.au=Westerhaus%2C+Axel&rft.au=Griebler%2C+Wolf-Dieter&rft.au=De+Liedekerke%2C+Marcel&rft.au=Buxbaum%2C+Gunter&rft.au=Printzen%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Mansmann%2C+Manfred&rft.au=R%C3%A4de%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Trenczek%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+Volker&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Wienand%2C+Henning&rft.au=Adel%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Adrian%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Karl&rft.au=Cork%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Winkeler%2C+Heinrich&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Wielfried&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Leitner%2C+Lutz&rft.au=Kathrein%2C+Hendrik&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Ekkehard&rft.au=Jakusch%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Ohlinger%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Veitch%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Etzrodt%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Pfaff%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Franz%2C+Klaus-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahooPanigrahi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sahoo, Annapurna; Panigrahi, G. K. (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijbio.com/articles/a-review-on-natural-dye-gift-from-bacteria.pdf">"A review on Natural Dye: Gift from bacteria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Business</i>. <b>5</b> (9): 4909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Business&rft.atitle=A+review+on+Natural+Dye%3A+Gift+from+bacteria&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=4909&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Sahoo&rft.aufirst=Annapurna&rft.au=Panigrahi%2C+G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijbio.com%2Farticles%2Fa-review-on-natural-dye-gift-from-bacteria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonbrun2018" class="citation news cs1">Schonbrun, Zach (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-quest-for-billion-dollar-red/">"The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+the+Next+Billion-Dollar+Color&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.aulast=Schonbrun&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Ffeatures%2F2018-quest-for-billion-dollar-red%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas B. Brill, <i>Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities</i>, Springer 1980, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StClair_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+art+found&rft.date=2000-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F733747.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webexhibits1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webexhibits1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webexhibits1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/pigments/">"Pigments Through the Ages"</a>. <i>WebExhibits</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071107/http://webexhibits.org/pigments/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebExhibits&rft.atitle=Pigments+Through+the+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorelei H. Corcoran, "The Color Blue as an 'Animator' in Ancient Egyptian Art", in Rachael B.Goldman, (ed.), <i>Essays in Global Color History: Interpreting the Ancient Spectrum</i> (New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2016), pp. 59–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossotti1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossotti, Hazel (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colour00ross"><i>Colour: Why the World Isn't Grey</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02386-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02386-7"><bdi>0-691-02386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour%3A+Why+the+World+Isn%27t+Grey&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-691-02386-7&rft.aulast=Rossotti&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolour00ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Berke, Heinz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2007/cs/b606268g">"The invention of blue and purple pigments in ancient times"</a>. <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 15–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb606268g">10.1039/b606268g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17173142">17173142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+invention+of+blue+and+purple+pigments+in+ancient+times&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-30&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb606268g&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17173142&rft.aulast=Berke&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2007%2Fcs%2Fb606268g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattonShortlandTite2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hatton, G.D.; Shortland, A.J.; Tite, M.S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440307002166">"The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millenium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 1591–1604. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JArSc..35.1591H">2008JArSc..35.1591H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.11.008">10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=The+production+technology+of+Egyptian+blue+and+green+frits+from+second+millenium+BC+Egypt+and+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1591-1604&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.11.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JArSc..35.1591H&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rft.au=Shortland%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Tite%2C+M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0305440307002166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NaturePortfolio-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NaturePortfolio_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarizSchmid2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dariz, Petra; Schmid, Thomas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8163881">"Trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue carry information on provenance, manufacture, application, and ageing"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>11</b> (11296): 11296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1111296D">2021NatSR..1111296D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-90759-6">10.1038/s41598-021-90759-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8163881">8163881</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34050218">34050218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Trace+compounds+in+Early+Medieval+Egyptian+blue+carry+information+on+provenance%2C+manufacture%2C+application%2C+and+ageing&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11296&rft.pages=11296&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8163881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34050218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-90759-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1111296D&rft.aulast=Dariz&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8163881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/lead-white/">Lead white</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225004451/http://colourlex.com/project/lead-white/">Archived</a> 25 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at ColourLex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Indian_Yellow-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Yellow_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Yellow_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html">"History of Indian yellow"</a>. <i>Pigments Through the Ages</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221234605/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pigments+Through+the+Ages&rft.atitle=History+of+Indian+yellow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Findiv%2Fhistory%2Findianyellow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colourlex.com/project/prussian-blue/">Prussian blue</a> at ColourLex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Garfield2000" class="citation book cs1">Simon Garfield (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mauvehowonemanin00garf"><i>Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02005-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02005-3"><bdi>0-393-02005-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauve%3A+How+One+Man+Invented+a+Color+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-393-02005-3&rft.au=Simon+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmauvehowonemanin00garf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/vermeer-the-milkmaid/">Johannes Vermeer, The Milkmaid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414144606/http://colourlex.com/project/vermeer-the-milkmaid/">Archived</a> 14 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ColourLex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820184550/http://www.gamma-sci.com/dictionary-color-terms/">"Dictionary of Color Terms"</a>. Gamma Scientific. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamma-sci.com/dictionary-color-terms/">the original</a> on 20 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Color+Terms&rft.pub=Gamma+Scientific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamma-sci.com%2Fdictionary-color-terms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helloartsy.com/color-appearance/">"Color Appearance"</a>. <i>Hello Artsy</i>. 2 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hello+Artsy&rft.atitle=Color+Appearance&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelloartsy.com%2Fcolor-appearance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/Research/compvis/ChromaticAdaptation/ChromaticAdaptation.htm">"Chromatic Adaptation"</a>. cmp.uea.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155854/http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/Research/compvis/ChromaticAdaptation/ChromaticAdaptation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chromatic+Adaptation&rft.pub=cmp.uea.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cmp.uea.ac.uk%2FResearch%2Fcompvis%2FChromaticAdaptation%2FChromaticAdaptation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-3400.pdf?ver=2013-09-04-070832-857"><i>Engineer Manual 1110-2-3400 Painting: New Construction and Maintenance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 30 April 1995. pp. 4–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031655/http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-3400.pdf?ver=2013-09-04-070832-857">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineer+Manual+1110-2-3400+Painting%3A+New+Construction+and+Maintenance&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=1995-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publications.usace.army.mil%2FPortals%2F76%2FPublications%2FEngineerManuals%2FEM_1110-2-3400.pdf%3Fver%3D2013-09-04-070832-857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Philip (2002). <i>Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-11679-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-11679-2"><bdi>0-374-11679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth%3A+Art+and+the+Invention+of+Color&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-374-11679-2&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerner1984" class="citation book cs1">Doerner, Max (1984). <i>The Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters, Revised Edition</i>. Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-657716-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-657716-X"><bdi>0-15-657716-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Materials+of+the+Artist+and+Their+Use+in+Painting%3A+With+Notes+on+the+Techniques+of+the+Old+Masters%2C+Revised+Edition.&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-15-657716-X&rft.aulast=Doerner&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2003" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, Victoria (2003). <i>Color: A Natural History of the Palette</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7142-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7142-6"><bdi>0-8129-7142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Palette&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8129-7142-6&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1999" class="citation book cs1">Gage, John (1999). <i>Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22225-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22225-3"><bdi>0-520-22225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Culture%3A+Practice+and+Meaning+from+Antiquity+to+Abstraction&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-22225-3&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1991" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Ralph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artistshandbooko00maye_0"><i>The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Fifth Edition</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-83701-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-83701-6"><bdi>0-670-83701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artist%27s+Handbook+of+Materials+and+Techniques%2C+Fifth+Edition&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-670-83701-6&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartistshandbooko00maye_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeller1986" class="citation book cs1">Feller, R. L., ed. (1986). <i>Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 1</i>. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists%27+Pigments.+A+Handbook+of+Their+History+and+Characteristics%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1993" class="citation book cs1">Roy, A., ed. (1993). <i>Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 2</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists%27+Pigments.+A+Handbook+of+Their+History+and+Characteristics%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzhugh1997" class="citation book cs1">Fitzhugh, E. W., ed. (1997). <i>Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 3</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists%27+Pigments.+A+Handbook+of+Their+History+and+Characteristics%2C+Vol.+3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrie2007" class="citation book cs1">Berrie, B., ed. (2007). <i>Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 4</i>. Archetype Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists%27+Pigments.+A+Handbook+of+Their+History+and+Characteristics%2C+Vol.+4&rft.pub=Archetype+Books&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pigments" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pigments">Pigments</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/">Pigments through the ages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colourlex.com/">ColourLex Pigment Lexicon</a></li> <li>Sarah Lowengard,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/lowengard/">The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-century Europe</a>, Columbia University Press, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3kSeX32nsk"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Alchemy's Rainbow: Pigment Science and the Art of Conservation</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFF743BoQ3Q"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Poisons and Pigments: A Talk with Art Historian Elisabeth Berry-Drago</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-quest-for-billion-dollar-red/">The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161179#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132245-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pigments"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85102093">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pigments"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976099n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pigments"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976099n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562237">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pigmenty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124075&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="barviva"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118770&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548571505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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