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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Modern trade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern trade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_determining_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_determining_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Factors determining costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_determining_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actual_prices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actual_prices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Actual prices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actual_prices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Buyers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_size_and_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_size_and_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Market size and trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_size_and_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan2006161-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saffron consists of <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">stigmas</a> plucked from the vegetatively propagated and sterile <i><a href="/wiki/Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">Crocus sativus</a></i>, known popularly as the saffron crocus. The resulting dried "threads"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are distinguished by their bitter taste, hay-like fragrance, and slight metallic notes. The saffron crocus is unknown in the wild; its most likely precursor, <i><a href="/wiki/Crocus_cartwrightianus" title="Crocus cartwrightianus">Crocus cartwrightianus</a></i>, originated in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia#Geography" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio-MoragaCastillo-LópezGómez-GómezAhrazem2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio-MoragaCastillo-LópezGómez-GómezAhrazem2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saffron crocus is native to <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Southwest Asia</a>, and is believed to have been first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir (India)">Kashmir</a> have also been suggested as possible sites of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Saffron, for example, was once less regarded than it is today because the crocus from which it is extracted was not particularly mysterious. It flourished in European locations extending from Asia Minor, where it originated, to Saffron Walden in England, where it was naturalised. Only subsequently, when its labour-intensive cultivation became largely centred in Kashmir, did it seem sufficiently exotic to qualify as one of the most precious of spices."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Saffron crocus cultivation has long centered on a broad belt of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the southwest to Kashmir and China in the northeast. The major producers of antiquity—Iran, Spain, Kashmir and Greece—continue to dominate the world trade. </p><p>The cultivation of saffron in the Americas begun by members of the <a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a> in Pennsylvania. In recent decades cultivation has spread to New Zealand, Tasmania, and California. However, Iran remains the largest producer of saffron worldwide, accounting for over 90% of all saffron production.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_trade">Modern trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producers">Producers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all saffron grows in a belt bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> in the west and mountainous <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir (India)">Kashmir</a> in the east. All other continents except Antarctica produce smaller amounts. In 1991, Some 300 t (300,000 kg) of whole threads and powder are gleaned yearly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzer2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzer2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 50 t (50,000 kg) is top-grade "coupe" saffron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegbi19992_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegbi19992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spice_shop,_Mashad,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg/220px-Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg/330px-Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg/440px-Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Sale of saffron and other spices in Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran is by far the world's most important producer with production of 430 tons in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much of the Iranian crop was bound for export. Iran is not a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> due to the history of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">state affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">political relations</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>. Iran has remained a non-participant in the WTO since then, mainly because of US opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-R._Rasti_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._Rasti-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EU sanctions and restrictions are in place for trading with Iran <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">today</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main production areas for <i>Croci stigma</i> lie in the <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province</a>. Despite <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>, and a loss of direct sales to the US, exports rebounded at the end of 2019, as markets for the valued product were expanded. Most of the Iranian saffron is exported to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, where it is graded and resold into the global market. In 2020/21 production declined significantly due the work-intensive process of harvesting saffron, which was hindered by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Farmers were forced to use the plant source as animal feed. Due to the economic sanctions, some production sites have also resorted to smuggling saffron out of the country in order to obtain higher profits from direct sales.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> comes second, which produced over 67 tons in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian Administered Kashmir is the third largest producer with annual production of 22 tons in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the region's saffron is grown in the more climatically suitable <a href="/wiki/Pampore" title="Pampore">Pampore</a> area of the Kashmir valley. Greece is fourth largest producer followed by Morocco and Spain. In restive Indian administered part of Kashmir it has waned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite numerous cultivation efforts in such countries as Austria, England, Germany, and Switzerland, only select locales continue the harvest in northern and central Europe. Among these is the small Swiss village of <a href="/wiki/Mund" title="Mund">Mund</a>, in the Valais canton, whose annual saffron output amounts to several kilograms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzer2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzer2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microscale cultivation occurs in Tasmania,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, Egypt, France, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey (especially <a href="/wiki/Safranbolu" title="Safranbolu">Safranbolu</a>), California, and Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2004272_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2004272-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullaev20021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullaev20021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kashmir saffron is renowned globally as a spice. It is used in cosmetics and for medicinal purposes. It has been associated with traditional <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri cuisine</a> and represents the rich cultural heritage of the region. The unique characteristics of Kashmir saffron are its longer and thicker stigmas, natural deep-red colour, high aroma, bitter flavour, chemical-free processing, and high quantity of crocin (colouring strength), safranal (flavour) and picrocrocin (bitterness).<sup id="cite_ref-Kandavel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandavel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saffron grown in Kashmir is mainly three types — ‘Lachha Saffron’, with stigmas just separated from the flowers and dried without further processing; ‘Mongra Saffron’, in which stigmas are detached from the flower, dried in the sun and processed traditionally; and ‘Guchhi Saffron’, which is the same as Lachha, except that the latter’s dried stigmas are packed loosely in air-tight containers while the former has stigmas joined together in a bundle tied with a cloth thread.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandavel_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandavel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">protective geographical status</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, exists for growing, in the regions of, <a href="/wiki/La_Mancha" title="La Mancha">La Mancha</a>, Spain, <a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a>, Abruzzo, Italy, and around abouts <a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a>, Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-J._S._MARCUS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._S._MARCUS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir, India">Kashmir</a> has the <i>All J&K Saffron Growers & Dealers Association</i> which is run in order to promote fair trade and the rights of saffron farmers, and to promote trade of the spice.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitul_Thakkar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitul_Thakkar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg/150px-Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg/225px-Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg/300px-Crocus_sativus_sahuran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocus_sativus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Crocus_sativus1.jpg/150px-Crocus_sativus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Crocus_sativus1.jpg/225px-Crocus_sativus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Crocus_sativus1.jpg/300px-Crocus_sativus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="729" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><i>C. sativus.</i></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Factors_determining_costs">Factors determining costs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Factors determining costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high cost of saffron is due to the difficulty of manually extracting large numbers of minute stigmas, which are the only part of the crocus with the desired aroma and flavour. A large quantity of flowers need to be processed in order to <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a> marketable amounts of saffron. Obtaining 1 lb (0.45 kg) of dry saffron requires the harvesting of some 50,000 flowers, the equivalent of an association football pitch's area of cultivation, or roughly 7,140 m<sup>2</sup> (0.714 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2004273_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2004273-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By another estimate some 75,000 flowers are needed to produce one pound of dry saffron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau196935_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau196935-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This too depends on the typical stigma size of each saffron cultivar. Another complication arises in the flowers' simultaneous and transient blooming. Since so many crocus flowers are needed to yield even derisory quantities of dry saffron, the harvest can be a frenetic affair entailing about forty hours of intense labour. In Kashmir, the thousands of growers must work continuously in relays over the span of one or two weeks throughout both day and night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELak1998_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELak1998-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once extracted, the stigmas must be dried quickly, lest decomposition or mould ruin the batch's marketability. The traditional method of drying involves spreading the fresh stigmas over screens of fine mesh, which are then baked over hot coals or wood or in oven-heated rooms where temperatures reach 30–35 °C (86–95 °F) for 10–12 hours. Afterwards the dried spice is preferably sealed in airtight glass containers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegbi19998_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegbi19998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actual_prices">Actual prices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Actual prices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per gram, prices range upward to $65, according to a year 2015 evaluation,<sup id="cite_ref-Kieron_Monks_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieron_Monks-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> £5.20 (<a href="/wiki/La_Mancha" title="La Mancha">La Mancha</a>), according to an evaluation made during year 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Levy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Levy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and €20, according to a year 2011 evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-J._S._MARCUS_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._S._MARCUS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulk quantities of lower-grade saffron can reach upwards of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>500 per pound; retail costs for small amounts may exceed ten times that rate. In Western countries the average retail price is approximately US$1,000 per pound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2004272_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2004272-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices vary widely elsewhere, but on average tend to be lower. The high price is somewhat offset by the small quantities needed in kitchens: a few grams at most in medicinal use and a few strands, at most, in culinary applications; there are between 70,000 and 200,000 strands in a pound. </p><p>A price set during 2014 for Saffron grown within England was £15 for 0.2. grams, this being sold at <a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a>, and a gram priced at a value with a maximum of £75.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Saffron is somewhat renowned for sometimes costing more per weight than gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieron_Monks_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieron_Monks-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Levy_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Levy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buyers">Buyers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experienced saffron buyers often have rules of thumb when deliberating on their purchases. They may look for threads exhibiting a vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, and elasticity. They reject threads displaying the telltale dull brick-red colouring—indicative of old stock—and broken-off debris collected at the container's bottom, indicative of age-related brittle dryness. Such aged samples are most likely encountered around the main June harvest season, when retailers attempt to clear out the previous season's old inventory and make room for the new season's crop. Buyers recommend that only the current season's threads be used. Reputable saffron wholesalers and retailers will indicate the year of harvest or the two years that bracket the harvest date; a late 2002 harvest would thus be shown as "2002/2003".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2004274_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2004274-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the entire of 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Guruvayur temple">Guruvayur temple</a> of India, known as particularly affluent, had an agreement with <i>Jammu & Kashmir Agro Industries Development Corporation</i> for the routine purchasing of an amount equal to 10 kg a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitul_Thakkar_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitul_Thakkar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_size_and_trends">Market size and trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Market size and trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saffron use is projected to increase worldwide after 2019, from USD 944 million to USD 1.6 billion in 2027, particularly as a <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> and pharmaceutical ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Hair_care" title="Hair care">hair care</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>. Its common use as an <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">alternative</a> to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_coloring" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial coloring">artificial colorings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural foods">ethnic cooking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> have further boosted projected sales for the spice. Constraints in supply due to <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>, and high production costs will likely lead to increased prices as global demand for saffron will almost double in the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_saffron" title="Use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan2006161-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan2006161_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaghavan2006">Raghavan 2006</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio-MoragaCastillo-LópezGómez-GómezAhrazem2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio-MoragaCastillo-LópezGómez-GómezAhrazem2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio-MoragaCastillo-LópezGómez-GómezAhrazem2009">Rubio-Moraga et al. 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994295879"><i>Sustainable agriculture reviews</i></a>. Eric Lichtfouse. Cham, Switzerland. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58679-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58679-3"><bdi>978-3-319-58679-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994295879">994295879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+agriculture+reviews&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994295879&rft.isbn=978-3-319-58679-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F994295879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1140113593"><i>Saffron : science, technology and health</i></a>. A. Koocheki, Mohammad Khajeh-Hosseini. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=article&rft.pub=published+by+CNN+September+3%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.au=K.+Monks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F03%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-saffron-red-gold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Levy-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Levy_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Levy_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Levy" class="citation book cs1">P. Levy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11214920/Saffron-the-spice-beyond-price.html"><i>article</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a> November 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=article&rft.pub=The+Telegraph+November+7%2C+2014&rft.au=P.+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2F11214920%2FSaffron-the-spice-beyond-price.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2004274-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2004274_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2004">Hill 2004</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/saffron-market">"Saffron Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Food, Medical, Cosmetics), By Region (North America, Europe, Central & South America, APAC, MEA), And Segment Forecasts, 2020 - 2027"</a>. <i>Grand View Research</i>. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another term that denotes the stigmas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pure saffron stigmas will often be mixed with stamens to add "dead"—read: "worthless"—weight. To put it mildly, stamens have little culinary appeal but will still add the signature yellow color of saffron. Powdered saffron should be red-orange rather than yellowish in colour.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, A.</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IHcZ21dyjwC"><i>Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices</i></a> (1st ed.), University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23674-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes%3A+The+Story+of+Spices&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23674-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IHcZ21dyjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg1974" class="citation cs2">Grigg, D. B. (1974), <i>The Agricultural Systems of the World</i> (1st ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09843-4"><bdi>978-0-521-09843-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agricultural+Systems+of+the+World&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09843-4&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2004" class="citation cs2">Hill, T. (2004), <i>The Contemporary Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices: Seasonings for the Global Kitchen</i> (1st ed.), Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-21423-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-21423-6"><bdi>978-0-471-21423-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+Encyclopedia+of+Herbs+and+Spices%3A+Seasonings+for+the+Global+Kitchen&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-21423-6&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafi_et_al.2006" class="citation cs2">Kafi, M.; Koocheki, A.; Rashed, M. H.; Nassiri, M. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kO8prjfiiCEC"><i>Saffron (</i>Crocus sativus<i>) Production and Processing</i></a> (1st ed.), Science Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-427-2"><bdi>978-1-57808-427-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saffron+%28Crocus+sativus%29+Production+and+Processing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-427-2&rft.aulast=Kafi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Koocheki%2C+A.&rft.au=Rashed%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Nassiri%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkO8prjfiiCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keay, John (2005): <i>The Spice Route: A History</i>. John Murray, U.K. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7195%2B6805%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/0+7195+6805+6">0 7195 6805 6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1892" class="citation cs2">Major, J. (1892), "A History of Greater Britain as well England as Scotland", <i>Publications of the Scottish History Society</i>, vol. 10, University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Scottish+History+Society&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Greater+Britain+as+well+England+as+Scotland&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">McGee, H.</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C"><i>On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</i></a>, Scribner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking%3A+The+Science+and+Lore+of+the+Kitchen&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiX05JaZXRz0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegbi1999" class="citation cs2">Negbi, M., ed. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-QJaUp31T4C"><i>Saffron: </i>Crocus sativus<i>L.</i></a>, CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5702-394-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5702-394-1"><bdi>978-90-5702-394-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saffron%3A+Crocus+sativusL.&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-5702-394-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-QJaUp31T4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2006" class="citation cs2">Raghavan, S. (2006), "Saffron", <i>Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings</i> (2 ed.), <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2842-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-2842-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saffron&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Spices%2C+Seasonings%2C+and+Flavorings&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRau1969" class="citation cs2">Rau, S. R. (1969), <i>The Cooking of India</i>, Foods of the World, <a href="/wiki/Time-Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life">Time-Life</a> Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-0069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-0069-0"><bdi>978-0-8094-0069-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cooking+of+India&rft.series=Foods+of+the+World&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-0069-0&rft.aulast=Rau&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard2002" class="citation cs2">Willard, P. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC"><i>Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice</i></a>, Beacon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5009-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-5009-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Saffron%3A+The+Vagabond+Life+of+the+World%27s+Most+Seductive+Spice&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWsUaFT7l3QsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Journal articles</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullaev2002" class="citation cs2">Abdullaev, F. I. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/227/1/20">"Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.)"</a>, <i>Experimental Biology and Medicine</i>, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 20–5, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F153537020222700104">10.1177/153537020222700104</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11788779">11788779</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40798771">40798771</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203181241/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/227/1/20">archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Cancer+Chemopreventive+and+Tumoricidal+Properties+of+Saffron+%28Crocus+sativus+L.%29&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-5&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40798771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11788779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F153537020222700104&rft.aulast=Abdullaev&rft.aufirst=F.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebmonline.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F227%2F1%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssimopoulouPapageorgiouSinakos2005" class="citation cs2">Assimopoulou, A. N.; Papageorgiou, V. P.; Sinakos, Z. (2005), "Radical Scavenging Activity of <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. Extract and Its Bioactive Constituents", <i>Phytotherapy Research</i>, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 997–1000, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fptr.1749">10.1002/ptr.1749</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16317646">16317646</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23907085">23907085</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotherapy+Research&rft.atitle=Radical+Scavenging+Activity+of+Crocus+sativus+L.+Extract+and+Its+Bioactive+Constituents&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=997-1000&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23907085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16317646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fptr.1749&rft.aulast=Assimopoulou&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rft.au=Papageorgiou%2C+V.+P.&rft.au=Sinakos%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoskabadyGhasemzadeh_RahbardarNematiEsmaeilzadeh2010" class="citation cs2">Boskabady, M. H.; Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M.; Nemati, H.; Esmaeilzadeh, M. (2010), "Inhibitory Effect of <i>Crocus sativus</i> (Saffron) on Histamine (H1) Receptors of Guinea Pig Tracheal Chains", <i>Die Pharmazie</i>, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 300–5, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20432629">20432629</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Pharmazie&rft.atitle=Inhibitory+Effect+of+Crocus+sativus+%28Saffron%29+on+Histamine+%28H1%29+Receptors+of+Guinea+Pig+Tracheal+Chains&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=300-5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20432629&rft.aulast=Boskabady&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft.au=Ghasemzadeh+Rahbardar%2C+M.&rft.au=Nemati%2C+H.&rft.au=Esmaeilzadeh%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangKuoLiangWang1964" class="citation cs2">Chang, P. 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(2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815024028/https://ulbiran.com/Saffron.html">"About saffron trade"</a>, <i>ULBIRAN</i> (published 15 November 2015), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulbiran.com/Saffron.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ULBIRAN&rft.atitle=About+saffron+trade&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tom&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulbiran.com%2FSaffron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaffron+trade" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&oldid=1252574489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saffron_trade&oldid=1252574489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_by_commodity" title="Category:Trade by commodity">Trade by commodity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saffron" title="Category:Saffron">Saffron</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2024">Articles with dead external links from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 23:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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