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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population and present settlement area subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_and_present_settlement_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_and_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_and_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Turkey and the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnonym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnonym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethnonym</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnonym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_Russian_state,_Ottoman_Empire,_and_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_Russian_state,_Ottoman_Empire,_and_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Expansion of the Russian state, Ottoman Empire, and Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_Russian_state,_Ottoman_Empire,_and_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_Peter_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_Peter_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Resistance to Peter I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_Peter_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Caucasian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonization_by_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_by_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Colonization by Russia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonization_by_Russia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonization by Russia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonization_by_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_Shamkhalate_and_the_Kumyk_Okrug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_Shamkhalate_and_the_Kumyk_Okrug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dissolution of Shamkhalate and the Kumyk Okrug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_Shamkhalate_and_the_Kumyk_Okrug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916_revolt,_Russian_Revolution,_Soviet_and_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916_revolt,_Russian_Revolution,_Soviet_and_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1916 revolt, Russian Revolution, Soviet and modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916_revolt,_Russian_Revolution,_Soviet_and_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnocide_by_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnocide_by_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ethnocide by Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnocide_by_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnocide by Soviet Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnocide_by_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Deportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasoning_for_ethnocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasoning_for_ethnocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Reasoning for ethnocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasoning_for_ethnocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Russian_and_European_classical_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Russian_and_European_classical_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In Russian and European classical literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Russian_and_European_classical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumyks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Къумукъухэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къумукъухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Къумукъухэр – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Къумукъухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82" title="قوموق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوموق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumicos" title="Cumicos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cumicos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЛъарагӀал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЛъарагӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumuqlar" title="Qumuqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qumuqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قوموقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوموقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡумыҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡумыҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Кумыкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кумыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Кумыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кумыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кумики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кумики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kumyks" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кумăксем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кумăксем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyker" title="Kumyker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kumyker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyken" title="Kumyken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kumyken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C3%B5kid" title="Kumõkid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kumõkid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumucos" title="Cumucos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cumucos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumikoj" title="Kumikoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kumikoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumik" title="Kumik – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kumik" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="قموق‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قموق‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koumyks" title="Koumyks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koumyks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuklar" title="Kumuklar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kumuklar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%AF%B8%ED%81%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="쿠미크인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠미크인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կումիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կումիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumici" title="Kumici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kumici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Kumyk" title="Suku Kumyk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Kumyk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Хъуымыхъхъаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъуымыхъхъаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumucchi" title="Cumucchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cumucchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קומיקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומיקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Къумукълула – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къумукълула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყუმუხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყუმუხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құмықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құмықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumik%C3%AE" title="Kumikî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kumikî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кумуктар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кумуктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Къумукь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къумукь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumiki" title="Kumiki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kumiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Къумукьар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къумукьар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumykai" title="Kumykai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kumykai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumikok" title="Kumikok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kumikok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кумици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кумици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koemukken" title="Koemukken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koemukken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="クムク人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クムク人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ГӀумкий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀумкий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumykar" title="Kumykar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kumykar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBmiqlar" title="Qoʻmiqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻmiqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumycy" title="Kumycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kumycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumiques" title="Cumiques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cumiques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кумыки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кумыки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кумыктар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кумыктар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyk_people" title="Kumyk people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kumyk people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyki" title="Kumyki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kumyki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кумици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кумици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumici" title="Kumici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kumici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumykit" title="Kumykit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kumykit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyker" title="Kumyker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kumyker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Комыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Комыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuklar" title="Kumuklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kumuklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кумики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кумики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82" title="قموق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قموق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%97%EF%AF%98%EF%BB%A3%EF%AF%A9%EF%BB%96" title="ﻗﯘﻣﯩﻖ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ﻗﯘﻣﯩﻖ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Kumyk" title="Người Kumyk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Kumyk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="库梅克人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库梅克人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="庫梅克人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庫梅克人" data-language-autonym="中文" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kumyks&params=42.3873_N_47.9867_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°23′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°59′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.3873°N 47.9867°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.3873; 47.9867</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kumik" redirects here. For the village in India, see <a href="/wiki/Kumik,_Zanskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumik, Zanskar">Kumik, Zanskar</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kumyks</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>: <span lang="kum">къумукълар, qumuqlar</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg/235px-Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg/353px-Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg/470px-Kumyk_architect_Abdul-Wahab_son_of_Mustafa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Abdul-Wahab son of Mustafa — a prominent Kumyk architect of the 19th century pictured wearing a traditional <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">papakha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokha</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">503,060 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,700<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">718<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">481<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">360<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33<sup id="cite_ref-Национальности_Латвии_2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Национальности_Латвии_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a><sup id="cite_ref-kumukia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumukia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kumyks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>: <span lang="kum">Къумукълар</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Kumyk-language romanization"><i lang="kum-Latn">Qumuqlar</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кумыки</span>) are a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">North Ossetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the largest Turkic people in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>. </p><p>They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek River</a>. They speak the <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk language</a>, which until the 1930s had been the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a>. </p><p>Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called <a href="/wiki/Kumykia" title="Kumykia">Kumykia</a><sup id="cite_ref-:23_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>: <span lang="kum">Къумукъ, Qumuq</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent <a href="/wiki/Shamkhalate_of_Tarki" title="Shamkhalate of Tarki">Tarki Shamkhalate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_present_settlement_area">Population and present settlement area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Population and present settlement area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumyks are the second largest <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>-speaking ethnic group after <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">the Causasus</a>, the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan. </p><p>According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Dagestan">Republic of Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Ossetia">Republic of North-Ossetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen republic">Chechen Republic</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable standard"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Russian'a territorial subject (krai, oblast, republic etc.) </th> <th colspan="3">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2002</div> </th> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2010<sup id="cite_ref-ЭтноЯз.2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ЭтноЯз.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2021</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> </td> <td>365,804<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>431,736 </td> <td>496,455 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a> </td> <td>12,659<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16,092 </td> <td>18,054 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug</a> </td> <td>9,554<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>13,849 </td> <td>13,669 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> </td> <td>8,883<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12,221 </td> <td>12,184 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol krai</a> </td> <td>5,744<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5,639 </td> <td>5,213 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>2,613<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,466 </td> <td>4,838 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow oblast</a> </td> <td>818<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,622 </td> <td>1,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td> <td>1,615<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,351 </td> <td>1,576 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> </td> <td>895<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,018 </td> <td>1,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan oblast</a> </td> <td>1,356<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,558 </td> <td>1,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov oblast</a> </td> <td>1,341<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,511 </td> <td>1,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>the table contains regions with the population exceeding 1000 people only.</small> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey_and_the_Middle_East">Turkey and the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turkey and the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png/220px-Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png/330px-Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png/440px-Kumyk-lands-Caucasus.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption>Kumyk population in its native areas of the Northern Caucasus</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, during and following the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>, numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made <i>hijra</i>) to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region. </p><p>In the 1910s–1920s, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among the <i><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">muhajirs</a></i> (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian village of <a href="/wiki/Deir_Ful" title="Deir Ful">Dar-Ful</a> was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive the name "Kumyk" from a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> ethnonym <i><a href="/wiki/Kimek_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek tribe">Kimak</a></i>, or from another name for <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Агеева_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Агеева-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Услар_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Услар-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dagestan, Chechnya and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only.<sup id="cite_ref-Услар_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Услар-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from the 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circassian<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Caucasus Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A view close to that is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> in the 8th century and stayed afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Kaghanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Kaghanate">Khazar Kaghanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S. Tokarev wrote that:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, <a href="/wiki/Japhetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japhetic">Japhetic</a>. There is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to the latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan.</p></blockquote> <p>A modern interpretation was proposed that "<i>from the Turkified <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, Kumyks also emerged"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of the early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks.</p></blockquote> <p>Another prominent Russian <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a>, V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by the later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes.</p></blockquote> <p>The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople<sup id="cite_ref-:022_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pre-Cuman Turks,<sup id="cite_ref-:222_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who populated the Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/200px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/300px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/400px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%91_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Rifle of the Kumyk Shamhal of Tarki, 19th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York</figcaption></figure> <p>Kumyks historically were related to the states of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Caucasian Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman-Kipchaks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:222_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Kaghanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Kaghanate">Khazar Kaganate</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> era. </p><p>Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and the Ottomans,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headed by a leader called the <a href="/wiki/Shamkhal_(title)" title="Shamkhal (title)">Shamkhal</a> (originally <i>Shawkhal,</i> in Russian sources <i>Shevkal</i>). The Kumyk polity known as the <a href="/wiki/Shamkhalate_of_Tarki" title="Shamkhalate of Tarki">Shamkhalate of Tarki</a> was mentioned as early as the 14th century by <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a> historians.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utamish Sultanate,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumen Possession,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braguny Principality,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mekhtuly Khanate,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaytag Uzminate<sup id="cite_ref-narod_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narod-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-narod_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narod-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_the_Russian_state,_Ottoman_Empire,_and_Persia"><span id="Expansion_of_the_Russian_state.2C_Ottoman_Empire.2C_and_Persia"></span>Expansion of the Russian state, Ottoman Empire, and Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion of the Russian state, Ottoman Empire, and Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain. </p><p>Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the late 16th century, and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)">1578–1590 Ottoman-Persian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1560s marked the start of the numerous campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a>. Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen Khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but was conquered by Russia in 1588. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Tarki" title="Tarki">Tarki</a>) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to the protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and <a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede. </p><p>In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as the <a href="/wiki/Schevkal_campaign" title="Schevkal campaign">Schevkal campaign</a>. This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Nikolay Karamzin</a>, stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1649 and 1650, <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogai</a> leader Choban-murza sought the protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at the <a href="/wiki/Sunzha_(river)" title="Sunzha (river)">Sunzha River</a>. Shah <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II</a> intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resistance_to_Peter_I">Resistance to Peter I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resistance to Peter I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg/292px-Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg/438px-Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg/584px-Roubaud-Peter-in-Tarki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Roubaud, Peter I in Tarki, the Capital of Tarki Shamkhalate</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Persian campaign of the 1722–1723</a>. The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science [Art], no other nation could take arms against them.</p></blockquote> <p>The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took a pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate could not unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Solovyov_(historian)" title="Sergey Solovyov (historian)">Sergey Solovyov</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey [Shamkhal] left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got a refusal.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasian_War">Caucasian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Caucasian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a></div> <p>Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adyghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abaza</a> ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that the most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the Kumyks.</p></blockquote><p>Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur" title="Sheikh Mansur">Sheikh Mansur's</a> insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Kizlyar" title="Kizlyar">Kizlyar</a>. In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at the beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">the Treaty of Gulistan</a>), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year the people of <a href="/wiki/Endirey" title="Endirey">Endirey</a> joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also <i>Kumyk plains</i>): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia),<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a>, but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of the major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-ВОЙНА_НА_ВОСТОЧНОМ_КАВКАЗЕ_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВОЙНА_НА_ВОСТОЧНОМ_КАВКАЗЕ-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at the last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives:<sup id="cite_ref-ВОЙНА_НА_ВОСТОЧНОМ_КАВКАЗЕ_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВОЙНА_НА_ВОСТОЧНОМ_КАВКАЗЕ-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with a strange trick: destroying their auls [settlements] in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of it. Prince [Knyaz] Bekovich [Russian officer] at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains...</p></blockquote> <p>During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between a rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get between two fires as Kumyks did.</p></blockquote><p>Kumyks during the War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil</a> was of Kumyk descent,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Muhammad" title="Ghazi Muhammad">Gazi-Muhammad</a> Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of the Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Kumyks :<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">J1</a> (36%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> (19%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> (13%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2</a> (11%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> (5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">C2</a> (4%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonization_by_Russia">Colonization by Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Colonization by Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. </p><p>Back in 1811, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tormasov" title="Alexander Tormasov">Tormasov</a> is known to order <i>"to incline the Chechens to retire from the mountains to the plane."</i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another governor of the Caucasus, Vorontsov, pursued the same policy of "colonizing" the possessions of the Kumyks, also by Chechens, arguing that <i>"the Kumyks have no right to those lands."</i><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumyk possessions also included such areas as Kachkalyk and Aukh, gradually settled by Chechens, and the region of Salatavia.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1870s, the entire southern part of the Khasavyurt district, from Gerzel-aul to Endirey, was populated by Chechens, sometimes by force, by the decree of Russia. From 1870 to 1877, the number of Chechens in the region increased from 5,912 Aukh to 14,000 Chechens and continued to rise to 18,128 in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possessions of the Kumyks in the Terek-Sunzha interfluve were lost, some of them along with the Kumyk population are now part of Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1850s, the Kumyk princes of the Kumyk district of the Terek region voluntarily gave up half of their lands in favor of the Kumyk people, however, documents confirming the relevant rights were issued only to the princes and uzdens, and the rights of the rest of the population were not documented. Local authorities, using various pretexts, moved newcomers to Kumyk lands. This policy of neglecting the right of the Kumyk population was recorded as continuing in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_Shamkhalate_and_the_Kumyk_Okrug">Dissolution of Shamkhalate and the Kumyk Okrug</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dissolution of Shamkhalate and the Kumyk Okrug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png/200px-Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png/300px-Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png/400px-Shamkhal_Shamsuddin-khan_Tarkovskiy.png 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Last Shamkhal Shamsuddin khan of Tarki</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Caucasian War ended on 30 December 1869, the Kumyk district of the <a href="/wiki/Terek_Oblast" title="Terek Oblast">Terek oblast</a> (Northern Kumykia) was dissolved and renamed as <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurtovsky_District" title="Khasavyurtovsky District">Khasavyurt okrug</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a>, issued at the turn of the 19 - 20th centuries, there were 32,087 thousand Kumyks in Dagestan (which at that time did not comprised the Northern Kumykia<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). According to an 1891 survey, 108,800 Kumyks lived in the <a href="/wiki/Dagestan_Oblast" title="Dagestan Oblast">Dagestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terek_Oblast" title="Terek Oblast">Terek Oblasts</a> of the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat earlier, in 1867 the Tarki Shamkhalate was abolished by the Russian authorities, which might be considered as the end of the Kumyk statehood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1916_revolt,_Russian_Revolution,_Soviet_and_modern_times"><span id="1916_revolt.2C_Russian_Revolution.2C_Soviet_and_modern_times"></span>1916 revolt, Russian Revolution, Soviet and modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1916 revolt, Russian Revolution, Soviet and modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haidar_Bammat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haidar_Bammat.jpg/200px-Haidar_Bammat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Haidar_Bammat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Haidar Bammate, one of the founders of the North Caucasian Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-July 1916 (late July 1916 <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style"><abbr title="New Style">N.S.</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip New Style</span>), Kumyk rebels rose up against Russian authorities in <a href="/wiki/Aksay,_Republic_of_Dagestan" title="Aksay, Republic of Dagestan">Aksay</a>. The cause of the uprising laid in the Kumyk's unwillingness to be conscripted into the Russian Imperial Army. The uprising ended on 24 July (6 August <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style"><abbr title="New Style">N.S.</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip New Style</span>), when the draft was cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the establishment of the Soviet Union, Kumyk political elite were an active part in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haydar Bammate was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and one of the ideologists of the state, Prince Rashitkhan Kaplan was the Minister of Internal Affairs, one of the major military leaders was prince Nuh-bek Tarkovskiy, and Zubair Temirhanov was the speaker of the Alliance Council ("Mejlis" - Senate) of the Republic. </p><p>In 1926 the Soviet Population Census stated that there were 94 549 Kumyks in the Russian Empire, indicating demographic crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the 1891 data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1795, the Russian Empire's estimates give a number of 100 thousand people in the lands of Shamkhal (including other than Kumyks). </p><p>In 1833, rough estimations showed around 88 thousand Kumyks within the areas of influence of the Russian Empire. In 1866, after the end of the Caucasian War, some estimations showed around 78 thousand. In 1886, 1891 and 1897 accordingly — 88, 108, 83 thousand, in 1916 — 98 thousand. </p><p>The Soviet census of 1926 showed 88 thousand. Thus, there are no indications of any growth almost in a century, due to wars, emigration from Russian-conquered territories and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the continuous resettlement policies by the Russian Empire, then the Soviet government, and continuing today in the modern Republic of Dagestan of the Russian Federation, during the 19th through 21st century the native territories of Kumyks have been dramatically reduced; Kumyks became a minority in their own lands.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnocide_by_Soviet_Union">Ethnocide by Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnocide by Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation">Deportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the decree of Stalin's government, on the 12 of April 1944 the Kumyk population of historical Kumyk capital Tarki and adjacent villages were entirely deported to the Central Asian SSRs (Chechens, Karachays, Balkars and Crimean Tatars also were deported). The reason was stated as "freeing the area for the agricultural needs" of mountain peoples being resettled in the region. The deportation, despite the historical record in Russian law, is still not acknowledged by the Russian government. As a result of this event, the local population lost for years their ancient capital of Tarki, which led to the permanent destruction of most of the Kumyk cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasoning_for_ethnocide">Reasoning for ethnocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reasoning for ethnocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As UNPO describes the membership of Kumyks as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Under Soviet occupation, a policy of ethnocide was implemented and leaders of the Kumyk movements were repressed, persecuted and killed. The introduction of mono-culture agriculture, the exploitation of the soil and deforestation led to an economic and ecological crisis in the area. In addition, the Kumyk people were unable to preserve their culture, as, for example, they were denied the right to write their language in the traditional Arabic script or teach their language in schools.<br /> During their UNPO membership, the Kumyk people advocated for an administrative reform in the Republic of Dagestan and seek self-determination in the form of national autonomy. They also strived to preserve their traditional way of life, culture and customs.</p></blockquote><p> In 1925, Russian scholar <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolay Trubetskoy</a> expressed opinions, which may explain the given policy of Russia with regard to Kumyks:<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Kumyk is the "international" language of almost the entire North Caucasus (from the Caspian Sea to Kabarda inclusive), Azerbaijani dominates in most of the Transcaucasia (except the Black Sea coast) and, in addition, in Turkish Armenia, Kurdistan and Northern Persia. Both of these languages are Turkic. It must be held in mind that with the intensification of economic life, the use of "international" languages acquires such importance that it displaces native languages: many auls of the southern districts of Dagestan have already become completely "Azerbaijanified". It is hardly in Russia's interests to allow such a Turkification of Dagestan. After all, if the whole of Dagestan becomes Turkic, then there will be a continuous mass of Turks from Kazan to Anatolia and Northern Persia, which will create the most favorable conditions for the development of Pan-Turan ideas with a separatist, <a href="/wiki/Russophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobic">Russophobic</a> bias. Dagestan should be used as a natural barrier to the Turkification of this part of Eurasia.</p></blockquote><p>Communist leader of Dagestan, who conducted the deportation of Kumyks, reasoned non-ethnical administrative bordering of Dagestan in this way:<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"Firstly, it [meaning splitting Dagestan by non-ethnic principle] was necessary to do this for economic reasons. If it were decided to grant national autonomy to at least the main peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans), then the main wealth of Dagestan (arable land, pastures) would go to the Kumyks, because they were located on their territory... Secondly, political and ethnic considerations were taken into account. So, the Avars in the entire history of their existence did not have a unified state entity..."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk language</a></div> <p>Kumyks speak the Kumyk language, which is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak-Cuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak-Cuman">Kipchak-Cuman</a> subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> family of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. It is a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a> languages and in addition contains words from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulghar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Nikolay Baskakov</a>, based on a famous 12th century scripture named <a href="/wiki/Codex_Cumanicus" title="Codex Cumanicus">Codex Cimanicus</a>, included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk Kipchaks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Cuman-Kipchak</a> languages. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Samoylovich" title="Alexander Samoylovich">Alexander Samoylovich</a> also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumyk had been <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">a lingua-franca</a> of a great part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to <a href="/wiki/Kabarda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabarda">Kabarda</a>, until the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, a professor of the "Caucasian Tatars" (Kumyks) Timofey Makarov published a grammar of Kumyk, the first ever grammar written in Russian for a language spoken in the North Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.</p></blockquote> <p>Kumyk was an official language of communication between the Northeastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are <a href="/wiki/Kaytagsky_District" title="Kaytagsky District">Kaitag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek</a> (Güçük-yurt and Braguny), <a href="/wiki/Buynaksky_District" title="Buynaksky District">Buynaksk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temir-Khan-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Temir-Khan-Shura">Temir-Khan-Shura</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurtovsky_District" title="Khasavyurtovsky District">Xasavyurt</a>. The latter two became basis for the literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumyk is the oldest script literary language of Dagestan. During the 20th century, the writing system of the language was changed twice: during Soviet times in 1929 traditional <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">ajam</a>) was substituted by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, and then in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. </p><p>The closest languages to Kumyk are the <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachai-Balkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 90% of Kumyks in Russia, according to the 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sham">Sham</a>) speak Turkish and Arabic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Russian_and_European_classical_literature">In Russian and European classical literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Russian and European classical literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German poet <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a>, travelling together with the <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein embassy</a> through Kumyk lands in 1633 and 1636, had dedicated to Kumykia and its towns a few verses.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kumyk language was a subject of studies for Russian classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of whom served with the Imperial Russian Army in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Raid_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Raid (novel)">The Raid</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cossacks_(novel)" title="The Cossacks (novel)">Cossacks</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Murat (novel)">Hadji Murat</a></i>, and Lermontov's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hero_of_Our_Time" title="A Hero of Our Time">A Hero of Our Time</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolstoy described Kumyk village of Khamamatyurt in his <i>Hunting in the Caucasus</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bestuzhev" title="Alexander Bestuzhev">Alexander Bestuzhev</a> also featured the Kumyk language and Kumykia in his works "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek", and described in some details Russian military raids on Kumyk settlements in his <i>Letters from Dagestan</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> also described some areas of Kumykia and the time when he was a guest of a Kumyk prince Ali Qazanalp.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Kumyk_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Kumyk Wars">Russian-Kumyk Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kumyk_people" title="List of Kumyk people">List of Kumyk people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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href="https://minorityrights.org/communities/kumyks/">https://minorityrights.org/communities/kumyks/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516052704/http://kumukia.ru/?id=1928">"Кумыкский мир | Так какова же все-таки численность кумыков в Турции?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kumukia.ru/?id=1928">the original</a> on 2020-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkumukia.ru%2F%3Fid%3D1928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/countries/UZ">"Uzbekistan | Joshua Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+%26%23124%3B+Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fcountries%2FUZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=50&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=3">State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census</a> (Ukrainian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/default.aspx">Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. 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НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ПО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ И РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. belstat.gov.by. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%9F%D0%9E+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%A3+%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%A3&rft.pub=belstat.gov.by&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelstat.gov.by%2Fhomep%2Fru%2Fperepic%2F2009%2Fvihod_tables%2F5.8-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Национальности_Латвии_2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Национальности_Латвии_2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD_2020.pdf">Распределение населения Латвии по национальному составу и государственной принадлежности на 01.01.2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302224709/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD_2020.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Latvian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[К.Т. Лайпанов "Этногенетические взаимосвязи карачаево-балкарцев с другими народами", 2000] [Из истории отношений кумыков с карачаевцами, балкарцами и ногайцами в XVI-XX вв. Юсуп Идрисов]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumukia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kumukia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kumukia.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&pa=showpage&pid=9009">"Кумыкские общины за рубежом: история и современность"</a>. <i>kumukia.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207031941/http://kumukia.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&pa=showpage&pid=9009">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kumukia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkumukia.ru%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DPages%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D9009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Руслан Хадимуллин: Кумыки — один из народов Дагестана 5-09-2016, 06:08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕМОГРАФИЯ ДАГЕСТАНА: КУМЫКИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ XXI В. М.-Р.А. Ибрагимов, А.М. Макгашарипова, Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала Региональный центр этнополитических исследований ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Валерий Александрович Тишков, Вадим Александрович Александров -Народы России: энциклопедия Науч. изд-во Большая российская энциклопедия, 1994 — С.214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А. Л. Нарочницкий. И90 История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XVIII в. — 1917 г.). — М.: Наука, 1988, стр. 605</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В XVII–XVIII веках, АБДУСАЛАМОВ Магомед-Паша Балашович, стр. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ярцева В. Н. и др. (ред.) Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Том 2. К-Р, стр. 182—183 Цитата: «До 1917 г. слово къумукъ обозначало и территорию, где живут кумыки — Кумыкия.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Etnograficheskoe_Obozrenie" title="Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie">Советская Этнография</a>, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Пилипчук Я.В. КИН, Взаимоотношения Крымского Ханства с Тюрко-Татаркскими Государствами Северного Кавказа, Астраханским ханством и Ираном. Известия Национального Центра Археографии и Источниковедения, Астана, 2017 Цитаты: 1. "освещены взаимоотношения Крымского ханства с ногайцами, Астраханским ханством, Кумыкским шамхальством" 2. Однако куда большим было влияние Кумыкского шамхальства 3. Он женился на дочери кумыкского шамхала. 4. Крымский хан Гази-Гирей в 1591 г. местью русским за тюменского князя и 66 кумыкского шамхала мотивировал свой поход на Москву</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Гусейнов Гарун-Рашид Абдул-Кадырович Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в., Институт Истории АН РТ, Казань, 2012 Цитата: И в дальнейшем, о более северных затеречных, включавших и Тюменское княжество, ареальных пределах Кумыкского государства – шамхальства свидетельствуют сведения А.Олеария (1635-1639 гг.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Документ из Российского государственного архива древних актов (фонд № 121 «Кумыцкие и тарковские дела»). Документы представляют из себя журнал, фиксирующий даты прибытия шамхальского посольства в Кремль</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_cPAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0">Современные проблемы и перспективы развития исламоведения, востоковедения и тюркологии</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8oTAQAAMAAJ&q=%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE">Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования</a> — Российская академия наук, Дагестанский науч. центр, Ин-т истории, археологии и этнографии, 1998 - Всего страниц: 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В ТРУДАХ РУССКИХ И ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ АВТОРОВ XVIII–XIX ВВ, Абдусаламов М.-П. Б., 2012, Известия Алтайского государственного университета Цитата: ...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В ТРУДАХ РУССКИХ И ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ АВТОРОВ XVIII–XIX ВВ, Абдусаламов М.-П. Б., 2012, Известия Алтайского государственного университета Цитата: ...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского... <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://izvestia.asu.ru/2012/4-1/hist/TheNewsOfASU-2012-4-1-hist-01.pdf">http://izvestia.asu.ru/2012/4-1/hist/TheNewsOfASU-2012-4-1-hist-01.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Из истории русско-кавказскои воины: документы и материалы, А. М Ельмесов, Кабардино-Балкарское отд-ние Всероссииского фонда культуры, 1991, 261 pages, стр. 60 Цитата: ...и Крымскому, и к Шевкальскому (<b>Кумыкское шамхальство</b> — Э. А.)...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls">Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls">Archived</a> 2012-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ЭтноЯз.2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ЭтноЯз.2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html">"Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=62">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=10">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=18">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=41">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=40">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=42">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_02.php%3Freg%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ömer Karata Mehmed Said Arbatl</i> KUMUK TÜRKLERİNİN KAFKASYA'DAN ANADOLU'YA GÖÇÜ (The Resettlement of Kumyk from the Caucasus to Anatolia), 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">among them Dagestanian figure Aselderkhan Kazanalip (1855-1928) and his wife princess Jahbat Tarkovskaya, along with other nobility — Eldar Utsumi khan, Asadullah Utsumi and Akhmat-khan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİrfan_Nallar2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">İrfan Nallar (2003), <i>Türkiyedeki Kumuklar Damarlarını Arıyorlar</i> (in Turkish) (исследовательская статья, Стамбул ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiyedeki+Kumuklar+Damarlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1+Ar%C4%B1yorlar&rft.edition=%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%2C+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB&rft.date=2003&rft.au=%C4%B0rfan+Nallar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКусов2011" class="citation news cs1">Кусов, Олег (24 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svoboda.org/a/24196730.html">"Мухаджиры (Muhajirs)"</a>. <i>Радио Свобода</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B+%28Muhajirs%29&rft.date=2011-05-24&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svoboda.org%2Fa%2F24196730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Utamish" title="Utamish">Utamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashlykent" title="Bashlykent">Bashlykent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karabudakhkentsky_District" title="Karabudakhkentsky District">Karabudaghkent</a>, they were later joined by Kumyks from the Northern Kumykia and many other Dagestanians</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801184930/http://kavpolit.com/articles/severokavkazskaja_diaspora_sirii_nadeetsja_na_ross-20519/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Северокавказская диаспора Сирии надеется на Россию" (North Caucasus Diaspora hopes for help from Russia)"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kavpolit.com/articles/severokavkazskaja_diaspora_sirii_nadeetsja_na_ross-20519/">the original</a> on 2017-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E%22+%28North+Caucasus+Diaspora+hopes+for+help+from+Russia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkavpolit.com%2Farticles%2Fseverokavkazskaja_diaspora_sirii_nadeetsja_na_ross-20519%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bursa province — Koşuboğazı, Mustafakemalpaşa (assimilated but keeping family history); Orhangazi province — Yeniköy (along with avars and dargins); Sivaş province — Yıldızeli (Yavuzköy), Yağlıdere, Yıldızeli (Yağköy), Süleymaniye, Hafik (along with Turkish and avars); Tokat province — Doğançaylı (along with karachays), Yavu, Çermik, Artova (along with dargins and avars), Çirdağ (along with dargins and avars), Gültepe, Erbaa (along with dargins and avars), Yeniderbent, Zile (along with lezgins), Turhal (along with karachays, Culture Centre is present); Çanakkale province — Akköprü, Biga (Culture Centre is present), Aziziye, Doğancı, Geyikkırı, Kalafat, Biga (Bozna). Many Kumyk districts and villages, for instance in the town of Samsun, de-kumykised due to assimilation into Turkish culture and resettling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nartajans.net/site/haberler_2890_dagistan_kokenlilerin_turkiye_de_yasadiklari_sehirler_ve_yerlesim_ye.html">"Nartajans DAĞISTAN KÖKENLİLERİN TÜRKİYE'DE YAŞADIKLARI ŞEHİRLER VE YERLEŞİM YE"</a>. <i>www.nartajans.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nartajans.net&rft.atitle=Nartajans+DA%C4%9EISTAN+K%C3%96KENL%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N+T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YE%27DE+YA%C5%9EADIKLARI+%C5%9EEH%C4%B0RLER+VE+YERLE%C5%9E%C4%B0M+YE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nartajans.net%2Fsite%2Fhaberler_2890_dagistan_kokenlilerin_turkiye_de_yasadiklari_sehirler_ve_yerlesim_ye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Агеева-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Агеева_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАгеева,_Р._А.2000" class="citation book cs1">Агеева, Р. А. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kakogomyroduplem0000agee/page/190"><i>Какого мы роду-племени? Народы России: имена и судьбы. Словарь-справочник</i></a>. Academia. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kakogomyroduplem0000agee/page/190">190–191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87444-033-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-87444-033-X"><bdi>5-87444-033-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%3F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B.+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C-%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.pages=190-191&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-87444-033-X&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%A0.+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkakogomyroduplem0000agee%2Fpage%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Услар-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Услар_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Услар_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Услар П. К. Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. 4. Лакский язык. Тифлис, 1890, с. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГ.С._Фёдоров-Гусейнов1996" class="citation book cs1">Г.С. Фёдоров-Гусейнов (1996). <i>История происхождения кумыков</i>. Махачкала: Дагестанское книжное издательство"Кумык"-по тюркски(кипчакски) "изгнанный". pp. 138–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%22%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%22-%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%28%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%29+%22%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%22.&rft.date=1996&rft.au=%D0%93.%D0%A1.+%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFОлеарий" class="citation web cs1">Олеарий, Адам. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus7/Olearij/text14.phtml">"ОПИСАНИЕ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЯ ГОЛШТИНСКОГО ПОСОЛЬСТВА В МОСКОВИЮ И ПЕРСИЮ"</a>. www.vostlit.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%A8%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%90+%D0%92+%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%98%D0%AE+%D0%98+%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%AE&rft.pub=www.vostlit.info&rft.aulast=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vostlit.info%2FTexts%2Frus7%2FOlearij%2Ftext14.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа. – М.: Наука, 1966. Ч.I. – 300с., стр. 202, приведены источники Хосров-хана Шемаханский</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Т. Н. Макаров, Татарская грамматика кавказского наречия, 1848, Тифлис</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Смирнов К. Ф. Археологические исследованияв Дагестане в 1948—1950 гг. // Кратк. сообщ. ИМК XIV, 1952,с. 95-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГ.С._Фёдоров-Гусейнов1996" class="citation book cs1">Г.С. Фёдоров-Гусейнов (1996). <i>История происхождения кумыков</i>. Махачкала: Дагестанское книжное издательство. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=1996&rft.au=%D0%93.%D0%A1.+%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">С. Броневский, Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, В 2 частях, Москва - 1823</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Казиханова (Гусейнова), Асият Абдурагимовна. Этапы расселения тюркоязычных народов на территории Приморского Дагестана в раннесредневековую эпоху : диссертация ... кандидата исторических наук : 07.00.02 Махачкала, 2000 186 c. : 61 01-7/82-5 For instance, in "The Cry of the Heroine" from the story "Petrified Aymesedu," there is a mention of the town of <a href="/wiki/Semender" title="Semender">Semender</a>, the capital of the Khazars. There is also a common saying present in the Kumyk language which refers to the "Khazar treasury": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>«Xazar getdi — xazna getdi Qumuqdan» — «Khazars are gone [defeated] — and so is gone Kumukia's treasury»</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">С. А. Токарев, Этнография народов СССР: исторические основы быта и культуры, Изд-во Московского университета, 1958, 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСакинат_Шихамедовна_Гаджиева.1961" class="citation book cs1">Сакинат Шихамедовна Гаджиева. (1961). <i>Кумыки: историко-этнографическое исследование</i>. Vol. 5. Изд-во Академии наук СССР. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.date=1961&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВасилий_Владимирович_Бартольд.1968" class="citation book cs1">Василий Владимирович Бартольд. 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Ибрагимова ЧЕЧЕНЦЫ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦАРСКОЙ СТАТИСТИКИ (1860—1900) Монография Москва «ПРОБЕЛ-2000» 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Первые русские крепости в междуречье Терека и Сунжи в 16-17 вв., Т. С. Магомадова</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Из стенограммы выступления члена Государственной думы второго созыва от Терской области Т. Э. Эльдорханова З мая 1907 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ЭСБЕ1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Дагестан">Дагестан</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a>: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes)</i> (in Russian). St. Petersburg: F. A. Brockhaus. 1890–1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary%3A+In+86+Volumes+%2882+Volumes+and+4+Additional+Volumes%29&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=F.+A.+Brockhaus&rft.date=1890%2F1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php">"Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи"</a>. «Демоскоп». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916061803/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2005%2F0187%2Fperep04.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonDrieuChokobaeva2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Alexander; Drieu, Cloé; Chokobaeva, Aminat (2019-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XO5DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A collapsing empire in the age of war and revolution</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-2944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-2944-4"><bdi>978-1-5261-2944-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Asian+Revolt+of+1916%3A+A+collapsing+empire+in+the+age+of+war+and+revolution&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-2944-4&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Drieu%2C+Clo%C3%A9&rft.au=Chokobaeva%2C+Aminat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XO5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Хаджи Мурада Доного «Гайдар Баммат» – известный и неизвестный»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_26.php">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР"</a>. «Демоскоп». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522151210/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_26.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1926+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fussr_nac_26.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Дагестан // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — <abbr>СПб.</abbr>, 1890—1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.demoscope.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%3A+%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+1847+%E2%80%94+1854+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C+%D0%93.+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82+-+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9+1851+%D0%B3.&rft.pub=tolstoy.lit-info.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolstoy.lit-info.ru%2Ftolstoy%2Fdnevniki%2F1847-1854%2Fmart-maj-1851.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМугумова,_Анна_Львовна" class="citation cs2">Мугумова, Анна Львовна, <i>К проблеме ориентального лексического влияния на язык русской художественной литературы 20-30-х годов XIX в.: На материале произведений М. Ю. Лермонтова.</i> (диссертация ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+20-30-%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+XIX+%D0%B2.%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9C.+%D0%AE.+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.&rft.edition=%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.au=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Набег%20(Толстой)">s:Набег (Толстой)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Казаки%20(Толстой)/XL">s:Казаки (Толстой)/XL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Герой%20нашего%20времени%20(Лермонтов)/Предисловие">s:Герой нашего времени (Лермонтов)/Предисловие</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas1962" class="citation book cs1">Dumas, Alexandre (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-d9MzQEACAAJ&q=khasavyurt"><i>Adventures in Caucasia</i></a>. Chilton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-72218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-72218-8"><bdi>978-0-598-72218-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+in+Caucasia&rft.pub=Chilton+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-598-72218-8&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-d9MzQEACAAJ%26q%3Dkhasavyurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsibenko2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tsibenko, Veronika (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/kumyks-COM_35726?s.num=5&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Caucasus">"Kumyks"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kumyks&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Tsibenko&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fkumyks-COM_35726%3Fs.num%3D5%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumyks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumyks&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kumukia.ru">Kumyk information portal kumukia.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202050520/http://www.kumukia.ru/">Archived</a> 2022-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://til.im">Kumyk dictionaries, study materials and online library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yoldash.ru">Kumyk newspaper Yoldaş</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Russia" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_larger_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia" title="List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia">Titular<br />nationalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Adyghe</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tubalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubalar">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhovite Chechens</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Cherkess</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleney</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ademey" title="Ademey">Ademey</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_larger_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia#Indigenous_peoples_of_Dagestan" title="List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia">Indigenous peoples of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibals</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Abugach" title="Abugach">Abugach</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Izhma_Komi" title="Izhma Komi">Izhma Komi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meadow-Eastern_Mari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meadow-Eastern Mari (page does not exist)">Meadow-Eastern Mari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Лугово-восточные марийцы">ru</a>]</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Mari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain Mari (page does not exist)">Mountain Mari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Горные марийцы">ru</a>]</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_people" title="Northwestern Mari people">Northwestern Mari</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khandeyar" title="Khandeyar">Khandeyar</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Amur-Ussuri_Cossacks" title="Amur-Ussuri Cossacks">Amur-Ussuri Cossacks</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>)</span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäks</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia" title="List of minor indigenous peoples of Russia">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia#Far_North" title="List of minor indigenous peoples of Russia">Far North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleuts" title="Aleuts">Aleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvans" title="Chuvans">Chuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enets people">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itelmens" title="Itelmens">Itelmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kereks" title="Kereks">Kereks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Kets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyutors" title="Alyutors">Alyutors</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apuka" title="Apuka">Apuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaga_people" title="Karaga people">Karaga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_people" title="Naukan people">Naukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khandeyar" title="Khandeyar">Khandeyar</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugh_people" title="Yugh people">Yughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Yupiks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East#Traditional_ethnic_groups" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evens" title="Evens">Evens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negidals" title="Negidals">Negidals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroch_people" title="Oroch people">Orochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_people" title="Taz people">Taz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_people" title="Ulch people">Ulchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Siberia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamasins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aba_people" title="Aba people">Aba</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chat_Tatars" title="Chat Tatars">Chat Tatars</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eushta_Tatars" title="Eushta Tatars">Eushta Tatars</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmak_Tatars" title="Kalmak Tatars">Kalmak Tatars</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zabolotnie_Tatars" title="Zabolotnie Tatars">Zabolotnie Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dagestan#Ethnic_groups" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhovite Chechens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kubachi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubachi people">Kubachins</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Кубачинцы">ru</a>]</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ak_Nogai" title="Ak Nogai">Ak Nogai</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karagash" title="Karagash">Karagash</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Indigenous_peoples_of_Russia#Other" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Indigenous peoples of Russia">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Karelians" title="Tver Karelians">Tver Karelians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ethnic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Russia" title="Afghans in Russia">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Caucasus" title="Arabs in the Caucasus">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a></li> <li><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa_eestlased" class="extiw" title="et:Venemaa eestlased">Estonians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Finns" title="Murmansk Finns">Murmansk Finns</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finns" title="Siberian Finns">Siberian Finns</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Russia" title="Georgians in Russia">Georgians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_Germans" title="Russia Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="Greeks in Russia and Ukraine">Greeks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hamshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Kazakhs" title="Astrakhan Kazakhs">Astrakhan Kazakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">North Koreans</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Kurds</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="ru:Курмандж (этноним)">Kurmanj</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Russia" title="Latvians in Russia">Latvians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latgalians_(modern)" title="Latgalians (modern)">Latgalians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Russia" title="Lithuanians in Russia">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_diaspora" title="Macedonian diaspora">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans_in_Russia" title="Moldovans in Russia">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli#Lyuli_in_Russia" title="Lyuli">Mugat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Kola Norwegians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Russia" title="Iranians in Russia">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Russia" title="Serbs in Russia">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ural_Swedes" title="Ural Swedes">Ural Swedes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Таджики в России">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Туркмены в России">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Russia" title="Uzbeks in Russia">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Russia" title="Vietnamese people in Russia">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism_in_Russia" title="Yazidism in Russia">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Africans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Afro-Abkhazians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_in_Russia" title="Ainu in Russia">Ainus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Jews" title="Astrakhan Jews">Astrakhan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Crimean Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Korlaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaratay" title="Qaratay">Qaratay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_Eskimos" title="Sirenik Eskimos">Sireniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilated peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrzhan" title="Agrzhan">Agrzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan_people" title="Asan people">Asans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kott_people" title="Kott people">Kotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_people" title="Meshchera people">Meshchera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpokol_people" title="Pumpokol people">Pumpokols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Immigration_to_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Russia" title="Template:Immigration to Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Russia" title="Template talk:Immigration to Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Immigration_to_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration to Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Russia">Albanians</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian" title="Anglo-Russian">English</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Russians" title="Scottish Russians">Scottish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians in Russia">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Russians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish Russians (page does not exist)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonians in Russia">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Russia (page does not exist)">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Greeks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Russia">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Russians" title="Irish Russians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italians in Russia (page does not exist)">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Russia" title="Latvians in Russia">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Russia" title="Lithuanians in Russia">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonians in Russia">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians in Russia">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Russians">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovaks in Russia">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenes in Russia">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaniards_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaniards in Russia (page does not exist)">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Russians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Russians (page does not exist)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_emigration_to_Russia" title="Swiss emigration to Russia">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Russia" title="Afghans in Russia">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabs_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabs in Russia (page does not exist)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangladeshis_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangladeshis in Russia (page does not exist)">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese in Russia (page does not exist)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambodians in Russia (page does not exist)">Cambodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Chinese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Russia" title="Georgians in Russia">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Russia" title="Iranians in Russia">Iranians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhs</a></li> <li>Koreans <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">North Koreans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Russia">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolians in Russia (page does not exist)">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Russia" title="Nepalis in Russia">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Russia">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Russia" title="Uzbeks in Russia">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Russia" title="Vietnamese people in Russia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Black Africans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritreans_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritreans in Russia (page does not exist)">Eritreans</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans in Russia">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_migration_to_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin American migration to Russia (page does not exist)">Latin Americans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubans_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubans in Russia (page does not exist)">Cubans</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Ethnic groups in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">in Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211018#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211018#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211018#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548478905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kumuklar">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kumyks&params=42.3873_N_47.9867_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°23′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°59′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.3873°N 47.9867°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.3873; 47.9867</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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