CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Crimean Tatars - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1e11e8b0-50aa-4155-91a6-85de10bf730f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Crimean_Tatars","wgTitle":"Crimean Tatars","wgCurRevisionId":1259978482,"wgRevisionId":1259978482,"wgArticleId":933649,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2011","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2020","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Crimean Tatars","Ethnic groups in Crimea","Ethnic groups in Bulgaria","Ethnic groups in Romania","Ethnic groups in Russia","Ethnic groups in Turkey","Ethnic groups in Ukraine","Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan","Turkic peoples","Islam in Crimea","Indigenous peoples of Europe","Indigenous peoples of Ukraine","Islam in Russia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Crimean_Tatars","wgRelevantArticleId":933649,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q117458","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="446"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="357"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Crimean Tatars - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Crimean_Tatars rootpage-Crimean_Tatars skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crimean+Tatars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crimean+Tatars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crimean+Tatars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crimean+Tatars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sub-ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Golden_Horde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Golden_Horde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In the Golden Horde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Golden_Horde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Crimean_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Crimean_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In the Crimean Khanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Crimean_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nogay_slave_trade_(15th–18th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nogay_slave_trade_(15th–18th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nogay slave trade (15th–18th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nogay_slave_trade_(15th–18th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Soviet_Union_(1917–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Soviet_Union_(1917–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>In the Soviet Union (1917–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Soviet_Union_(1917–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Civil rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_independent_Ukraine_(1991–2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_independent_Ukraine_(1991–2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>In independent Ukraine (1991–2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_independent_Ukraine_(1991–2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_Tatar_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_Tatar_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Crimean Tatar political parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crimean_Tatar_political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crimean Tatar political parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crimean_Tatar_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_movement_of_Crimean_Tatars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_movement_of_Crimean_Tatars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>National movement of Crimean Tatars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_movement_of_Crimean_Tatars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mejlis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mejlis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mejlis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mejlis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Milliy_Firqa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Milliy_Firqa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>New Milliy Firqa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Milliy_Firqa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Crimean_Tatars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Crimean_Tatars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Crimean Tatars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Crimean_Tatars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimean Tatars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim-Tatare" title="Krim-Tatare – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krim-Tatare" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تتار القرم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تتار القرم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaros_de_Crimea" title="Tartaros de Crimea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tartaros de Crimea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%B1m_tatarlar%C4%B1" title="Krım tatarları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krım tatarları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قیریم تورکلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیریم تورکلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ҡырым татарҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡырым татарҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Крымскія татары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крымскія татары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Крымскія татары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крымскія татары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кримски татари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кримски татари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimski_Tatari" title="Krimski Tatari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krimski Tatari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0tars_de_Crimea" title="Tàtars de Crimea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàtars de Crimea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Крым тутарĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Крым тутарĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krym%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Tata%C5%99i" title="Krymští Tataři – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krymští Tataři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimtatarer" title="Krimtatarer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krimtatarer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimtataren" title="Krimtataren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krimtataren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimmitatarlased" title="Krimmitatarlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krimmitatarlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τάταροι της Κριμαίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάταροι της Κριμαίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Крымень татарт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Крымень татарт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rtaros_de_Crimea" title="Tártaros de Crimea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tártaros de Crimea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krime-tataroj" title="Krime-tataroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krime-tataroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimeako_tatariar" title="Krimeako tatariar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krimeako tatariar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87" title="تاتارهای کریمه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاتارهای کریمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars_de_Crim%C3%A9e" title="Tatars de Crimée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tatars de Crimée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataraigh_na_Crim%C3%A9" title="Tataraigh na Crimé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tataraigh na Crimé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataree_Chrimeeagh" title="Tataree Chrimeeagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tataree Chrimeeagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_t%C3%A1rtaro_de_Crimea" title="Pobo tártaro de Crimea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo tártaro de Crimea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BC_%ED%83%80%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="크림 타타르인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크림 타타르인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ղրիմի թաթարներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղրիմի թաթարներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimski_Tatari" title="Krimski Tatari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krimski Tatari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimeana_Tatari" title="Krimeana Tatari – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krimeana Tatari" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Tatar_Krimea" title="Suku Tatar Krimea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Tatar Krimea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Хъырымы тæтæр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъырымы тæтæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADmtatarar" title="Krímtatarar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krímtatarar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatari_di_Crimea" title="Tatari di Crimea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tatari di Crimea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кърым татарлыла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кърым татарлыла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყირიმელი თათრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყირიმელი თათრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Қырым татарлары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырым татарлары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teter%C3%AAn_Kr%C3%AEm%C3%AA" title="Teterên Krîmê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Teterên Krîmê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Крым татарлары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Крым татарлары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatari_Crimenses" title="Tatari Crimenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tatari Crimenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimas_tat%C4%81ri" title="Krimas tatāri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krimas tatāri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Крым-татарар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Крым-татарар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymo_totoriai" title="Krymo totoriai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krymo totoriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADmi_tat%C3%A1rok" title="Krími tatárok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krími tatárok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кримски Татари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кримски Татари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara_Krimeana" title="Tatara Krimeana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tatara Krimeana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatari_tal-Krimea" title="Tatari tal-Krimea – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tatari tal-Krimea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ყირიმალი თათარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყირიმალი თათარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تتار القرم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تتار القرم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_Crimea" title="Tatar Crimea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tatar Crimea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Крымын татарууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Крымын татарууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim-Tataren" title="Krim-Tataren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krim-Tataren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="クリミア・タタール人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリミア・タタール人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="ГӀирман гӀезалой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀирман гӀезалой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimtatarer" title="Krimtatarer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krimtatarer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimtatarar" title="Krimtatarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krimtatarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Крым татар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Крым татар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrim_tatarlari" title="Qrim tatarlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qrim tatarlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کریمیائی تاتار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کریمیائی تاتار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarzy_krymscy" title="Tatarzy krymscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tatarzy krymscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rtaros_da_Crimeia" title="Tártaros da Crimeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tártaros da Crimeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1mtatarlar" title="Qırımtatarlar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qırımtatarlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83tarii_crimeeni" title="Tătarii crimeeni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tătarii crimeeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Крымские татары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крымские татары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кырыым татаардара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кырыым татаардара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Crimean Tatars" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar%C3%ABt_e_Krimes%C3%AB" title="Tatarët e Krimesë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tatarët e Krimesë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crimean Tatars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymsk%C3%AD_Tat%C3%A1ri" title="Krymskí Tatári – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krymskí Tatári" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimski_Tatari" title="Krimski Tatari – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krimski Tatari" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кримски Татари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кримски Татари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimski_Tatari" title="Krimski Tatari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krimski Tatari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimin_tataarit" title="Krimin tataarit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krimin tataarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimtatarer" title="Krimtatarer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krimtatarer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кырым татарлары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кырым татарлары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Tatarlar%C4%B1" title="Kırım Tatarları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırım Tatarları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кримські татари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кримські татари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کریمیائی تاتار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کریمیائی تاتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimantatarlai%C5%BEed" title="Krimantatarlaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Krimantatarlaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Tatar_Krym" title="Người Tatar Krym – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Tatar Krym" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="克里米亚鞑靼人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里米亚鞑靼人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="克里米亞韃靼人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克里米亞韃靼人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="克里米亞韃靼人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里米亞韃靼人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tatar_Krim" title="Orang Tatar Krim – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Tatar Krim" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Tatar_Krimea" title="Jolma Tatar Krimea – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Tatar Krimea" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q117458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Crimean_Tatars" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Crimean_Tatars" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Crimean_Tatars" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&oldid=1259978482" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Crimean_Tatars&id=1259978482&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrimean_Tatars"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrimean_Tatars"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Crimean_Tatars&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q117458" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Crimea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Crimean Tatars</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="crh">qırımtatarlar, qırımlılar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Crimea#Ethnic_flags_of_Crimean_Tatars" title="Flag of Crimea">Flag of Crimean Tatars</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg/220px-H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg/330px-H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg/440px-H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez_in_Crimea_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="719" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crimean Tatars in traditional clothes at the <a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rlez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hıdırlez">Hıdırlez</a> festival</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>720,000</b></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ukraine <ul><li>Autonomous Republic of Crimea</li> <li>Kherson Oblast</li> <li>Zaporizhzhia Oblast</li> <li>Lviv Oblast</li> <li>Kyiv</li></ul></th><td class="infobox-data">248,193<sup id="cite_ref-Crimea_data_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crimea_data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - 300 000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="infobox-data">239,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Turkey <li>Eskişehir Province</li></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="infobox-data">24,137<sup id="cite_ref-romania_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romania-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Russia <li>Krasnodar Krai</li></th><td class="infobox-data">2,449<sup id="cite_ref-Crimea_data_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crimea_data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bulgaria</th><td class="infobox-data">1,803<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kazakhstan</th><td class="infobox-data">1,532<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">500–1,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> •  <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> •  <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> •  </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png/220px-Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png/330px-Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png/440px-Crimean_Tatars_ethnicity_map.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="width:18;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatars" title="Category:Crimean Tatars">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimean Tatars</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_(blue_and_gold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Tamga" symbol of the Crimean Tatar Gerae family"><img alt=""Tamga" symbol of the Crimean Tatar Gerae family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/70px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/105px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/140px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">By region or country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:none;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_in_Bulgaria" title="Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Turkey" title="Crimean Tatars in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine#Islam" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:none;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>)</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Language</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:none;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_dialects" title="Crimean Tatar dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:none;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:none;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Khanate <span style="font-size:85%;">(1441–1783)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Oblast" title="Taurida Oblast">Taurida Oblast <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate <span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1917)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">People's Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917–1918)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean ASSR <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921–1945)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Sürgün <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimean Oblast <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> People and groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:none;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crimean_Tatars" title="List of Crimean Tatars">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatar_people" title="Category:Crimean Tatar people">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crimean_khans" title="List of Crimean khans">Khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliy_Firqa" title="Milliy Firqa">Milliy Firqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Turkic-Muslim_Tatars_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania">UDTTMR</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crimean_Tatars" title="Template:Crimean Tatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crimean_Tatars" title="Template talk:Crimean Tatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crimean_Tatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crimean Tatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crimean Tatars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i><span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Latn">qırımtatarlar</span></i>, <span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Cyrl">къырымтатарлар</span>) or <b>Crimeans</b> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i><span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Latn">qırımlılar</span></i>, <span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Cyrl">къырымлылар</span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">East European</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation and <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of Crimean Tatars lasted over 2500 years in Crimea and the Northern <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea region</a>, uniting <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean populations</a> with those of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-генофонд2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-генофонд2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crimean Tatars constituted the majority of Crimea's population from the time of ethnogenesis until the mid-19th century, and the largest ethnic population until the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> attempted to purge Crimean Tatars through a combination of physical violence, intimidation, forced resettlement, and legalized forms of discrimination between 1783 and 1900. From Russia's <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">annexation of Crimea</a> in 1783 to 1800, between 100,000 and 300,000 Crimean Tatars emigrated. </p><p>While Crimean Tatar cultural elements were not completely eradicated under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a>, the Crimean Tatars were almost completely driven from the Crimean peninsula under the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost immediately after retaking of Crimea from <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis forces</a>, in May 1944, the USSR <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">State Defense Committee</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deportation of all of the Crimean Tatars</a> from Crimea, including the families of Crimean Tatars who had served in the Soviet Army. The deportees were transported in trains and boxcars to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. The Crimean Tatars lost 18–46 percent of their population as a result of the deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1967, a few were allowed to return and in 1989 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> condemned the removal of Crimean Tatars from their motherland as inhumane and lawless, but only a tiny percent were able to return before the full right of return became policy in 1989. </p><p>The Crimean Tatars have been members of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> (UNPO) since 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and international indigenous groups do not dispute their status as an indigenous people and they have been officially recognized as an indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> as of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Russian administration</a> considers them a "national minority", but not an indigenous people,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to deny that they are <a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">titular</a> people of Crimea, even though the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> considered them indigenous before their deportation and the subsequent dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (Crimean ASSR).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vozgrin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vozgrin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 15% of the population of Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a> remains in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and Uzbekistan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a></div> <p>The Crimean Tatar language is a member of <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> family. It has three dialects and the standard language is written in the central dialect. Crimean Tatar has a unique position among the Turkic languages because its three "dialects" belong to three different (sub)groups of Turkic. This makes the classification of Crimean Tatar as a whole difficult. </p><p><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> ranked Crimean Tatar as one of the most endangered languages that are under serious threat of extinction (<i><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">severely endangered</a></i>) in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the <a href="/wiki/A._Yu._Krymskyi_Institute_of_Oriental_Studies" title="A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies">Institute of Oriental Studies</a>, due to negative situations, the real degree of threat has elevated to critically endangered languages in recent years, which are highly likely to face extinction in the coming generations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Noğay, (çöl "desert", şimaliy "northern"): Noğay is spoken by the vast majority of diaspora Crimean Tatars in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and others. It belongs to Bulgar subgrouping of the Kipchak family and <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>, another Kipchak language, has influenced it. It is related to <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a>, and Nogai proper. This dialect was spoken by former nomadic inhabitants of the Crimean steppes. It has roots in <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol" title="Middle Mongol">Middle Mongol</a> spoken in the Golden Horde and notable Slavic influences occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Oblast" title="Taurida Oblast">Imperial Russian invasion in 1783</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bağçasaray (orta yolaq "middle region"): Standard Crimean Tatar is classified as a language of the Cuman subgroup of Kipchak and the closest relatives are <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a>. Bağçasaray is spoken in Crimea by sedentary Tatars as the standard language because its speakers comprise a relative majority of Crimean Tartar speakers in Crimea. The middle dialect, although it is a Kipchak language, has strong <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupol Greek</a> (especially Urum language) elements.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yalıboyu (cenübiy "Southern"): The Yalıboyu, Tat-Tarter, or Coastal Tatar language is an <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz language</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It arrived in Crimea through the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a> in 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Turkish occupation, Southern Crimea came under direct Ottoman Turkish rule, while the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> in northern regions was vassalized. The language has possible <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> influences due to trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-ethnic_groups">Sub-ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sub-ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/190px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/285px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/380px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Crimean Tatars and a <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1862</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Crimean Tatars are subdivided into six sub-ethnic groups: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Mountain Tats</i> (not to be confused with the Iranic <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat people</a>, living in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region) who used to inhabit the mountainous Crimea before 1944 predominantly are Cumans, Greeks, Goths and other people, as Tats in Crimea also were called Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urum people</a> (Greeks settled in Crimea) who were deported by the Imperial Russia to the area around <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-eohou_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eohou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Tat</i> appears already in the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> denoting "a subjected foreign people". In the 17th century Crimean context, it probably denoted various peoples of foreign (ie. non-Turkic) origin living under the khan's rule, especially the Greeks, Italians, and the remnants of Goths and Alans inhabiting the mountainous southern section of Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Yaliboylu Tats</i> composed of Tatarized descendants of peoples who lived on the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">Southern Coast</a> of the peninsula before 1944 and practiced Christianity until the 14th century;<sup id="cite_ref-eohou_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eohou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Noğay Tatars</i> (not to be confused with related <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogai people</a>, living now in Southern Russia) — former inhabitants of the Crimean steppe.<sup id="cite_ref-eohou_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eohou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma"><i>Tajfa</i></a> who are <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Roma Muslims</a> assimilated into the Crimean Tatar people, speak a Crimean Tatar dialect, and typically consider themselves to be Crimean Tatar first and Roma as a secondary identity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urum</a>: A group of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> people native to Crimea, who have assimilated over time. They are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greeks" title="Ukrainian Greeks">Ukrainian Greeks</a> and are traditionally believed to be descendants of ancient Crimean Greeks who later had direct contact with the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a>. Part of the Lipka Tatars, who came from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, are considered part of the Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They played a significant role in the Crimean Tatar national movement during the First and Second World Wars (<a href="/wiki/Maciej_Sulkiewicz" title="Maciej Sulkiewicz">Maciej Sulkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Edige_Kirimal" title="Mustafa Edige Kirimal">Mustafa Edige Kirimal</a>, Olgerd Krychynsky).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous scientists and writers with a world name come from Lipka Tatars (<a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahatanhel_Krymsky" title="Ahatanhel Krymsky">Ahatanhel Krymsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tugan-Baranovsky" title="Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky">Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky</a>). Most of them do not know the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> due to assimilation and speak Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian.</li></ul> <p>Historians suggest that inhabitants of the mountainous parts of Crimea lying to the central and southern parts (the Tats), and those of the Southern coast of Crimea (the Yalıboyu) were the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths#Disappearance" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> while the latest inhabitants of the northern steppe represent the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde#Society" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a> of the Black Sea, nominally subjects of the Crimean Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is largely assumed that the Tatarization process that mostly took place in the 16th century brought a sense of cultural unity through the blending of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> of the southern coast, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Goths</a> of the central mountains and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> of the steppe and forming of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ripley1899_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ripley1899-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman language</a> is considered the direct ancestor of the current language of the Crimean Tatars with possible incorporations of the other languages, like <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths#Disappearance" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Gothic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that Crimean Tatars' ethnogenesis took place in Crimea and consisted of several stages lasting over 2500 years is proved by genetic research showing that the gene pool of the Crimean Tatars preserved both the initial components for more than 2.5 thousand years, and later in the northern steppe regions of the Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-генофонд_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-генофонд-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-агджоян_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-агджоян-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongol conquest of the Kipchaks led to a merged society with a Mongol ruling class over a Kipchak speaking population which came to be dubbed Tatar and which eventually absorbed other ethnicities on the Crimean peninsula like Italians, Greeks, and Goths to form the modern day Crimean Tatar people; up to the Soviet deportation, the Crimean Tatars could still differentiate among themselves between Tatar, Kipchak, Nogays, and the "Tat" descendants of Tatarized Goths and other Turkified peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Crimean Tatars of different sub-ethnic groups</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar, 1700."><img alt="Crimean Tatar, 1700." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/86px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/130px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/173px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar, 1700.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Crimean Tatars, 1820s-1830s, D. K. Bonatti."><img alt="Mountain Crimean Tatars, 1820s-1830s, D. K. Bonatti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg/120px-Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg/180px-Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg/240px-Mountain_Crimean_Tatars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Crimean Tatars, 1820s-1830s, D. K. Bonatti.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nogai Tatars. Russian engraving, beginning of the 19th century."><img alt="Nogai Tatars. Russian engraving, beginning of the 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/79px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/119px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/158px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nogai Tatars. Russian engraving, beginning of the 19th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Family of Crimean Tatars. French engraving, 1840s."><img alt="Family of Crimean Tatars. French engraving, 1840s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/120px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/180px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/240px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Family of Crimean Tatars. French engraving, 1840s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar girl, Kapsikhor, XIX century, by Gustav Radde."><img alt="Crimean Tatar girl, Kapsikhor, XIX century, by Gustav Radde." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/85px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/128px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/170px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar girl, <a href="/wiki/Morske,_Crimea" title="Morske, Crimea">Kapsikhor</a>, XIX century, by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radde" title="Gustav Radde">Gustav Radde</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5,_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar girls in Alupka, 1889, by Kostyantin Trutovsky."><img alt="Crimean Tatar girls in Alupka, 1889, by Kostyantin Trutovsky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg/82px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg/123px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg/164px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar girls in <a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a>, 1889, by Kostyantin Trutovsky.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatars girls, XIX century."><img alt="Crimean Tatars girls, XIX century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatars girls, XIX century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar girls, a collection of photographs of pre-revolutionary Russia."><img alt="Crimean Tatar girls, a collection of photographs of pre-revolutionary Russia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/96px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/144px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/192px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar girls, a collection of photographs of pre-revolutionary Russia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar noble woman with children, 1925."><img alt="Crimean Tatar noble woman with children, 1925." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg/96px-Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg/144px-Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg/192px-Crimean_Tatar_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar noble woman with children, 1925.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lipka Tatars, 2021."><img alt="Lipka Tatars, 2021." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg/120px-34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg/180px-34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg/240px-34._Ulica_-_Tatarski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Taneczno-Wokalny_Bu%C5%84czuk_-_20210710_1958_9393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a>, 2021.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genetic composition of the Crimean Tatars is distinguished by the presence of two predominant patterns: the so-called "sea pattern" and the "steppe pattern". The former is believed to have originated from <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean populations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_54,_66-67_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_54,_66-67-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the latter is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic tribes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Great Eurasian steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-genes_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genes-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_70_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_70-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genezis_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genezis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary contributor to the "sea pattern" of the Crimean Tatars is not the later migrations of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but rather the ancient populations from the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city-states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> dating back to the 7th to 5th centuries BC. This assertion is further substantiated by the analysis of the Crimean Tatar gene pool as revealed by the <i>Human Origins</i> full-genome panel data.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geneticists have concluded that the Crimean Tatars, as a distinct ethnic group, were formed directly within Crimea, rather than migrating to the region, thereby affirming their status as the indigenous inhabitants of Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-genes_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genes-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan20186,_15_etc._67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan20186,_15_etc.-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to hypotheses suggesting that the gene pool of the Crimean Tatars was significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian populations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongolic groups</a>, genetic research indicates a considerable divergence from both,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, a highland ethnic group from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, being most genetically akin to the Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-genezis_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genezis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comparisongene_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparisongene-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the hypothesis positing a substantial impact of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic populations</a> on the genetic makeup of the Crimean Tatars is also refuted by genetic studies, which reveal no significant influx of "Slavic" genetic material into the Crimean Tatar gene pool despite prolonged proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preliminary phase of the comprehensive analysis of complete Y-chromosomes, undertaken at the Laboratory of Genomic Geography of the N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>, focused on three specific haplogroups — <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M285" title="Haplogroup G-M285">G1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> — unveiled connections between the Crimean Tatars and the genomes of individuals from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> steppes of Eurasia, specifically those associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya archaeological culture</a>, and the "European" (N3a3) and "Asian" (N3a5) <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> variants of haplogroup N3 in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Northern Eurasia</a>. These findings may reflect not only the genetic legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> but also more ancient affiliations between the populations of mainland <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the Crimean Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genetic composition of the Crimean Tatars is primarily constituted by five predominant <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2a3b1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M35" title="Haplogroup E-M35">E1b1b1</a>, which together account for 67% of the genetic diversity, whereas other haplogroups are classified as minor, each contributing between 1% and 5% to the overall genetic makeup of the Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-genezis_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genezis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gene pool (Y-DNA) of the Crimean Tatars.[71][64]"><img alt="Gene pool (Y-DNA) of the Crimean Tatars.[71][64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg/270px-Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg/406px-Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg/541px-Gene_pool_of_the_Crimean_Tatars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">Gene pool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y-DNA</a>) of the Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-genpool_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genpool-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genezis_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genezis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_(leaving_in_Azov_region_now).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gene pool (mtDNA, transmitted only through the maternal line) of the Crimean Tatar sub-ethnic groups, as well as the Urums and Rumeys.[72]"><img alt="Gene pool (mtDNA, transmitted only through the maternal line) of the Crimean Tatar sub-ethnic groups, as well as the Urums and Rumeys.[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_%28leaving_in_Azov_region_now%29.svg/268px-MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_%28leaving_in_Azov_region_now%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_%28leaving_in_Azov_region_now%29.svg/403px-MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_%28leaving_in_Azov_region_now%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_%28leaving_in_Azov_region_now%29.svg/537px-MtDNA_of_Crimean_Tatars_and_Crimean_Greeks_%28leaving_in_Azov_region_now%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gene pool (<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a>, transmitted only through the maternal line) of the Crimean Tatar sub-ethnic groups, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a> and Rumeys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201853_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201853-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancestral populations of Crimean Tatars based on mitochondrial DNA compared to Central Asian populations [Comas et al., 2004].[73]"><img alt="Ancestral populations of Crimean Tatars based on mitochondrial DNA compared to Central Asian populations [Comas et al., 2004].[73]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp/366px-Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp.png" decoding="async" width="244" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp/550px-Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp/700px-Ancestral_populations_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_according_to_mtDNA.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancestral populations of Crimean Tatars based on mitochondrial DNA compared to Central Asian populations [Comas et al., 2004].<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gene pool (Y-DNA) of the Lipka Tatars, closely connected to the Crimean Tatars.[74][75]"><img alt="Gene pool (Y-DNA) of the Lipka Tatars, closely connected to the Crimean Tatars.[74][75]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg/242px-Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg/363px-Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg/483px-Gene_pool_of_Lipka_Tatars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gene pool (Y-DNA) of the <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a>, closely connected to the Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201830_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201830-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">History of Crimea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:361px;max-width:361px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Crimean Tatars</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/200px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/300px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/400px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatars,_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Crimean_Tatars%2C_1920.jpg/153px-Crimean_Tatars%2C_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Crimean_Tatars%2C_1920.jpg/230px-Crimean_Tatars%2C_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Crimean_Tatars%2C_1920.jpg/306px-Crimean_Tatars%2C_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Crimean Tatars were formed as a people in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and are descendants of various peoples who lived in Crimea in different historical eras. The main ethnic groups that inhabited the Crimea at various times and took part in the formation of the Crimean Tatar people are <a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Italians</a>. The consolidation of this diverse ethnic conglomerate into a single Crimean Tatar people took place over the course of centuries. The connecting elements in this process were the commonality of the territory, the Turkic language and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Хайр_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Хайр-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genezis_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genezis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 15th century, the main prerequisites that led to the formation of an independent Crimean Tatar ethnic group were created: the political dominance of the Crimean Khanate was established in Crimea, the Turkic languages (<a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman-Kipchak</a> on the territory of the khanate) became dominant, and Islam acquired the status of a state religion throughout the Peninsula. By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", the Islamic religion and Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people.<sup id="cite_ref-Vozgrin_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vozgrin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over several centuries, on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman language</a> with a noticeable <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> influence, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> has developed.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Golden_Horde">In the Golden Horde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the Golden Horde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ozbek_Han_Mosque" title="Ozbek Han Mosque">Ozbek Han Mosque</a> — one of the oldest mosques of the Crimea. It was built in 1314 during the rule of the Golden Horde in the peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 13th century in the Crimea, the majority of the population, which was already composed of a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic people</a> — Cumans, became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of the Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since the beginning of princess (khanum) <a href="/wiki/Canike" title="Canike">Canike</a>'s, the daughter of the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> and the wife of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a> <a href="/wiki/Edigey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edigey">Edigey</a>, reign in the peninsula. During her reign she strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_I_Giray" title="Hacı I Giray">Hacı Giray</a> in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Canike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crimean Tatars emerged as a nation at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_vassal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman vassal state">Ottoman vassal state</a> during the 16th to 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-davies_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian historian, doctor of history, Professor of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> Ilya Zaytsev writes that analysis of historical data shows that the influence of Turkey on the policy of the Crimea was not as high as it was reported in old Turkish sources and Imperial Russian ones.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkic-speaking population of Crimea had mostly adopted Islam already in the 14th century, following the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Ozbeg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozbeg Khan">Ozbeg Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the first Russian invasion of Crimea in 1736, the Khan's archives and libraries were famous throughout the Islamic world, and under Khan <a href="/wiki/Krym-Girei" class="mw-redirect" title="Krym-Girei">Krym-Girei</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Aqmescit</a> was endowed with piped water, sewerage and a theatre where <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> was performed in French, while the port of <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kezlev</a> stood comparison with <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a>, the capital, was described as Europe's cleanest and greenest city.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Crimean_Khanate">In the Crimean Khanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the Crimean Khanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg/220px-Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg/330px-Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg/440px-Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="3087" /></a><figcaption>The Crimean Khan's Palace in <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bossoli" title="Carlo Bossoli">Carlo Bossoli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1441, an embassy from the representatives of several strongest clans of the Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and Barın and the Cumanic clan — Kıpçak, went to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> to invite Hacı Giray to rule in the Crimea. He became the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Giray_dynasty" title="Giray dynasty">Giray dynasty</a>, which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-Gayvoronsky_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gayvoronsky-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_I_Giray" title="Hacı I Giray">Hacı I Giray</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Jochid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jochid">Jochid</a> descendant of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray" title="Meñli I Giray">Meñli I Giray</a>, Hacı's son, the army of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Horde" title="Great Horde">Great Horde</a> that still existed then invaded the Crimea from the north, Crimean Khan won the general battle, overtaking the army of the Horde Khan in Takht-Lia, where he was killed, the Horde ceased to exist, and the Crimean Khan became the <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Great Khan</a> and the successor of this state.<sup id="cite_ref-Gayvoronsky_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gayvoronsky-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Crimean Khanate was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with great autonomy after 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean one, <a href="/wiki/Muskovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskovy">Muskovy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paid annual tribute to the khan (until <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">1700</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">1699</a> respectively). In the 17th century, the Crimean Tatars helped <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Cossacks">Ukrainian Cossacks</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> in the struggle for independence, which allowed them to win several decisive victories over Polish troops.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_and_Crimean_khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_and_Crimean_khan.jpg/220px-Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_and_Crimean_khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_and_Crimean_khan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The Crimean Khan and <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> performing <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">namaz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1711, when <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I of Russia</a> went on a <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">campaign</a> with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by the army of the Crimean Khan <a href="/wiki/Devlet_II_Giray" title="Devlet II Giray">Devlet II Giray</a>, finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier <a href="/wiki/Baltac%C4%B1_Mehmet_Pasha" title="Baltacı Mehmet Pasha">Baltacı Mehmet Pasha</a> allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his response was: <i>"You should know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> are entrusted to me. You do not have the right to interfere in them"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth" title="Treaty of the Pruth">Treaty of the Pruth</a> was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean Khan <a href="/wiki/Qaplan_I_Giray" title="Qaplan I Giray">Qaplan I Giray</a> was summoned by the Turkish Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">1736 the Russian army invaded</a> the Crimea, led by <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Münnich</a>, devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital, <a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray">Bakhchisaray</a>, and burnt the <a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray Palace">Khan's palace</a> with all the archives and documents, and then left the Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year after the same was done by another Russian general — <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lacy" title="Peter Lacy">Peter Lacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gayvoronsky_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gayvoronsky-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774</a> resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> violated the treaty and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexed the Crimean Khanate</a> in 1783. </p><p>The main population of the Crimean khanate were Crimean Tatars, along with them in the Crimean khanate lived significant communities of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>. In the early 16th century under the rule of the Crimean khans passed part of <a href="/wiki/Nogays" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogays">Nogays</a> (Mangyts), who roamed outside the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>, moving there during periods of drought and starvation. The majority of the population professed Islam of the Hanafi stream; part of the population – Orthodox, Monotheletism, Judaism; in the 16th century. There were small Catholic communities. The Crimean Tatar population of the Crimean Peninsula was partially exempt from taxes. The Greeks paid dzhyziya, the Italians were in a privileged position due to the partial tax relief made during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray" title="Meñli I Giray">Meñli Geray I</a>. By the 18th century the population of the Crimean khanate was about 500 thousand people. The territory of the Crimean khanate was divided into Kinakanta (governorships), which consisted of Kadylyk, covering a number of settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nogay_slave_trade_(15th–18th_centuries)"><span id="Nogay_slave_trade_.2815th.E2.80.9318th_centuries.29"></span>Nogay slave trade (15th–18th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nogay slave trade (15th–18th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade#Crimean_slave_trade_(15th–18th_centuries)" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade § Crimean slave trade (15th–18th centuries)</a></div> <p>Until the beginning of the 18th century, the Crimean Nogays were known for frequent, at some periods almost annual, <a href="/wiki/Crimean-Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands">slave raids</a> into present-day 'mainland' Ukraine and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davies_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a long time, until the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">a massive slave trade</a> with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East which was one of the important factors of its economy.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raids_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raids-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important trading ports and slave markets was <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Kefe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Ottoman census of 1526, taxes on the sale and purchase of slaves accounted for 24% of the funds, levied in Ottoman Crimea for all activities.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in fact, there were always small raids committed by both Tatars and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, in both directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan26_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan26-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17th century Ottoman writer and traveller <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> wrote that there were 920,000 Ukrainian slaves in the Crimea but only 187,000 free Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-davies_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Ukrainian historian <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Громенко Сергій Вікторович">Sergey Gromenko</a> considers this testimony of Çelebi a myth popular among ultranationalists, pointing out that today it is known from the writings on economics that in the 17th century, the Crimea could feed no more than 500 thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-krymr_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krymr-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, according to the notes of the Consul of France to <a href="/wiki/Qirim_Giray" class="mw-redirect" title="Qirim Giray">Qırım Giray</a> khan Baron <a href="/wiki/Francois_de_Tott" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois de Tott">Totta</a>, a hundred years later, in 1767, there were 4 million people living in the Crimean khanate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBykova201534_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykova201534-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1778, that is, just eleven years later, all the Christians were evicted from its territory by the Russian authorities, which turned out to be about 30 thousand,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerhiychuk2008216_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerhiychuk2008216-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly Armenians and Greeks, and there were no Ukrainians among them. Also, according to more reliable modern sources than Evliya's data, slaves never constituted a significant part of the Crimean population.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian professor Glagolev writes that there were 1.800.000 free Crimean Tatars in the Crimean Khanate in 1666,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also should be mentioned that a huge part of Ukraine was part of the Crimean Khanate, that is why Ukrainians could have been taken into account in the general population of the Khanate by Evliya (see <a href="/wiki/Khan_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Ukraine">Khan Ukraine</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen,_1666_(Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland,_1666).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen%2C_1666_%28Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland%2C_1666%29.jpg/220px-Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen%2C_1666_%28Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland%2C_1666%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen%2C_1666_%28Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland%2C_1666%29.jpg/330px-Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen%2C_1666_%28Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland%2C_1666%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen%2C_1666_%28Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland%2C_1666%29.jpg/440px-Inval_van_de_Tartaren_in_Polen%2C_1666_%28Invasion_of_the_Tatars_in_Poland%2C_1666%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5452" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption>Invasion of the Tatars in Poland in 1666. Drawing by Jan Luyken, 1698.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some researchers estimate that more than 2 million people were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate. Polish historian Bohdan Baranowski assumed that in the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>) lost an average of 20,000 yearly and as many as one million in all years combined from 1500 to 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-davies_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous victims of the Tatar slave trade was a young woman from <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, captured during her wedding who came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Roxelana</a> (Hürrem Sultan), a concubine of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Sultan Suleiman</a>. </p><p>In retaliation, the lands of Crimean Tatars were being raided by <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Alan26_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan26-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> armed Ukrainian horsemen, who defended the steppe frontier – <a href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a> – against Tatar slave raids and often attacked and plundered the lands of Ottoman Turks and Crimean Tatars. The <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyk</a> Mongols also managed to raid Crimean Tatars' land.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last recorded major Crimean raid, before those in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)</a> took place during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> (1682–1725).<sup id="cite_ref-Alan26_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan26-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Cossack raids continued after that time; Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> complained to the Russian consul about raids to Crimea and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Özi">Özi</a> in 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan26_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan26-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1769 one last major Tatar raid, which took place during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-raids_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raids-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, some historians, including Russian historian Valery Vozgrin and Polish historian Oleksa Gayvoronsky have emphasized that the role of the slave trade in the economy of the Crimean Khanate is greatly exaggerated by modern historians, and the raiding-dependent economy is nothing but a historical myth.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to modern researches, livestock occupied a leading position in the economy of the Crimean Khanate, Crimean Khanate was one of the main wheat suppliers to the Ottoman Empire. Salt mining, viticulture and winemaking, horticulture and gardening were also developed as sources of income.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several modern historians have argued that <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> on the Crimean Tatars has been strongly influenced by Russian historians, who have rewritten the history of the Crimean Khanate to justify the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexation of Crimea</a> in 1783, and, especially, then by Soviet historians who distorted the history of Crimea to justify the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Russian_Empire">In the Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Detatarization_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Detatarization of Crimea">Detatarization of Crimea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg/200px-Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg/300px-Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg/400px-Giovanni_Antonio_Rizzi_Zannoni._Carte_de_la_partie_septentrionale_de_l%27empire_otoman-Crim%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>French-language map of Crimea from <a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>, showing mostly Turkic placenames.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, Russia violated the treaty and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexed</a> the Crimean Khanate in 1783. After the annexation, the wealthier Tatars, who had exported wheat, meat, fish and wine to other parts of the Black Sea, began to be expelled and to move to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Due to the oppression by the Russian administration and colonial politics of Russian Empire, the Crimean Tatars were forced to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire. Further expulsions followed in 1812 for fear of the reliability of the Tatars in the face of Napoleon's advance. Particularly, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1853–1856, the laws of 1860–63, the Tsarist policy and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a> caused an exodus of the Tatars; 12,000 boarded Allied ships in Sevastopol to escape the destruction of shelling, and were branded traitors by the Russian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of total Tatar population 300,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a> about 200,000 Crimean Tatars emigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Crimean Tatars perished in the process of emigration, including those who drowned while crossing the Black Sea. In total, from 1783 till the beginning of the 20th century, at least 800 thousand Tatars left Crimea. Today the descendants of these Crimeans form the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a> in Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Gaspirali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Gaspirali">Ismail Gasprali</a> (1851–1914) was a renowned Crimean Tatar intellectual, influenced by the nationalist movements of the period, whose efforts laid the foundation for the modernization of Muslim culture and the emergence of the Crimean Tatar national identity. The bilingual Crimean Tatar-Russian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Terciman" title="Terciman">Terciman</a>-Perevodchik</i> he published in 1883–1914, functioned as an educational tool through which a national consciousness and modern thinking emerged among the entire Turkic-speaking population of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> this new elite, which included <a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cafer_Seydamet_Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1mer" title="Cafer Seydamet Qırımer">Cafer Seydamet Qırımer</a> proclaimed the first democratic republic in the Islamic world, named the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean People's Republic</a> on 26 December 1917. However, this republic was short-lived and abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik uprising</a> in January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Crimea and Crimean Tatars in History</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffa_in_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caffa in ruins (1788) after Russian annexation of Crimea"><img alt="Caffa in ruins (1788) after Russian annexation of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Caffa_in_ruins.jpg/120px-Caffa_in_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Caffa_in_ruins.jpg/180px-Caffa_in_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Caffa_in_ruins.jpg/240px-Caffa_in_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Caffa</a> in ruins (1788) after Russian annexation of Crimea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abandoned houses in Qarasuvbazar."><img alt="Abandoned houses in Qarasuvbazar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg/120px-Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg/180px-Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg/240px-Tragedy_of_Qarasuvbazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abandoned houses in <a href="/wiki/Qarasuvbazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarasuvbazar">Qarasuvbazar</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80,_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crimean Tatar national dance, Qaytarma (1790s)"><img alt="The Crimean Tatar national dance, Qaytarma (1790s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg/120px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg/180px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg/240px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_1790-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Crimean Tatar national dance, <a href="/wiki/Qaytarma" title="Qaytarma">Qaytarma</a> (1790s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar squadron of the Russian Empire (1850)"><img alt="Crimean Tatar squadron of the Russian Empire (1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar squadron of the Russian Empire (1850)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucznik_tatarski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimean Tatar archer (Wacław Pawliszak, c. 1890)"><img alt="Crimean Tatar archer (Wacław Pawliszak, c. 1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lucznik_tatarski.jpg/85px-Lucznik_tatarski.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lucznik_tatarski.jpg/127px-Lucznik_tatarski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lucznik_tatarski.jpg/170px-Lucznik_tatarski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crimean Tatar archer (Wacław Pawliszak, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_(1917).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, 1917"><img alt="Kurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_%281917%29.jpg/120px-Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_%281917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_%281917%29.jpg/180px-Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_%281917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_%281917%29.jpg/240px-Kurultay_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People_%281917%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, 1917 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Soviet_Union_(1917–1991)"><span id="In_the_Soviet_Union_.281917.E2.80.931991.29"></span>In the Soviet Union (1917–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the Soviet Union (1917–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_Crimean_toponyms" title="Renaming of Crimean toponyms">Renaming of Crimean toponyms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:507px;max-width:507px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg/97px-Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg/146px-Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg/194px-Ethnic_map_of_the_Crimea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png/200px-Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png/300px-Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png/400px-Crimean_Tatar_1939-num.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png/198px-Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png/297px-Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png/396px-Crimean_Tatar_share_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1214" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Ethnic map of the Crimea (green colour — Crimean Tatars) in 1930, according to the Small Soviet encyclopedia; Percentage of Crimean Tatars by region in Crimea, according to 1939 Soviet census; Percentage of Crimean Tatars by region in Crimea according to 2014 Russian census</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg/220px-Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg/330px-Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg/440px-Crimean_Tatar_child_on_a_special_settlement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Crimean Tatar child on a <a href="/wiki/Special_settlement_(Soviet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special settlement (Soviet)">special settlement</a> after the deportation. 1944, Molotov region, RSFSR</figcaption></figure> <p>As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921">Russian famine of 1921</a> the Peninsula suffered widespread starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Drohobycky_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drohobycky-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100,000 Crimean Tatars starved to death,<sup id="cite_ref-Drohobycky_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drohobycky-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tens of thousands of Tatars fled to Turkey or Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-OneEurope_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneEurope-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands more were deported or killed during the <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a> in 1928–29.<sup id="cite_ref-OneEurope_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneEurope-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet government's "collectivization" policies led to a major nationwide famine in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">1931–33</a>. Between 1917 and 1933, 150,000 Tatars—about 50% of the population at the time—either were killed or forced out of Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, statesmen and intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Veli_%C4%B0braimov" title="Veli İbraimov">Veli İbraimov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bekir_%C3%87oban-zade" title="Bekir Çoban-zade">Bekir Çoban-zade</a> were imprisoned or executed on various charges.<sup id="cite_ref-OneEurope_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneEurope-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg/253px-Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="253" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg/380px-Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg/506px-Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars_tr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>The swallow flying over the Crimea is one of the symbols of the deportation of the Crimean Tatars</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1944, the entire Crimean Tatar population of Crimea was exiled to Central Asia, mainly to Uzbekistan, on the orders of Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chairman of the USSR State Defense Committee. Although a great number of Crimean Tatar men served in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and took part in the partisan movement in Crimea during the war, the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Legion">Tatar Legion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> army and the collaboration of some Crimean Tatar religious and political leaders with <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> during the German occupation of Crimea provided the Soviet leadership with justification for accusing the entire Crimean Tatar population of being Nazi collaborators. Some modern researchers argue that Crimea's geopolitical position fueled Soviet perceptions of Crimean Tatars as a potential threat.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief is based in part on an analogy with numerous other cases of <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union">deportations of non-Russians from boundary territories</a>, as well as the fact that other non-Russian populations, such as <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> were also removed from Crimea (see <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Депортация крымских народов">Deportation of the peoples inhabiting Crimea</a>). </p><p>All 240,000 Crimean Tatars were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deported</a> <i>en masse</i>, in a form of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a>, on 17–18 May 1944 as <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">"special settlers"</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> and other distant parts of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is called <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Sürgün</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a>; the few who escaped were shot on sight or drowned in scuttled barges, and within months half their number had died of cold, hunger, exhaustion and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them were re-located to toil as <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labourers</a> in the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_civil_rights_movement" title="Crimean Tatar civil rights movement">Crimean Tatar civil rights movement</a></div> <p>Starting in 1944, Crimean Tatars lived mostly in Central Asia with the designation as "special settlers", meaning that they had few rights. "Special settlers" were forbidden from leaving small designated areas and had to frequently sign in at a commandant's office.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet propaganda directed towards Uzbeks depicted Crimean Tatars as threats to their homeland, and as a result there were many documented hate crimes against Crimean-Tatar civilians by Uzbek Communist loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s the "special settler" regime ended, but Crimean Tatars were still kept closely tethered to Central Asia; while other deported ethnic groups like the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> were fully allowed to return to their native lands during the Khrushchev thaw, economic and political reasons combined with basic misconceptions and stereotypes about Crimean Tatars led to Moscow and Tashkent being reluctant to allow Crimean Tatars the same right of return; the same decree that rehabilitated other deported nations and restored their national republics urged Crimean Tatars who wanted a national republic to seek "national reunification" in the Tatar ASSR in lieu of restoration of the Crimean ASSR, much to the dismay of Crimean Tatars who bore no connection to or desire to "return" to Tatarstan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moscow's refusal to allow a return was not only based on a desire to satisfy the new Russian settlers in Crimea, who were very hostile to the idea of a return and had been subject to lots of Tatarophobic propaganda, but for economic reasons: high productivity from Crimean Tatar workers in Central Asia meant that letting the diaspora return would take a toll on Soviet industrialization goals in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have long suspected that violent resistance to confinement in exile from Chechens led to further willingness to let them return, while the non-violent Crimean Tatar movement did not lead to any desire for Crimean Tatars to leave Central Asia. In effect, the government was punishing Crimean Tatars for being <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovites</a> while rewarding the deported nations that contributed less to the building of socialism, creating further resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Ukaz_493" title="Ukaz 493">1967 Soviet decree</a> removed the charges against Crimean Tatars on paper while simultaneously referring to them not by their proper ethnonym but by the euphemism that eventually became standard of "citizens of Tatar nationality who formerly lived in Crimea", angering many Crimean Tatars who realized it meant they were not even seen as Crimean Tatars by the government. In addition, the Soviet government did nothing to facilitate their resettlement in Crimea and to make reparations for lost lives and confiscated property.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the mass return in the perestroika era, Crimean Tatars made up only 1.5% of Crimea's population, since government entities at all levels took a variety of measures beyond the already-debilitating residence permit system to keep them in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abolition of the special settlement regime made it possible for Crimean Tatar rights activists to mobilize. The primary method of raising grievances with the government was petitioning. Many for the right of return gained over 100,000 signatures; although other methods of protest were occasionally used, the movement remained completely non-violent.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When only a small percentage of Crimean Tatars were allowed to return to Crimea, those who were not granted residence permits would return to Crimea and try to live under the radar. However, the lack of a residence permit resulted in a second deportation for them. A last-resort method to avoid a second deportation was self-immolation, famously used by Crimean Tatar national hero <a href="/wiki/Musa_Mamut" title="Musa Mamut">Musa Mamut</a>, one of those who moved to Crimea without a residence permit. He doused himself with gasoline and committed self-immolation in front of police trying to deport him on 23 June 1978. Mamut died of severe burns several days later, but expressed no regret for having committed self-immolation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mamut posthumously became a symbol of Crimean Tatar resistance and nationhood, and remains celebrated by Crimean Tatars.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable self-immolations in the name of the Crimean Tatar right of return movement include that of Shavkat Yarullin, who fatally committed self-immolation in front of a government building in protest in October 1989, and Seidamet Balji who attempted self-immolation while being deported from Crimea in December that year but survived.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other famous Crimean Tatars threatened government authorities with self-immolation if they continued to be ignored, including <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdraim_Reshidov" title="Abdraim Reshidov">Abdraim Reshidov</a>. In the later years of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatar activists held picket protests in Red Square.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a prolonged effort of lobbying by the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement, the Soviet government established <a href="/wiki/Gromyko_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gromyko commission">a commission</a> in 1987 to evaluate the request for the right of return, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrey Gromyko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gromyko's condescending attitude<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and failure to assure them that they would have the right of return<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended up concerning members of the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement. In June 1988 he issued an official statement that rejected the request for re-establishment of a Crimean Tatar autonomy in Crimea and supported only allowing an organized return of a few more Crimean Tatars, while agreeing to allow the lower-priority requests of having more publications and school instruction in the Crimean Tatar language at the local level among areas with the deported populations.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusion that "no basis to renew autonomy and grant Crimean Tatars the right to return"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199138_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199138-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggered widespread protests.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than two years after Gromyko's commission had rejected their request for autonomy and return, pogroms against the deported <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> were taking place in Central Asia. During the pogroms, some Crimean Tatars were targeted as well, resulting in changing attitudes towards allowing Crimean Tatars to move back to Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually a second commission, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanaev</a> and inclusive of Crimean Tatars on the board, was established in 1989 to reevaluate the issue, and it was decided that the deportation was illegal and the Crimean Tatars were granted the full right to return, revoking previous laws intended to make it as difficult as possible for Crimean Tatars to move to Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_independent_Ukraine_(1991–2014)"><span id="In_independent_Ukraine_.281991.E2.80.932014.29"></span>In independent Ukraine (1991–2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In independent Ukraine (1991–2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_repatriation" title="Crimean Tatar repatriation">Crimean Tatar repatriation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea_(1991%E2%80%932014)" title="History of Crimea (1991–2014)">History of Crimea (1991–2014)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Osmanov" title="Yuri Osmanov">Yuri Osmanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a></div> <p>Today, more than 250,000 Crimean Tatars have returned to their homeland, struggling to re-establish their lives and reclaim their national and cultural rights against many social and economic obstacles. One-third of them are atheists, and over half that consider themselves religious are non-observant.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, only 15 out of 650 schools in Crimea provided education in the Crimean Tatar language, and 13 of them only do so in the first three grades.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Crimea" title="Squatting in Crimea">Squatting in Crimea</a> has been a significant method for Crimean Tatars to rebuild communities in Crimea destroyed by the deportations. These squats have sometimes resulted in violence by Crimean Russians, such as the 1992 Krasny Ray events, in which the security forces of the separatist <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republic of Crimea (1992–1995)">Republic of Crimea</a> (not to be confused with the post-2014 government of the same name) attacked a Crimean Tatar squat near the village of Krasny Ray. As a result of the attack on the Krasny Ray settlement, Crimean Tatars stormed the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea" title="Verkhovna Rada of Crimea">Verkhovna Rada of Crimea</a>, leading to the release of 26 squatters who had been abducted by the Crimean security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg/220px-Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg/330px-Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg/440px-Rally_Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rally in support of the Crimean Tatars in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Crimean Tatars were recognised as an indigenous people by the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution of Ukraine</a>, and granted a limited number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Crimean_parliamentary_election" title="1994 Crimean parliamentary election">1994 Crimean parliamentary election</a>. Nonetheless, they faced constant discrimination from the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a>, which was primarily governed by ethnic Russians and directed towards Russian interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a>, increased attention was paid to Crimean Tatars, with trials for crimes against humanity beginning for those involved in the deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, issues of land failed to be resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation">2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)#Crimean_Tatars" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea (Russia) § Crimean Tatars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Pro-Ukrainian_demonstration_in_Simferopol%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Ukrainian demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> (Ukrainian flag on the left, Crimean Tatar flag on the right) during the Russian military intervention in Crimea, March 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Following news of Crimea's independence <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">referendum</a> organized with the help of Russia on 16 March 2014, the Kurultai leadership voiced concerns of renewed persecution, as commented by a U.S. official before the visit of a UN human rights team to the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Minnikhanov" title="Rustam Minnikhanov">Rustam Minnikhanov</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> was dispatched to Crimea to quell Crimean Tatars' concerns and to state that "in the 23 years of Ukraine's independence the Ukrainian leaders have been using Crimean Tatars as pawns in their political games without doing them any tangible favors". The issue of Crimean Tatar persecution by Russia has since been raised regularly on an international level.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 March 2014, the day Crimea was annexed by Russia, and Crimean Tatar was <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> declared one of the three official languages of Crimea. It was also announced that Crimean Tatars will be required to relinquish coastal lands on which they squatted since their return to Crimea in the early 1990s and be given land elsewhere in Crimea. Crimea stated it needed the relinquished land for "social purposes", since part of this land is occupied by the Crimean Tatars without legal documents of ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was caused by the inability of the USSR (and later Ukraine) to sell the land to Crimean Tatars at a reasonable price instead of giving back to the Tatars the land owned before deportation, once they or their descendants returned from Central Asia (mainly Uzbekistan). As a consequence, some Crimean Tatars settled as squatters, occupying land that was and is still not legally registered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96,_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._(50264209977).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%2C_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._%2850264209977%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%2C_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._%2850264209977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%2C_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._%2850264209977%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%2C_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._%2850264209977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%2C_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._%2850264209977%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%2C_24_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020_%D1%80._%2850264209977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6024" data-file-height="4024" /></a><figcaption>Crimean Tatars during the march of defenders of Ukraine, 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Crimean Tatars fled to Mainland <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> due to the annexation of Crimea – reportedly around 2,000 by 23 March.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 March 2014, an emergency meeting of the Crimean Tatars representative body, the <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a>, voted in favor of seeking "ethnic and territorial autonomy" for Crimean Tatars using "political and legal" means. The meeting was attended by the Head of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> and the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Council_of_Muftis" title="Russian Council of Muftis">Russian Council of Muftis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decisions as to whether the Tatars will accept Russian passports or whether the autonomy sought would be within the Russian or Ukrainian state have been deferred pending further discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Mejlis worked in emergency mode in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Those_Who_Survived_Were_Robbed_of_Decades_after_1944_%E2%80%93_President_of_Ukraine_on_the_Remembrance_Day_of_the_Genocide_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People._(53728898487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Those_Who_Survived_Were_Robbed_of_Decades_after_1944_%E2%80%93_President_of_Ukraine_on_the_Remembrance_Day_of_the_Genocide_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People._%2853728898487%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Those_Who_Survived_Were_Robbed_of_Decades_after_1944_%E2%80%93_President_of_Ukraine_on_the_Remembrance_Day_of_the_Genocide_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People._%2853728898487%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Those_Who_Survived_Were_Robbed_of_Decades_after_1944_%E2%80%93_President_of_Ukraine_on_the_Remembrance_Day_of_the_Genocide_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People._%2853728898487%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Crimean Tatar politicians of Ukraine at the place of laying a monument to the victims of the genocide of the Crimean Tatar people in Kyiv, 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the annexation of Crimea by Russian Federation, Crimean Tatars were persecuted and discriminated by Russian authorities, including cases of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary detention">arbitrary detentions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> by Russian <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a> and courts.<sup id="cite_ref-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlUN_documents_torture_and_arrests_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_Russia_-_12.12.2017_14:44_–_Ukrinform_News_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlUN_documents_torture_and_arrests_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_Russia_-_12.12.2017_14:44_–_Ukrinform_News-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 June 2018, Ukraine lodged a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> consisting of 17,500 pages of text in 29 volumes to the UN's <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> about <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> against Crimean Tatars by Russian authorities in occupied Crimea and state financing of terrorism by Russian Federation in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlUAWire_-_Ukraine_files_memorandum_with_UN_Court_of_Justice_containing_evidence_of_Russias_involvement_in_financing_of_terrorism_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlUAWire_-_Ukraine_files_memorandum_with_UN_Court_of_Justice_containing_evidence_of_Russias_involvement_in_financing_of_terrorism-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlUkraine_submits_to_ICJ_evidence_of_Russian_crimes_in_Crimea,_Donbas_|_UNIAN_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlUkraine_submits_to_ICJ_evidence_of_Russian_crimes_in_Crimea,_Donbas_|_UNIAN-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 Ukrainian census</a>, 248,200 Ukrainian citizens identified themselves as Crimean Tatars with 98% (or about 243,400) of them living in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2001CensusUkraine_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001CensusUkraine-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 1,800 (or about 0.7%) lived in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, also on the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean peninsula</a>, but outside the border of the autonomous republic.<sup id="cite_ref-2001CensusUkraine_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001CensusUkraine-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This territory was <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed by Russia in 2014</a>. </p><p>About 150,000 remain in exile in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. According to Tatar activists, <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir Province</a> houses about 150,000 Crimean Tatars. Some activists set the national level figure as high as 6 million, which is considered an overestimation.<sup id="cite_ref-iccrimea.org_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccrimea.org-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crimean Tatars in Turkey mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir Province</a>, descendants of those who emigrated in the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-iccrimea.org_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccrimea.org-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> is home to more than 27,000 Crimean Tatars, with the majority in <a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Romania</a> and approximately 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">on the Bulgarian side</a> of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-romania_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romania-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg/220px-Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg/330px-Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg/440px-Crimean_tatar_musician.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Crimean Tatar musician</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yurts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurts">Yurts</a> or nomadic tents have traditionally played an important role in the cultural history of Crimean Tatars. There are different types of yurts; some are large and collapsible, called "terme", while others are small and non-collapsible (otav). </p><p>Two types of alphabet are in use: Cyrillic and Latin. Initially Crimean Tatars used Arabic script. In 1928, it was replaced with the Latin alphabet. Cyrillic was introduced in 1938 based on the Russian alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet was the only official one between 1938 and 1997. All its letters coincide with those of the Russian alphabet. The 1990s saw the start of the gradual transition of the language to the new Latin alphabet based on the Turkish one.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The songs (makam) of the nomadic steppe Crimean Tatars are characterized by diatonic, melodic simplicity and brevity. The songs of mountainous and southern coastal Crimean Tatars, called <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i><span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Latn">Türkü</span></i>, are sung with richly ornamented melodies. Household <a href="/wiki/Lyricism" title="Lyricism">lyricism</a> is also widespread. Occasionally, song competitions take place between young men and women during Crimean holidays and weddings. Ritual <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> includes winter greetings, wedding songs, lamentations and circular dance songs (khoran). Epic stories or destans are very popular among the Crimean Tatars, particularly the destans of "Chora batyr", "Edige", "<a href="/wiki/Koroghlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Koroghlu">Koroglu</a>", and others.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> holiday, Crimean Tatars usually cook eggs, chicken soup, puff meat pie (kobete), <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>, and sweet biscuits. Children put on masks and sing special songs under the windows of their neighbours, receiving sweets in return. </p><p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">cuisine of the Crimean Tatars</a> has similarities with that of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> peoples, <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogays</a>, North Caucasians, and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>, although some national dishes and dietary habits vary between different Crimean Tatar regional subgroups; for example, fish and produce are more popular among Yaliboylu Tatar dishes while meat and dairy is more prevalent in Steppe Tatar cuisine. Many Uzbek dishes were incorporated into Crimean Tatar national cuisine during exile in Central Asia since 1944, and these dishes have become prevalent in Crimea since the return. Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">samsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_(food)" title="Laghman (food)">laghman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i><span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Latn">plov</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a>) are sold in most Tatar roadside cafes in Crimea as national dishes. In turn, some Crimean Tatar dishes, including <a href="/wiki/Chebureki" title="Chebureki">chibureki</a>, have been adopted by peoples outside Crimea, such as in Turkey and the North Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crimean_Tatar_political_parties">Crimean Tatar political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crimean Tatar political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_movement_of_Crimean_Tatars">National movement of Crimean Tatars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National movement of Crimean Tatars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded by Crimean Tatar civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Osmanov" title="Yuri Osmanov">Yuri Osmanov</a>, the National Movement of Crimean Tatars (NDKT) was the major opposition faction to the Dzhemilev faction during the Soviet era. The official goal of the NDKT during the Soviet era was the restoration of the Crimean ASSR under the Leninist principle of national autonomy for titular indigenous peoples in their homeland, conflicting with the desires of an independent Tatar state from the OKND, the predecessor of the Mejilis. Yuri Osmanov, founder of the organization, was highly critical of Dzhemilev, saying that the <a href="/wiki/OKND" title="OKND">OKND</a>, the predecessor of the Mejilis, did not sufficiently try to mend ethnic tensions in Crimea. However, the OKND decreased in popularity after <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Osmanov" title="Yuri Osmanov">Yuri Osmanov</a> was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mejlis">Mejlis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mejlis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a></div> <p>In 1991, the Crimean Tatar leadership founded the <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a>, or Parliament, to act as a representative body for the Crimean Tatars which could address grievances to the Ukrainian central government, the Crimean government, and international bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a> is the executive body of the <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a>. </p><p>From the 1990s until October 2013, the political leader of the Crimean Tatars and the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a> was former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissident</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Dzhemilev" title="Mustafa Dzhemilev">Mustafa Dzhemilev</a>. Since October 2013 the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Refat_Chubarov" title="Refat Chubarov">Refat Chubarov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian annexation of Crimea">2014 Russian annexation of Crimea</a>, Russian authorities declared the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People an extremist organization, and banned it on 26 April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-MCTPb26416_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCTPb26416-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Milliy_Firqa">New Milliy Firqa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Milliy Firqa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milliy_F%C4%B1rqa_(NGO)" title="Milliy Fırqa (NGO)">Milliy Fırqa (NGO)</a></div> <p>In 2006, a new Crimean Tatar party in opposition to the Mejlis was founded, taking the name of the previously-defunct <a href="/wiki/Milliy_Firqa" title="Milliy Firqa">Milly Firqa</a> party from the early 20th century. The party claims to be successor of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Osmanov" title="Yuri Osmanov">Yuri Osmanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/NDKT" title="NDKT">NDKT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Crimean_Tatars">Notable Crimean Tatars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable Crimean Tatars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crimean_Tatars" title="List of Crimean Tatars">List of Crimean Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tatars" title="List of Tatars">List of Tatars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Crimean_Tatars" title="Index of articles related to Crimean Tatars">Index of articles related to Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan_Battalion" title="Noman Çelebicihan Battalion">Noman Çelebicihan Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Tatarization_of_Crimea" title="De-Tatarization of Crimea">De-Tatarization of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqmescit_Friday_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqmescit Friday mosque">Aqmescit Friday mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_legends" title="Crimean legends">Crimean legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatarophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crimea_data-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crimea_data_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crimea_data_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crimean Tatar population of Ukraine and Russia according to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Russian Census">2010 Russian</a> censuses respectively, both held before 2014 <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District_Census_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Federal District Census (2014)">2014 Crimean census</a>, conducted by Russia after the annexation, reported 246,073 Crimean Tatars on the Russian-held territory<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?box=5.1W&out_type=&id=&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&id=&botton=cens_db">"The distribution of the population by nationality [ethnicity] and mother tongue"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120130427/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?box=5.1W&out_type=&id=&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&id=&botton=cens_db">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+distribution+of+the+population+by+nationality+%26%2391%3Bethnicity%26%2393%3B+and+mother+tongue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fnationality_population%2Fnationality_1%2Fs5%2F%3Fbox%3D5.1W%26out_type%3D%26id%3D%26rz%3D1_1%26rz_b%3D2_1%26k_t%3D00%26id%3D%26botton%3Dcens_db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307210725/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2638328">"Big Russian Encyclopedia – Crimean Tatars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2638328">the original</a> on 7 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Russian+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Crimean+Tatars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F2638328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romania-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romania_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romania_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513211550/http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/">"Recensamant Romania 2002"</a>. <i>Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii</i> (in Romanian). 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/">the original</a> on 13 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agentia+Nationala+pentru+Intreprinderi+Mici+si+Mijlocii&rft.atitle=Recensamant+Romania+2002&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmimmc.ro%2Finfo_util%2Fformulare_1294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls">Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls">Archived</a> 24 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm">"Bulgaria Population census 2001"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092046/http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+Population+census+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2FCensus_e%2FCensus_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/default.aspx">Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501091537/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> 1 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar">Национальный состав населения</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511000000/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.rar)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iccrimea.org/scholarly/diaspora.html">"The Crimean Tatar National Movement and the American Diaspora"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224145912/http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/diaspora.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatar+National+Movement+and+the+American+Diaspora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficcrimea.org%2Fscholarly%2Fdiaspora.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovik2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Novik, Aleksandr (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6RsbWXEIFcC"><i>Культурное наследие народов Европы</i></a> (in Russian). Наука. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-038267-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-038267-1"><bdi>978-5-02-038267-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-02-038267-1&rft.aulast=Novik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6RsbWXEIFcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBlREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261"><i>The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49128-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49128-1"><bdi>978-90-04-49128-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Turks and Crimean Tatars are both Turkic peoples and closely related by language, religion, and cultural tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+The+Diaspora+Experience+and+the+Forging+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49128-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBlREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan2018_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">"The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 329–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186301000311">10.1017/S1356186301000311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">25188176</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162929705">162929705</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213165422/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogenesis+of+the+Crimean+Tatars.+An+Historical+Reinterpretation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-348&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162929705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186301000311&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-генофонд2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-генофонд2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Агджоян А. Т., Схаляхо Р. А., Утевская О. М., Жабагин М. К., Тагирли Ш. Г., Дамба Л. Д., Атраментова Л. А., Балановский О. П.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Генофонд крымских татар в сравнении с тюркоязычными народами Европы</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125020853/http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllarionov2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Illarionov, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305162246/http://aillarionov.livejournal.com/607335.html">"The ethnic composition of Crimea during three centuries"</a> (in Russian). Moscow, R.F.: Institute of Economical Analysis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aillarionov.livejournal.com/607335.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ethnic+composition+of+Crimea+during+three+centuries&rft.place=Moscow%2C+R.F.&rft.pub=Institute+of+Economical+Analysis&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Illarionov&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faillarionov.livejournal.com%2F607335.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroynitski,_N.A.1905" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Troynitski, N.A. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071258/http://www.prlib.ru/Lib/pages/item.aspx?itemid=4952">"First General Census of Russian Empire's Population, 1897 (Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Под ред. Н.А.Тройницкого. т.II. Общий свод по Империи результатов разработки данных Первой Всеобщей переписи населения, произведенной 28 января 1897 года. С.-Петербург: типография "Общественная польза", 1899–1905, 89 томах (119 книг))"</a> (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prlib.ru/Lib/pages/item.aspx?itemid=4952">the original</a> on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+General+Census+of+Russian+Empire%27s+Population%2C+1897+%28%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+1897+%D0%B3.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4.+%D0%9D.%D0%90.%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.+%D1%82.II.+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+28+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+1897+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A1.-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%3A+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%22%2C+1899%E2%80%931905%2C+89+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85+%28119+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%29%29&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Troynitski%2C+N.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2FLib%2Fpages%2Fitem.aspx%3Fitemid%3D4952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186">"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans"</a>. <i>Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 411–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186">10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-2004">1360-2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202282745">202282745</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127200904/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Armenians+and+the+Cleansing+of+Muslims+1878%E2%80%931915%3A+Influences+from+the+Balkans&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-431&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202282745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Punished Peoples' of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424190917/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Punished+Peoples%27+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+The+Continuing+Legacy+of+Stalin%27s+Deportations&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fu%2Fussr%2Fussr.919%2Fusssr919full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/members/7871">"UNPO: Crimean Tatars"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023191211/https://unpo.org/members/7871">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Crimean+Tatars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Fmembers%2F7871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/POLITICS/rada-viznala-krimskih-tatar-korinnim-narodom-u-skladi-ukrayini-140021_.html">Verkhovna Rada recognized Crimean Tatars indigenous people of Ukraine (Рада визнала кримських татар корінним народом у складі України)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128040012/https://dt.ua/POLITICS/rada-viznala-krimskih-tatar-korinnim-narodom-u-skladi-ukrayini-140021_.html">Archived</a> 28 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror Weekly">Mirror Weekly</a>. 20 March 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2012" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VrfrQqQn_sC"><i>The Indigenous Space and Marginalized Peoples in the United Nations</i></a>. Springer. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-28054-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-28054-1"><bdi>978-1-137-28054-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023909/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VrfrQqQn_sC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Space+and+Marginalized+Peoples+in+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-28054-1&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VrfrQqQn_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanguri2016" class="citation book cs1">Vanguri, Star (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DT1-CwAAQBAJ"><i>Rhetorics of Names and Naming</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-43604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-43604-1"><bdi>978-1-317-43604-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023922/https://books.google.com/books?id=DT1-CwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetorics+of+Names+and+Naming&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-43604-1&rft.aulast=Vanguri&rft.aufirst=Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDT1-CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUehling2000" class="citation book cs1">Uehling, Greta Lynn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5gfAQAAMAAJ"><i>Having a Homeland: Recalling the Deportation, Exile, and Repatriation of Crimean Tatars</i></a>. University of Michigan. pp. 420–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-599-98653-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-599-98653-4"><bdi>978-0-599-98653-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023936/https://books.google.com/books?id=B5gfAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Having+a+Homeland%3A+Recalling+the+Deportation%2C+Exile%2C+and+Repatriation+of+Crimean+Tatars&rft.pages=420-424&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-599-98653-4&rft.aulast=Uehling&rft.aufirst=Greta+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5gfAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYevstigneev2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yevstigneev, Yuri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tlRoMgCpmP4C&pg=PT271"><i>Россия: коренные народы и зарубежные диаспоры (краткий этно-исторический справочник) – lit. "Russia: indigenous peoples and foreign diasporas (a brief ethno-historical reference)"</i></a> (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Litres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785457236653" title="Special:BookSources/9785457236653"><bdi>9785457236653</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023922/https://books.google.com/books?id=tlRoMgCpmP4C&pg=PT271">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%28%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%29+%E2%80%93+lit.+%22Russia%3A+indigenous+peoples+and+foreign+diasporas+%28a+brief+ethno-historical+reference%29%22&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9785457236653&rft.aulast=Yevstigneev&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlRoMgCpmP4C%26pg%3DPT271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vozgrin-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vozgrin_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vozgrin_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vozgrin, Valery <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kitap.net.ru/vozgrin1.php">"Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711080144/http://tavrika.by.ru/books/vozgrin_ists/html/index.htm">Archived</a> 11 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasse2007" class="citation book cs1">Sasse, Gwendolyn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2P9oAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932650-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932650-01-3"><bdi>978-1-932650-01-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2P9oAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimea+Question%3A+Identity%2C+Transition%2C+and+Conflict&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932650-01-3&rft.aulast=Sasse&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2P9oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian Glyn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InDXAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Homeland Lost: Migration, the Diaspora Experience and the Forging of Crimean Tatar National Identity</i></a>. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 541. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023903/https://books.google.com/books?id=InDXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Homeland+Lost%3A+Migration%2C+the+Diaspora+Experience+and+the+Forging+of+Crimean+Tatar+National+Identity&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInDXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In the 2014 census, many of those who indicated the nationality "Tatar" in the census were actually Crimean Tatars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/crimean-tatar">"World Atlas of Languages - Crimean Tatar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages+-+Crimean+Tatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fcrimean-tatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eef.org.ua/en/6445-2/">"National Corpus of the Crimean Tatar Language | Фонд Східна Європа"</a>. <i>East Europe Foundation</i>. 21 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Europe+Foundation&rft.atitle=National+Corpus+of+the+Crimean+Tatar+Language+%7C+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feef.org.ua%2Fen%2F6445-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601061825/https://ppu.gov.ua/en/press-center/the-crimean-tatar-language-belongs-to-the-languages-that-are-under-serious-threat/">"The Crimean Tatar language belongs to the languages that are under serious threat"</a>. <i>Представництво Президента України в Автономній Республіці Крим</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppu.gov.ua/en/press-center/the-crimean-tatar-language-belongs-to-the-languages-that-are-under-serious-threat/">the original</a> on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.atitle=The+Crimean+Tatar+language+belongs+to+the+languages+that+are+under+serious+threat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppu.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fpress-center%2Fthe-crimean-tatar-language-belongs-to-the-languages-that-are-under-serious-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tatar-language">"Tatar language | History, People, & Locations | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tatar+language+%7C+History%2C+People%2C+%26+Locations+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTatar-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSava2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sava, Işılay IŞIKTAŞ (21 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/karadearas/issue/72318/1173609">"KIRIM TATARCADA MOĞOLCA ALINTI KELİMELER"</a>. <i>Karadeniz Araştırmaları</i> (in Turkish). <b>19</b> (75): 933–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.56694%2Fkaradearas.1173609">10.56694/karadearas.1173609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2536-5126">2536-5126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Karadeniz+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1&rft.atitle=KIRIM+TATARCADA+MO%C4%9EOLCA+ALINTI+KEL%C4%B0MELER&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=933-951&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.56694%2Fkaradearas.1173609&rft.issn=2536-5126&rft.aulast=Sava&rft.aufirst=I%C5%9F%C4%B1lay+I%C5%9EIKTA%C5%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fkaradearas%2Fissue%2F72318%2F1173609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavitskaya2009" class="citation book cs1">Kavitskaya, Darya (1 January 2009). <i>Crimean Tatar</i>. LINCOM publishers. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3895866906" title="Special:BookSources/978-3895866906"><bdi>978-3895866906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatar&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=LINCOM+publishers&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3895866906&rft.aulast=Kavitskaya&rft.aufirst=Darya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Brian Glyn Williams</a> (2001) "The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation", ISBN 90-04-12122-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqF1SIy9D3gC&q=crimean+tartar+dialects"><i>National movements and national identity among the Crimean Tatars: (1905-1916)</i></a>. BRILL. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004105096" title="Special:BookSources/9789004105096"><bdi>9789004105096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+movements+and+national+identity+among+the+Crimean+Tatars%3A+%281905-1916%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789004105096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqF1SIy9D3gC%26q%3Dcrimean%2Btartar%2Bdialects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1936" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Vasiliev1936Goths"><i>The Goths in the Crimea</i></a>. Cambridge, MA. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths+in+the+Crimea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=259&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVasiliev1936Goths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eohou-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eohou_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eohou_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eohou_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Krimski_Tatari">Crimean Tatars (КРИМСЬКІ ТАТАРИ)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325054546/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Krimski_Tatari">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Kolodziejczyk2011" class="citation book cs1">Dariusz Kolodziejczyk (2011). <i>The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century), A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by an Annotated Edition of Relevant Documents</i>. Vol. 47. BRILL. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19190-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19190-7"><bdi>978-90-04-19190-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Khanate+and+Poland-Lithuania%3A+International+Diplomacy+on+the+European+Periphery+%2815th-18th+Century%29%2C+A+Study+of+Peace+Treaties+Followed+by+an+Annotated+Edition+of+Relevant+Documents&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19190-7&rft.au=Dariusz+Kolodziejczyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/another-new-england-nil-in-crimea/">"Another New England — in Crimea"</a>. <i>Big Think</i>. 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=Another+New+England+%E2%80%94+in+Crimea&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fstrange-maps%2Fanother-new-england-nil-in-crimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusellaNomachiGibson2016" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz; Nomachi, Motoki; Gibson, Catherine (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01LeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34839-5"><bdi>978-1-137-34839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Slavic+Languages%2C+Identities+and+Borders&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34839-5&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=Nomachi%2C+Motoki&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01LeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisenhainerLange2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geisenhainer, Katja; Lange, Katharina (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUo-lweX0C&pg=PA430"><i>Bewegliche Horizonte: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Bernhard Streck</i></a> (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-078-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-078-4"><bdi>978-3-86583-078-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bewegliche+Horizonte%3A+Festschrift+zum+60.+Geburtstag+von+Bernhard+Streck&rft.pub=Leipziger+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-86583-078-4&rft.aulast=Geisenhainer&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft.au=Lange%2C+Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMcUo-lweX0C%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527170408/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2186217">"Mariupol Greeks"</a>. <i>Great Russian Encyclopedia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2186217">the original</a> on 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mariupol+Greeks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F2186217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ik-ptz.ru/en/math/greko-tatary-urumy-kto-oni-mavr-sdelal-svoe-delo.html">"Greek Tatars. Urums, who are they? Moor did his job..."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Tatars.+Urums%2C+who+are+they%3F+Moor+did+his+job...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fik-ptz.ru%2Fen%2Fmath%2Fgreko-tatary-urumy-kto-oni-mavr-sdelal-svoe-delo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crimea-is-ukraine.org/svitlytsa/lypka">"Шість століть разом. Сторінки історії забутого народу"</a>. <i>crimea-is-ukraine.org</i> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crimea-is-ukraine.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A8%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrimea-is-ukraine.org%2Fsvitlytsa%2Flypka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ji.lviv.ua/n90texts/yakubauskas-lytovski-tatary.htm">"Адас Якубаускас Литовські татари"</a>. <i>www.ji.lviv.ua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ji.lviv.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ji.lviv.ua%2Fn90texts%2Fyakubauskas-lytovski-tatary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islam.in.ua/ua/istoriya/polski-i-lytovski-tatary-u-borotbi-za-nezalezhnyy-krym-v-1918-roci">"Польські і литовські татари у боротьбі за незалежний Крим в 1918 році"</a>. <i>Іслам в Україні</i> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%96+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2+1918+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislam.in.ua%2Fua%2Fistoriya%2Fpolski-i-lytovski-tatary-u-borotbi-za-nezalezhnyy-krym-v-1918-roci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/bwilliams.html">"The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation"</a>. Iccrimea.org. 18 May 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194156/http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/bwilliams.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+The+Diaspora+Experience+and+the+Forging+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Iccrimea.org&rft.date=1944-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccrimea.org%2Fscholarly%2Fbwilliams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khodarkovsky – Russia's Steppe Frontier p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, BG. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Pgs 7–23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12122-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12122-6">90-04-12122-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ripley1899-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ripley1899_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Zebina_Ripley1899" class="citation book cs1">William Zebina Ripley (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233976"><i>The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (Lowell Institute Lectures)</i></a>. D. Appleton and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233976/page/n526">420</a>–. <q>crimean tatar language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Races+of+Europe%3A+A+Sociological+Study+%28Lowell+Institute+Lectures%29&rft.pages=420-&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.au=William+Zebina+Ripley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.233976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crimea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crimea">"Crimea" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 449–450, see page 450, (1) half way down & (2) final line. <q>(1) Meanwhile the Tatars had got a firm footing in the northern and central parts of the peninsula as early as the 13th century...&...(2)...and in the first years of the 20th century, the Tatars emigrated in large numbers to the Ottoman empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crimea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=449-450%2C+see+page+450%2C+%281%29+half+way+down+%26+%282%29+final+line&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation web cs1">Green, Cate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html?m=1">"The medieval 'New England': a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+medieval+%27New+England%27%3A+a+forgotten+Anglo-Saxon+colony+on+the+north-eastern+Black+Sea+coast&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Cate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caitlingreen.org%2F2015%2F05%2Fmedieval-new-england-black-sea.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/another-new-england-nil-in-crimea/">"Another New England — in Crimea"</a>. <i>Big Think</i>. 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=Another+New+England+%E2%80%94+in+Crimea&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fstrange-maps%2Fanother-new-england-nil-in-crimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Vásáry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearns(1979:39–40).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110753/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-cuman.html">"CUMAN"</a>. Christusrex.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-cuman.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CUMAN&rft.pub=Christusrex.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fpater%2FJPN-cuman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1978" class="citation web cs1">Stearns (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724062720/http://www.arbeid-adelt.demon.nl/krimgotisch/krimgotisch.html">"Sources for the Krimgotische"</a>. p. 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbeid-adelt.demon.nl/krimgotisch/krimgotisch.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Krimgotische&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Stearns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbeid-adelt.demon.nl%2Fkrimgotisch%2Fkrimgotisch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Агджоян А. Т., Схаляхо Р. А., Утевская О. М., Жабагин М. К., Тагирли Ш. Г., Дамба Л. Д., Атраментова Л. А., Балановский О. П.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Генофонд крымских татар в сравнении с тюркоязычными народами Европы</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125020853/http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Archived</a> 25 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-генофонд-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-генофонд_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?page_id=1269">"Как мы изучали генофонд крымских татар | Генофонд РФ"</a> (in Russian). xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004853/http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?page_id=1269">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%7C+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft.pub=xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-агджоян-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-агджоян_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">"Стендовый доклад Аджогян"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125020853/http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai%2Flibrary%2Fpapers%2FAgdjoyan2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Brian Glyn. 2001. "The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 329–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213165422/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">Archived</a> 13 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_54,_66-67-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_54,_66-67_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 46, 54, 66-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genes-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genes_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genes_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgdzhoyanChukhryaevaKuznetsovaSkhalyakho2014" class="citation journal cs1">Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulletin.antropos.msu.ru/en/article.php?id=501">"THE GENE POOL OF INDIGENOUS CRIMEAN POPULATIONS: MEDITERRANEAN MEETS EURASIAN STEPPE"</a>. <i>Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia)</i> (4). Moscow: 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+University+Anthropology+Bulletin+%28Vestnik+Moskovskogo+Universiteta.+Seria+XXIII.+Antropologia%29&rft.atitle=THE+GENE+POOL+OF+INDIGENOUS+CRIMEAN+POPULATIONS%3A+MEDITERRANEAN+MEETS+EURASIAN+STEPPE&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Agdzhoyan&rft.aufirst=Anastasiya&rft.au=Chukhryaeva%2C+Marina&rft.au=Kuznetsova%2C+Marina&rft.au=Skhalyakho%2C+Roza&rft.au=Dibirova%2C+Khadizhat&rft.au=Yusupov%2C+Yuldash&rft.au=Mustafaeva%2C+Lilia&rft.au=Atramentova%2C+Lyubov&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft.au=Balanovska%2C+Elena&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.antropos.msu.ru%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_70-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201846,_70_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 46, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genezis-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genezis_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genezis_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genezis_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genezis_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genezis_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utgis.org.ua/journals/index.php/Faktory/article/view/178/209">Следы древних миграций в генофонде крымских и казанских татар: анализ полиморфизма y-хромосомы = Traces of ancient migrations in the gene pool of Crimean and Kazan Tatars: analysis of y-chromosome polymorphism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426191645/http://utgis.org.ua/journals/index.php/Faktory/article/view/178/209">Archived</a> 2018-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Агджоян А. Т., Утевкая О. М. и др. — Вестник УТГС 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 97: "<i>Thus, medieval migrations from Asia Minor could have strengthened the "marine" layer of the Crimean gene pool, but its main source was still the ancient populations from the city-states of the Eastern Mediterranean. Indirect confirmation of this hypothesis can be found in the analysis of the Crimean Tatar gene pool according to the Human Origins genome-wide panel (Figure 17, Section 3.3) and the projection of the position of the gene pool of mountain and southern coastal Crimean Tatars on the principal component graph for the same data set, published in the work [Mathieson et al., 2017] using data on ancient DNA of the Balkans and Asia Minor from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan20186,_15_etc.-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan20186,_15_etc._67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 6, 15 etc..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 92: "<i>the gene pools of all the populations studied are very distant from both the Mongols and other populations of Central Asia</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comparisongene-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comparisongene_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Агджоян А. Т., Схаляхо Р. А., Утевская О. М., Жабагин М. К., Тагирли Ш. Г., Дамба Л. Д., Атраментова Л. А., Балановский О. П.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Генофонд крымских татар в сравнении с тюркоязычными народами Европы</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125020853/http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/library/papers/Agdjoyan2015.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 64: "<i>All six studied Crimean populations, according to the analysis of both haploid and whole-genome autosomal markers, are genetically very distant from their closest geographical neighbors – Ukrainians and Russians: significantly farther than from the populations of the Mediterranean or the Caucasus. This result indicates the absence of a significant genetic contribution of the Slavic population to the gene pool of the studied Crimean populations</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgdzhoyan.1" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agdzhoyan.1, Anastasia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vigg.ru/fileadmin/user_upload/Dissertatsionnyy_sovet/Kandidatskie_dissertatsii/2018/Agdjoyan_AT/_Avtoreferat_Agdzhojan_2018_.pdf">"Генофонд коренных народов Крыма по маркерам Y-хромосомы, мтДНК и полногеномных панелей аутосомных SNP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук и лаборатория популяционной генетики человека Федерального государственного бюджетное научное учреждение «Медико-генетический научный центр»</i> (in Russian): 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%9D.%D0%98.+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%83%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%C2%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+SNP&rft.pages=20&rft.aulast=Agdzhoyan.1&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvigg.ru%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FDissertatsionnyy_sovet%2FKandidatskie_dissertatsii%2F2018%2FAgdjoyan_AT%2F_Avtoreferat_Agdzhojan_2018_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genpool-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genpool_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wells, RS; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R. et al</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56946/pdf/pq010244.pdf">The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity</a> // <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>, 2001 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201853-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201853_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comas, D., Plaza, S., Wells, R. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/5201160">Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages</a>. Eur J Hum Genet 12, 495–504 (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160">https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Crimean Tatars were excluded from the admixture analysis since their geographic position corresponds more to Europe rather than Central Asia, and their mtDNA pool is completely of West Eurasian origin.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">В. С. ПАНКРАТОВ, Е. И. КУШНЕРЕВИЧ, член-корреспондент О. Г. ДАВЫДЕНКО (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doklady.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/190?locale=ru%20RU">ПОЛИМОРФИЗМ МАРКЕРОВ Y-ХРОМОСОМЫ В ПОПУЛЯЦИИ БЕЛОРУССКИХ ТАТАР</a> (<i>in Russian</i>). Минск: Национальная академия наук Беларуси. с. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201830-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgdzhoyan201830_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018">Agdzhoyan 2018</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Мухамедьяров Ш. Ф.</i> Введение в этническую историю Крыма. // Тюркские народы Крыма: Караимы. Крымские татары. Крымчаки. — Moscow: Наука. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Хайр-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Хайр_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Хайруддинов М. А. К вопросу об этногенезе крымских татар/М. А. Хайруддинов // Ученые записки Крымского государственного индустриально-педагогического института. Выпуск 2. -Симферополь, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sevortyan E. V. Crimean Tatar language. // Languages of the peoples of the USSR. — t. 2 (Turkic languages). — N., 1966. — Pp. 234–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/baskakov-52.htm">"Baskakov – on the classification of Turkic languages"</a>. www. philology. ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223205106/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/baskakov-52.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baskakov+%E2%80%93+on+the+classification+of+Turkic+languages&rft.pub=www.+philology.+ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philology.ru%2Flinguistics4%2Fbaskakov-52.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essays on the history and culture of the Crimean Tatars. / Under. edited by E. Chubarova.Simferopol, Crimecity, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Brian Glyn Williams</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xabnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12"><i>The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190494704" title="Special:BookSources/9780190494704"><bdi>9780190494704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023924/https://books.google.com/books?id=xabnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+From+Soviet+Genocide+to+Putin%27s+Conquest&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190494704&rft.au=Brian+Glyn+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxabnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gertsen, Mogarychev <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF">Крепость драгоценностей. Кырк-Ор. Чуфут-кале.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427065708/https://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF">Archived</a> 27 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1993, pages 58—64. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7780-0216-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-7780-0216-5">5-7780-0216-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davies-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davies_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davies_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davies_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davies_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian L. Davies (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe</a></i>. pp. 15–26. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.ivran.ru/f/osmanskij-mir-i-osmanistika-2010.pdf">Крымское ханство: вассалитет или независимость? // Османский мир и османистика. Сборник статей к 100-летию со дня рождения А.С. Тверитиновой (1910–1973)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214175635/http://book.ivran.ru/f/osmanskij-mir-i-osmanistika-2010.pdf">Archived</a> 14 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> М., 2010. С. 288–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, BG. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Pg 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12122-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12122-6">90-04-12122-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rayfield,_Donald_p_15_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rayfield, Donald, 2014: "Dormant claims", <i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, 9 May 2014 p 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gayvoronsky-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gayvoronsky_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayvoronsky_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayvoronsky_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gayvoronsky, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vosgrin, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-244-00641-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-244-00641-X">5-244-00641-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halil İnalcik, 1942 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808">Верховная власть принадлежала хану – представителю династии Гиреев, который являлся вассалом тур. султана (официально закреплено в 1580-х гг., когда имя султана стало произноситься перед именем хана во время пятничной молитвы, что в мусульм. мире служило признаком вассалитета)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/2008_Kochegarov.pdf">Kochegarov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010708/http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/2008_Kochegarov.pdf">Archived</a> 29 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2008), p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Tyszkiewicz. Tatarzy na Litwie i w Polsce. Studia z dziejow XIII-XVIII w. Warszawa, 1989. p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies (2007), p. 187; Torke (1997), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a popular thesis in the Russian-Soviet propaganda about the Crimean Tatars betrayal of Khmelnytsky. However, the words of the vizier of the Crimean khanate <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Gazi_aga" class="extiw" title="pl:Sefer Gazi aga">Sefer Ğazı</a> show just the opposite. He said: «<i>The Zaporozhian Cossacks spent 800 years in servitude with the Polish kings, then seven years with us, and we, taking them together and hoping that they would be righteous and standing in service, defended them, fought for them with Poland and Lithuania, shed a lot of innocent blood, and did not allow them to be harmed. Back then there were only 8,000 Cossacks, and we Tatars made 20,000 of them. The Cossacks liked it, when we covered them and always came to their aid, then Khmelnytsky kissed me, Sefergazy-Aga, in the legs and wanted to be with us in submission forever. Now the Cossacks have misappropriated us, <b>betrayed us</b>, forgotten our goodness, <b>gone to the Tsar of Moscow</b>. You, members, know that it is traitors and rebels who will betray the Tsar just as they betrayed us and the Poles. <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV_Giray" title="Mehmed IV Giray">Mehmed Giray</a> the Tsar is unable to do anything but to walk on them and destroy them. I do not think any of the Crimeans and Nogais will have a claw on the fingers of their hands, I don't think their eyes will be covered with ground – then only the treachery and the Cossack faith will be avenged.</i>» (<a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sefer_Gazi_aga">source of the quote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164908/https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sefer_Gazi_aga">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad III, H. Bowen, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht, (E. J.Brill, 1986), 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was claiming: <i>"Such a strong and merciless enemy as Moscow, falling on its feet, fell into our hands. This is such a convenient case when, if we wish so, we can capture Russia from one side to the other, since I know for sure that the whole the strength of the Russian army is this army. Our task now is to pat the Russian army so that it cannot move anywhere from this place, and we will get to Moscow and bring the matter to the point that the Russian Tsar would be appointed by our <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">padishah</a>"</i> (Halim Giray, 1822)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/24.phtml?id=12944">Halim Giray</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809152124/http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/24.phtml?id=12944">Archived</a> 9 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1822 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 732</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRE-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808">Крымское ханство</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — A. V. Vinogradov, S. F. Faizov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/105">Ukraine: A History</a></i>". University of Toronto Press. pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul Robert, Magocsi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&pg=PA185"><i>A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442698796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442698796"><bdi>978-1442698796</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023924/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1442698796&rft.aulast=Paul+Robert&rft.aufirst=Magocsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0mKRsElYNkC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-crimean-tatars-and-the-ottomans-64230">"The Crimean Tatars and the Ottomans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a></i>. 29 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624214025/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-crimean-tatars-and-the-ottomans-64230">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+Crimean+Tatars+and+the+Ottomans&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fthe-crimean-tatars-and-the-ottomans-64230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raids-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raids_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raids_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikhail_Kizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kizilov" title="Mikhail Kizilov">Mikhail Kizilov</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2971600">"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources"</a>. <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>11</b> (1). Oxford University: 2–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006507780385125">10.1163/157006507780385125</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021701/https://www.academia.edu/2971600">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Crimea+From+the+Perspective+of+Christian%2C+Muslim%2C+and+Jewish+Sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006507780385125&rft.au=Mikhail+Kizilov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2971600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYermolenko2010" class="citation book cs1">Yermolenko, Galina I. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRE-ybv0SLkC&pg=PA111"><i>Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409403746" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409403746"><bdi>978-1409403746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023925/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRE-ybv0SLkC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roxolana+in+European+Literature%2C+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1409403746&rft.aulast=Yermolenko&rft.aufirst=Galina+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRE-ybv0SLkC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605131551/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki, <i>Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1981" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Alan (1981). "The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century". <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 135–170. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035903">41035903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Crimea+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-170&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41035903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alan26-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alan26_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alan26_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alan26_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alan26_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan W. Fisher, <i>The Russian Annexation of the Crimea 1772–1783</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65JOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26">p. 26.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krymr-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krymr_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.krymr.com/a/27470281.html">"Украине не стоит придумывать мифы о Крыме, ведь он украинский по праву – историк"</a> (in Russian). Крим.Реалії. 6 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729003356/https://ru.krymr.com/a/27470281.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83+%E2%80%93+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC.%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.krymr.com%2Fa%2F27470281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykova201534-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBykova201534_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBykova2015">Bykova 2015</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerhiychuk2008216-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerhiychuk2008216_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerhiychuk2008">Serhiychuk 2008</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Crimean Khanate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgimo.ru/upload/iblock/bf9/religiya-karaimov.pdf">Религия Караимов</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308181630/https://mgimo.ru/upload/iblock/bf9/religiya-karaimov.pdf">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Глаголев В. С., page 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikhail_Kizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kizilov" title="Mikhail Kizilov">Mikhail Kizilov</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3706285">"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captivesin the Crimean Khanate"</a>. <i>The Journal of Jewish Studies</i>: 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424225404/https://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Slaves%2C+Money+Lenders%2C+and+Prisoner+Guards%3AThe+Jews+and+the+Trade+in+Slaves+and+Captivesin+the+Crimean+Khanate&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mikhail+Kizilov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3706285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Brian Glyn Williams</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf">"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Raiders%3A+The+Military+Role+of+the+Crimean+Tatars+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Brian+Glyn+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FCrimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://194.44.152.155/elib/local/sk803789.pdf">The historical fate of the Crimean Tatars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020103218/http://194.44.152.155/elib/local/sk803789.pdf">Archived</a> 20 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Valery Vozgrin, 1992, Moscow <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.krymr.com/a/istoriya-kryma-krymskoe-khanstvo-ekonomika/29417696.html">"The economy of the Crimean Khanate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828132351/https://ru.krymr.com/a/istoriya-kryma-krymskoe-khanstvo-ekonomika/29417696.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+economy+of+the+Crimean+Khanate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.krymr.com%2Fa%2Fistoriya-kryma-krymskoe-khanstvo-ekonomika%2F29417696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RFEL:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.krymr.com/a/kak-pobedit-lysenkovsjcjinu-v-istorii-kryma/30515922.html">Сергей Громенко против «лысенковщины» в истории Крыма</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031055801/https://ru.krymr.com/a/kak-pobedit-lysenkovsjcjinu-v-istorii-kryma/30515922.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>in Russian</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colta.ru/articles/specials/3438-kak-perepisyvali-istoriyu-kryma">"Как переписывали историю Крыма (How the Crimean history was rewritten)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065631/https://www.colta.ru/articles/specials/3438-kak-perepisyvali-istoriyu-kryma">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0+%28How+the+Crimean+history+was+rewritten%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colta.ru%2Farticles%2Fspecials%2F3438-kak-perepisyvali-istoriyu-kryma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serhiy Hromenko <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.krymr.com/a/28825939.html">«Все было не так»: зачем Россия переписывает историю Крыма</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028135038/https://ru.krymr.com/a/28825939.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gulnara Bekirova: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9cjAQAAIAAJ">Крымскотатарская проблема в СССР: 1944–1991</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023921/https://books.google.com/books?id=D9cjAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 31 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gulnara Bekirova <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfFoAAAAMAAJ">Crimea and the Crimean Tatars in XIX—XXth centuries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023939/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfFoAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 31 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2005, page 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monderusse.revues.org/docannexe1800.html">"<i>Hijra</i> and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611035541/http://monderusse.revues.org/docannexe1800.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Bryan Glynn Williams, <i>Cahiers du Monde russe</i>, 41/1, 2000, pp. 79–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Хаяли Л. И.</i> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/7154/1/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%A0.%D0%98.%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.pdf">Провозглашение Крымской народной республики (декабрь 1917 года)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729015652/https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/7154/1/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%A0.%D0%98.%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.pdf">Archived</a> 29 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drohobycky-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drohobycky_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drohobycky_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Drohobycky, <i>Crimea: Dynamics, Challenges and Prospects</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p.91, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847680673" title="Special:BookSources/0847680673">0847680673</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneEurope-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OneEurope_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OneEurope_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OneEurope_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=One%20Europe%2C%20many%20nations%3A%20a%20historical%20dictionary%20of%20European%20national%20groups%2C&pg=PA189"><i>Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313309847" title="Special:BookSources/9780313309847"><bdi>9780313309847</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023938/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=One%20Europe%2C%20many%20nations%3A%20a%20historical%20dictionary%20of%20European%20national%20groups%2C&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+many+nations%3A+a+historical+dictionary+of+European+national+groups&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780313309847&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26q%3DOne%2520Europe%252C%2520many%2520nations%253A%2520a%2520historical%2520dictionary%2520of%2520European%2520national%2520groups%252C%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinstler2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Kinstler, Linda (2 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/116814/crimean-tatars-primer-why-population-opposes-putin">"The Crimean Tatars: A Primer"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309041855/https://newrepublic.com/article/116814/crimean-tatars-primer-why-population-opposes-putin">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+A+Primer&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft.aulast=Kinstler&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F116814%2Fcrimean-tatars-primer-why-population-opposes-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aurélie Campana, Sürgün: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/Surgun-The-Crimean-Tatars-deportation-and-exile">"The Crimean Tatars’ deportation and exile, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233400/http://www.massviolence.org/Surgun-The-Crimean-Tatars-deportation-and-exile">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 June 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2012, ISSN 1961-9898</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny,_Orest2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/483"><i>Ukraine: A History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/483">483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0"><bdi>0-8020-8390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-8390-0&rft.au=Subtelny%2C+Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukrainehistory00subt_0%2Fpage%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204155756/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,823132,00.html">The Muzhik & the Commissar</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 30 November 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2014" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Alan W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScPuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT250"><i>Crimean Tatars</i></a>. Hoover Press. pp. 250–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817966638" title="Special:BookSources/9780817966638"><bdi>9780817966638</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023931/https://books.google.com/books?id=ScPuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT250">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatars&rft.pages=250-252&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780817966638&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScPuCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian Glyn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGTRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190494711" title="Special:BookSources/9780190494711"><bdi>9780190494711</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023931/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGTRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+From+Soviet+Genocide+to+Putin%27s+Conquest&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190494711&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGTRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUehling2004" class="citation book cs1">Uehling, Greta (26 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUnHAAAAQBAJ"><i>Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars' Deportation and Return</i></a>. Springer. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403981271" title="Special:BookSources/9781403981271"><bdi>9781403981271</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023938/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUnHAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Memory%3A+The+Crimean+Tatars%27+Deportation+and+Return&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004-11-26&rft.isbn=9781403981271&rft.aulast=Uehling&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUnHAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Allworth, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srR_4d3mjTAC"><i>The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 225–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822319948" title="Special:BookSources/9780822319948"><bdi>9780822319948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tatars+of+Crimea%3A+Return+to+the+Homeland+%3A+Studies+and+Documents&rft.pages=225-227&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780822319948&rft.aulast=Allworth&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrR_4d3mjTAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStronski2010" class="citation book cs1">Stronski, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvu5DyZyhIIC&pg=PA133"><i>Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Pre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822973898" title="Special:BookSources/9780822973898"><bdi>9780822973898</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023904/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvu5DyZyhIIC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tashkent%3A+Forging+a+Soviet+City%2C+1930%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780822973898&rft.aulast=Stronski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpvu5DyZyhIIC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2002" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfDADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67"><i>Fires of Hatred</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 67–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674975828" title="Special:BookSources/9780674975828"><bdi>9780674975828</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023940/https://books.google.com/books?id=zfDADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fires+of+Hatred&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674975828&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfDADAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Хаяли Р. И. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/politiko-pravovoe-uregulirovanie-krymsko-tatarskoy-problemy-v-sssr-1956-1991-gg">Политико-правовое урегулирование крымскотатарской проблемы в СССР (1956—1991 гг.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233710/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/politiko-pravovoe-uregulirovanie-krymsko-tatarskoy-problemy-v-sssr-1956-1991-gg">Archived</a> 20 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Ленинградский юридический журнал. 2016 № 3. стр. 28-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyRubleHofmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wulDuN7APaIC&pg=PA213"><i>Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia</i></a>. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801890758" title="Special:BookSources/9780801890758"><bdi>9780801890758</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023946/https://books.google.com/books?id=wulDuN7APaIC&pg=PA213">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Homeland%2C+and+Belonging+in+Eurasia&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780801890758&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+J.&rft.au=Ruble%2C+Blair+A.&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Erin+Trouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwulDuN7APaIC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian Glyn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xabnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 108, 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190494704" title="Special:BookSources/9780190494704"><bdi>9780190494704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023912/https://books.google.com/books?id=xabnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+From+Soviet+Genocide+to+Putin%27s+Conquest&rft.pages=108%2C+136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190494704&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxabnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttino, Marco (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5HKjm6vs3YC">In a Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union, p.68</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023944/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5HKjm6vs3YC">Archived</a> 31 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-07-99048-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-07-99048-2">88-07-99048-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress_Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe1977" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLGx7iHu0rsC&pg=PA261"><i>Basket Three, Implementation of the Helsinki Accords: Religious liberty and minority rights in the Soviet Union. Helsinki compliance in Eastern Europe</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 261. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023924/https://books.google.com/books?id=qLGx7iHu0rsC&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basket+Three%2C+Implementation+of+the+Helsinki+Accords%3A+Religious+liberty+and+minority+rights+in+the+Soviet+Union.+Helsinki+compliance+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.au=United+States+Congress+Commission+on+Security+and+Cooperation+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLGx7iHu0rsC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbojAQAAIAAJ"><i>Report</i></a>. The Group. 1970. pp. 14–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report&rft.pages=14-20&rft.pub=The+Group&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbojAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8YakB12QEUC&pg=PA420"><i>The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004121225" title="Special:BookSources/9789004121225"><bdi>9789004121225</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023906/https://books.google.com/books?id=S8YakB12QEUC&pg=PA420">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+The+Diaspora+Experience+and+the+Forging+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004121225&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8YakB12QEUC%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllworth1988" class="citation book cs1">Allworth, Edward (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAFpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tatars of the Crimea: Their Struggle for Survival : Original Studies from North America, Unofficial and Official Documents from Czarist and Soviet Sources</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 55, 167–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822307587" title="Special:BookSources/9780822307587"><bdi>9780822307587</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023924/https://books.google.com/books?id=hAFpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tatars+of+the+Crimea%3A+Their+Struggle+for+Survival+%3A+Original+Studies+from+North+America%2C+Unofficial+and+Official+Documents+from+Czarist+and+Soviet+Sources&rft.pages=55%2C+167-169&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780822307587&rft.aulast=Allworth&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGromenko2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gromenko, Sergey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0SGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283"><i>Наш Крим: неросійські історії українського півострова</i></a> (in Ukrainian). Український інститут національної пам’яті. pp. 283–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786176841531" title="Special:BookSources/9786176841531"><bdi>9786176841531</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023927/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0SGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%3A+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pages=283-286&rft.pub=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9786176841531&rft.aulast=Gromenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0SGDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakupova2009" class="citation book cs1">Yakupova, Venera (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srpkzn.ru/books/Krimsky_Tatary.pdf"><i>Крымские татары, или Привет от Сталина!</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kazan: Часы истории. pp. 28–30, 47–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131309/http://srpkzn.ru/books/Krimsky_Tatary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%21&rft.place=Kazan&rft.pages=28-30%2C+47-48&rft.pub=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yakupova&rft.aufirst=Venera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrpkzn.ru%2Fbooks%2FKrimsky_Tatary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KkfjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Russia</i></a>. Chalidze Publication. 1983. pp. 121–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Chalidze+Publication&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKkfjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalitiesque00grah"><i>The nationalities question in the post-Soviet states</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582218086" title="Special:BookSources/9780582218086"><bdi>9780582218086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nationalities+question+in+the+post-Soviet+states&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780582218086&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalitiesque00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouse2000" class="citation book cs1">Fouse, Gary C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYZiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Languages of the Former Soviet Republics: Their History and Development</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761816072" title="Special:BookSources/9780761816072"><bdi>9780761816072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023934/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYZiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Former+Soviet+Republics%3A+Their+History+and+Development&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780761816072&rft.aulast=Fouse&rft.aufirst=Gary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYZiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastny2019" class="citation book cs1">Mastny, Vojtech (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qayhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133"><i>Soviet/east European Survey, 1987-1988: Selected Research And Analysis From Radio Free Europe/radio Liberty</i></a>. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000312751" title="Special:BookSources/9781000312751"><bdi>9781000312751</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023929/https://books.google.com/books?id=qayhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet%2Feast+European+Survey%2C+1987-1988%3A+Selected+Research+And+Analysis+From+Radio+Free+Europe%2Fradio+Liberty&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781000312751&rft.aulast=Mastny&rft.aufirst=Vojtech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqayhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi4DNFUs_hsC"><i>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1989. p. 1230. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023938/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi4DNFUs_hsC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Report+Submitted+to+the+Committee+on+Foreign+Affairs%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives+and+Committee+on+Foreign+Relations%2C+U.S.+Senate+by+the+Department+of+State+in+Accordance+with+Sections+116%28d%29+and+502B%28b%29+of+the+Foreign+Assistance+Act+of+1961%2C+as+Amended&rft.pages=1230&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGi4DNFUs_hsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199138-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199138_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1991">Human Rights Watch 1991</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyatkin1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vyatkin, Anatoly (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzsnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Крымские татары: проблемы репатриации</i></a> (in Russian). Ин-т востоковедения РАН. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785892820318" title="Special:BookSources/9785892820318"><bdi>9785892820318</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023916/https://books.google.com/books?id=VzsnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD-%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9785892820318&rft.aulast=Vyatkin&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzsnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekirova2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bekirova, Gulnara (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.krymr.com/a/27648688.html">"Юрий Османов"</a>. <i>Крым.Реалии</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011941/https://ru.krymr.com/a/27648688.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC.%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Bekirova&rft.aufirst=Gulnara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.krymr.com%2Fa%2F27648688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2005" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the world's minorities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579584702" title="Special:BookSources/9781579584702"><bdi>9781579584702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023929/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+world%27s+minorities&rft.pages=1190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781579584702&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzS4OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbatovLynn-JonesMotley1997" class="citation book cs1">Arbatov, Aleksey; Lynn-Jones, Sean; Motley, Karen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArKtx7XsMHAC"><i>Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262510936" title="Special:BookSources/9780262510936"><bdi>9780262510936</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023917/https://books.google.com/books?id=ArKtx7XsMHAC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Conflict+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union%3A+Russian+and+American+Perspectives&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780262510936&rft.aulast=Arbatov&rft.aufirst=Aleksey&rft.au=Lynn-Jones%2C+Sean&rft.au=Motley%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArKtx7XsMHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielyan1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabrielyan, Oleg (1998). <i>Крымские репатрианты: депортация, возвращение и обустройство</i> (in Russian). Amena. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Amena&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gabrielyan&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Kuzio, Taras</a> (24 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/">"Crimean Tatars Divide Ukraine and Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223021754/https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Crimean+Tatars+Divide+Ukraine+and+Russia&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fcrimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumeniuk" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Humeniuk, Natalia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/cdn/graphics/2021/samopovernennja_v_krym/">"Самоповернення в Крим"</a> [Self-return in Crimea]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a></i> (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223014915/https://www.pravda.com.ua/cdn/graphics/2021/samopovernennja_v_krym/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.aulast=Humeniuk&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fcdn%2Fgraphics%2F2021%2Fsamopovernennja_v_krym%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politics.segodnya.ua/politics/lider-medzhlica-uveren-chto-camozakhvat-zemli-v-krymu-ne-octanovit-208241.html">"Лидер Меджлиса уверен, что самозахват земли в Крыму не остановить"</a> [Mejlis leader certain squatting of Crimean lands cannot be stopped]. <i>Segodnya</i> (in Russian). 4 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223014916/https://politics.segodnya.ua/politics/lider-medzhlica-uveren-chto-camozakhvat-zemli-v-krymu-ne-octanovit-208241.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Segodnya&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.segodnya.ua%2Fpolitics%2Flider-medzhlica-uveren-chto-camozakhvat-zemli-v-krymu-ne-octanovit-208241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002441/http://www.trust.org/item/20140319210920-t5yh9/">"U.N. human rights team aims for quick access to Crimea – official"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/item/20140319210920-t5yh9/">the original</a> on 22 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.N.+human+rights+team+aims+for+quick+access+to+Crimea+%E2%80%93+official&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20140319210920-t5yh9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpo.org/article/17913">"UNPO: Crimean Tatars: Turkey Officially Condemns Persecution by Russia"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i>. 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216003339/http://unpo.org/article/17913">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Crimean+Tatars%3A+Turkey+Officially+Condemns+Persecution+by+Russia&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F17913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalperiscope.com/crimean-tatars-russia/">"Russia's War Against Crimean Tatars"</a>. 12 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426030211/http://politicalperiscope.com/crimean-tatars-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+War+Against+Crimean+Tatars&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalperiscope.com%2Fcrimean-tatars-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemirgaliyev2014" class="citation web cs1">Temirgaliyev, Rustam (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/world/20140319/188544777/Crimean-Tatars-Will-Have-to-Vacate-Land--Official.html">"Crimean Deputy Prime Minister"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319142438/http://en.ria.ru/world/20140319/188544777/Crimean-Tatars-Will-Have-to-Vacate-Land--Official.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimean+Deputy+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Temirgaliyev&rft.aufirst=Rustam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Fworld%2F20140319%2F188544777%2FCrimean-Tatars-Will-Have-to-Vacate-Land--Official.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrukhan" class="citation web cs1">Trukhan, Vassyl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.news.yahoo.com/crimeas-tatars-flee-ukraine-far-west-205336651.html#VFkyPxF">"Crimea's Tatars flee for Ukraine far west"</a>. Yahoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324022554/http://uk.news.yahoo.com/crimeas-tatars-flee-ukraine-far-west-205336651.html#VFkyPxF">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimea%27s+Tatars+flee+for+Ukraine+far+west&rft.pub=Yahoo&rft.aulast=Trukhan&rft.aufirst=Vassyl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fcrimeas-tatars-flee-ukraine-far-west-205336651.html%23VFkyPxF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaczynska2014" class="citation news cs1">Baczynska, Gabriela (29 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329">"Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Crimean+Tatars%27+want+autonomy+after+Russia%27s+seizure+of+peninsula&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.aulast=Baczynska&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=962589">"World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331100920/http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=962589">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skynews.com.au%2Fworld%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D962589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpo.org/article/19134">"UNPO: Crimean Tatars: Mejlis Continues Work in Emergency Mode from Kiev"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i>. 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430111524/http://unpo.org/article/19134">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Crimean+Tatars%3A+Mejlis+Continues+Work+in+Emergency+Mode+from+Kiev&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F19134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/14/crimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies">"Crimea: Persecution of Crimean Tatars Intensifies | Human Rights Watch"</a>. 14 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803233824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/14/crimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+Persecution+of+Crimean+Tatars+Intensifies+%26%23124%3B+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fcrimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlUN_documents_torture_and_arrests_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_Russia_-_12.12.2017_14:44_–_Ukrinform_News-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlUN_documents_torture_and_arrests_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_Russia_-_12.12.2017_14:44_–_Ukrinform_News_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/2362880-un-documents-torture-and-arrests-of-crimean-tatars-by-russia.html">"UN documents torture and arrests of Crimean Tatars by Russia – 12.12.2017 14:44 — Ukrinform News"</a>. 12 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408062427/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/2362880-un-documents-torture-and-arrests-of-crimean-tatars-by-russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+documents+torture+and+arrests+of+Crimean+Tatars+by+Russia+%E2%80%93+12.12.2017+14%3A44+%E2%80%94+Ukrinform+News&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F2362880-un-documents-torture-and-arrests-of-crimean-tatars-by-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-ukraine-crimea-putin-human-rights-abuses-un-accusations-claims-a7421406.html">"UN accuses Russia of multiple human rights abuses"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 16 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091200/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-ukraine-crimea-putin-human-rights-abuses-un-accusations-claims-a7421406.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=UN+accuses+Russia+of+multiple+human+rights+abuses&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-ukraine-crimea-putin-human-rights-abuses-un-accusations-claims-a7421406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlUAWire_-_Ukraine_files_memorandum_with_UN_Court_of_Justice_containing_evidence_of_Russias_involvement_in_financing_of_terrorism-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlUAWire_-_Ukraine_files_memorandum_with_UN_Court_of_Justice_containing_evidence_of_Russias_involvement_in_financing_of_terrorism_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uawire.org/ukraine-files-memorandum-with-un-court-containing-evidence-of-russia-involvement-in-financing-terrorism">"UAWire – Ukraine files memorandum with UN Court of Justice containing evidence of Russia's involvement in 'financing of terrorism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091209/https://uawire.org/ukraine-files-memorandum-with-un-court-containing-evidence-of-russia-involvement-in-financing-terrorism">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAWire+%E2%80%93+Ukraine+files+memorandum+with+UN+Court+of+Justice+containing+evidence+of+Russia%27s+involvement+in+%27financing+of+terrorism%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuawire.org%2Fukraine-files-memorandum-with-un-court-containing-evidence-of-russia-involvement-in-financing-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlUkraine_submits_to_ICJ_evidence_of_Russian_crimes_in_Crimea,_Donbas_|_UNIAN-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlUkraine_submits_to_ICJ_evidence_of_Russian_crimes_in_Crimea,_Donbas_|_UNIAN_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10149827-ukraine-submits-to-icj-evidence-of-russian-crimes-in-crimea-donbas.html">"Ukraine submits to ICJ evidence of Russian crimes in Crimea, Donbas | UNIAN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091202/https://www.unian.info/politics/10149827-ukraine-submits-to-icj-evidence-of-russian-crimes-in-crimea-donbas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+submits+to+ICJ+evidence+of+Russian+crimes+in+Crimea%2C+Donbas+%26%23124%3B+UNIAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F10149827-ukraine-submits-to-icj-evidence-of-russian-crimes-in-crimea-donbas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001CensusUkraine-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001CensusUkraine_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001CensusUkraine_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">"About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">Ukrainian Census (2001)</a></i>. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">the original</a> on 17 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+Census+%282001%29&rft.atitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+UKRAINE+by+data+All-Ukrainian+population+census%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/">"About number and composition population of AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA by data All-Ukrainian population census'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">Ukrainian Census (2001)</a></i>. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016034338/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+Census+%282001%29&rft.atitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+AUTONOMOUS+REPUBLIC+OF+CRIMEA+by+data+All-Ukrainian+population+census%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2FCrimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iccrimea.org-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iccrimea.org_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iccrimea.org_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html">"Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916015536/http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatars+and+Noghais+in+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccrimea.org%2Fscholarly%2Fjankowski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uacrisis.org/en/53926-les-tatars-de-crimee-de-z">"Crimean Tatars: A to Z"</a>. 21 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223100710/https://uacrisis.org/en/53926-les-tatars-de-crimee-de-z">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatars%3A+A+to+Z&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuacrisis.org%2Fen%2F53926-les-tatars-de-crimee-de-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertsen" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gertsen, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012134/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404">"Crimean Tatars"</a>. <i>Big Russian Encyclopedia</i> (in Russian). Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404">the original</a> on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Crimean+Tatars&rft.aulast=Gertsen&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F5685404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mustafa, Elmara (18 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crimea.ria.ru/society/20180818/1115040720.html">"В помощь туристам: популярные блюда крымскотатарской кухни"</a> [To help tourists: popular dishes of the Crimean Tatar cuisine]. <i>RIA Novosti - Crimea</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206041810/https://crimea.ria.ru/society/20180818/1115040720.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti+-+Crimea&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%8C+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Elmara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrimea.ria.ru%2Fsociety%2F20180818%2F1115040720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yang, Yering (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkMqAQAAMAAJ"><i>Национализм в поздне-- и посткоммунистической Европе</i></a> (in Russian). Rosspen. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785824313055" title="Special:BookSources/9785824313055"><bdi>9785824313055</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023933/https://books.google.com/books?id=dkMqAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5--+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Rosspen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9785824313055&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Yering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkMqAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasyanenko2001" class="citation web cs1">Kasyanenko, Nikita (14 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/istoriya-i-ya/k-synu-ot-otca-zakalyat-serdca">"...К сыну от отца – закалять сердца"</a>. <i>day.kyiv.ua</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171342/https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/istoriya-i-ya/k-synu-ot-otca-zakalyat-serdca">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=day.kyiv.ua&rft.atitle=...%D0%9A+%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0&rft.date=2001-04-14&rft.aulast=Kasyanenko&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fru%2Farticle%2Fistoriya-i-ya%2Fk-synu-ot-otca-zakalyat-serdca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk00AQAAIAAJ"><i>Расы и народы</i></a> (in Russian). Nauka. 1997. p. 124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023938/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk00AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXk00AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiadLaryssa_Chomiak2007" class="citation web cs1">Ziad, Waleed; Laryssa Chomiak (20 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0220/p09s02-coop.html">"A Lesson in Stifling Violent Extremism: Crimea's Tatars have created a promising model to lessen ethnoreligious conflict"</a>. <i>CS Monitor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803172553/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0220/p09s02-coop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CS+Monitor&rft.atitle=A+Lesson+in+Stifling+Violent+Extremism%3A+Crimea%27s+Tatars+have+created+a+promising+model+to+lessen+ethnoreligious+conflict&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft.au=Laryssa+Chomiak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0220%2Fp09s02-coop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qtmm.org/en/chairman">"Chairman"</a>. <i>qtmm.org</i>. 11 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005108/http://www.qtmm.org/en/chairman">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qtmm.org&rft.atitle=Chairman&rft.date=2011-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqtmm.org%2Fen%2Fchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCTPb26416-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCTPb26416_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2016/04/26/crimean-court-bans-tatar-ruling-body-in-blow-to-minority/">Crimean court bans Tatar ruling body in blow to minority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818131228/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2016/04/26/crimean-court-bans-tatar-ruling-body-in-blow-to-minority/">Archived</a> 18 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star (Malaysia)</a></i> (26 April 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashikhinSvetlova2017" class="citation web cs1">Kashikhin, Borislav; Svetlova, Kseniya (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primechaniya.ru/sevastopol/stati/lepestki_roz_v_koktejle_molotova">"Лепестки роз в "коктейле Молотова"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128044741/https://primechaniya.ru/sevastopol/stati/lepestki_roz_v_koktejle_molotova">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7+%D0%B2+%22%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%22&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.aulast=Kashikhin&rft.aufirst=Borislav&rft.au=Svetlova%2C+Kseniya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprimechaniya.ru%2Fsevastopol%2Fstati%2Flepestki_roz_v_koktejle_molotova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150420155818/http://en.krymedia.ru/nationality/3373760-Only-33-of-Crimeans-Mention-Ukrainian-as-Their-Native-Language">"Only 3.3% of Crimeans Mention Ukrainian as Their Native Language - Information agency "Krym Media"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.krymedia.ru/nationality/3373760-Only-33-of-Crimeans-Mention-Ukrainian-as-Their-Native-Language">the original</a> on 20 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Only+3.3%25+of+Crimeans+Mention+Ukrainian+as+Their+Native+Language+-+Information+agency+%22Krym+Media%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.krymedia.ru%2Fnationality%2F3373760-Only-33-of-Crimeans-Mention-Ukrainian-as-Their-Native-Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=552E31B8AFC23">"Катастрофический фактор"</a>. <i>kasparov.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075845/http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=552E31B8AFC23">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kasparov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasparov.ru%2Fmaterial.php%3Fid%3D552E31B8AFC23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124650/https://eurasianstudies.wordpress.com/2015/03/19/russian-census-of-crimea-nationality-results/">"Russian Census of Crimea: Nationality Results | eurasianstudies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianstudies.wordpress.com/2015/03/19/russian-census-of-crimea-nationality-results/">the original</a> on 27 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Census+of+Crimea%3A+Nationality+Results+%26%23124%3B+eurasianstudies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianstudies.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F19%2Frussian-census-of-crimea-nationality-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Conquest, Robert. 1970. <i>The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities</i> (London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-10575-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-10575-3">0-333-10575-3</a>)</li> <li>Fisher, Alan W. 1978. <i>The Crimean Tatars.</i> Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-6661-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-6661-7">0-8179-6661-7</a>)</li> <li>Fisher, Alan W. 1998. <i>Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars</i> (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1998). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-428-126-2" title="Special:BookSources/975-428-126-2">975-428-126-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nekrich" title="Alexander Nekrich">Nekrich, Alexander</a>. 1978. <i>The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War</i> (New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00068-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00068-0">0-393-00068-0</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Rayfield2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Donald Rayfield</a> (2024). <i>‘A Seditious and Sinister Tribe’: The Crimean Tatars and Their Khanate</i>. Reaktion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E2%80%98A+Seditious+and+Sinister+Tribe%E2%80%99%3A+The+Crimean+Tatars+and+Their+Khanate&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Donald+Rayfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Quelquejay, Lemercier. "The Tatars of the Crimea, a retrospective summary." <i>Central Asian Review</i> 16#1 (1968): 15–25.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUehling2000" class="citation journal cs1">Uehling, Greta (June 2000). "Squatting, self-immolation, and the repatriation of Crimean Tatars". <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a></i>. <b>28</b> (2): 317–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713687470">10.1080/713687470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140736004">140736004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Squatting%2C+self-immolation%2C+and+the+repatriation+of+Crimean+Tatars&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-341&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713687470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140736004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Uehling&rft.aufirst=Greta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, Brian Glyn. "The hidden ethnic cleansing of Muslims in the Soviet Union: The exile and repatriation of the Crimean Tatars." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (2002): 323–347. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180785">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123346/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180785">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Williams, Brian Glyn. "The Crimean Tatar exile in Central Asia: a case study in group destruction and survival." <i>Central Asian Survey</i> 17.2 (1998): 285–317.</li> <li>Williams, Brian Glyn. "The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation" <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> (2001) 11#3 pp. 329–348 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213165422/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176">Archived</a> 13 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Williams, Brian G., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brianglynwilliams.com/book_summary.html">The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112937/http://brianglynwilliams.com/book_summary.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Leyden: Brill, 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vozgrin, Valery, 2013, <i>Istoriya krymskykh tatar</i> (<span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711080144/http://tavrika.by.ru/books/vozgrin_ists/html/index.htm">Valery Vozgrin "Исторические судьбы крымских татар"</a>), Simferopol (four volumes).</li> <li>Smirnov V D, 1886, <i>Krymskoe khanstvo</i></li> <li>Campana (Aurélie), Dufaud (Grégory) and Tournon (Sophie) (ed.), <i>Les Déportations en héritage. Les peuples réprimés du Caucase et de Crimée, hier et aujourd'hui</i>, Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBykova2015" class="citation book cs1">Bykova, Tetyana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-pages.kpi.ua/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/29_4_Bykova.pdf"><i>Політичне та соціально-економічне становище в Криму (від середини XVIII ст. до 1917 р.)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kyiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729022643/http://history-pages.kpi.ua/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/29_4_Bykova.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83+%28%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+XVIII+%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%B4%D0%BE+1917+%D1%80.%29&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bykova&rft.aufirst=Tetyana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-pages.kpi.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2F29_4_Bykova.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerhiychuk2008" class="citation book cs1">Serhiychuk, Volodymyr (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/item/0009662"><i>Етнічні межі і державний кордон України</i></a>. Kyiv: ПП Сергійчук M. І. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-2911-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-2911-24-4"><bdi>978-966-2911-24-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113213409/http://resource.history.org.ua/item/0009662">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%96+%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%9F+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA+M.+%D0%86.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-966-2911-24-4&rft.aulast=Serhiychuk&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fitem%2F0009662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vigg.ru/fileadmin/user_upload/Dissertatsionnyy_sovet/Kandidatskie_dissertatsii/2018/Agdjoyan_AT/_Dissertacija_Agdzhojan__Krym-2018_.pdf">"GENE POOL OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF CRIMEA BY MARKERS OF Y-CHROMOSOMES, MTDNA AND GENOME-WIDE PANELS OF AUTOSOMAL SNP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук</i>. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%9D.%D0%98.+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA&rft.atitle=GENE+POOL+OF+INDIGENOUS+PEOPLES+OF+CRIMEA+BY+MARKERS+OF+Y-CHROMOSOMES%2C+MTDNA+AND+GENOME-WIDE+PANELS+OF+AUTOSOMAL+SNP&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Agdzhoyan&rft.aufirst=Anastasiya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvigg.ru%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FDissertatsionnyy_sovet%2FKandidatskie_dissertatsii%2F2018%2FAgdjoyan_AT%2F_Dissertacija_Agdzhojan__Krym-2018_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+Tatars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatarworld.com/">Official website of Qirim Tatar Cultural Association of Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423161338/http://www.tatarworld.com/">Archived</a> 23 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601200753/http://www.bizimqirim.org/">Official web-site of Bizim QIRIM International Nongovernmental Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrimea.org">International Committee for Crimea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319091632/http://www.iccrimea.org/">Archived</a> 19 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204232423/http://www.undp.crimea.ua/">UNDP Crimea Integration and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html">Crimean Tatar Home Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615205531/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324020336/http://unpo.org/member.php?arg=20">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kategori:K%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Tatarca_s%C3%B6zc%C3%BCkler">Crimean Tatar words (Turkish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120050923/http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kategori:K%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Tatarca_s%C3%B6zc%C3%BCkler">Archived</a> 20 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatar_language">Crimean Tatar words (English)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212000630/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatar_language">Archived</a> 12 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/State_Defense_Committee_Decree_No._5859ss" class="extiw" title="wikisource:State Defense Committee Decree No. 5859ss">State Defense Committee Decree No. 5859ss: On Crimean Tatars</a> (See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/tatardep2.html">Three answers to the Decree No. 5859ss</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211130849/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/tatardep2.html">Archived</a> 11 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae13.html">Crimean Tatars; Essays on Central Asia Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233312/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae13.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Essays on Central Asia Index</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8rWe92KZEw">'Крымская солидарность; ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ ДОМОЙ. РУСТЕМ ВАИТОВ' (YouTube channel of Crimean Tatar Solidarity; story of Rustem Vaitov returning home after 5 years of jail)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424002413/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8rWe92KZEw&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 24 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_and_national_minorities_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_minorities_of_Ukraine" title="Template:National minorities of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_minorities_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:National minorities of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_minorities_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National minorities of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_and_national_minorities_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Ethnic and national minorities of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominant group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Over 50,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusians in Ukraine">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Ukraine" title="Bulgarians in Ukraine">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine" title="Romanians in Ukraine">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans_in_Ukraine" title="Moldovans in Ukraine">Moldovans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Ukraine" title="Poles in Ukraine">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_in_Ukraine" title="Tatars in Ukraine">Tatars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under 50,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Ukraine" title="Azerbaijanis in Ukraine">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Ukraine" title="Georgians in Ukraine">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Ukraine" title="Czechs in Ukraine">Czechs</a></li> <li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Holenders</a> (Olęders)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Transcarpathia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagauz people in Ukraine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine" title="Koreans in Ukraine">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ukraine" title="Turks in Ukraine">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">under 5,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Ukraine" title="Serbs in Ukraine">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Ukraine" title="Kurds in Ukraine">Kurds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>National or ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> of over 1,000 people are shown.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crimea_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crimea_topics" title="Template:Crimea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crimea_topics" title="Template talk:Crimea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crimea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crimea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crimea_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Crimea" title="Greek Crimea">Greek Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Roman_era" title="Crimea in the Roman era">Crimea in the Roman era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson (theme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatziri" title="Akatziri">Akatziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_Gazaria" title="Genoese Gazaria">Genoese Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Genoese–Mongol Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaigns_of_1687_and_1689" title="Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689">Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">1783 annexation by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crimea in the Soviet Union">Soviet period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Crimea_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Crimea during World War II">Crimea in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">1944 Crimean Tatar deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_Crimean_toponyms" title="Renaming of Crimean toponyms">Renaming of Crimean toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">1954 transfer to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_repatriation" title="Crimean Tatar repatriation">Crimean Tatar repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Crimea" title="President of Crimea">President of Crimea (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 status referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014 annexation by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea" title="Verkhovna Rada of Crimea">Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Council_of_Crimea" title="List of chairmen of the Supreme Council of Crimea">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Crimea" title="Prime Minister of Crimea">Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Crimea" title="Council of Ministers of Crimea">Council of Ministers (until 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Crimea,_Terra-MODIS,_05-16-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Crimea"><img alt="Satellite image of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/100px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/150px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/200px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crimea#Geography" title="Crimea">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabat_Spit" title="Arabat Spit">Arabat Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Arabat" title="Bay of Arabat">Arabat Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Cave_(Crimea)" title="Marble Cave (Crimea)">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyalova_cave" title="Vyalova cave">Vyalova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Perekop Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">Southern Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Crimea" title="Administrative divisions of Crimea">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Crimea" title="List of cities in Crimea">Cities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban-type_settlements_in_Ukraine_by_subdivision#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban-type settlements in Ukraine by subdivision">Urban-type settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Crimea" title="Politics of Crimea">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Constitution of the Republic of Crimea">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Head of the Republic of Crimea">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Crimea" title="State Council of Crimea">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Crimean parliamentary election">2014 parliamentary election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Sevastopol" title="Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sevastopol_(Russia)" title="Governor of Sevastopol (Russia)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sevastopol_gubernatorial_election" title="2017 Sevastopol gubernatorial election">2017 election</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District" title="Crimean Federal District">Crimean Federal District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crimea#Economy" title="Crimea">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Crimea">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Trolleybus" title="Crimean Trolleybus">Crimean Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sports" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Premier_League" title="Crimean Premier League">Crimean Premier League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Crimea" title="Demographics of Crimea">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Crimea">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Crimea">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Crimea" title="Religion in Crimea">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Odesa-Simferopol" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archiepiscopal_Exarchate_of_Krym" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Krym">Ukrainian Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Crimea">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Crimea">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimea" title="Category:Crimea">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tatars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tatars" title="Template:Tatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tatars" title="Template talk:Tatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tatars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Crimean</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars"><b>Lipka</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars"><b>Siberian</b></a> <ul><li>Tobol-Irtysh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tomsk</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars"><b>Volga</b></a> <ul><li>Kazan <ul><li>Noqrat</li> <li>Ostyak</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishars">Mishars</a></li> <li>Qasim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimean Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNPO" title="Template:UNPO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNPO" title="Template talk:UNPO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNPO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNPO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikelan" title="Ikelan">Bellah people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Rehoboth Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland" title="Western Togoland">Western Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambesia" title="Zambesia">Zambesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/100px-UNPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/150px-UNPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/200px-UNPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs" title="Khuzestani Arabs">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madhesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagalim">Nagalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Southern Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Southern Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">West Balochistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezghin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Papua" title="Republic of West Papua">West Papuans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117458#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117458#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117458#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/883111/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4266559-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87003883">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12156179n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12156179n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539142105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\R\CrimeanTatars">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&oldid=1259978482">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&oldid=1259978482</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatars" title="Category:Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Crimea" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Crimea">Ethnic groups in Crimea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria">Ethnic groups in Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Romania" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Romania">Ethnic groups in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey">Ethnic groups in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine">Ethnic groups in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkic_peoples" title="Category:Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Crimea" title="Category:Islam in Crimea">Islam in Crimea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_Europe" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe">Indigenous peoples of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of Ukraine">Indigenous peoples of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Russia" title="Category:Islam in Russia">Islam in Russia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2011">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 03:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatars&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-4hcwx","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.413","walltime":"2.702","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15249,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":479024,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22383,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":641380,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2323.722 1 -total"," 52.20% 1213.083 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.75% 389.127 57 Template:Cite_web"," 12.78% 297.030 48 Template:Cite_book"," 5.85% 135.983 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 5.81% 134.977 5 Template:In_lang"," 5.50% 127.745 11 Template:Sfn"," 5.49% 127.512 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.21% 97.878 1 Template:Crimean_Tatars"," 4.11% 95.392 1 Template:Ethnic_group_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.433","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26496192,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgdzhoyan.1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgdzhoyan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgdzhoyanChukhryaevaKuznetsovaSkhalyakho2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllworth1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllworth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArbatovLynn-JonesMotley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaczynska2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBekirova2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckleyRubleHofmann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBykova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDariusz_Kolodziejczyk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Rayfield2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFouse2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrielyan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeisenhainerLange2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGertsen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGromenko2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeniuk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIllarionov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusellaNomachiGibson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashikhinSvetlova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasyanenko2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavitskaya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinstler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzio2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastny2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikhail_Kizilov2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Robert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSasse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSava2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerhiychuk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkutsch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStronski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubtelny,_Orest2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemirgaliyev2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroynitski,_N.A.1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrukhan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUehling2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUehling2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Congress_Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanguri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasiliev1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyatkin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Zebina_Ripley1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakupova2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYermolenko2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYevstigneev2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiadLaryssa_Chomiak2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 57,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Crh\"] = 4,\n [\"Crimea topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Crimean Tatars\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"European Muslims\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"In lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"National minorities of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref end\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tatars\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"UNPO\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 43,\n [\"•\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","18.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","8.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.3"],["tostring","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.9"],["isValidTag \u003Cmw.html.lua:82\u003E","40","2.9"],["[others]","240","17.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-79c478c76-2pmrc","timestamp":"20241128033903","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimean_Tatars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q117458","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q117458","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-30T07:25:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T03:38:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/08\/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_people.svg","headline":"Turkic ethnic group, an indigenous people of Crimea"}</script> </body> </html>