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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Penizilina" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Penizilina" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Penizilina" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Erasobidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erasobidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikazioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikazioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aplikazioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikazioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penizilina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 108 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisillien" title="Penisillien – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Penisillien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B2%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ፔኒሲሊን – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔኒሲሊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنسلين – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنسلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينسيلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينسيلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেনিচিলিন – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেনিচিলিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisillin" title="Penisillin – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Penisillin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنی‌سیلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пеніцылін – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пеніцылін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пэніцылін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэніцылін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেনিসিলিন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেনিসিলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C2%B7lina" title="Penicil·lina – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penicil·lina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پێنیسیلین – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێنیسیلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πενικιλίνη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πενικιλίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilino" title="Penicilino – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Penicilino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsilliin" title="Penitsilliin – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Penitsilliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنی‌سیلین – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilliinit" title="Penisilliinit – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Penisilliinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nicilline" title="Pénicilline – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pénicilline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsiliin" title="Penitsiliin – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Penitsiliin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilline" title="Penisilline – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Penisilline" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinicillin" title="Peinicillin – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peinicillin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%A2ng-m%C3%B4i-su" title="Chhiâng-môi-su – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiâng-môi-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פניצילין – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פניצילין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पेनिसिलिन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेनिसिलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պենիցիլիններ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պենիցիլիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilina" title="Penisilina – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Penisilina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilino" title="Penicilino – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Penicilino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensil%C3%ADn" title="Pensilín – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pensilín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ペニシリン – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペニシリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პენიცილინი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენიცილინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೆನ್ಸಿಲಿನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೆನ್ಸಿಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0" title="페니실린 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니실린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пенициллиндер – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенициллиндер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillinum" title="Penicillinum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Penicillinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillien" title="Penicillien – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Penicillien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisil%C3%ADni" title="Penisilíni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Penisilíni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ເປນີຊີລິນ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເປນີຊີລິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilinas" title="Penicilinas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Penicilinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C4%ABni" title="Penicilīni – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Penicilīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പെനിസിലിൻ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെനിസിലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पेनिसिलिन – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेनिसिलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်နီဆီလင် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်နီဆီလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੈਨਸਲਿਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਨਸਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicyliny" title="Penicyliny – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Penicyliny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنسلین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنسلین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پنسلين – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنسلين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin%C4%83" title="Penicilină – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Penicilină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пенициллины – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенициллины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C3%ADn" title="Penicilín – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Penicilín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilini" title="Penicilini – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Penicilini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benseliin" title="Benseliin – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Benseliin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nisilin" title="Pénisilin – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pénisilin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilini" title="Penisilini – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Penisilini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-ni-si-lin" title="Pin-ni-si-lin – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pin-ni-si-lin" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெனிசிலின் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெனிசிலின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పెన్సిలిన్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెన్సిలిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เพนิซิลลิน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพนิซิลลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пеніциліни – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пеніциліни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنسلین – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنسلین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsillin" title="Penitsillin – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Penitsillin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青霉素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פעניצילין – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעניצילין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinghmoizsoq" title="Cinghmoizsoq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cinghmoizsoq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青霉素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E6%9E%97" title="盤尼西林 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盤尼西林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penizilina" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Penizilina&action=edit&redlink=1" 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href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Penizilina" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Penizilina" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&oldid=9356202" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Penizilina&id=9356202&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenizilina"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenizilina"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penicillin_antibiotics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12190" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ohar medikoa"><img alt="Ohar medikoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Ohar medikoa</figcaption></figure> <b>Oharra: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediku_oharra" title="Wikipedia:Mediku oharra">Wikipediak ez du mediku aholkurik ematen</a></b>. <i>Tratamendua behar duzula uste baduzu, jo ezazu sendagilearengana.</i><br clear="left" /></dd></dl> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f8eaba;">Penizilina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Penicillin_core.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/190px-Penicillin_core.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/285px-Penicillin_core.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/380px-Penicillin_core.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">SMILES isomerikoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div style="width:100%; background:transparent" align="left"></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">[H][C@]12SC(C)(C)[C@@H](N1C(=O)[C@H]2NC([*])=O)C(O)=O</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Konposizioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">Nitrogeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigeno</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbono</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurkitzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurkitze data</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Irailaren_28" title="Irailaren 28">irailaren 28a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Zeren produktua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Eponimoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium_rubens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium rubens (sortu gabe)">Penicillium rubens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mota</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Betalaktamiko" title="Betalaktamiko">Betalaktamiko</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penams (sortu gabe)">penams</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62010421?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #f8eaba;">Erabilera</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Haurdunaldia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_pregnancy_category_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US pregnancy category B (sortu gabe)">US pregnancy category B</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28123616?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Rola</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotiko" title="Antibiotiko">Bakterio-kontrako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Metabolito_sekundario" title="Metabolito sekundario">Metabolito sekundario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Eragin dezake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin_drug_reaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillin drug reaction (sortu gabe)">penicillin drug reaction</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162853?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #f8eaba;">Identifikatzaileak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Gmelin</th><td class="infobox-data">17334</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">MeSH</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/#/record/ui?ui=D010406">D010406</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">KEGG</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00395">C00395</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Penizilina</b> <a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">bakterioek</a> sortutako <a href="/wiki/Infekzio" title="Infekzio">infekzioak</a> tratatzeko erabiltzen den antibiotiko <a href="/wiki/Betalaktamiko" title="Betalaktamiko">betalaktamikoa</a> da. Penizilina gehienak azido 6-aminopenizilanikoaren deribatuak dira eta euren artean duten desberdintasuna amino taldeari lotutako albo katean datza. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bakterio-kontrako" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterio-kontrako">Antibiotiko</a> betalaktamiko hau, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> mediku <a href="/wiki/Eskozia" title="Eskozia">eskoziarrak</a> aurkitu zuen <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928an</a>. Aurkitutako lehen <a href="/wiki/Bakterio-kontrako" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterio-kontrako">antibiotikoa</a> izan zen. <i>Penicillium notatum</i> izeneko <a href="/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo">onddoak</a> sortzen du penizilina era naturalean. </p><p>Fleming-en aurkikuntza kasualitatearen ondoriotzat jotzen da. Mediku eskoziarra <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> bakterioarekin lanean zebilen. Ustekabean, <i>Penicillium notatum</i> <a href="/wiki/Lizun" title="Lizun">lizunaz</a> bere kultibo bakteriarrak kutsatu zirenean, <i>Staphylococcus</i> ez zela hazten ohartu zen. Ondorioz, onddoak bakterioaren hazkuntza galarazten zuen substantzia bat ekoiztu behar zuela ondorioztatu zuen Fleming-ek <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Urte batzuk beranduago <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chain</a> ikertzaileek penizilina purifikatzea lortu zuten. Purifikatu ondoren laborategiko saguen gaixotasun infekziosoak osatzeko gaitasuna zuela ikusi zuten, eta hortik abiatuta <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> urtearen inguruan arrakasta handiz egin zituzten lehenengo saioak gizakiengan. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Sariak" title="Nobel Sariak">Nobel Saria</a> eskuratu zuten Fleming, Florey eta Chain-ek <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945ean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erasobidea">Erasobidea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erasobidea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Erasobidea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penizilinak oso ondo betetzen du botika orok bete behar duen araua: toxikotasun hautakorrarena, alegia. Honen arabera botikak gai izan behar du mikrobioak akabatzeko, baina gaixoari kalterik egin gabe. Horretarako, bakterioek bakarrik dituzten egiturei eraso egin behar die agente terapeutikoak, giza-<a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelulak</a> kaltetu gabe. Penizilina oso selektiboa da bakterioen aurka, giza-zelulek ez duten egitura bati eraso egiten diolako: bakterioaren zelula hormari, alegia. </p><p>Penizilina bezalako antibiotiko betalaktamikoek <a href="/wiki/Zelula_horma" title="Zelula horma">zelula horma</a> osatzen duten <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikano" title="Peptidoglikano">peptidoglikano</a> (mureina) molekulen lotura inhibitzen dute. Ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Zelula_horma" title="Zelula horma">zelula horma</a> ezin da osatu eta bakterioa babesik gabe geratzen da <a href="/wiki/Presio_osmotiko" title="Presio osmotiko">presio osmotikoaren</a> aldaketen aurrean, barrutik lehertuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikazioak">Aplikazioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aplikazioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Aplikazioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penizilina oso eraginkorra izan da bakterio Gram positiboen aurka. Denboraren poderioz, hala ere, andui oso <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikoekiko_erresistentzia" title="Antibiotikoekiko erresistentzia">erresistenteak</a> agertu dira, batez ere <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> generoarenak. Andui horiek penizilinaren egitura kimikoa desegiten duten <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzimak</a> dituzte (<a href="/wiki/Betalaktamasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Betalaktamasa">betalaktamasak</a>). <a href="/wiki/Plasmido" title="Plasmido">Plasmido</a> baten bitartez transmititu eta zabaldu egin da erresistentzia hori bakteriar populazioaren artean. </p><p>Bakterio Gram negatiboak, duten <a href="/wiki/Zelula_horma" title="Zelula horma">zelula horma</a> meheagoa dela eta, ez dira penizilinarekiko hain sentikorrak izaten. </p><p>Penizilina ugari dago. Hasierako penizilinak naturalak ziren, <i>Penicillium</i> lizunek sortutakoak. Gero, penizilina erdi-sintetikoak eta guztiz sintetikoak garatu ziren, laborategian eginak (<a href="/wiki/Anpizilina" title="Anpizilina">anpizilina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Amoxizilina" title="Amoxizilina">amoxizilina</a>, adibidez). Horrela, hasierako penizilinek ez zituzten propietate berri batzuk lortu ziren (aho bidetik sartzeko ahalmena, esaterako, urdailean indargabetuta izan gabe). </p><p>Gaixo gehienek onartzen badute ere, biztanleriaren %5ek <a href="/wiki/Alergia" title="Alergia">alergia</a> dio penizilinari. Horiengan, penizilinak <a href="/wiki/Anafilaxi" title="Anafilaxi">shock anafilaktiko</a> larria eragin dezake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> Albero, Josu: Mikrobioen mundu liluragarria, EHU (2019) Zio bilduma, 120-121 orr. ISBN: 978-84-1319-082-2 </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betalaktamiko" title="Betalaktamiko">Betalaktamikoak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotikoekiko_erresistentzia" title="Antibiotikoekiko erresistentzia">Antibiotikoekiko erresistentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikano" title="Peptidoglikano">Peptidoglikanoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penizilina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" 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data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penicillin_antibiotics">Penicillin antibiotics</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q12190%22">Q12190</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119442602">119442602</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119442602">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority 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