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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin 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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Zelula+horma" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Zelula+horma" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Zelula+horma" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funtzioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funtzioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Funtzioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funtzioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarri_orokorrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarri_orokorrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ezaugarri orokorrak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarri_orokorrak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarri orokorrak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarri_orokorrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zurruntasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zurruntasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Zurruntasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zurruntasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iragazkortasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iragazkortasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iragazkortasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iragazkortasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landareen_zelula_horma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landareen_zelula_horma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landareen zelula horma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landareen_zelula_horma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Landareen zelula horma azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landareen_zelula_horma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geruzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geruzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geruzak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geruzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormaren_eraketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormaren_eraketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hormaren eraketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormaren_eraketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Zelulen arteko komunikazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onddoen_zelula_horma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onddoen_zelula_horma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Onddoen zelula horma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onddoen_zelula_horma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algen_zelula_horma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algen_zelula_horma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Algen zelula horma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algen_zelula_horma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prokariotoen_zelula_horma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prokariotoen_zelula_horma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prokariotoen zelula horma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prokariotoen_zelula_horma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Prokariotoen zelula horma azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prokariotoen_zelula_horma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakterioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakterioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bakterioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakterioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arkeobakterioetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkeobakterioetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Arkeobakterioetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkeobakterioetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zelula horma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 75 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جدار خلوي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدار خلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="কোষ বেৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোষ বেৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A9_celular" title="Paré celular – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paré celular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCceyr%C9%99_q%C4%B1laf%C4%B1" title="Hüceyrə qılafı – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüceyrə qılafı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетачная сценка – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клетачная сценка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна стена – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клетъчна стена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="কোষ প্রাচীর – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোষ প্রাচীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elijski_zid" title="Ćelijski zid – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ćelijski zid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paret_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Paret cel·lular – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paret cel·lular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="دیواری خانە – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیواری خانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun%C4%9B%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_st%C4%9Bna" title="Buněčná stěna – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buněčná stěna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellfur" title="Cellfur – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cellfur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellev%C3%A6g" title="Cellevæg – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cellevæg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellwand" title="Zellwand – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zellwand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%AF%CF%87%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κυτταρικό τοίχωμα – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυτταρικό τοίχωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cell wall" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88elmuro" title="Ĉelmuro – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉelmuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pared_celular" title="Pared celular – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pared celular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakukest" title="Rakukest – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakukest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="دیواره سلول – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیواره سلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusein%C3%A4" title="Soluseinä – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soluseinä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroi_cellulaire" title="Paroi cellulaire – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paroi cellulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parede_celular" title="Parede celular – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parede celular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boalley_killag" title="Boalley killag – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boalley killag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90" title="דופן התא – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דופן התא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कोशिका भित्ति – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोशिका भित्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stani%C4%8Dna_stijenka" title="Stanična stijenka – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanična stijenka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawa_selil%C3%A8" title="Pawa selilè – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pawa selilè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejtfal" title="Sejtfal – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sejtfal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Բջջապատ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջջապատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinding sel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumuveggur" title="Frumuveggur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumuveggur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parete_cellulare" title="Parete cellulare – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parete cellulare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細胞壁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_s%C3%A8l" title="Dinding sèl – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dinding sèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უჯრედის კედელი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უჯრედის კედელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жасуша қабырғасы – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасуша қабырғасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೋಶ ಭಿತ್ತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋಶ ಭಿತ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%B2%BD" title="세포벽 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세포벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Клетка кабыгы – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клетка кабыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paries_cellularis" title="Paries cellularis – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paries cellularis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85stel%C4%97s_sienel%C4%97" title="Ląstelės sienelė – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ląstelės sienelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABnapvalks" title="Šūnapvalks – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šūnapvalks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Клеточен ѕид – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клеточен ѕид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="കോശഭിത്തി – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോശഭിത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinding sel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellwand" title="Zellwand – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zellwand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Celwand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellevegg" title="Cellevegg – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cellevegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellevegg" title="Cellevegg – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cellevegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicha_seelii" title="Cicha seelii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Cicha seelii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aciana_kom%C3%B3rkowa" title="Ściana komórkowa – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ściana komórkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ولگن کند – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولگن کند" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parede_celular" title="Parede celular – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parede celular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perete celular" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клеточная стенка – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеточная стенка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elijski_zid" title="Ćelijski zid – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ćelijski zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cell wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkov%C3%A1_stena" title="Bunková stena – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bunková stena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_stena" title="Celična stena – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celična stena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Ћелијски зид – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћелијски зид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinding_s%C3%A9l" title="Pinding sél – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pinding sél" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellv%C3%A4gg" title="Cellvägg – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cellvägg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கலச்சுவர் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலச்சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="ผนังเซลล์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผนังเซลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcre_duvar%C4%B1" title="Hücre duvarı – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hücre duvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клітинна стінка – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клітинна стінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خلیائی دیوار – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلیائی دیوار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujayra_devori" title="Hujayra devori – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujayra devori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_t%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o" title="Thành tế bào – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành tế bào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="细胞壁 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="细胞壁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="細胞壁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-pau-piah" title="Sè-pau-piah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-pau-piah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細胞壁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG/250px-Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG/375px-Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG/500px-Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landare_zelula" title="Landare zelula">Landare zelularen</a> diagrama honetan zelula bera inguratzen duen horma berde sendoak irudikatzen du zelula horma.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zelula horma</b> edo <b>zelula pareta</b>, <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelula</a> inguratzen duen geruza gotorra da. <a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">Bakterio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkeo">archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo">onddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landare</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">algen</a> zeluletan agertzen da. <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalien</a> eta beste <a href="/wiki/Protisto" title="Protisto">protistoen</a> zeluletan ez dago zelula hormarik eta beraz <a href="/wiki/Zelula_mintz" title="Zelula mintz">zelula mintzak</a> soilik inguratzen du zelula.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zelula motaren arabera zelula hormak osagai eta eraketa desberdinak ditu baina guztietan ere funtzio bera du: Zelula babestea, zurruntasuna eta balantze osmotikoa emanez. Aldi berean hainbat molekulentzako <a href="/wiki/Iragazkortasun" title="Iragazkortasun">iragazkorra</a> izan behar da eta <a href="/wiki/Organismo_zelulaniztun" title="Organismo zelulaniztun">organismo zelulaniztunen</a> kasuan zelulen arteko komunikazioa bermatzen duten egiturak ditu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg/250px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg/375px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg/500px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooken</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrographia (sortu gabe)">Micrographia</a></i> liburuko irudia. Bertan kortxo lamina bat irudikatzen da eta zelula hormak ikusten dira.</figcaption></figure> <p>1665. urtean <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> izan zen zelula horma ikusi zuen aurreneko pertsona eta <i>Micrographia</i> liburuan aipatu eta irudikatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Liburu horretan bertan aipatzen da aurreneko aldiz "zelula" izena<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hurrengo hiru mendeetan ez zitzaion zelula hormari garrantzia berezirik eman, "zelula biziaren hondakinez osaturiko egitura" zela uste baitzen. Ekoizpen industrialagatik (egurgintza) edo animalia eta gizakien osasunerako produktuak eskuratzeagatik baino ez zen haintzat hartu<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1804an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Rudolphi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Rudolphi (sortu gabe)">Karl Rudolphi</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (sortu gabe)">J.H.F. Link</a> zientzilariek zelula bakoitzak bere horma propioa zuela ikusi zuten, aurrez pentsatzen baitzen zelulek horma bera partekatzen zutela<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funtzioak">Funtzioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Funtzioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Funtzioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honako hauek dira zelula hormaren funtzioak: </p> <ul><li>Estres mekanikoari aurre egiteko zurruntasuna ematen dio zelulari.</li> <li>Izaki zelulanitzetan itxura jakina har dezan laguntzen du.</li> <li>Toxikoak izan daitezkeen molekula handiak sartzea eragozten du.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presio_osmotiko" title="Presio osmotiko">Presio osmotikoari</a> aurre egiten dio.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarri_orokorrak">Ezaugarri orokorrak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarri orokorrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarri orokorrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chloroplasten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplasten.jpg/250px-Chloroplasten.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Chloroplasten.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Zelula horma gardenak <a href="/wiki/Landare_zelula" title="Landare zelula">landare zelulak</a> banatzen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zelula hormaren ezaugarriak aldatu egiten dira <a href="/wiki/Zelula_ziklo" title="Zelula ziklo">zelula zikloan</a> zehar<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Honako bi hauek dira ezaugarri aipagarrienak: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zurruntasuna">Zurruntasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zurruntasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Zurruntasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zelula hormak zurruntasuna ematen dio zelulari baina aldi berean malgutasuna ere badu. Malgutasun hau ezinbestekoa da hainbat kasutan, algak ur korronteetan osorik mantentzeko adibidez. </p><p>Landareen kasuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turgentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turgentzia (sortu gabe)">turgentziak</a> sorturiko presio hidraulikoak ematen dio zurruntasuna zelula hormari. Landare handiagoek tente mantentzeko lignina eransten diote hormako polisakaridoei eta horrela <a href="/wiki/Zura" class="mw-redirect" title="Zura">zura</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Kortxo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kortxo">kortxoa</a> sortzen dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iragazkortasuna">Iragazkortasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iragazkortasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Iragazkortasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molekula handiek zeharkatu ezin badute ere 30-60 kDa-eko pisu molekularretik beherako molekula txikiek askatasun osoz zeharka dezakete zelula horma<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landareen_zelula_horma">Landareen zelula horma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Landareen zelula horma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Landareen zelula horma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Landare_zelula" title="Landare zelula">Landare zelulek</a> horma gogor zein bizigabea dute. <a href="/wiki/Polisakarido" title="Polisakarido">Polisakaridoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monosakarido" title="Monosakarido">monosakaridoz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gatz" class="mw-disambig" title="Gatz">gatz</a> mineralez osatuta dago eta hauen artean <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosa</a> da garrantzitsuena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geruzak">Geruzak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Geruzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Geruzak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png/350px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png/525px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png/700px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-es.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Lehen mailako hormaren egitura azaltzen duen diagrama. Orientatu gabeko zelulosazko zuntzak agertzen dira (urdinak) eta hemizelulosazko (berdea) eta pektinazko (laranja) hariak.<br />Geruzak:<br />- Gainean: Erdiko xafla <br />- Tartean: Lehen mailako horma<br />- Azpian: <a href="/wiki/Zelula_mintz" title="Zelula mintz">Zelula mintza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hormaren lodiera zelularen adina eta funtzioekin lotuta dago eta hiru geruzatan banatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><b>Erdiko xafla</b>: Kanpoalderen dagoen geruza da. Hormetako oinarrizko egitura da eta zementu modura funtzionatzen du zelularen ondoz ondoko geruzak elkarrekin pilatuz. Egitura bakuna eta sendotasun likatsua du <a href="/wiki/Pektina" title="Pektina">pektinari</a> esker.</li> <li><b>Lehen mailako horma</b>: Geruza nahiko malgua da. Orientatu gabeko <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosazko</a> mikrozuntzak elkar lotzen dira <a href="/wiki/Hemizelulosa" title="Hemizelulosa">hemizelulosaren</a> bidez eta sarea eratzen dute. Hemizelulosa ugariena xiloglukanoa izaten da<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sorturiko sare hau pektinazko matrize batean barneraturik dago.</li> <li><b>Bigarren mailako horma</b>: Zelularen mintzetik gertuen dagoen geruza da. Zelula motaren arabera karbohidratoen eta gainerako osagaien portzentaiak aldatu egiten dira. <a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">Zura</a> osatzen duten zelula hormek zelulosa (%35-50), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xilano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xilano (sortu gabe)">xilanoa</a> (hemizelulosa, %20-35) eta <a href="/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina">lignina</a> (%10-25) izaten dute. Lignina proteina bat da, zelulosa, hemizelulosa eta pektina molekulen artean txertatzen da eta ur guztia kanporatzen du, horma lehortuz eta gogortuz. Kortxoaren kasuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberina (sortu gabe)">suberina</a> izeneko proteina agertzen da ligninaren ordez. Epidermiseko zeluletan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutina (sortu gabe)">kutina</a> agertzen da, horma urarekiko iragazkaitz bihurtzen duena, adibidez hostoetan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormaren_eraketa">Hormaren eraketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hormaren eraketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Hormaren eraketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zitozinesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zitozinesi">Zitozinesia</a> gertatzen denean (zelularen zatiketa) <a href="/wiki/Golgi_aparatu" title="Golgi aparatu">Golgi aparatutik</a> sortutako <a href="/wiki/Fragmoplasto" title="Fragmoplasto">fragmoplasto</a> izeneko xixkuak ekuatore aldean kokatzen hasten dira eta bata bestearekin elkartu ahala <i>erdiko xafla</i> eratzen dute. <a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">Kaltzio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a> pektatoek osatzen dute xafla hau. Zelula hazkuntza hasten da orduan eta lehen mailako horma eratzen da, zelulosazko mikrozuntzak era kaotikoan ezarriz. Zelulak hazkuntza maila gorena lortzen duenean bigarren mailako horma eraikitzen du lehen mailakoaren eta zelula mintzaren artean<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horma honetan zelulosa zuntzak paraleloki orientatzen dira. Milaka zelulosa geruza ezartzen dira bata bestearen gainean norabidea pixka bat aldatuz eta itxura helikoidala hartuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa">Zelulen arteko komunikazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zelulen arteko komunikazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Zelulen arteko komunikazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zelula hormak ez du zelulen arteko komunikazioa oztopatzen, hormaren barnean kanal itxurako egiturak agertzen baitira, <a href="/wiki/Plasmodesmo" title="Plasmodesmo">plasmodesmo</a> izenekoak, eta hauetan zelula bien <a href="/wiki/Zitoplasma" title="Zitoplasma">zitoplasmek</a> bat egiten dute<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Plasmodesmoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmotubulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmotubulu (sortu gabe)">desmotubuluek</a> zeharkatzen dute, <a href="/wiki/Erretikulu_endoplasmatiko" title="Erretikulu endoplasmatiko">erretikulu endoplasmatikoaren</a> luzapenak dira hain zuzen ere<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onddoen_zelula_horma">Onddoen zelula horma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Onddoen zelula horma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Onddoen zelula horma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png/300px-Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png/450px-Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png/600px-Cell_wall_structure_of_Fungi.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Onddoen zelula hormaren egituraren diagrama.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zelula horma guztiak bezala onddoen horma zelula mintzaren inguruan kokatzen da. Onddo zelulen hormetan ez da ordea zelulosarik ageri<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kitina baizik. Kitinaz gain glukanoak eta proteinak ere agertzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Zelula mintzaren gainean kokatzen dira kitina eta glukano zuntzak. Ondoren matrize amorfo bat ageri da eta azkenik <a href="/wiki/Glikoproteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Glikoproteina">glikoproteinak</a> azalean. Hona hemen aipaturiko osagaiak: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitina" title="Kitina">Kitina</a>: β-(1,4) lotura duen <a href="/wiki/N-Azetilglukosamina" title="N-Azetilglukosamina">N-Azetilglukosaminaz</a> eraturiko polisakarido luzea da<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukano (sortu gabe)">Glukanoa</a>: β-(1,3) edo β-(1,6) loturaz elkarturiko <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosaz</a> eratutako polisakaridoa da<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">Proteinak</a>: egiturazko proteinak dira eta gehienak <a href="/wiki/Manosa" title="Manosa">manosaz</a> glukosilaturik daude, horregatik <i>manoproteinak</i> esaten zaie. Hauetaz gain zelula horma eratzen duten entzimak ere agertzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algen_zelula_horma">Algen zelula horma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Algen zelula horma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Algen zelula horma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algen zelula hormak zelulosa edo <a href="/wiki/Glikoproteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Glikoproteina">glikoproteinak</a> izaten ditu<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Osagai desberdinak ere izan ditzake eta algen taxonomia aztertzeko ezaugarri garrantzitsua izaten dira hauek. Adibidez: </p> <ul><li>Manoproteinak: Alga berdeetan</li> <li>Xilanoak</li> <li>Azido alginikoa: Alga areetan</li> <li>Polisakarido sulfonatuak: Alga gorrietan</li></ul> <p>Salbuespen bezala, <a href="/wiki/Diatomea" title="Diatomea">diatomeek</a> jatorri biologikoa duen silikatoak txertatzen dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prokariotoen_zelula_horma">Prokariotoen zelula horma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Prokariotoen zelula horma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Prokariotoen zelula horma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakterioak">Bakterioak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bakterioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bakterioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png/300px-Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png/450px-Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png/600px-Parois_des_bact%C3%A9ries_Gram-_et_Gram%2B.png 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bakterio_Gram-negatibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterio Gram-negatibo">Gram-</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bakterio_Gram-positibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterio Gram-positibo">Gram+</a> bakterioen zelula hormen konparaketa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakterioen zelula horma <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikano" title="Peptidoglikano">mureina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikano" title="Peptidoglikano">peptidoglikano</a> ere deitzen da) molekulaz osatuta dago. Mureina oso erresistentea den polimeroa da, zelula hormari sendotasuna ematen diona. Molekula hori <a href="/wiki/N-Azetilglukosamina" title="N-Azetilglukosamina">N-Azetilglukosaminaz</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Azetilmuramiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Azetilmuramiko (sortu gabe)">N-Azetilmuramikoz</a> osatuta dago. Mureinazko zuntz horiek peptidoek elkartzen dituzte sarea osatuz. Peptido hauek bereziak dira, <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">D-aminoazidoak</a> baitituzte<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Penizilina" title="Penizilina">Penizilina</a> antibiotikoak peptidoglikanoen loturak hausten dituzte, zelula horma ahulduz eta ondorioz bakterioa hilez<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">Bakterio</a> guztiek ez dute zelula horma bera. Bakterio <a href="/wiki/Gram_tindaketa" title="Gram tindaketa">Gram</a> positiboek <a href="/wiki/Gram_tindaketa" title="Gram tindaketa">Gram</a> negatiboek baino horma lodiago dute. Hain zuzen ere, hormaren egiturak eragiten du <a href="/wiki/Gram_tindaketa" title="Gram tindaketa">Gram tindaketaren</a> emaitza, koloranteek bakterioen horman finkatzen baitira<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakterio_Gram-positibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterio Gram-positibo">Bakterio Gram-positiboak</a>: zelula horma oso lodia dute. Peptidoglikanoz (%90ean) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azido_teikoiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azido teikoiko (sortu gabe)">azido teikoikoz</a> (%10ean) osaturik dago. Azido hau polimero bat da eta zelula mintzean agertzen da <a href="/wiki/Antigeno" title="Antigeno">antigeno</a> gisa. Gure gorputzeko <a href="/wiki/Antigorputz" title="Antigorputz">antigorputzek</a> ezagutu egiten dute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakterio_Gram-negatibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterio Gram-negatibo">Bakterio Gram-negatiboak</a>: peptidoglikanozko horma fina dute (%10 inguru) bi zelula mintzen artean, periplasman. Gainerako osagaiak <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipido" title="Fosfolipido">fosfolipidoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">proteinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipoproteina" title="Lipoproteina">lipoproteinak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lipopolisakarido" title="Lipopolisakarido">lipopolisakaridoak</a> dira.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arkeobakterioetan">Arkeobakterioetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arkeobakterioetan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Arkeobakterioetan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arkeobakterio" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkeobakterio">Arkeobakterioen</a> zelula hormak erabat desberdinak dira. Bakterioek duten peptidoglukanorik ez dute azaltzen<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lau motatako zelula hormak dituzte: </p> <ul><li>Pseudopeptidoglikanoz osaturikoa: Metanobakterioek azaltzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Polisakaridozko horma sendoak dituena eta hainbat kasutan sulfatatua egon daitekeena. Polisakarido hauek egitura oso konplexua eratzen dute eta oraindik nahikoa ikertu gabe dago. <i>Methanosarcina</i> eta <i>Halococcus</i> generoetan agertzen da<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Glikoproteinaz osaturikoa: Hipertermofiloek, hiperhalofiloek eta metanogenoek azaltzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>S geruza proteikoa duena<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldizkaria.elhuyar.eus/albisteak/ezagutzen-ez-ziren-bakterio-birusak-hauteman-dituz/"><i>Ezagutzen ez ziren bakterio-birusak hauteman dituzte giza hesteetan. </i></a> Elhuyar</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHooke2005(e)ko_mar._29(a)">Hooke, Robert.  (2005(e)ko mar. 29(a)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491"><i>MicrographiaSome Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/cell">«cell | Origin and meaning of cell by Online Etymology Dictionary»</a> <i>www.etymonline.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSattelmacher2001">Sattelmacher, Burkhard.  (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00034.x">«The apoplast and its significance for plant mineral nutrition»</a> <i>New Phytologist</i> 149 (2): 167–192.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2001.00034.x">10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00034.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1469-8137">1469-8137</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathnat.uni-rostock.de/geschichte/kalenderblatt/archiv-der-kalenderblaetter/kalenderblaetter-2013/kalenderblatt-dezember-2013/">«Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 - Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät - Universität Rostock»</a> <i>www.mathnat.uni-rostock.de</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBidhendiGeitmann2016-01-01">Bidhendi, Amir J.; Geitmann, Anja.  (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/67/2/449/2884961">«Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall to morphogenesis»</a> <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i> 67 (2): 449–461.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferv535">10.1093/jxb/erv535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957">0022-0957</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLodishBerkKaiserKrieger2012-09-01">Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Kaiser, Chris A.; Krieger, Monty; Scott, Matthew P.; Bretscher, Anthony; Ploegh, Hidde; Matsudaira, Paul.  (2012-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=0bUVAAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Loose-leaf Version for Molecular Cell Biology. </i></a> Macmillan Higher Education <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4641-2746-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4641-2746-5">978-1-4641-2746-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBuchananGruissemJones2000">Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Jones, Russell L..  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/biochemistrymole00buch"><i>Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants. </i></a> Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFry1989-01-01">Fry, Stephen C..  (1989-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/40/1/1/546699">«The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan»</a> <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i> 40 (1): 1–11.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F40.1.1">10.1093/jxb/40.1.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957">0022-0957</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCampbell_NA,_Reece_JB,_Urry_LA,_Cain_ML,_Wasserman_SA,_Minorsky_PV,_Jackson_RB2008">Campbell NA, Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB.  (2008). <i>Biology (8th ed.). </i>, 119 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8053-6844-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8053-6844-4">978-0-8053-6844-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOparka,_K._J.2005">Oparka, K. J..  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405125543_18"><i>Plasmodesmata. </i></a> Blackwell Pub Professional <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4051-2554-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4051-2554-3">978-1-4051-2554-3</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOverallWolfeGunning1982-06-01">Overall, R. L.; Wolfe, J.; Gunning, B. E. S..  (1982-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01282071">«Intercellular communication inAzolla roots: I. Ultrastructure of plasmodesmata»</a> <i>Protoplasma</i> 111 (2): 134–150.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01282071">10.1007/BF01282071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1615-6102">1615-6102</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWebster_J,_Weber_RW2007">Webster J, Weber RW.  (2007). <i>Introduction to Fungi. </i> New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 5-7 or.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHudler1998">Hudler, George W..  (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/magicalmushrooms00hudl"><i>Magical mushrooms, mischievous molds. </i></a> Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128095106/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e26/26d.htm">«Botany online: Cell Wall - Cell Walls of Algae»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2005-11-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLukehartScott2013-02-19">Lukehart, Charles M.; Scott, Robert A..  (2013-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=8y-CKE8_Bi0C&pg=RA2-PT52&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Nanomaterials: Inorganic and Bioinorganic Perspectives. </i></a> John Wiley & Sons <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-118-62522-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-118-62522-4">978-1-118-62522-4</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHeijenoort2001-03-01">Heijenoort, Jean van.  (2001-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/11/3/25R/677256">«Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan»</a> <i>Glycobiology</i> 11 (3): 25R–36R.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fglycob%2F11.3.25R">10.1093/glycob/11.3.25R</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0959-6658">0959-6658</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKoch2003-10-01">Koch, Arthur L..  (2003-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmr.asm.org/content/16/4/673">«Bacterial Wall as Target for Attack: Past, Present, and Future Research»</a> <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i> 16 (4): 673–687.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.16.4.673-687.2003">10.1128/CMR.16.4.673-687.2003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0893-8512">0893-8512</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557293">14557293</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-02-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGram,_HC1884">Gram, HC.  (1884). <i>Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten. </i> Fortschr. Med. 2:, 185-189 or.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWhite_D1995">White D.  (1995). <i>The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes. </i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 6, 12-21 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-508439-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-508439-9">978-0-19-508439-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrock_TD,_Madigan_MT,_Martinko_JM,_Parker_J1994">Brock TD, Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J.  (1994). <i>Biology of Microorganisms (7th ed.). </i> Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall., 818–819, 824 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-13-042169-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-13-042169-2">978-0-13-042169-2</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHowland_JL2000">Howland JL.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl"><i>The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life. </i></a> Oxford: Oxford University Press., 69-71 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-511183-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-511183-5">978-0-19-511183-5</a>.</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula_horma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128700" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q128700">Q128700</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cell_wall">Cell wall</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q128700%22">Q128700</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4190675-5">4190675-5</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85102711">sh85102711</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-wall-cellular-structure">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002473">D002473</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128700" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q128700">Q128700</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cell_wall">Cell wall</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q128700%22">Q128700</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse" style="clear: both; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; color: #111; font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 0;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100%" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background: #AB82FF"><a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">Zelularen</a> osagaiak </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0.5em 1em; background:white"> <div> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Zelula_nukleo" title="Zelula nukleo">Nukleoa</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nukleolo" title="Nukleolo">Nukleoloa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nukleoplasma" title="Nukleoplasma">Nukleoplasma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaineztadura_nuklear" title="Gaineztadura nuklear">Gaineztadura nuklearra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poro_nuklear" title="Poro nuklear">Poro nuklearrak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma">Kromosoma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kromatina" title="Kromatina">Kromatina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xafla_nuklear" title="Xafla nuklear">Xafla nuklearra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko">DNA</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Zitoplasma" title="Zitoplasma">Zitoplasma</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrio" title="Mitokondrio">Mitokondrioak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golgi_aparatu" title="Golgi aparatu">Golgi aparatua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erretikulu_endoplasmatiko" title="Erretikulu endoplasmatiko">Erretikulu endoplasmatikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erribosoma" title="Erribosoma">Erribosomak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plastidio" title="Plastidio">Plastidioak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kloroplasto" title="Kloroplasto">kloroplastoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromoplasto" title="Kromoplasto">kromoplastoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukoplasto" title="Leukoplasto">leukoplastoak</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Besikula" title="Besikula">Besikulak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lisosoma" title="Lisosoma">lisosomak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endosoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endosoma (sortu gabe)">endosomak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagosoma" title="Fagosoma">fagosomak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakuolo" title="Bakuolo">bakuoloak</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Zitoeskeleto" title="Zitoeskeleto">Zitoeskeletoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikrofiru" title="Mikrofiru">mikrofiruak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firu_ertain" title="Firu ertain">firu ertainak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikrotubulu" title="Mikrotubulu">mikrotubuluak</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Zentriolo" title="Zentriolo">Zentrioloak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zentrosoma" title="Zentrosoma">Zentrosoma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peroxisoma" title="Peroxisoma">Peroxisomak</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplosoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplosoma (sortu gabe)">Diplosoma</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Zelula_mintz" title="Zelula mintz">Zelula mintza</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zelula horma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipido" title="Fosfolipido">Fosfolipidoak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" 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